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“Waste Agricultural Biomass for Energy:
Resource Conservation and GHG Emission Reduction”
Outputs I of the SSFA
Assessment of generation of waste agricultural biomass including overall assessment in a selected area, selection of site/s for technology implementation and detailed assessment of generation of waste agricultural biomass at selected site/s consisting of quantification with projections for future, characterization, feasibility of collection and cost aspects.
Contents
Chapter Subchapter Title Page
1 Assessment of generation of waste agricultural biomass 11.1 Introduction and Background 1
Firewood as a source of energy1.2 Data Sources 61.3 Status of agriculture in India 61.3.1 Cultivation trends 61.3.2 Agricultural production in India 91.3.2.1 National and state wise production of food grains 91.3.2.2 Production of major commercial crops 101.3.2.3 Other commercial crops 101.3.2.4 Production of coarse cereals 12
2 Waste Agriculture Biomass (WAB) in India 142.1 Assessment and estimation of surplus WAB in India 142.1.1 Generation of Crop Residues in India 142.1.2 Contribution of various crops in residue generation in India 142.1.3 Estimation of Residue-wise Waste Agriculture Biomass at
National level15
Specific Crop wise generation of agricultural residues at all India level
15
2.1.4 Surplus Crop residues in India 162.2 State-wise Estimation of Surplus Waste Agricultural
Biomass18
2.3 Energy potentials of agricultural residues 203 Selection of site for pilot project 24
3.1 Factors in favour of selection of site 243.2 Availability of WAB and Crop residues, and power
generation potential in Uttar Pradesh24
3.3 District wise Surplus Biomass availability and power generation potential in Uttar Pradesh
25
3.4 Selection of sites for demonstration of technologies 26
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AbbreviationsWAB Waste Agricultural BiomassGHG Green House GasSAARC South Asian Association for Regional CooperationGDP Gross Domestic ProductMTOE Million Tonnes Oil EquivalentLNG Liquefied Natural GasIREDA Indian Renewable Energy Development AgencyRPO Renewable Purchase Obligation GOI Government Of IndiaMNRE Ministry of New and Renewable EnergySOC Soil Organic Carbon IISc Indian Institute of ScienceJFMC Joint Forest Management Committees IGP Indo Gangetic Plains GHG Green House GasesVOCs Volatile organic compounds SVOCs Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic HydrocarbonsPCBs Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls
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Pictures
Picture-1.1 Cow dung cakes in the makingGraphs
Graph 1.1-a Major Agriculture Production for the year (2009-10) in thousand tonnes
Graph-1.1-b India’s position in electricity generation in world ranking
Graph-1.1-c Share of Various Renewable Energy Sources As on 30-06-2011Graph-1.3.1-a Trends in All crops area sown and production*Graph-1.3.1-b Trend of Foodgrain Production and Yields**Graph-1.3.1-c Trends in Non Foodgrains Production and Yields***Graph-1.3.2.1 Statewise production of foodgrainsGraph-1.3.2.2 Trend of Oilseeds productionGraph-1.3.2.3-a Trend of sugarcane productionGraph-1.3.2.3-b Trend of coffee, tea and tobacco productionGraph-1.3.2.4-a Area and Production under coarse cerealsGraph-1.3.2.4-b Yield of coarse cereals.Graph-2.1.2 Contribution of various crops in residue generation in IndiaGraph-2.1.3 Generation of agricultural residues other than Wheat and PaddyGraph-2.1.4-a State wise generation of surplus crop residues in IndiaGraph-2.1.4-b Surplus Residues after conventional useGraph-2.1.4-c Residues generated, surplus available and burnt in field (IPCC
Coeff. And Pathak et.al)Graph-3.1 Major State-wise (Biomass Power/Co-generation Projects)
Installed CapacitiesGraph-3.2 Uttar Pradesh Generation of agricultural residues other than
Wheat and PaddyGraph-3.3 Uttar Pradesh Surplus Biomass and Power generation potentialTables
Table-1.1 Electricity Production with ranking, 2009Table 2.2-a State-wise Biomass Data Based on Survey Data of year [2002-04]
for season Agro-KharifTable 2.2-b State-wise Biomass Data Based on Survey Data of year [2002-04]
for season Agro-RabiTable-2.3-a Energy generation potential of various WABsTable-2.3-b Derived Calorific Values (wet basis natural form) of various
WABsTable-2.3-c Calorific value (Dry basis) of different WABs Table-2.3-d India’s oil consumption in bbl/dayAnnexures
Annexure-1 Production and Yields of Food and Non Food grains during the period 1950 to 2012
Annexure-2 State-wise Production of Total Foodgrains in India(2001-2002 to 2012-2013) (Production in ‘ 000 Ton)
Annexure-3 Agricultural Production of Commercial Crops in IndiaAnnexure-4 Area, Production and Yield of Coarse Cereals Along with
Percentage Coverage under Irrigation in IndiaAnnexure-5 Residue-wise Biomass Data at National Level – Year Based on
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Survey Data [2002-04]; Season Agro-KharifAnnexure-6 Generation, surplus and burnt in field residues in various States of
IndiaAnnexure-7 Selected State-wise Power Generation Installed Capacity
alongwith Electricity Generation from Renewable Energy Resource (Biomass Power/Co-generation Projects) in India
Annexure-8 Total annual crop production, Biomass generation, Biomass surplus and Power generation potential
Annexure-9 District-wise Biomass Data – State Uttar Pradesh; Year 2000-04Agro-Kharif
Annexure-10 District-wise Biomass Data – State Uttar Pradesh; Year 2000-04; Season Agro-Rabi
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1 Assessment of generation of waste agricultural biomass
In this section an assessment has been made for the estimated generation of waste agricultural biomass including overall assessment in a selected area, selection of site/s for technology implementation and detailed assessment of generation of waste agricultural biomass at selected site/s consisting of quantification with projections for future, characterization, feasibility of collection and cost aspects.
1.1 Introduction and Background:India is the seventh largest country in the world covering an area of 32,87,590 square kilometers1. It is an important country in South – Asia which shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal and Bhutan to the north-east; Myanmar and Bangladesh to the east. Spread over a total of 35 States and Union Territories, the population of India is estimated2 to be 1.21 billion.
Agriculture is the mainstay of Indian economy because of its high share in employment and livelihood creation. About 52% of Indian population depends directly on agriculture and it accounts for around 18.1% of GDP3. Agriculture derives its importance from the fact that it has vital supply and demand links with the manufacturing sector. During the past five years, this sector has witnessed spectacular advances in the production and productivity of food grains, oilseeds, commercial crops, fruits, vegetables, food grains, poultry and dairy. India has emerged as the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world in addition to being the largest overseas exporter of cashews and spices. Further, India is the highest producer of milk in the world4. Agriculture accounts for about 10% of the total export earnings and provides raw material to a large number of industries. “Exports of agricultural products are expected to cross US$ 22 billion mark by 2014 and account for 5% of the world's agriculture exports,” according to the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA)5.
1 http://www.facts-about-india.com/Geography-facts-about-india.php2 Census, 2011: http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/prov_results_paper2_indiavol2.html3 http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/india/india_economy.html4 http://www.ijmra.us/project%20doc/IJPSS_MAY2012/IJMRA-PSS296.pdf5 http://www.ibef.org/industry/agriculture-india.aspx
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Bajra
Cereals
Gram
Groundnut
Jowar
Lentil
s (Masu
r)Maize
Pulses
Rice
Tur (Arh
ar)
Whea
t0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
6497
30306
7349 5246 6682990
14532 13714
75267
2383
79452
Graph 1.1-a: Major Agriculture Production for the year (2009-10) in thousand tonnes6
Currently, the country holds second position all over the world in terms of agricultural production7.
On the other hand if we focus on energy, then it is the prime mover of economic growth and also vital for sustaining a modern economy and society. Future economic growth significantly depends on the long term availability of energy from sources that are affordable, accessible and secure. Table-1.1-a shows India’s position in electricity production amongst some of the comparable economies.
Name of the Country
Electricity generation, 2009 (billion kWh)
Ranking in World Comparison
China 3759 2India 835.3 6Brazil 461.1 10Vietnam 97.3 33Pakistan 89.2 34Algeria 40.11 54Nigeria 20.13 70
Table-1.1: Electricity Production with ranking, 20098
Another source9 puts India’s electricity production ranking at 5th amongst the top 100 countries in the world. Graph 1.1-b.
6 http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/India%20Production/Result_SearchProduct.aspx7 http://www.agrifest.in/aboutagrifest.php8 http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/india/india_economy.html9 http://www.indexmundi.com/g/r.aspx?t=100&v=79
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Graph-1.1-b: India’s position in electricity generation in world ranking
Although standing at an impressive 5th or 6th position in electricity production at world level, out of the total population, about 49% (around 600 million) has no access to electricity10. India’s energy consumption has been increasing at one of the fastest rates in the world due to its population growth and economic development. Thus, meeting the energy challenge is of fundamental importance to India’s economic growth imperatives and its efforts to raise its level of human development. The world consumes 12000 MTOE (Million Ton Oil Equivalent) of energy resources whereas India consumes 4.4% of the world total i.e. 524.2 MTOE (Million Ton Oil Equivalent). India’s conventional energy reserves are limited and we must develop all available and economic alternatives. Simultaneously, a major stress must be laid on energy efficiency and conservation, with particular emphasis on efficiency of electricity generation, transmission, distribution and end-use. Clearly, over the next 25 years energy efficiency and conservation are the most important virtual energy supply sources that India possesses.
According to Integrated Energy Policy (IEP) report, the total energy requirements of India has been 546 MTOE in 2011-12 and is going to reach 729 MTOE by 2016-17 and subsequently will touch the limit of 1,815 MTOE by 2031-32. As far as India’s emission is concerned then, its CO2
emissions from fossil fuel combustion in 2004 were estimated at about 1.1 billion ton. The CO 2
emissions will continue to grow for some time, because there is a need to increase the currently low per capita levels of energy use to support growth, reach the Millennium Development Goals and eventually provide modern living standards to all her citizens (Planning Commission, GoI).
With all the developmental activities designed by various ministries involved with the rural development, the hinterland of India is still starving for the modern amenities, mainly clean fuel. It is a common site to see the villagers, while returning to their homes at the end of the day, carrying a bundle of tree branches, shrubs and other kinds of biomass to be used as fuel. A walk in to any interior rural area of India will show hut like looking structures, which are the heaps of cow and buffalo dung cakes, shaped in to huts. While men do help occasionally, these dung cakes are mainly made by the women folks in the country side. Pictures 1.1 shows stages of such usage of animal dung cake as fuel.
10 Planning Commission, GoI: http://planningcommission.nic.in/sectors/index.php?sectors=energy
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Picture-1.1: Cow dung cakes in the making
Once they dry up, the same are stacked together, a step towards preserving them for the rainy day ahead.
This is an age old practice to meet the basic energy/fuel needs of the rural masses. They do not have an easy access to the modern amenities of LPG gas or other petroleum products as a clean fuel. Another way in which the rural population of India meets it’s partial demand of fuel is to buy commercially available gas in small portable cylinders, which is a very costly alternative.
Firewood as a source of energy11
The villages of India continue to depend on firewood as a major source of energy. In one of the states, it is reported that about 65 percent of all energy in villages is generated through wood, a report by the state Forest Department on social forestry in Gujarat, has revealed. In absolute terms, this means anywhere between 17 to 19 million tonnes of wood is used for generating energy in villages every year, the study —Treewealth of the non-forest areas of Gujarat said.
It was released at a national seminar on social forestry in Gandhinagar on Tuesday and covered 835 villages of Gujarat. The study added that two-thirds of the wood come from trees in the non-forest areas, with the remaining coming from shrubs, hedge plants and wood waste from the over 5,000 saw-mills in the state. A small percentage, around 5 percent, comes legally from the forest areas while villagers also extract a "substantial quantity of fire wood from the forests", the study said.
With ever diminishing forests in and around the rural areas, availability of fire woood has become a dream for them. These rural folks don’t consume any fossil fuels like Coal or the petroleum for their cooking needs.
There is a significant potential in India for generation of power from renewable energy sources: small hydro, biomass, and solar energy. It has an estimated SHP (small-hydro power) potential of about 15,000 MW. Installed combined electricity generation capacity of hydro and wind has increased from 19,194 MW in 1991-92 to 31,995 MW in 2003-04, with a compound growth rate of 4.35% during this period (MoF 2005). Greater reliance on renewable energy sources offers enormous economic, social and environmental benefits.
The National Electricity Plan (Volume 1), prepared by the Central Electricity Authority document dated January 2012, reported that the installed capacity for power generation through biomass has been of the order of 2,788 MW12 as against the total energy generation through renewable energy sources of 20,155 MW. This forms only about 13.7% of the total renewable
11 http://www.indianexpress.com/news/-firewood-a-major-energy-source-in-rural-areas-/748777: Ahmedabad, Fri Feb 11 201112 NationalElectricity Plan: Central Electricity Authority: 2012: http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/powersystems/nep2012/generation_12.pdf
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energy forms. However, considering the national total power generation capacity at about 1,87,000 MW, the share of the biomass energy stands at a miniscule 1.5%. Graph 1.1-c shows the proportional contribution of various renewable energy sources in India11.
Biomass14%
Solar1%
Wind70%
Small Hydro15%
Share of Various Renewable Energy Sources
Graph-1.1-c: Share of Various Renewable Energy Sources: As on 30-06-2011
India has been a fore runner in the field of making productive use of waste agricultural biomass. Traditionally, different forms of agricultural waste have been put to various uses, especially in the rural areas of the country. Some of the very specific applications have been: thatching roofs of huts in villages, fencing of boundaries, animal fodder, domestic fuel, small eating places for firing in the ovens, making coir ropes and mats, industrial fuels for small and micro industries, composting, production of bio-fuel, packaging (stuffing, more as shock absorber), boiler fuel (especially in parboiling rice), usage as a basic fuel in cogeneration plants. However, all such applications are made possible nearer to the place of availability in bulk and volumes. Whenever smaller quantities of WAB have to be transported over long distances, the transportation costs make the application economically unviable, and thus renders the WAB unused, and left to rot or improperly disposed. WAB to Energy at smaller self contained levels can be a viable solution..
The potential for power production from captive and field-based biomass resources, using technologies for distributed power generation is currently assessed at 19,500 MW including 3,500 MW of exportable surplus power from bagasse-based cogeneration in sugar mills13 (MNES 2005).
The purpose of this document is to determine the availability, current utilization, management of waste agricultural biomass and its potential of conversion into energy in India.
1.2 Data Sources:The data on generation and surplus of crop residues in various states of India was obtained from Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) Report 2009, Govt. of India (GOI). The data on management of various crop residues in the context of conservation agriculture practice was obtained from National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (Indian Agriculture Research 13 Renewable Energy Sources for Sustainable Development: N. S. Rathore & N. L. Panwar:2007:New India Publishing Agency: New Delhi
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Institute), Govt. of India. The data on contribution (in %) of various crops in residue generation in India was obtained from MNRE Report 2009. The data on residues burned in various states of India was obtained from IPCC coeff. and Pathak et al. 2010. The data on mode of utilizing the crop residues in other countries was obtained from MNRE Report 2009. The data on surplus of various crop residues in India was obtained from MNRE Report 2009. The State-wise Biomass data based on Survey (2002-04) for Kharif and Rabi season was obtained from MNRE sponsored National Study on Agricultural Biomass. In this study, various states were considered with the total area of land availability (kha), crop production (kT/Yr), biomass generation (kT/Yr), biomass surplus (kT/Yr) and potential of generating power (MWe). The Residue-wise Biomass data based on survey (2002-04) at National level for Kharif and Rabi Season was obtained from National Study on Agricultural Biomass by MNRE. The crop-wise biomass, residue-wise biomass and district-wise surplus biomass data of Uttar Pradesh (state with maximum agricultural production) for Kharif and Rabi season (2000-04) was obtained from National Study on Agricultural Biomass by MNRE.
The data maintained by the Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India, available at www.indiastat.com and the web site of Indiainfoline have been used, as they are the most authentic set of official data on the subject.
While looking at various sources of information on the subject, it was felt that there are a few grey and weak areas that need attention.
1.3 Status of agriculture in India:
1.3.1 Cultivation trends:The agricultural production data for the period 1949-50 to 2011-1214 (Detailed data is provided in Annexure-1) reveals that on an average, the cultivated area has been on the increase. Based on the data, the following three conclusions can be drawn.
There is a continuously increasing trend in the crop area for the period 1950 till 2012. (Graph-1.3.1-a)
14 http://portal.indiainfoline.com/datamonitor/Real-Sector-Annually/Agriculture/Index-Numbers-of-Area-Production-and-Yield-of-Foodgrains-Non-Foodgrains-and-All-Crops-in-India.aspx
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1949-50
1952-53
1955-56
1958-59
1961-62
1964-65
1967-68
1970-71
1973-74
1976-77
1979-80
1982-83
1985-86
1988-89
1991-92
1994-95
1997-98
2000-01
2003-04
2006-07
2009-10
0
50
100
150
200
250
Trends in All crops area sown and production (MT)
All Crops Area All Crops Production
Graph-1.3.1-a: Trends in All crops area sown and production*
*Area in Million hectare, Producction in Million Tonnes, Yield in Kgs./Hectare
The food grain production area has seen an increasing trend, but, during the period 1993 till 2012, it has become almost flat, meaning no increase in the cultivated area. However, it is very clear that the yields of food grains have been on the increase and thus the total production of the food grains does have an increasing trend. (Graph-1.3.1-b),
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1949-50
1951-52
1953-54
1955-56
1957-58
1959-60
1961-62
1963-64
1965-66
1967-68
1969-70
1971-72
1973-74
1975-76
1977-78
1979-80
1981-82
1983-84
1985-86
1987-88
1989-90
1991-92
1993-94
1995-96
1997-98
1999-00
2001-02
2003-04
2005-06
2007-08
2009-10
2011-12
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Trend of Foodgrain Production and Yields
Food Grains Area Food Grains Production Food Grains Yield
Graph-1.3.1-b: Trend of Foodgrain Production and Yields**
**Area in Million hectare, Producction in Million Tonnes, Yield in Kgs./Hectare
In case of Non Foodgrains, while the area sown and the production have been on an increase, though marginally, but the yields have been almost static during the past three decades. (Graph-1.3.1-c)
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1949-50
1951-52
1953-54
1955-56
1957-58
1959-60
1961-62
1963-64
1965-66
1967-68
1969-70
1971-72
1973-74
1975-76
1977-78
1979-80
1981-82
1983-84
1985-86
1987-88
1989-90
1991-92
1993-94
1995-96
1997-98
1999-00
2001-02
2003-04
2005-06
2007-08
2009-10
2011-12
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Area, Production and Yields for Non Foodgrain
Non-Foodgrains Area Non-Foodgrains Production Non-Foodgrains Yield
Year
Prod
uctio
n in
Mill
ion
Tonn
es
Graph-1.3.1-c: Trends in Non Foodgrains Production and Yields***
***Area in Million hectare, Producction in Million Tonnes, Yield in Kgs./Hectare
1.3.2 Agricultural production in India
1.3.2.1 National and state wise production of food grainsThe state wise production of food grains is depicted in graph-1.3.2.1. The state of Uttar Pradesh tops the list followed only by Punjab, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan, respectively. Detailed data is provided in Annexure-2
Uttar Pradesh
Punjab
Madhya Pradesh
Rajastha
n
Andhra Pra
desh
Haryana
West Bengal
Bihar
Maharashtra
Karnataka
Tamil Nadu
Gujarat
Chhattisgarh
Odisha
Jharkhand
Assam
Uttarakhand
Himachal Pra
desh
Jammu and KashmirKerala
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000Production of foodgrains in major states '000 Tonne
2001-2 2002-3 2003-4 2004-5 2005-6 2006-7States
Prod
uccti
on in
'000
Ton
nes
Graph-1.3.2.1: Statewise production of foodgrains
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The state of Uttar Pradesh leads the list followed by Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh.
1.3.2.2 Production of major commercial crops:In the area of commercial crops, there has been an increasing trend in production of various oil seeds. Graphs-1.3.2.2 shows such trend. It may be observed that while the production of Groundnut, Rapeseed and Mustard has been more or less static during the periods 190 to 2011, the production of Soyabean has marked a continuous increase. Overall, the oilseeds seem to be growing in future too. Detailed data is provided in Annexure-3
1950-51
1953-54
1956-57
1959-60
1962-63
1965-66
1968-69
1970-71
1973-74
1976-77
1979-80
1982-83
1985-86
1988-89
1991-92
1994-95
1997-98
2000-01
2003-04
2006-07
2009-10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Trend of Oilseeds production
Groundnut Rapeseed & MustardSoyabean Total Oilseeds
Graph-1.3.2.2: Trend of Oilseeds production
1.3.2.3 Other commercial crops:In case of other major commercial crops, viz: Sugarcane, Tea and Coffee, the same increasing trend has been seen. Graph-1.3.2.3-a and Graph-1.3.2.3-b depict the trends of sugarcane production and Tea and Coffee respectively.
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1970-71
1972-73
1974-75
1976-77
1978-79
1980-81
1982-83
1984-85
1986-87
1988-89
1990-91
1992-93
1994-95
1996-97
1998-99
2000-01
2002-03
2004-05
2006-07
2008-09
2010-11
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Production of Sugarcane Mt
Sugarcane
Year
Mill
ion
Tonn
es
Graph-1.3.2.3-a: Trend of sugarcane production
1970-71
1972-73
1974-75
1976-77
1978-79
1980-81
1982-83
1984-85
1986-87
1988-89
1990-91
1992-93
1994-95
1996-97
1998-99
2000-01
2002-03
2004-05
2006-07
2008-09
2010-11
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2Production trends in Coffee, Tea and Tobacco
Coffee Tea TobaccoYear
Mill
ion
Tonn
es
Graph-1.3.2.3-b: Trend of coffee, tea and tobacco production
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1.3.2.4 Production of coarse cereals:It has been observed that while the area sown under coarse cereals has been continuously falling, the production of coarse cereals has been on the increase, as shown in Graph-1.3.2.4-a.
1949-50
1951-52
1953-54
1955-56
1957-58
1959-60
1961-62
1963-64
1965-66
1967-68
1969-70
1971-72
1973-74
1975-76
1977-78
1979-80
1981-82
1983-84
1985-86
1987-88
1989-90
1991-92
1993-94
1995-96
1997-98
1999-00
2001-02
2003-04
2005-06
2007-08
2009-10
2011-12
*0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Coarse Cereals: Area and Production
Area Production
Graph-1.3.2.4-a: Area and Production under coarse cereals
This is clearly an indication that the land productivity (yield) has been on the increase, as is clear in Graph-1.3.2.4-b.
1949-50
1951-52
1953-54
1955-56
1957-58
1959-60
1961-62
1963-64
1965-66
1967-68
1969-70
1971-72
1973-74
1975-76
1977-78
1979-80
1981-82
1983-84
1985-86
1987-88
1989-90
1991-92
1993-94
1995-96
1997-98
1999-00
2001-02
2003-04
2005-06
2007-08
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Trend in yields of coarse cereals
Yield
Graph-1.3.2.4-b: Yield of coarse cereals. (Kgs/Hectare)
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The detailed data sets are provided in Annexure-4: (Area, Production and Yield of Coarse Cereals Along with Percentage Coverage under Irrigation in India15). This data indicates that the WAB availability from this source will be on increase in future.
15 http://www.indiastat.com/table/agriculture/2/totalfoodgrains/17193/17306/data.aspx: Source : Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India. 07.12.2012.
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2 Waste Agriculture Biomass (WAB) in India:Biomass is highly diverse in nature and classified on the basis of site of origin such as field and plantation biomass, industrial biomass, forest biomass, urban waste biomass and aquatic biomass. However, most common source of biomass is wood waste and agricultural wastes. In this report, we have focused mainly on waste agricultural biomass (WAB) because India has a large agriculture base, generates huge quantities of waste agriculture biomass and most of which is currently unutilized.
2.1 Assessment and estimation of surplus WAB in India
2.1.1 Generation of Crop Residues in India:Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE 2009), GoI estimated that about 500 Mt of crop residue is generated every year16. There is a large variability in crop residues generation and their use depending on the cropping intensity, productivity and crops grown in different states of India. The residue generation is highest in Uttar Pradesh (60 Mt) followed by Punjab (51 Mt) and Maharashtra (46 Mt)17.
2.1.2 Contribution of various crops in residue generation in India:Graph 2.1.2 depicts the share of residues from various crops. According to MNRE Report 200918, among different crops, cereals generate 352 Mt residue followed by fibres (66 Mt), oilseed (29 Mt), pulses (13 Mt) and sugarcane (12 Mt)19. The cereal crops (rice, wheat, maize, millets) contribute 70% while rice crop alone contributes 34% of crop residues. Wheat ranks second with 22% of residues whereas fibre crops contribute 13% of residues generated from all crops. Among fibres, cotton generates maximum (53 Mt) with 11% of crop residues. Coconut ranks second among fibre crops with 12 Mt of residue generation. Sugarcane residues comprising tops and leaves generates 12 Mt i.e., 2% of crop residues in India20.
16 Biofuels Annual New Delhi Report, GAIN Publications 2011http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_New%20Delhi_India_7-1-2011.pdf17 Crop Residue management report by IARI 2012http://www.iari.res.in/files/Important_Publications-2012-13.pdf18 MNRE Report 2009:http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/MNRE_REC_Report.pdf19 Crop Residue Management with conservation agriculture IARI 2012:http://www.iari.res.in/files/Important_Publications-2012-13.pdf20 Final CRM document:www.nicra.iari.res.in/Data/FinalCRM.doc
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Graph-2.1.2: Contribution of various crops in residue generation in India
The generation of cereal residues is highest in Uttar Pradesh (53 Mt) followed by Punjab (44 Mt) and West Bengal (33 Mt). Maharashtra contributes maximum to the generation of residues of pulses (3 Mt) while residues from fibre crop is dominant in Andhra Pradesh (14 Mt)21. Gujarat and Rajasthan generate about 6 Mt each of residues from oilseed crops.
2.1.3 Estimation of Residue-wise Waste Agriculture Biomass at National level:
Specific Crop wise generation of agricultural residues at all India level:
The graph 2.1.3 depicts the contribution of various crops in generation of agricultural residues.
It may be noted that wheat and paddy have been excluded in this list, as their residues already find a large scale usage in various applications, including power generation. Detailed data is provided in Annexure-5
Soyabean Stalks
Bajra Stalks
Jowar Stalks
Jowar Cobs
Bajra Cobs
Castor Stalks
Gram Stalks
Arhar Husk
Ragi Straw
Meshta Stalks
Pulses Stalks
Urad Stalks
Barseem Stalks
Moong Stalks
Dry chilly Stalks
Potato Stalks
Moong Husk
Oil seeds Stalks
Keasr Stalks
Horse gram Stalks
Meshta Leaves
Moth Stalks
Sweet potato
Stalks
sawan Stalks
Others
Dry ginger Stalks
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Generation of agricultural residues other than Wheat and Paddy
Area (kha) Crop Production (kT/Yr) Biomass Generation (kT/Yr)Biomass Surplus (kT/Yr) Power Potential (MWe)
Graph-2.1.3: Generation of agricultural residues other than Wheat and Paddy
The crops like Maize, Soyabean, Tapioca, Bajra, Groundnut, Jowar, Maize, Groundnut, Arhar, Castor seed, Gram and Til contribute the major shares of residues in that order. While there are many other crops which generate agricultural residues, their share is neglible, and a specific technology can not be considered to handle them. These residues, as and when and wherever available, will have to be used in combination with the major residues in the area.
21 Crop Residue Management with conservation agriculture IARI 2012www.iari.res.in/files/Important_Publications-2012-13.pdf
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2.1.4 Surplus Crop residues in India:The amount of crop residue, which does not have any identifiable end use; is either left in the fields to rot or is burnt away, is termed as Surplus Biomass. Sometimes a very little part of such residues are used to meet household energy needs by farmers. The estimated total crop residue surplus in India is 84-141 Mt/yr where cereals and fibre crops contribute 58% and 23%, respectively22. Remaining 19% is from sugarcane, pulses, oilseeds and other crops. Out of 82 Mt surplus residues from the cereal crops, 44 Mt is from rice followed by 24.5 Mt of wheat which is mostly burnt in fields. In case of fiber crops (33 Mt of surplus residue) approximately 80% is cotton residue that is subjected to burning23. Graph 2.1.4-a depicts the state wise status of cumulative surplus crop residues. Graph 2.1.4-b depicts the Residue Surplus after Conventional use .
Uttar Pradesh
Maharashtra
Madhya Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
KarnatakaOrissa
Punjab
West Bengal
Gujarat
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Rajasthan
Haryana
Tamil NaduAssam Ke
rala
Himach
al Pradesh
Uttaranchal
Jharkhand
Jammu & Kashmir
Manipur
Nagaland
Goa
Meghalaya
Arunachal P
radesh
Sikkim
Mizoram
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
Biomass Generation (kT/Yr)
Biomass Generation (kT/Yr)
States
Kilo
Ton
s/Yr
Graph-2.1.4-a: State wise generation of surplus crop residues in India
From the above graph, it may be seen that the states of Uttar Pradesh tops the list followed by Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Odisha and Punjab, accounting for almost 60% of the total nationaal generation of biomass. All rest of the 20 states account for the rest 40%.
A very small part of surplus residues are used for various purposes such as to meet household energy needs by farmers, thatching roofs, animal fodder etc.
22 Management of Crop Residue NAAS(National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, India)http://naasindia.org/Policy%20Papers/policy%2058.pdf23 Crop Residue management report by IARI 2012http://www.iari.res.in/files/Important_Publications-2012-13.pdf
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Punjab
Uttar Pradesh
Maharashtra
Madhya Pradesh
Haryana
Karnataka
Andhra Pradesh
Orissa
Bihar
Gujarat
Chhattisgarh
Kerala
Tamil N
adu
West Bengal
Rajasthan
Himach
al Pradesh
Assam
Uttaranchal
Jharkhand
Jammu & Kashmir
Manipur
Nagaland
Meghalaya
Arunachal Pradesh Go
a
Sikkim
Mizoram
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Biomass Surplus (kT/Yr)
Biomass Surplus (kT/Yr)
States
Kilo
Ton
s/Yr
Graph-2.1.4-b: Surplus Residues after conventional use
From the above graph, it may be seen that the states of Punjab tops the list followed by Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Bihar, accounting for almost 80% of the total nationaal generation of biomass. All rest of the 18 states account for the rest 20%.
Other references
Many other references are available regarding the surplus residues and burnt residues. Graph 2.1.4-c depicts two such references, where the total burnt surplus WAB have been estimated to be of the order of 83.65 million tons and 92.84 million tons per year respectively. (Detailed data is provided in Annexure-6). The different figures quoted by the two sources vary by about 11%, which can be attributed to the sample size, geographic zones, climatic conditions and time of sampling used for the purpose of these studies. However, compared to the total surplus residues, this difference can be treated as neglible and of no major consequence. A safe figure of about 85 million tons can be assumed as burnt WAB.
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Residue generation Mt/yr Residue surplus Mt/yr Residue burned Mt/yr (IPCC)
Residue burned (Pathak et al. 2010)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600Agricultural residue generation, surplus and burned in field
Million Tons/Year Agricultural residue
Mill
ion
Tons
/Yr
Graph-2.1.4-c: Residues generated, surplus available and burnt in field (IPCC Coeff. And Pathak et.al)
2.2 State-wise Estimation of Surplus Waste Agricultural Biomass:As has been clarified earlier in the document, the detailed data available till the year 2004 has been used as a base for estimating the proportional availability of the surplus available biomass.
Table 2.2-a (Kharif crop season) and 2.2-b (Rabi crop season) depict the details of national level area under agricultural cropping, total crop production, biomass generation, estimated surplus biomass available for alternate uses and the estimated potential of power generation opportunity. The data is presented under the two different major cropping patterns adopted in India, viz: the Kharif and the Rabi crops. The data has been organized in the order of the availability of surplus biomass and the corresponding power generation potential.
It may be observed that the states of Punjab and Uttar Pradesh occupy their positions in the top four highest biomass producing states.
Table 2.2-a: State-wise Biomass Data Based on Survey Data of year [2002-04] for season: Agro-Kharif24
State Area(kha) Crop
Production
(kT/Yr)
Biomass
Generation
(kT/Yr)
Biomass
Surplus
(kT/Yr)
Power
Potential
(Mwe)
Punjab 2723.0 9357.1 16187.1 12298.7 3.07 1464.3Uttar Pradesh 7605.1 13646.4 24895.1 7614.3 1.90 914.7Maharashtra 10485.3 13232.5 24512.9 5721.2 1.43 731.3Madhya Pradesh 8891.4 10424.8 20195.1 4574.7 1.14 583.6Haryana 1778.9 3412.6 6438.8 4120.6 1.03 494.0Karnataka 5770.4 10080.5 18608.0 3702.3 0.93 466.4Andhra Pradesh 6285.7 10439.5 19244.4 3336.4 0.83 399.524 http://lab.cgpl.iisc.ernet.in/atlas/Tables/Tables.aspx
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Gujarat 5274.4 6076.6 14158.7 2927.9 0.73 372.0Orissa 5029.3 10026.9 17118.6 3147.2 0.79 364.2Bihar 3826.5 6776.7 12126.5 2980.7 0.75 352.0Chhattisgarh 4082.7 6113.6 10453.4 1940.1 0.49 224.6Kerala 530.5 3399.3 3388.1 1538.8 0.38 195.9Tamil Nadu 1313.1 2997.9 4116.2 1500.8 0.38 193.5West Bengal 2377.6 8316.3 14273.2 1436.0 0.36 172.1Rajasthan 6081.3 3352.4 7718.9 1310.1 0.33 168.5Himachal Pradesh 384.8 814.9 1792.6 818.1 0.20 104.1Assam 1100.9 2628.4 3875.0 685.7 0.17 81.8Uttaranchal 468.3 783.5 1250.1 351.4 0.09 42.0Jharkhand 472.1 919.5 1138.1 227.5 0.06 28.6Jammu & Kashmir 507.0 403.9 925.4 146.4 0.04 19.6Manipur 339.1 434.4 905.4 111.3 0.03 13.9Nagaland 178.6 275.6 488.9 83.0 0.02 9.7Meghalaya 144.6 235.8 345.0 55.8 0.01 6.5Arunachal Pradesh 179.5 212.4 331.8 49.3 0.01 5.9Goa 70.6 232.4 400.4 48.9 0.01 5.6Sikkim 43.3 59.0 130.7 14.1 0.00 1.82Mizoram 13.9 22.6 51.6 5.3 0.00 0.69Total 75957.9 124675.4 225070.0 60746.6 15.19 7416.8
Table 2.2-b: State-wise Biomass Data Based on Survey Data of year [2002-04] for season: Agro-Rabi
State Area (kha)
Crop Production (kT/Yr)
Biomass Generation (kT/Yr)
Biomass Surplus (kT/Yr)
MTOE Power Potential (Mwe)
Punjab 3526.6 15715.1 28304.6 7123.61.78
948.9
Rajasthan 8244.1 11538.6 19843.4 7098.5 1.77 925.0
Uttar Pradesh 6454.3 16772.3 30017.3 5054.3 1.26 681.5
Haryana 3229.0 10762.2 19899.2 4821.5 1.21 626.8
Maharashtra 4595.5 3390.4 7374.3 2141.1 0.54 282.9
West Bengal 3386.8 12085.1 20469.2 2140.9 0.54 257.8
Madhya Pradesh 3767.8 5206.2 8887.0 1957.8 0.49 258.1
Bihar 3393.9 6612.1 12374.3 1930.9 0.48 258.1
Andhra Pradesh 2230.9 5970.5 10771.7 1910.6 0.48 225.5
Tamil Nadu 2128.9 4880.4 7258.5 1899.30.47
234.8
Karnataka 2348.6 2745.9 6209.0 1262.2 0.32 165.5
Assam 2037.5 3909.7 6735.8 1251.60.31
144.9
Jharkhand 1375.7 1472.4 2503.5 662.2 0.17 78.0
Gujarat 1067.1 1780.1 3207.7 649.5 0.16 85.7
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Orissa 1560.4 1526.0 2593.8 444.8 0.11 53.2
Uttaranchal 447.0 749.9 1340.6 224.5 0.06 30.2
Himachal Pradesh 400.3 620.6 1100.8 215.9 0.05 28.4
Chhattisgarh 669.2 508.7 818.7 187.7 0.05 23.9
Jammu & Kashmir
242.5 369.9 665.9 133.20.03
17.5
Arunachal Pradesh
24.9 24.5 54.1 14.20.00
1.75
Meghalaya 11.9 12.0 23.6 4.860.00
0.62
Sikkim 14.7 10.1 18.8 3.680.00
0.48
Mizoram 2.42 1.79 3.80 0.97 0.00 0.12
Nagaland 0.39 0.45 0.76 0.14 0.00 0.016
Total 51160.3 106664.7 190476.3 41133.9 10.28 5329.9
The potential of using WAB is equivalent of about 25.47 (15.19 for Kharif and 10.28 for Rabi) MTOE in India. Considering the fact that the annual oil consumption in India is of the order of about 168 Million Tonnes, the WAB offers a scope to reduce the oil requirement by about 15%.
2.3 Energy potentials of agricultural residues25
It has been reported that not all the WAB have the same thermal values. Table-2.3-a depicts a study of Thailand, where different biomasses have been shown to be having different thermal values.
Table-2.3-a: Energy generation potential of various WABs
Product Production (Mt) Residue Residue available for energy (Mt) Energy potential (PJ)
1997 2005 2010 1997 2005 2010 1997 2005 2010
Sugarcane 56.39 63.61 68.5
8Bagasse
14.10 15.90 17.15 90.65
102.15
110.14
Top & trash
16.79 18.9 20.42
114.52
129.18
139.27
Paddy 22.33 23.73 24.66
Husk 5.14 5.46 5.67 66.01 70.15 72.86Straw (top) 6.83 7.26 7.54 60.29 64.08 66.56
Oil palm 2.69 4.03 5.2
Empty bunches 0.71 1.06 1.37 11.62 17.42 22.45Fiber 0.39 0.59 0.76 6.35 9.52 12.27Shell 0.08 0.12 0.16 1.4 2.1 2.71Frond 7 10.5 13.53 55.8 83.7 107.8
25 Management of Agricultural Wastes and Residues in Thailand: Wastes to Energy Approach: C. Visvanathan* and Chart Chiemchaisri:http://www.faculty.ait.ac.th/visu/Prof%20Visu%27s%20CV/Conferance/28/Agri-waste2energy-Thai.pdf
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3Male bunches 0.63 0.94 1.21 9.31 13.96 18
Coconut 1.42 1.42 1.42
Husk 0.45 0.45 0.45 6.7 6.7 6.7Shell 0.18 0.18 0.18 2.96 2.96 2.96Empty bunches 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.96 0.96 0.96Frond 0.31 0.31 0.31 4.49 4.49 4.49
Cassava 18.08 15.8514.59 Stalk 0.65 0.57 0.52 11 9.63 8.88
Maize 4.53 5.43 6.07 Corn cob 0.98 1.17 1.31 16.26 19.46 21.78Groundnut 0.15 0.16 0.17 Shell 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.53 0.58 0.6Cotton 0.08 0.08 0.08 Stalk 0.24 0.24 0.24 3.17 3.17 3.17
Soybean 0.36 0.36 0.36
Stalk, leaves, shell 0.73 0.73 0.73 13.2 13.2 13.2
Sorghum 0.23 0.26 0.29Leaves & stem 0.22 0.25 0.28 3.84 4.49 4.95
Total106.26
114.92
121.4 55.5 64.8 71.95
479.06 557.9 619.8
PJ: Pica Joules
Based upon the above table, it may be seen that the Calorific Value of different WABs range between 1,500 KCals/Kg. to 4,200 KCals/Kg. on an as is basis. The derived values of the calorific values of individual WAB have been worked out as shown in Table 2.3-b.
Table-2.3-b: Derived Calorific Values (wet basis: natural form) of various WABs
WAB Calorific Value (Wet basis) KCals/Kg.Sugarcane Bagasse 1494Sugarcane Top & trash 1586Paddy Husk 2988Paddy Straw (top) 2053Oil palm Empty bunches 3811Oil palm Fiber 3755Oil palm Shell 3939Oil palm Frond 1853Oil palm Male bunches 3460Coconut Husk 3463Coconut Shell 3824Coconut Empty bunches 3189Coconut Frond 3368Cassava Stalk 3971Maize Corn cob 3867Groundnut Shell 2791Cotton Stalk 3072Soybean Stalk, leaves, shell 4205
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Sorghum Leaves & stem 4111Over all average 2003
From the table it is also clear that bagasse, which has a very high moisture content to the order of about 50% stands at the lowest level with some of the pulses stalks standing at the highest level.
Another study26 reported the Calorific Values ranging between 3000 to 4700 KCals/Kg. on a dry basis. Table 2.3-c provides the figures for various WAB as reported in the study.
Table-2.3-c: Calorific value (Dry basis) of different WABs
Biomass Agricultural residues Calorific Value (Dry basis) KCals/Kg.Paddy straw 3000Rice husk 3040Mango leaves 3390Groundnut 4200Sugarcane 3800Wheat straw 3800Cotton stalks 4700Maize stalks 3500Maize cobs 3850Bajra stalks 3950Gram straw 3810Masoor straw 3980
Considering the fact that general biomass is available in as is where is condition, in it’s natural wet form, and also that the geoclimatic conditions in Asia are similar, an over all thermal value at 2,500 KCals/Kg. can be considered for estimating the power generation potential.
Again, considering that the average calorific value of petroleum products as 10,000 KCals/Kg, we can safely assume that every 4 units of WAB can replace one unit of petroleum product.
With this in view, the total WAB potential at the country level has been estimated at 25.48 MTOE.
India’s oil consumption27 is estimated (2012) at about 3.36 M bbl/day or about 168 Million Tonnes/year.28 (1 barrel of crude oil per day = appr. 50 tons of crude oil per year29). Table-2.3-d shows the oil consumption trend between 2001 to 2010. The WAB offers a scope to reduce the oil requirement by about 15%.
Table-2.3-d: India’s oil consumption in bbl/day
26 http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/paper/alternative/calorific.html27 http://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?c=in&v=9128 http://www.eia.gov/countries/index.cfm?view=consumption29 http://redstarcanada.com/CONVERSIONS.htm
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Country 2001 2003 2004 2007 2009 2010India 21,30,000 23,20,000 24,50,000 27,22,000 29,80,000 31,82,000
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3.0 Selection of site for pilot project
3.1 Factors in favour of selection of siteWith various forms of financial and other supports (including incentives) provided by the various state governments and the central government, a large number of power generation projects have been commissioned. The Graph-3.1 shows the status of such projects in order of the installed capacities.
Uttar Pradesh
Tamil Nadu
Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka
Maharashtra
Chhattisgarh
Punjab
Rajasthan
Haryana
West Bengal
Bihar
Madhya Pradesh
Gujarat
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
State-wise (Biomass Power/Co-generation Projects) Installed Ca-pacities
2007-08 2008-09 2009-2010 30.06.2011
Graph-3.1: Major State-wise (Biomass Power/Co-generation Projects) Installed Capacities
The state of Uttar Pradesh tops the list, and has been continuously adding the capacities in this category, followed by state of Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Chattisgarh. However, the states Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana, West Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Gujrat have not shown such a trend. In the rest of the states, while there have been stray cases of some such installations, but they are not enough to report. Details are provided in Annexure-7.
3.2 Availability of WAB and Crop residues, and power generation potential in Uttar Pradesh:In case of Uttar Pradesh, the crops like Maize, Bajra, Gram, Arhar Jowar Mustard and Urad contribute the major shares of residues in that order. While there are many other crops which generate agricultural residues, their share is negligible, and a specific technology can not be considered to handle them. These residues, as and when and wherever available, will have to be used in combination with the major residues in the area. Graph-3.2 depicts the availability of surplus biomass and the power generation potential from such wastes in the state. Detailed data is provided in Annexure-730.
30 http://lab.cgpl.iisc.ernet.in/atlas/Tables/Tables.aspx
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Maize Stalks
Bajra Cobs
Maize Cobs
Bajra Stalks
Gram Stalks
Bajra Hu
sk
Arhar Stalks
Jowar Stalks
Arhar Husk
Jowar Cobs
Jowar Husk
Mustard Hu
sk
Urad Stalks
Urad Hu
sk
Mustard Stalks
Groundnut Stalks
Groundnut Shell
Masoor Stalks
Barley Stalks
Kodo millets Stalks
Moong Stalks
Peas & beans Stalks
Small millets Stalks
Sawan Stalks
Onion
Stalks
Others
0200400600800
10001200
Uttar Pradesh: Generation of agricultural residues other than Wheat and Paddy
Biomass Surplus (kT/Yr) Power Potential (MWe)
Graph-3.2: Uttar Pradesh: Generation of agricultural residues other than Wheat and Paddy
3.3 District wise Surplus Biomass31 availability and power generation potential in Uttar Pradesh:
Graph 3.3 depicts the district-wise Biomass, annually generated and surplus available (including Kharif and Rabi seasons) in the state of Uttar Pradesh. Most of the districts in western UP occupy the top position in the surplus biomass availability and power generation potential. Detailed data is provided in Annexures 8 through 10 (total annual and Kharif and Rabi season wise).
Bulandsh
ahr
Shahjahanpur
Pilibhit
MoradabadGonda
Sultanpur
Bareilly
Mathura
Rae Bare
li
Barabanki
UnnaoBijnor
Jaunpur
Mainpuri
Faizabad
Farrukhabad
Kannauj
Kanpur Dehat
Sitapur
Chandauli
FirozabadBallia
Etawah
Jyotiba Phule NagarBanda
Auraiya
Pratapgarh
Hamirpu
rMau
Lucknow
Baghpat
Mahoba
Varanasi
Sant Ravidas Nagar
Kaushambi
050
100150200250300350400450500
UP state: District wise surplus biomass availability and power generation potential
Biomass Surplus (kT/Yr) Power Potential (MWe)
Graph-3.3: Uttar Pradesh: Surplus Biomass and Power generation potential
31 http://lab.cgpl.iisc.ernet.in/atlas/Tables/Tables.aspx
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3.4 Selection of sites for demonstration of technologies:Based on the above findings, the western Uttar Pradesh region has been selected as the site for demonstration of technology for conversion of agricultural biomass to energy.
The exact location will be finalized after selecting appropriate technologies and receiving the expression of interest from some of the prospective users and generators of surplus WAB in the region. However, the districts in the western Uttar Pradesh offer a higher potential as compared to the eastern part of the state. The team is aiming at Merrut, Ghaziabad and Bulandshahar districts.
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Annexure-1
Production and Yields of Food and Non Food grains during the period 1950 to 201232
YearFood Grains Non-Foodgrains All Crops
Area Production Yield Area Production Yield Area Production Yield
Weights 62.92 37.08 100
1949-50 78.0 51.5 70.3 67.8 44.6 80.9 74.0 48.9 73.6
1950-51 76.4 46.5 64.2 66.6 45.8 75.1 74.1 46.2 67.8
1951-52 76.5 47.0 65.8 72.5 46.9 71.2 75.6 46.9 67.7
1952-53 80.5 51.7 70.1 69.4 44.1 70.1 77.9 48.9 70.1
1953-54 86.0 60.7 77.7 68.6 46.6 77.6 81.9 55.5 77.7
1954-55 85.0 59.0 75.7 76.5 53.6 79.4 83.0 57.0 77.0
1955-56 87.0 59.0 73.3 77.6 51.6 73.7 84.8 56.2 73.4
1956-57 87.5 61.7 75.2 80.1 56.5 77.5 85.8 59.8 76.0
1957-58 86.2 55.7 69.4 78.4 56.1 76.5 84.4 55.8 71.9
1958-59 90.3 66.7 79.6 80.8 60.8 82.0 88.1 64.6 80.4
1959-60 91.5 64.9 75.6 82.3 59.6 77.5 89.3 63.0 76.4
1960-61 90.9 69.6 81.9 83.8 67.4 84.0 89.2 68.8 82.7
1961-62 92.0 69.4 80.2 88.4 65.9 79.2 91.2 68.1 79.9
1962-63 92.9 67.3 76.6 88.9 67.5 81.5 92.0 67.4 78.3
1963-64 92.5 67.9 77.5 89.4 69.1 82.6 91.8 68.3 79.3
1964-65 91.6 75.4 87.8 92.2 78.2 89.2 91.7 76.4 88.3
1965-66 90.6 60.6 71.0 91.0 68.9 76.8 90.7 63.7 73.2
1966-67 90.8 60.8 71.2 90.0 66.6 77.5 90.6 63.0 73.6
1967-68 95.7 78.3 86.6 91.1 75.2 87.2 94.6 77.1 86.8
1968-69 94.8 76.3 84.2 87.1 73.7 84.3 93.0 75.3 84.2
1969-70 97.3 81.6 87.5 90.3 78.3 86.3 95.7 80.4 87.1
1970-71 97.9 87.9 93.2 91.1 82.6 91.4 96.3 85.9 92.6
1971-72 96.6 86.1 91.3 93.3 83.7 92.2 95.8 85.2 91.6
1972-73 93.9 79.1 85.8 87.9 76.6 86.3 92.5 78.2 86.0
1973-74 99.6 85.3 89.0 93.7 88.6 94.7 98.2 86.5 91.1
32 http://portal.indiainfoline.com/datamonitor/Real-Sector-Annually/Agriculture/Index-Numbers-of-Area-Production-and-Yield-of-Foodgrains-Non-Foodgrains-and-All-Crops-in-India.aspx
27 | P a g e
1974-75 95.3 81.0 87.0 93.2 89.2 94.0 94.8 84.0 89.6
1975-76 100.8 98.8 99.7 95.4 91.1 97.7 99.5 96.2 99.0
1976-77 97.8 89.6 92.4 94.1 88.8 94.3 96.9 89.3 93.1
1977-78 100.3 103.0 103.2 99.3 99.4 99.0 100.1 101.6 101.6
1978-79 101.5 107.0 105.7 102.0 101.6 101.8 101.6 105.0 104.2
1979-80 98.5 87.5 88.7 96.6 90.8 93.9 98.1 88.7 90.6
1980-81 99.8 104.9 105.1 99.4 97.4 99.2 99.7 102.1 102.9
1981-82 101.7 107.6 105.9 104.1 111.8 106.4 102.2 109.2 106.1
1982-83 98.6 103.7 104.9 101.8 106.6 101.3 99.3 104.8 103.6
1983-84 103.4 122.8 117.8 104.4 111.5 105.7 103.6 118.6 113.3
1984-85 99.8 117.5 115.5 103.4 118.6 113.6 100.6 117.9 114.8
1985-86 100.9 123.4 120.6 104.2 113.0 108.3 101.6 119.5 116.0
1986-87 100.2 116.9 114.9 100.7 112.5 108.3 100.3 115.2 112.4
1987-88 94.3 113.5 117.2 101.7 118.3 110.2 96.0 115.3 114.4
1988-89 100.6 138.1 134.2 112.8 143.2 124.8 103.4 140.0 130.5
1989-90 99.9 139.1 135.5 115.8 149.7 126.7 103.5 143.0 131.9
1990-91 100.7 143.7 137.8 120.0 156.3 128.0 105.2 148.4 133.8
1991-92 96.0 137.6 136.5 124.8 158.8 123.7 102.7 145.5 131.0
1992-93 97.0 144.3 142.0 123.2 164.0 130.2 103.1 151.6 137.2
1993-94 127.4 135.1 106.0 111.2 110.7 99.5 121.9 123.0 101.0
1994-95 128.8 141.0 109.5 114.3 118.8 103.9 123.8 130.1 105.0
1995-96 125.4 131.4 104.8 118.3 122.0 103.2 123.0 126.8 103.1
1996-97 128.4 145.1 113.0 120.2 130.3 108.4 125.6 137.8 109.7
1997-98 128.7 140.9 109.5 118.8 120.6 101.5 125.3 130.8 104.4
1998-99 130.0 150.0 115.4 120.0 126.8 105.6 126.6 137.8 108.9
1999-00 127.8 152.9 119.6 117.5 128.2 109.1 124.3 140.7 113.2
00-01 125.7 141.9 112.9 114.3 126.0 110.3 121.8 134.1 110.0
01-02 127.5 155.3 121.8 114.9 128.5 111.8 122.7 142.1 115.8
02-03 118.2 126.6 107.0 102.8 121.2 117.9 113.2 123.9 109.5
03-04 128.2 155.1 121.0 111.2 110.4 99.3 122.6 133.0 108.5
04-05 124.7 144.2 115.6 122.1 112.1 91.8 123.5 130.9 105.9
05-06 126.3 152.5 120.8 124.7 130.1 104.3 125.4 146.8 117.0
06-07 128.5 158.8 123.6 126.6 155.4 122.8 127.5 167.8 131.6
28 | P a g e
07-08 128.8 168.6 130.9 128.1 157.9 123.3 128.6 172.9 134.4
08-09 127.6 171.3 134.3 130.6 142.1 108.8 128.6 161.8 125.8
09-10 126.0 159.4 126.5 127.9 144.3 112.8 126.7 159.6 126.0
10-11 131.7 178.9 135.9 138.4 170.1 122.9 134.0 185.3 138.3
11-12 129.8 188.1 144.9 141.1 175.1 124.1 133.7 192.0 143.6
A : Area. Pr : Production. Y : Yield.
29 | P a g e
Annexure-2
State-wise Production of Total Foodgrains in India(2001-2002 to 2012-2013) (Production : in ‘ 000 Ton)
States/Uts 2001-2 2002-3 2003-4 2004-5 2005-6 2006-7 2007-8 2008-9 2009-10 2010-112011-12*
2012-3**
A & N Islands 27.5 32.7 31.5 29.7 31.2 31.3 24.1 23.9 27.1 25.4 # #Andhra Pradesh 14835.5 10653.6 13697 13396 16951 16229 19303 20421 15295 20315 18402.7 8403.7Arunachal Pradesh 217.4 242.3 244.5 226.9 240.9 245.7 248.5 255.8 308.9 333.7 # #Assam 4023 3894 4035 3618.2 3677.8 3060 3470 4143 4481.1 4876.5 4192 3817
Bihar 11682.1 11084.7 11212.6 7704.4 8586.8 11098.6 10864.112220.7 10150.6 9222 14054.6 6495
Chhattisgarh 5779.4 3274.7 6469.8 5023 5714.8 5805 6291.9 5167.3 4902.8 7055.2 6841.8 6065.7Dadra and Nagar Haveli 40 33.2 31.1 32.6 33.1 33.1 33.1 32.7 21.3 29.8 # #Daman and Diu 5.1 4.4 5 5.2 4.8 4.8 5.1 8.7 4.9 4.8 # #Delhi 119.5 106.5 123.5 102.1 117.8 123.6 119.9 118.2 125.8 153.3 # #Goa 136 143.4 181.1 155.7 159.8 147.4 133.6 134.3 109.9 123.1 # #Gujarat 4905.6 3566.3 6571.3 5257.5 6154 6499 8206 6481 5761 8341.6 9066 2793.1
Haryana 13298.1 12328.9 13193.1 13109 12998.1 14763 15307.815613.7 15357 16629.5 17957.4 3939
Himachal Pradesh 1600.4 1122.9 1399.4 1612.3 1381.4 1382.2 1558.1 1401.2 1017.2 1421.1 1515 851Jammu and Kashmir 1325.8 1322.4 2905 1499 1482 1572.7 1572.1 1721.3 1314.2 1521.6 1494.9 1056.9Jharkhand 2242.2 1893.2 6562.1 2311.1 2067.6 3686.8 4164.5 4188.7 2152.2 1876.6 4663.1 4813.6Karnataka 8696.7 6664.6 579 10495 13489 9599 12186 11275 10955 13877.2 12200 7566.3
30 | P a g e
Kerala 718.9 699.7 636.2 670.9 638.3 640.5 539.7 598.3 610.8 527.2 559.5 449Madhya Pradesh 13606.8 10748.8 15956.7 14104.8 13195 13747 12070.5
13914.6 16016.4 14952.1 19045.6 4811.3
Maharashtra 11187.9 10834.1 10323 10540.7 12087 12645.1 15191.711427.6 12586.3 15420.4 12316 6698
Manipur 400.5 343.7 391.9 447.8 398.5 398.5 421.8 415 338.9 592.7 # #Meghalaya 224.7 227.1 233.8 225.2 183.1 231.5 231.8 236.3 239.1 239 # #Mizoram 126.3 129.1 139.4 124.6 129.8 56.3 19.1 58.9 62.4 66.8 # #Nagaland 355.4 388 409.8 403.5 424.8 436.2 473.2 514.2 354.2 568.3 # #Odisha 7564.1 3573.7 7156.9 6889.7 7359.7 7344.7 8143.3 7399.1 7553.1 7619.3 6433.3 6013.7Puducherry 68.4 58.9 68.7 67.6 61.9 61.9 54.1 51.5 52.9 53.5 # #
Punjab 24886.9 23491.2 24729.4 25670.7 25184.2 25313.1 26815.127329.8 26950.1 27866.3 28352 11458.8
Rajasthan 14003.7 7536 17993.8 12150.8 11445 14208.8 16058.716680.2 12350.1 18832.2 18963.3 5808.4
Sikkim 98.7 96.6 99.9 103.9 100.3 100.3 111.6 107.5 117.3 110.3 # #Tamil Nadu 7731.9 4442.1 4406.6 6175.8 6127.2 8263 6582.3 7102.3 7511.4 7594.9 9640.6 6085.2Tripura 597.5 611.8 529.1 556.4 563.6 630 633.3 634.7 647.9 712.4 # #Uttar Pradesh 44136.5 38141.6 44246.5 37836.3 40410.2 41214.5 42094.8
46729.3 43195.3 47247.6 50292.6 17197
Uttarakhand 1707.5 1559.1 1724 1761 1594 1735 1796 1765 1796 1815.6 1853 948West Bengal 16501.2 15522.1 16009.7 16055.4 15608.9 15974.5 16050.2
16295.6 15741.6 14466.9 16289.7 9410.8
Others NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 330837 2494.5
India212851.2 174771.4 213189.4
198362.8 208601.6 217282.1 230775 234466 218107.7 244492.1
257441.9 117176.1
Abbr. : NA : Not Applicable.: Note : * : As per 4 th Advance Estimates Released on 16.07.2012.: ** : As per 1st Advance Estimates Released on 24.09.2012 (Kharif only).: # : Included in Others.: Source : Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India & Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 840, dated on 27.11.2012.
31 | P a g e
Annexure-3
Agricultural Production of Commercial Crops in India33
(1950-1951 to 2011-2012) (In Million Ton)
Yea
r
Gro
undn
ut
Rap
esee
d &
M
usta
rd
Soya
bean
Tota
l O
ilsee
ds
Cof
fee
Cot
ton
(Lin
t)
Raw
Jute
&
Mes
ta
Suga
rcan
e
Tea
Toba
cco
50-51 3.48 0.76 - 5.16 - 3.04 3.31 57.0551-52 3.19 0.94 - 5.03 - 3.28 4.72 61.63 - 0.2152-53 2.93 0.86 - 4.73 - 3.34 5.32 51 - 0.2553-54 3.45 0.87 - 5.37 4.13 3.77 44.41 - 0.2754-55 4.25 1.04 - 6.4 4.45 3.86 58.74 - 0.2655-56 3.86 0.86 - 5.73 - 4.18 5.39 60.54 - 0.356-57 4.37 1.04 - 6.36 - 4.92 5.81 69.05 - 0.3157-58 4.71 0.93 - 6.35 - 4.96 5.33 71.16 - 0.2458-59 5.18 1.04 - 7.3 - 4.88 6.91 73.36 - 0.3259-60 4.56 1.06 - 6.56 - 3.68 5.69 77.82 - 0.2960-61 4.81 1.35 - 6.98 - 5.6 5.26 110 - 0.3161-62 4.99 1.35 - 7.28 - 4.85 8.24 103.97 - 0.3462-63 5.06 1.3 - 7.39 - 5.54 7.19 91.91 - 0.3463-64 5.3 0.92 - 7.13 - 5.75 7.98 104.23 - 0.3664-65 6 1.47 - 8.56 - 6.01 7.66 121.91 - 0.3665-66 4.26 1.3 - 6.4 - 4.85 5.78 123.99 - 0.2966-67 4.41 1.23 - 6.43 - 5.27 6.58 92.83 - 0.3567-68 5.73 1.57 - 8.3 - 5.78 7.59 95.5 - 0.3768-69 4.63 1.35 - 6.85 - 5.45 3.84 124.68 - 0.3669-70 5.13 1.56 - 7.73 - 5.56 6.79 135.02 - 0.34
70-71 6.11 1.98 0.01 9.63110.23 4.76 6.19 126.37 419 0.36
71-72 6.18 1.43 0.01 9.08 68.95 6.95 6.84 113.57 435 0.4272-73 4.09 1.81 0.03 7.14 91.07 5.74 6.09 124.87 456 0.3773-74 5.93 1.7 0.04 9.39 86.39 6.31 7.68 140.81 472 0.4674-75 5.11 2.25 0.05 9.15 92.51 7.16 5.83 144.29 489 0.3675-76 6.76 1.94 0.09 10.61 83.98 5.95 5.91 140.6 487 0.3576-77 5.26 1.55 0.12 8.43 102.3 5.84 7.1 153.01 512 0.42
77-78 6.09 1.65 0.18 9.66125.14 7.24 7.15 176.97 556 0.49
78-79 6.21 1.86 0.3 10.1110.49 7.96 8.33 151.66 564 0.45
79-80 5.77 1.43 0.28 8.74149.84 7.65 7.96 128.83 544 0.44
80-81 5.01 2.3 0.44 9.37118.65 7.01 8.16 154.25 569.6 0.48
81-82 7.22 2.38 0.35 12.08 152.1 7.88 8.37 186.36 560.4 0.5282-83 5.28 2.21 0.49 10 129.9 7.53 7.17 189.51 560.7 0.58
33 \indiastat.new\htmData\4\207164.htm
32 | P a g e
5
83-84 7.09 2.61 0.61 12.69105.03 6.39 7.72 174.08 581.5 0.49
84-85 6.44 3.07 0.95 12.95195.11 8.51 7.79 170.32 639.9 0.49
85-86 5.12 2.68 1.02 10.83122.45 8.73 12.65 170.65 656.2 0.44
86-87 5.88 2.6 0.89 11.27192.09 6.91 8.62 186.09 624.6 0.46
87-88 5.85 3.45 0.9 12.65122.71 6.38 6.78 196.74 674.3 0.37
88-89 9.66 4.38 1.55 18.03214.72 8.74 7.86 203.04 701.1 0.49
89-90 8.1 4.13 1.81 16.92118.05 11.42 8.29 225.57 684.1 0.55
90-91 7.51 5.23 2.6 18.61169.73 9.84 9.23 241.05
720.34 0.56
91-92 7.09 5.86 2.49 18.6 180 9.71 10.29 254754.19 0.58
92-93 8.56 4.8 3.39 20.11 169.4 11.4 8.59 228.03703.93 0.6
93-94 7.83 5.33 4.75 21.5212.09 10.74 8.43 229.66
760.83 0.56
94-95 8.06 5.76 3.93 21.34 180.1 11.89 9.08 275.54 752.9 0.57
95-96 7.58 6 5.1 22.11 223 12.86 8.81 281.1756.02 0.54
96-97 8.64 6.66 5.38 24.38 205 14.23 11.13 277.56780.14 0.62
97-98 7.37 4.7 6.46 21.32 228.3 10.85 11.02 279.54835.64 0.64
98-99 8.98 5.66 7.14 24.75 265 12.29 9.81 288.72855.16 0.74
99-00 5.25 5.79 7.08 20.71 292 11.53 10.55 299.32836.86 0.52
2000-01 6.41 4.19 5.28 18.44 301.2 9.52 10.56 295.96
848.43 0.34
01-02 7.03 5.08 5.96 20.66 300.6 10 11.68 297.21851.41 0.55
02-03 4.12 3.88 4.66 14.84 275.3 8.62 11.28 287.38845.97 0.49
03-04 8.13 6.29 7.82 25.19 270.5 13.73 11.17 233.86878.65 0.55
04-05 6.77 7.59 6.88 24.35 275.5 16.43 10.27 237.09906.84 0.55
05-06 7.99 8.13 8.27 27.98 274 18.5 10.84 281.17948.94 0.55
06-07 4.86 7.44 8.85 24.29 288 22.63 11.27 355.52973.07 0.52
07-08 9.18 5.83 10.97 29.76 262 25.88 11.21 348.19 987.0 0.49
33 | P a g e
2
08-09 7.17 7.2 9.91 27.72 262.3 22.28 10.37 285.03972.77 0.62
09-10 5.43 6.61 9.97 24.88 289.6 24.23 11.82 292.3991.18 0.69
10-11 7.54 8.18 12.74 32.48 302 33.43 10.62 342.38966.73 -
11-12 6.93 6.78 12.28 30.01 314 35.2 11.57 357.67978.96 -
Note : 1. Data for 2011-12 are based on Advance Estimates.2. Data for 1953-54 to 1969-70 relate to total five major oilseeds viz., groundnut, castorseed, sesamum, rapeseed, mustard, and linseed.3. Oilseed data comprises total for nine oilseeds out of the eleven in all.4. Coffee and Tea data measured in million kg. 5. Cotton data measured in million bales of 170 kg. Each.6. Raw jute and the mesta data measured in million bales of 180 kg. Each.7. For details on crops and groups, please see Area, Production and Yield of Principal Crops in India and Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, Ministry of Agriculture, GOISource : Reserve Bank of India. (ON298)
34 | P a g e
Annexure-4
Area, Production and Yield of Coarse Cereals Along with Percentage Coverage under Irrigation in India34
(1949-1950 to 2012-2013) (Area in Million Hectare, Prod. In Million Ton, Yield in
Kg./Hectare)
Year Area Production Yield% Coverage under
Irrigation
1949-50 38.83 16.83 433 8.5
1950-51 37.67 15.38 408 7.9
1951-52 38.88 16.09 414 8.7
1952-53 42.45 19.61 462 8.1
1953-54 45.37 22.97 506 7.8
1954-55 43.92 22.82 520 8.1
1955-56 43.45 19.49 449 8
1956-57 42.02 19.87 473 7.6
1957-58 42.91 21.23 495 8
1958-59 44.66 23.18 519 7.5
1959-60 43.79 22.87 522 7.5
1960-61 44.96 23.74 528 7.7
1961-62 44.73 23.22 519 7.1
1962-63 44.29 24.63 556 7.3
1963-64 43.93 23.72 540 7.3
1964-65 44.35 25.37 514 7.3
1965-66 44.34 21.42 483 8.1
1966-67 45.09 24.05 533 8.5
1967-68 47.34 28.8 608 8
1968-69 46.24 25.18 545 9.6
1969-70 47.24 27.29 578 9.4
1970-71 45.95 30.55 665 8.3
1971-72 43.57 24.6 564 8.4
34 http://www.indiastat.com/table/agriculture/2/totalfoodgrains/17193/17306/data.aspx: Source : Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India. 07.12.2012.
35 | P a g e
1972-73 42.21 23.14 548 8.6
1973-74 46.24 28.83 623 8.3
1974-75 43.15 26.13 606 10.9
1975-76 43.8 30.41 694 9.9
1976-77 41.94 28.88 689 9.7
1977-78 42.28 30.02 710 8.9
1978-79 42.23 30.44 721 8.5
1979-80 41.36 26.97 652 9.4
1980-81 41.78 29.02 695 9.2
1981-82 42.45 31.09 733 9
1982-83 40.43 27.75 685 9
1983-84 41.71 33.9 813 7.8
1984-85 39.21 31.17 795 8.4
1985-86 39.47 26.2 664 8.4
1986-87 39.74 26.83 675 9.1
1987-88 36.55 26.36 721 9.8
1988-89 38.68 31.47 814 9.2
1989-90 37.69 34.76 922 9.8
1990-91 36.32 32.7 900 9
1991-92 33.42 25.99 778 10.7
1992-93 34.42 36.59 1063 10.1
1993-94 32.82 30.82 939 10.4
1994-95 32.17 29.88 929 10.4
1995-96 30.88 29.03 940 11
1996-97 31.81 34.1 1072 10.2
1997-98 30.83 30.4 986 11
1998-99 29.34 31.34 1068 12
1999-00 29.34 30.33 1034 12.6
2000-01 30.26 31.08 1027 12.5
2001-02 29.52 33.38 1131 11.5
2002-03 26.99 26.07 966 11
2003-04 30.8 37.6 1221 6.6
2004-05 29.03 33.47 1153 6.6
36 | P a g e
2005-06 29.04 34.07 1172 13
2006-07 28.71 33.92 1182 13.4
2007-08 28.48 40.75 1431 14.2
2008-09 27.45 40.04 1459 NA
2009-10 27.68 33.55 1212 NA
2010-11* 27.64 42.22 1528 NA
2011-12* 20.22 30.42 1561 NA
2012-13# - - 1478 NA
Abbr. : NA : Not Available.
Note : * : Fourth Advance Estimates.
# : First Advance Estimates.
The Yield rates given above have been worked out on the basis of Production & area figures
taken in ‘ 000 units.
For 2012-13, yield estimates are Preliminary Assessment and are not based on Crop cutting
Experiments.
37 | P a g e
Annexure-5
Residue-wise Biomass Data at National Level – Year: Based on Survey Data [2002-04]; Season: Agro-Kharif35
Crop Residue Area (kha)
Crop Production (kT/Yr)
Biomass Generation (kT/Yr)
Biomass Surplus (kT/Yr)
Power Potential (Mwe)
Paddy Straw 32259.7 74940.3 112409.6 26657.6 3197.5
Paddy Husk 32259.7 74940.3 14988.0 10583.9 1164.2
Maize Stalks 5627.8 10211.9 20424.4 4153.4 539.9
Soyabean Stalks 6060.1 5847.2 9940.2 3284.4 427.0
Tapioca Stalks 167.5 4120.9 2966.8 2074.9 269.7
Bajra Stalks 8330.7 5978.3 11956.1 1894.8 246.3
Groundnut Stalks 5562.0 5272.1 10544.2 1589.4 206.6
Jowar Stalks 4403.4 6212.1 10560.7 1375.4 178.8
Maize Cobs 5627.8 10211.9 3066.5 1174.5 164.4
Jowar Cobs 4403.4 6212.1 3106.1 1089.9 152.6
Groundnut Shell 5562.0 5272.1 1581.6 1016.5 122.0
Bajra Cobs 8330.7 5978.3 1972.8 933.1 121.3
Arhar Stalks 2731.6 1936.6 4841.5 773.7 100.6
Castor seed Stalks 527.0 414.3 1657.2 733.8 95.4
Jowar Husk 4403.4 6212.1 1242.4 608.9 73.1
Gram Stalks 1019.0 648.4 713.0 520.1 67.6
Bajra Husk 8330.7 5978.3 1793.4 428.2 51.4
Arhar Husk 2731.6 1936.6 581.0 290.5 34.9
Til Stalks 1059.1 432.1 1079.6 251.9 32.7
Ragi Straw 1425.9 1925.1 2502.7 197.1 23.7
Guar Stalks 266.3 116.6 233.3 163.3 22.9
Meshta Stalks 477.0 802.7 1605.4 160.5 20.9
Potato Leaves 114.7 974.1 740.3 147.7 20.7
Pulses Stalks 1857.9 1057.1 1374.2 137.4 17.9
Sunflower Stalks 489.2 284.9 569.9 90.7 11.8
Urad Stalks 1075.9 531.6 584.7 63.8 8.3
Small millets Stalks 828.7 485.6 582.7 58.3 7.6
35 http://lab.cgpl.iisc.ernet.in/atlas/Tables/Tables.aspx
38 | P a g e
Barseem Stalks 13.2 71.6 71.6 57.3 7.4
Urad Husk 1075.9 531.6 106.3 49.7 6.0
Moong Stalks 779.3 401.6 441.7 44.2 5.7Castor seed Husk 527.0 414.3 41.4 20.7 2.49
Dry chilly Stalks 102.9 101.6 152.4 15.4 2.00
Cashew nut Stalks 86.8 42.8 77.0 15.4 2.00
Potato Stalks 114.7 974.1 48.7 11.9 1.54
Turmeric Stalks 33.6 75.5 22.3 11.2 1.45
Moong Husk 779.3 401.6 60.2 12.0 1.44
Onion Stalks 120.1 1330.0 66.5 7.1 0.99Oilseeds Stalks 14.7 19.8 39.7 7.9 0.95
Niger seed Stalks 275.5 81.6 86.5 6.5 0.84
Kesar Stalks 6.0 6.9 7.3 5.8 0.70
Cow gram Stalks 55.3 43.2 47.5 4.75 0.62
Horse gram Stalks 82.8 35.5 46.2 4.62 0.60
Cashew nut Shell 86.8 42.8 21.4 4.28 0.56
Meshta Leaves 477.0 802.7 40.1 4.01 0.48
Kodo millets Stalks 4.30 2.70 3.13 2.51 0.33
Moth Stalks 18.0 9.9 17.8 1.78 0.23
Sannhamp Stalks 5.2 5.6 14.1 1.41 0.18
Sweet potato Stalks 18.4 127.8 12.8 1.28 0.17
Peas & beans Stalks 18.2 14.5 7.2 0.72 0.094
Sawan Stalks 0.32 0.22 0.22 0.18 0.089
Masoor Stalks 6.2 3.69 6.6 0.66 0.086
Others Others 6.6 2.44 2.33 0.64 0.084
Linseed Stalks 6.6 3.65 5.4 0.54 0.070Dry ginger Stalks 20.2 102.7 5.1 0.51 0.067
Total 75957.9 124675.4 225070.0 60746.6 7416.8
Annexure-6
39 | P a g e
Generation, surplus and burnt in field residues in various States of India36
States Residue
generation
(MNRE,
2009)
Residue
surplus
(MNRE,
2009)
Residue
burned
(IPCC
coeff.37)
Residue
burned
(Pathak et al.
2010)
Mt/yr
Andhra Pradesh 43.89 6.96 5.73 2.73
Arunachal Pradesh 0.4 0.07 0.06 0.04
Assam 11.43 2.34 1.42 0.73
Bihar 25.29 5.08 3.77 3.19
Chhattisgarh 11.25 2.12 1.84 0.83
Goa 0.57 0.14 0.08 0.04
Gujarat 28.73 8.9 6.69 3.81
Haryana 27.83 11.22 5.45 9.06
Himachal Pradesh 2.85 1.03 0.20 0.41
Jammu and Kashmir 1.59 0.28 0.35 0.89
Jharkhand 3.61 0.89 1.11 1.10
Karnataka 33.94 8.98 2.85 5.66
Kerala 9.74 5.07 0.40 0.22
Madhya Pradesh 33.18 10.22 3.46 1.91
Maharashtra 46.45 14.67 6.27 7.41
Manipur 0.9 0.11 0.14 0.07
Meghalaya 0.51 0.09 0.10 0.05
Mizoram 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.01
Nagaland 0.49 0.09 0.11 0.08
Orissa 20.07 3.68 2.57 1.34
36 Final CRM documentwww.nicra.iari.res.in/Data/FinalCRM.doc
37 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
40 | P a g e
Punjab 50.75 24.83 8.94 19.62
Rajasthan 29.32 8.52 3.58 1.78
Sikkim 0.15 0.02 0.01 0.01
Tamil Nadu 19.93 7.05 3.55 4.08
Tripura 0.04 0.02 0.22 0.11
Uttarakhand 2.86 0.63 13.34 21.92
Uttar Pradesh 59.97 13.53 0.58 0.78
West Bengal 35.93 4.29 10.82 4.96
India 501.76 140.84 83.66 92.81
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Annexure-7
Selected State-wise Power Generation Installed Capacity alongwith Electricity Generation from Renewable Energy Resource (Biomass Power/Co-generation Projects) in India
(2007-2008 to 2010-2011-upto 30.06.2011)
States/Uts
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
2010-2011
(upto
30.06.2011)C
apac
ity
(In
MW
)
Gen
erat
ion
(In
MU
)C
apac
ity
(In
MW
)
Gen
erat
ion
(In
MU
)
Cap
acity
(In
MW
)
Gen
erat
ion
(In
MU
)
Cap
acity
(In
MW
)G
ener
atio
n
(In
MU
)
Andhra Pradesh 334.3 1807.
5
343.3 2005.5 363.3 2059.5 363.3 2179.5
Arunanchal
Pradesh - - - - - - - -
Assam - - - - - - - -
Bihar - - - - - - 9.5 1199.4
Chhattisgarh 146.3 679.8 156.1 877.8 199.9 936.6 199.9 -
Goa - - - - - - - -
Gujarat 0.5 3 0.5 3 0.5 3 0.5 3
Haryana 6 36 6 36 7.8 36 35.8 46.8
Himachal Pradesh - - - - - - - -
Jammu and
Kashmir - - - - - - - -
Jharkhand - - - - - - - -
Karnataka 262.3
1017.
1 294.2 1049.1 336.2 1176.7 336.2 1344.7
Kerala - - - - - - - -
Madhya Pradesh 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6
Maharashtra 114 304 185.5 456 218.5 742 228.5 874
Manipur - - - - - - - -
Meghalaya - - - - - - - -
Mizoram - - - - - - - -
Nagaland - - - - - - - -
42 | P a g e
Orissa - - - - - - - -
Punjab 28 112 28 112 62.5 112 62.5 250
Rajasthan 23.3 139.8 31.3 139.8 31.3 187.8 59.3 187.8
Sikkim - - - - - - - -
Tamil Nadu 290.5 862 333.7 1162 395.7 1334.8 419.2 1582.8
Tripura - - - - - - - -
Uttar Pradesh 200.5 486 372.5 802 567 1490 581 2268
Uttarakhand - - - - - - - -
West Bengal - - - - 16 0 16 96
Andaman and
Nicobar Islands - - - - - - - -
Chandigarh - - - - - - - -
Dadar and Nagar
Haveli - - - - - - - -
Daman and Diu - - - - - - - -
Delhi - - - - - - - -
Lakshwadeep - - - - - - - -
Puducherry - - - - - - - -
India 1406.63
5453.
22 1752.03 6649.22 2199.63 8084.42
2312.
63
10038.0
2
43 | P a g e
Annexure-8
Total annual crop production, Biomass generation, Biomass surplus and Power generation potential
District Area (kha)
Crop Production (kT/Yr)
Biomass Generation (kT/Yr)
Biomass Surplus (kT/Yr)
Power Potential (Mwe)
Bulandshahr 311.3 969.1 1848 437.9 57.5Kheri 423.8 1007 1778.1 432.3 53.4Shahjahanpur 373.5 1034 1809.3 430.6 53.2Hardoi 442.3 921.5 1669.5 392 50.1Pilibhit 295.3 876.2 1536.5 366.6 45.3Budaun 438.2 870.8 1663.2 342.6 44.2Moradabad 353.3 894.3 1606.1 350.1 44.1Etah 349.1 753.4 1488.6 337.3 44Gonda 346.5 757.6 1371.3 341.6 43.2Aligarh 322.7 747.7 1484 321.5 42.1Sultanpur 316.7 758.8 1346.7 313.5 38.8Bahraich 316.2 549.5 991.1 287.7 35.5Bareilly 291.4 678.3 1184.5 289 35.5Maharajganj 248.9 623.7 1080 290.5 35Mathura 297.9 750 1385.5 253.2 33.3Rampur 224 631 1102.6 267.1 32.9Rae Bareli 314.9 641.5 1129.3 263.3 32.6Kushinagar 232.5 565.5 990.2 248 30.4Barabanki 232.4 551.6 958.7 245.5 29.8Fatehpur 243.4 528 987.7 211.1 26.4Unnao 249.7 463.2 840.7 207.1 26.3Azamgarh 262.3 474.1 832.5 204.6 25.3Bijnor 173.2 515 907.3 200.9 25.3Agra 249.9 541.7 1086.1 190.3 25.2Jaunpur 220.7 437.1 724 200.4 24.9Saharanpur 185.1 498.8 887.3 189.3 24.1Mainpuri 181.4 501.9 890.5 186.2 23.7Ghazipur 214.5 404.4 712.8 195.3 23.4Faizabad 178.5 427.8 745.3 186.5 22.8Balrampur 211.3 429.4 751.3 179.3 22.1Farrukhabad 126.9 324.5 630.2 162.6 21.3Jalaun 210.3 496.6 886.2 154.2 20.7Kannauj 114.8 266.6 528 159.1 20.7Mirzapur 235.2 410.7 715.4 157.2 19.8Kanpur Dehat 148 345.8 642.4 155.3 19.6
44 | P a g e
Deoria 198.5 356.1 622.7 160.6 19.4Sitapur 204.9 310.1 534.6 162.4 19.2Gorakhpur 218.6 362.1 627.1 156.2 19.1Chandauli 139.7 311.5 537.3 153.3 18.3Jhansi 241.6 442 785.6 135.8 18.2Firozabad 165.1 338.4 672.5 138.7 18.1Allahabad 189.7 312.8 556.6 148.7 17.8Ballia 184.2 298 546.1 141.2 17.7Kanpur Nagar 139.5 326.4 602.2 138.4 17.7Etawah 131.9 289.6 556.7 132.3 16.6Ambedkar Nagar 128.5 302.5 525.9 134.2 16.4Jyotiba Phule Nagar 124 368.9 657.9 126.2 16.4Meerut 106.1 355 636.1 118.1 15.5Banda 302.5 341 601.1 117.5 15.3Ghaziabad 98.9 313.3 565.2 114 14.8Auraiya 107.1 265.7 489.6 115.3 14.3Gautam Buddhanagar 95.7 316.4 579.7 108.6 14.2Pratapgarh 146.6 259.6 472.4 110.5 13.6Hathras 136.6 282.8 546.8 99.3 13.1Hamirpur 239.1 294.2 510.7 96.8 12.8Basti 155.4 227.4 399.4 94.4 11.7Mau 93.3 201.9 347.4 98.3 11.7Lalitpur 168.3 214.8 385.2 77.3 10.3Lucknow 105.2 199.8 352.6 81.7 10.2Sant Kabir Nagar 127.8 196.5 345.9 77.2 9.68Baghpat 56.4 191.6 343.8 60.5 8.09Chitrakut 130.1 177.4 323.6 58.8 7.76Mahoba 150.4 173.6 291.9 54.8 7.26Sonbhadra 147.4 178.1 296.5 54.2 7.19Varanasi 66.9 126.2 219.8 57 6.9Muzaffarnagar 38.9 103.6 176.1 55.4 6.5Sant Ravidas Nagar 57.7 121 216.8 52.6 6.45Shravasti 59.2 108.7 207.7 48.4 6.45Kaushambi 58.6 98.5 183 38.4 4.87Siddharth Nagar 9.11 6.18 4.37 1.83 0.24UP State Total 14059.6
130418.78 54911.77 12668.63 1596.29
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Annexure-9
District-wise Biomass Data – State: Uttar Pradesh; Year: 2000-04Agro-Kharif
District Area (kha) Crop Production (kT/Yr)
Biomass Generation (kT/Yr)
Biomass Surplus (kT/Yr)
Power Potential (Mwe)
Shahjahanpur 215.5 513.0 872.0 274.4 32.1Kheri 211.0 502.0 860.3 273.3 32.1Bahraich 237.5 399.4 720.9 242.7 29.4Bulandshahr 137.9 298.9 641.7 236.9 30.4Maharajganj 165.6 439.6 748.6 235.3 27.5Pilibhit 142.5 432.3 734.9 231.3 27.1Hardoi 225.3 356.8 653.0 222.6 27.2Gonda 198.4 358.3 652.6 221.8 27.0Etah 195.4 298.1 669.1 200.7 25.6Sultanpur 171.3 375.3 656.5 198.5 23.3Bareilly 176.0 364.1 619.0 194.8 22.8Moradabad 183.5 358.5 641.7 189.4 22.4Barabanki 160.6 340.6 579.0 182.2 21.3Budaun 257.0 328.3 686.7 179.9 22.2Aligarh 177.4 272.2 628.1 178.8 22.8Rampur 137.8 330.8 562.3 177.0 20.7Kushinagar 121.4 320.1 547.6 173.5 20.4Ghazipur 167.9 319.8 560.6 169.9 20.0Jaunpur 175.1 331.4 533.8 168.7 20.6Rae Bareli 167.7 315.3 542.1 165.4 19.4Sitapur 176.0 289.9 498.2 158.8 18.7Azamgarh 151.9 252.7 434.0 138.2 16.3Chandauli 100.9 255.1 435.9 136.4 16.0Allahabad 168.0 271.5 482.3 136.3 16.1Fatehpur 139.6 267.1 518.2 132.8 15.8Faizabad 103.1 247.4 420.6 132.4 15.5Unnao 146.2 209.0 383.1 130.8 16.0Kannauj 77.0 150.8 319.5 124.3 16.0Deoria 141.6 231.5 398.4 123.2 14.4Balrampur 114.6 217.2 369.3 116.2 13.6Gorakhpur 146.3 210.5 354.2 110.7 13.0Bijnor 65.5 197.4 335.6 105.6 12.4Kanpur Dehat 97.7 176.9 338.5 104.6 12.8Ballia 124.0 175.3 325.2 104.4 12.7Farrukhabad 67.7 126.3 273.4 103.1 13.3Ambedkar Nagar 86.0 185.1 314.6 99.0 11.6Etawah 92.0 170.6 342.5 96.6 11.8Pratapgarh 107.6 178.8 327.0 86.3 10.3Saharanpur 69.6 154.4 267.4 86.0 10.2Mau 74.0 160.4 272.7 85.8 10.0Mirzapur 97.0 167.3 291.7 82.8 9.8Auraiya 73.1 154.8 289.9 82.0 9.8Mainpuri 69.9 146.4 250.6 79.5 9.3Kanpur Nagar 75.3 123.0 236.1 77.3 9.5Firozabad 91.7 124.4 287.4 74.5 9.4Mathura 99.0 128.0 265.8 66.6 8.1
46 | P a g e
Agra 113.1 129.5 342.0 64.7 8.3Basti 99.7 111.8 191.3 59.7 7.0Muzaffarnagar 38.9 103.6 176.1 55.4 6.5Lucknow 63.9 97.2 167.8 50.9 6.0Varanasi 46.0 81.7 139.7 43.7 5.1Sant Kabir Nagar 77.8 77.8 132.3 41.6 4.87Banda 107.9 88.7 172.5 39.3 4.76Ghaziabad 27.2 62.8 114.2 38.8 4.71Sant Ravidas Nagar 33.7 71.1 126.9 37.6 4.43Jyotiba Phule Nagar 29.1 64.8 110.2 34.7 4.06Hathras 64.8 62.4 150.2 33.2 4.19Gautam Buddhanagar
27.1 60.2 118.5 31.7 3.81
Lalitpur 77.4 49.6 87.8 27.7 3.60Meerut 20.2 43.3 73.5 23.1 2.71Shravasti 25.5 24.4 56.0 23.1 3.04Hamirpur 70.0 57.8 136.9 20.7 2.67Kaushambi 29.9 39.2 76.3 20.6 2.47Sonbhadra 45.8 39.3 60.6 17.8 2.32Jhansi 86.5 49.8 95.5 16.6 2.08Jalaun 52.1 41.8 91.9 15.3 1.98Chitrakut 46.5 33.9 78.3 14.5 1.86Baghpat 5.5 12.6 21.5 6.8 0.79Mahoba 35.5 16.1 31.7 5.2 0.66Siddharth Nagar 0.71 0.38 0.48 0.23 0.030Total 7605.1 13646.4 24895.1 7614.3 914.7
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Annexure-10
District-wise Biomass Data – State: Uttar Pradesh; Year: 2000-04; Season: Agro-Rabi
District Area (kha) Crop Production (kT/Yr)
Biomass Generation (kT/Yr)
Biomass Surplus (kT/Yr)
Power Potential (Mwe)
Bulandshahr 173.4 670.2 1206.3 201.0 27.1Mathura 198.9 622.0 1119.7 186.6 25.2Hardoi 217.0 564.7 1016.5 169.4 22.9Budaun 181.2 542.5 976.5 162.7 22.0Moradabad 169.8 535.8 964.4 160.7 21.7Kheri 212.8 505.2 917.8 159.0 21.3Shahjahanpur 158.0 520.7 937.3 156.2 21.1Aligarh 145.3 475.5 855.9 142.7 19.3Jalaun 158.2 454.8 794.3 138.9 18.7Etah 153.7 455.3 819.5 136.6 18.4Pilibhit 152.8 443.9 801.6 135.3 18.2Agra 136.8 412.2 744.1 125.6 16.9Gonda 148.1 399.3 718.7 119.8 16.2Jhansi 155.1 392.2 690.1 119.2 16.1Sultanpur 145.4 383.5 690.2 115.0 15.5Mainpuri 111.5 355.5 639.9 106.7 14.4Saharanpur 115.5 344.4 619.9 103.3 13.9Rae Bareli 147.2 326.2 587.2 97.9 13.2Bijnor 107.7 317.6 571.7 95.3 12.9Meerut 85.9 311.7 562.6 95.0 12.8Bareilly 115.4 314.2 565.5 94.2 12.7Jyotiba Phule Nagar 94.9 304.1 547.7 91.5 12.3Rampur 86.2 300.2 540.3 90.1 12.2Fatehpur 103.8 260.9 469.5 78.3 10.6Banda 194.6 252.3 428.6 78.2 10.5Gautam Buddha Nagar
68.6 256.2 461.2 76.9 10.4
Unnao 103.5 254.2 457.6 76.3 10.3Ghaziabad 71.7 250.5 451.0 75.2 10.1Hamirpur 169.1 236.4 373.8 76.1 10.1Kushi Nagar 111.1 245.4 442.6 74.5 10.0Mirzapur 138.2 243.4 423.7 74.4 10.0Azamgarh 110.4 221.4 398.5 66.4 9.0Hathras 71.8 220.4 396.6 66.1 8.9Firozabad 73.4 214.0 385.1 64.2 8.7Barabanki 71.8 211.0 379.7 63.3 8.5Balrampur 96.7 212.2 382.0 63.1 8.5Kanpur Nagar 64.2 203.4 366.1 61.1 8.2Farrukhabad 59.2 198.2 356.8 59.5 8.0Maharajganj 83.3 184.1 331.4 55.2 7.5Faizabad 75.4 180.4 324.7 54.1 7.3Baghpat 50.9 179.0 322.3 53.7 7.3Kanpur Dehat 50.3 168.9 303.9 50.7 6.8Lalitpur 90.9 165.2 297.4 49.6 6.7Mahoba 114.9 157.5 260.2 49.6 6.6Gorakhpur 72.3 151.6 272.9 45.5 6.1
48 | P a g e
Bahraich 78.7 150.1 270.2 45.0 6.1Chitrakut 83.6 143.5 245.3 44.3 5.9Deoria 56.9 124.6 224.3 37.4 5.0Ballia 60.2 122.7 220.9 36.8 4.97Sonbhadra 101.6 138.8 235.9 36.4 4.87Etawah 39.9 119.0 214.2 35.7 4.82Sant Kabir Nagar 50.0 118.7 213.6 35.6 4.81Ambedkar Nagar 42.5 117.4 211.3 35.2 4.75Kannauj 37.8 115.8 208.5 34.8 4.69Basti 55.7 115.6 208.1 34.7 4.68Auraiya 34.0 110.9 199.7 33.3 4.49Jaunpur 45.6 105.7 190.2 31.7 4.28Lucknow 41.3 102.6 184.8 30.8 4.16Ghazipur 46.6 84.6 152.2 25.4 3.42Shravasti 33.7 84.3 151.7 25.3 3.41Pratapgarh 39.0 80.8 145.4 24.2 3.27Kaushambi 28.7 59.3 106.7 17.8 2.40Chandauli 38.8 56.4 101.4 16.9 2.28Sant Ravidas Nagar 24.0 49.9 89.9 15.0 2.02Varanasi 20.9 44.5 80.1 13.3 1.80Mau 19.3 41.5 74.7 12.5 1.68Allahabad 21.7 41.3 74.3 12.4 1.67Sitapur 28.9 20.2 36.4 3.64 0.47Siddharth Nagar 8.4 5.8 3.89 1.60 0.21Total 6454.3 16772.3 30017.3 5054.3 681.5
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