Vocabulary: word building You can often make nouns from verbs by adding the suffixes “ –tion” and “-ance”. However, spellings may change somewhat. Make.

Vocabulary: word building

You can often make nouns from ver

bs by adding the suffixes “ –tion” an

d “-ance”. However, spellings may c

hange somewhat. Make nouns from

these verbs by competing the table.

EXERCISE 7

Verbs

invite

receive

attend

enter

contribute

Nouns

invitation

reception

attendance

entrance

contribution

1. Have you been ______ to Ben’s party? Yes, I received an ________ to his party today.

2. Jeremy, you didn’t ______ class this morning. __________ is necessary if you want to pass!

Use the verbs and nouns above to complete the sentences below.

invitedinvitation

attend

Attendance

4. We had a lovely wedding _________.

We ____________ so many beautiful

presents!

5. You ought to _________ money. But

your ___________ doesn’t need to be

big.

reception

have received

contribute

contribution

3. The room has a secret ________ you

can only _____ if you know where it

is.

entrance

enter

Make nouns from the following verbs

• relax—

• graduate--

• present ---

• explore---

• found---

• compete---

• promote—

• react---

• congratulate---

• celebrate---

• decorate---

• admire---

relaxation

graduation

presentation

exploration

foundation

competition

promotion

reaction

congratulation

celebration

decoration

admiration

1. have to

2. don’t have

to

3. can

4. can’t

5. ought

6. ought not

to

a) not necessary

b) necessary

c) not allowed/not

possible

d) allowed/possible

e) not advisable

f) advisable

Match the words to their meanings.

Exercises 5 and 6

Complete the passage below with the following words: have to, don’t have to, can’t, can, ought to, ought not to

Weddings are happy occasions but when my sister got married last year, my mum and sister did not agree on anything. First It was the dress. My mum said, “Lisa, you ______ wear a white dress,” and my sister replied, “I ____________ wear white. I ____wear pink if I like.”

have todon’t have to

can

Next it was the invitations. My mum

Said, “ Lisa, you really _______ invite

Sally,” and my sister replied, “I

___________ Invite her---we have too

many people already.” Then it was the

flowers. My mum said, “you ____ have

Complete the passage below with the

following words: have to, don’t have to,

can’t, can, ought to, ought not to

ought to

don’t have to

can’t

lilies. I’ve heard that they’re bad luck,”and my sister replied, “of course I ___have lilies! I don’t believe they’re unlucky!” and then it was the cake!“ You really _______ have a fruit cake, Lisa,” said my mum, but Lisa wanted chocolate.

Complete the passage below with the following words: have to, don’t have to, can’t, can, ought to, ought not to

can

ought to

Finally, I told them that they really

___________ argue so much because

it makes me hate weddings for life!

ought not to

Complete the passage below with the

following words: have to, don’t have to,

can’t, can, ought to, ought not to

Lesson 3 Weddings2Lesson 3 Weddings2

Modal verbs( 情态动词 )

1 ）表示能力， could 主要指过去时间。

▼ Two eyes can see more than one.  

两只眼比一只眼看得清。 ▼ Could the girl read before she went

to school?  

这女孩上学前能识字吗 ?

1. can could 的用法

具体用法

2) 请求或允许 (can’t 不允许 ) 。 could 语气更委婉

▼ Can (Could) you lend me a hand?   帮我一把好吗？▼ —Can/Could I have a look at your new pen? —Yes, you can./may.   ▼ I’m afraid we can’t give you an answer today.

   恐怕我们今天不能给你答复

3) 表 “有时候会” 理论上的可能性 It can be very cold in Jinjiang in winter.

即使一个有经验的老师有时候也会犯错Even an experienced teacher can make mi

stakes.

例 1 ： — Could I borrow your dictionary?—Yes, of course you____.

A. might B. will C. can D. should

析：选 C 。该句用 can 的委婉表达式 could 来征求对方意见， could 和 might 通用，但回答时必须还成 can 或may ，因此该题不选 A.

Making choices ____ be difficult, especially when there is no one to turn to for advice.

A. might B. should

D. must C. can

C

Notice: can /be able to 1 ） can 只有两种时态形式，现在式 can 和过

去式 could ，而 be able to 有多种时态形式。 Mary can play the piano. She has been

able to play it since she was 5. ( 玛丽会弹钢琴。她五岁起就会弹了。 )

2 ）用在过去时中， could 经常表示能够做某事，事实上不一定去做，

而 was∕were able to 则表示“过去做成了某事 =managed to do, succeeded in doing” 。

1. He was able to reach to the top of the Mount Himalaya in 1982.

2. He didn’t agree with me at first , but I _________ persuade him.

A could B was able to

B

例 4 ：

1 ） must 表示义务 We must do everything step by step.  

—Must we hand in our exercise books now?  

— Yes , you must.

— No, you needn’t. / No, you don’t have to.  

2 ） must 表“偏偏” “硬要”• Why must you find faults with me?

为什么你偏偏找我的茬？

2. must 的用法

（没必要）

We must rely/depend on ourselves.

I have to give it up because of my illness.

have to 不得不

表示客观需要 有多种时态

主观看法 只有一种形式

★mustn’t 表“禁止” , “ 不准 , 不许”　▼ You mustn’t talk to her like that. 不许你那样跟她讲话。 ▼Children mustn’t play with fire. 小孩不准玩火。

否定表达1. You needn’t get up early.

2. You mustn’t get up late.（你不准晚起。）( 你没必要早起。 )

—Must I start at once?—No, you____.

A. needn’t B. mustn’t C. can’t D. won’t

析： A 。由语境可知该答句表示“不必”，而 mustn’t 表示“不准、禁止”，不符合语境，显然应使用 needn’t 表示“不必”，但肯定句回答继续用 must 。

例 5 ：

• (06 浙江） —Can I have a word with you, mum?

—Oh, dear, if you _______.

A. can C. may D. should

• (06 山东） —May I smoke here?

—If you ____, choose a seat in the smoking section.

A. should B. could C. may

B. must

D. must

B

D

• Why _____ you always leave your dirty clothes in the bedroom?

A. need B. can C. may

D. must

D

1 ） “应该” 表义务 ( 某件事宜于做 ) ought to 语气更强

You should be polite to your teachers. 

You shouldn’t waste any time.  

Everyone ought to obey the traffic regulations

2 ） should 竟然 （惊讶的语气）

It is strange that he should be so rude.

3. should / ought to 的用法

1 ）用于一三人称疑问句 表示征求对方意见

Shall we go out and have a walk after dinner?

Shall my sister come here now?

2) 用于二三人称陈述句 表示允诺、告诫、威胁、命令、规定等语气

You shall get an answer from me by tomorrow.

He shall go first, whether he wants or not.

4. shall 的用法

5. may/might 的用法

1 ）表示允许；许可

You may use my dictionary as long as you return it before 17:00

I asked Jane if I might go and see her the next day.

2) 表示可能 might 比 may 可能性更小

Do you think Mr. Jackson may/might be here on time.

1. 表示能力2. 请求，允许3. 有时候会1. 必须 表示义务2. 偏偏 非得 硬要1. 应该 表示义务 劝告2. 表示惊讶的语气1. 一三疑问，求意见2. 二三陈述，表语气 ( 允诺 , 威胁 , 命令 )

1. 表示允许2. 表示可能

can/could

must

should/ ought to

shall

may/ might

You must be hungry after the long walk.

They must have fallen asleep

If you’re not careful, you could get into trouble.

He may be playing basketball on the ground.

He may not be happy.

It’s too late. I think he may have gone to bed.

She can’t be reading in the reading room now.

情态动词表示猜测

情态动词表示猜测一定

可能

可能不

不可能

must

can/could>may/might

may not/ might not

can’t/ couldn’t

do

be doing

have done

一般

正在进行已经完成

肯

肯、疑 肯

否

否

—_____the news be true?—No, it _____ be true.A. Can, can’t B. May, can’tC. May, may not D. Must, mustn’t

• 析： 选 A 。因为前半句是疑问句，后半句为否定句，两空都不能使用 may/might 和must ，应而用 can 和 can’t 。

例 2 ：

The light in his room is still on, so he _____ to bed.

A. mustn’t have gone B. must have gone

C. shouldn’t have gone D. can’t have gone

析：选 D 。由于他房间里的灯还亮着推测，他不可能已经上床睡觉了，应填 can’t have gone 。

例 3 ：

• You must be a writer, aren’t you?

He must have seen the movie Titanic, hasn’t he?

You must have done your homework yesterday evening, didn’t you?

注意这一用法中的反义疑问句形式

情态动词表对过去的情况进行“推测”（ must/… + have done ）时，1) 如强调对过去情况的推测 ( 一般句中有过去的时间状语 ) ， 反意疑问句部分要用“ didn’t + 主语”；2) 如果强调动作的完成（一般没有过去时间状语）， 反意疑问句部分要用“ haven’t / hasn’t + 主语”。

The children must have watered the tomatoes yesterday, _______they﹖

The minister must have arrived in Shanghai, _______hehe﹖

didn’t

hasn’t

You can’t be serious, _____you?are拓展

should do sth 表推测，意为“想必一定、照说应该、估计”等

• The film should sell very well as it is starring first—class actors.  

• They should be home by now.  

ought to / should have done sth

oughtn’t to / shouldn’t have done sth.• You ought to/should have been more careful.• She shouldn’t have taken away my tape, for I w

anted to use it.

本不该做却做了本该做而未做

• (06 陕西） As you worked late yesterday, yo

u ___ have come this morning.

A. needn’t B. may not

C. can’t D. mustn’t

A

◆(04全国 ) Mr. White_____ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn’t show up.

B. should arrive

C. should had arrived

D. should be arriving

◆(04福建 ) —I’ll tell Marry about her new job tomorrow.

—You ____ her last week.

A. ought to tell B. could have told

C. must tell

A. should have arrived

D. should have told

A

D

(05 福建 )

—Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you.

—Thanks. You ____ it. I could manage it myself.

A. needn’t do

C. mustn’t do D. shouldn’t have done

B. needn’t have done

B

• (NMET 05)

He ______ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldn’t be enjoying himself by the seaside.

A. should

C. wouldn’t D. can’t

B. must

B

• (00 上海 )

My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday, so he ______ your lecture.

B. needn’t have attended

C. mustn’t have attended

D. shouldn’t have attended

A. couldn’t have attended

A

1. Johnny, you ______play with the knife, you ____hurt yourself. ( )

A. won't ; can't B. mustn't ; mayC. shouldn't ; must D. can't ; wouldn't

B

情态动词典型例题

2. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ___ get out. ( )

A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to

D

3. ---When can I come for the photos ? I need them tomorrow afternoon.

---They _____be ready by 12 : 00 . ( ) A. can B. should C. might D. need

B

4. She must have forgotten about the class _______? ( )

A. doesn’t she B. mustn’t she C. hasn’t she D. won’ t she

5. See who’s there ! ______ it be Mary ? A. May B. Must C. Can D. will

C

C

Discuss our school rules in groups, by

using the modals: have to / not have

to, can/can’t , should/ shouldn’t.

For example:

Presenter: Can you tell us our school

rules?

A: Yes you can’t dye your hair colorful.

B: …….

C: …….