Vischnevskiy Enziklopedijz WiMax Put 4G OCR.pdf

WiMAX 4G .

.

.

] -

B. C. .

WiMAX 4G

2009

. ., . . , . .

W i M A X 4G :

, 2009. - 472 . I S B N 978-5-94836-223-6

.

WiMAX Forum. ,

/ . IEEE 802.11, mesh-. Wi.MAX- ( |, IEEE 802.16, < IEEE 802.16). 3G LTE ( ). - (DYB DAB). . Wi.MAX-. ( . .. ). .

,

.

' , ,

\ , ,

, . in

. IT- .

2009. . .. . .. . . 2009. , -, .

I S B N 978-5-94836-223-6

14 19 1 .

22 1.1. 22 1.2. 29 1.3. 32 1.4. 35 1.5. 37

43

2 .... 44 2.1. 44 2.2. , 48

2.2.1. 48 2.2.2. 49 2.2.3. , - 51

2.3. 57 2.4. 59

2.4.1. - 59 2.4.2. ' 62 2.4.3. ) , 63 2.4.4. 69 2.4.5. 71 2.4.6. 75 2.4.7. 77 2.4.8. 79 2.4.9. ,

81 2.4.10. 83 2.1.11. 89 2.4.12. 93 2.4.13. 97

2.5. ( www.turbobest.com) 99

2.5.1. IEEE 802.3 99

2.5.2. IEEE 8()2.11 100

2.5.3. IEEE 802.16 100

6

2.5.4. IEEE 802.16 101

2.5.5. 3GPP LTE 101

. [ 104 3 - 105 3.1. 105 3.2. 106 3.3. - () 107 3.4. 110 3.5. 111 3.6. () 112 3.7. .... 115 3.8- 119 3.9.

(OFDM) 120 123

4 - 121 4.1. - 124

4.1.1. ATSC 126 4.1.2. DVB 128

4.2. 143 1.2.1. Eureka-147 143

4.2.2. 151 4.2.3. (DRM) 154

156

5

I E E E 8021 157 5.1. IEEE 802.11 157 5.2. IEEE 802.11 160 5.3. - IEEE 802.11 162 .4. IEEE 802.lib 165 5.5. IEEE 802.11b 170 5.6. IEEE 802.11 173

5.6.1. OFDM- 173 5.6.2. 176

5.7. IEEE 802.1 lg 179 5.8. IEEE 802.llg 184 5.9. IEEE 802.1 In 185 5.10. 187

5.10.1. 187 5.10.2. MIMO-OFDM 188

5.10.3. 191 5.10.4. - 193 5.10.5. 802.11 197

5.11. mesh- IEEE 802.11s .... 200 5.11.1. 802.lis 200 5.11.2. MDA- ...202 5.11.3. IEEE 802.11s 203 5.11.4. IEEE 802.11s 205 5.11.5. mesli-

IEEE 802.lis 206 5.11.6. mesli- IEEE 802.11.s 212

5.12. - - IEEE 802.11 214

5.12.1. IEEE 802. 214

5.12.2. IEEE 802.11! 219 5.12.3.

VPN 228 236

6 239 6.1. < > > ' 241 6.2. 242 6.3. CDMA (cdmaOne) 244 6.4. 249

6.4.1. 249 6.5. UMTS/HSPA 249

6.5.1. 249 6.5.2. UMTS/HSPA 251 6.5.3. UMTS/HSPA 254 6.5.4. UMTS/HSPA 255

6.6. TD-SCDMA 258 6.7. cdma2000 259

6.7.1. 259 6.7.2. cdma2000 262

6.8. LTE 263 6.8.1. LTE 264 6.8.2. LTE 265 6.8.3. 269 6.8.4. 271 6.8.5. 271 6.8.6. 275 6.8.7. 276 6.8.8. S 277 6.8.9. LTE 279

280

7

IEEE 802.16 282 7.1. IEEE 802.1 282

7.1.1. MMDS LMDS/MVDS 282 7.1.2.

IEEE 802.16-2004 284 7.2. IEEE 802.16-2004 285 7.3. -.' IEEE 802.16 287

7.3.1. - 287 7.3.2. 288 7.3.3. - 289 7.3.4. IEEE 802.16 290 7.3.5. 291 7.3.6. (ARQ) 293

7.4. IEEE 802.10. WirelessMAN-SC 294 7.4.1. 294 7.4.2. 296

7.5. WireleseMAN-OFDM 299 7.5.1. 301 7.5.2. 304 ~.'>:. 305 7. . 4. Mcsli- 306

7.6. OFDMA 309 7.6.1. 1> 309 7.0.2. , 310 7.6.3. ! DMA- 312 7.6.4. 314 7.6.5. 315

7.7. 316 7.7.1. A AS 316 7.7.2. - 318

7.8. JEEE 802.16 320 7.9.

1802.16 322 7.9.1. - 323 7.9.2. 332 7.9.3. IEEE 802.1 338

7.10. 802.16 343 7.10.1. IEEE802.16J 343 7.10.2. IEEE 802.16m 346

351

8 WiMAX 353 8.1. WiMAX 353 8.2. 353

8.3. ASN 357 8.4. 357 8.5. 362 8.6. 364 8.7. 365

367

9 - WiMAX 369 9.1. WiMAX 369 9.2. WiMAX 372

9.2.1. 372 9.2.2. . 376

9.3. WiMAX BreezeMAX 4Motion...388 9.3.1. ASN- 389 9.3.2. 389 9.3.3. 397 9.3.4. 398

9.4. 401 9.4.1. 402 9.4.2. 404

408

10 WiMAX 409 10.1. WiMAX 409 10.2. WiMAX 422

10.2.1. 424 10.2.2. 429 10.2.3. Lythgoe 435

11 437 11.1. 437 11.2. WiMAX HSPA LIE 439 11.3. 4G? 443 11.4. WiMAX 450

154

455

-

.

.. , . .

. . WiMAX. 1.

,

]>

(, , , ,

..), 1& . -

.

- ,

,

*.

| ),

.

,

IEEE , , .

-ioi (. , ), .

,

NGN. .

,

, .

, .

, ,

, Wi-Fi WiMAX , .

, ||>. .

i > if i , , .

) 1| 11 ! . , < , ~ > - , .

, , .

, .

.

, ,

,

. .

WiMAX. 4G. , .

.

, .

^

Address to the readers by the WiMAX Forum president Ron Resnick

P Dear readers! Let me congratulate you on the new book WiMAX encyclopedia. Way to 1;, appearance. Why is it so important nowadays?

The world population is 6.75 billion people, 4.05 of which use various types of telephone communication cellular networks. 3.5 billion use the Internet and only half of a billion use a broadband wireless access to diverse networks. Modern technologies and progress in general causes the rapid growth of broadband wireless access. However, the growth is restricted by various factors including necessity of large financial expenditures on the global networks infrastructure. It took mankind more than a century to develop a global telephone network: this very network was used for the Internet access at the first stage of its development. Howev-

WiMAX-

!

WiMAX. 4;>. ?

6.75 . 4.05

. .'!.">

.

.

poet - ,

.

100

.

.

.

.

100 .

.

,

. ,

. -

.

17

er. ii rapidly became apparent that novel networks are absolutely necessary for the broadband access. Not to spend another hundred of years on global network development it is natural to use the mobile radio communication technology.

Thus broadband wireless communication networks became one of the main directions of telecommunication industry development. For the countries with vast territories and low density of population, wireless networks have special significance since they make it possible to develop a large scale telecommunication infrastructure effectively and efficiently.

Even if WiMAX is not the only broadband wireless communication technology. it took in all the best from the borderline technologies like 3G. I E E E 802.11. DVB. DAB etc. That is why from our point of view it is WiMAX that is the best solution for broadband wireless internet access unpeople in both developing and developed countries. WiMAX technology enables both mobile and fixed line providers, including absolutely new ones start ing from scratch, to progress rapidly. More Thau 475 WiMAX networks in 140 countries are developed already. There are numerous WiMAX providers in Russia and CIS. .Nearly half of a billion people live in the regions where WiMAX providers operate or WiMAX licenses have effect. A year later the amount of people will reach the number of 800 million. International nonprofit association WiMAX Forum includes more than 400 companies hardware components developers. OEM companies, all kinds of telecoms operators

and WiMAX ecosystem. That is why the book in your hands is

so highly important and timely. WiMAX is a bunch of thriving technologies connected to almost all of the telecommunication areas. Most of the technologies from indispensable basics of communication theory to description of specific tech-

.

WiMAX.

,

,

3G. 802.11. DVB, DAB . , ,

(

,

, .

WiMAX ,

,

,

. 475 WiMAX 140 .

.

WiMAX . WiMAX. 800 .

WiMAX- 400 , ,

,

WiMAX.

,

,

. WiMAX .

.

,

.

WiMAX.

18

nologies. equipment, and network architecture are fully represented in this monograph. Thai is why this hook is rightly called .WiMAX encyclopedia. I believe it is vital that authors didn't confine themselves to the only technology. There are descriptions nf related and rival standards in the hook as well, which make it possible for a thoughtful reader to arrive at a conclusion himself ahout the future of the global mobile telecommunications.

All stated above makes this hook a unique and actual publication which will surely make a contrihution to the development of the 4G networks. This hook is equally useful for everyone who deals with development, using or adjusting of the broadband wireless systems, hut first of all for those who deals with WiMAX. Go for it!

WiMAX Forum President / 2 ^ /f+o+t+cjL R n Resnick

,

,

,

.

.

.

, ,

.

,

,

, .

. .

WiMAX. !

WiMAX-

. , , , .

,

. , -

.

.

, i . 15 20 , .

XIX .

( | (). , , .

. , .

.

XX . ,

,

. .

. i . (*, (, /, ) .

,

, , .

. , , , ,

. . Ethernet (10 /) Fast Ethernet/Gigabit Ethernet/lOGigabit Ethernet (100/1000/10000 /) , , .25 Frame Relay, T C P / I P . ATM GigaEth-ernet. , ,

, , , .

, , . .

. .

, XX XXI .

. ,

,

.

.

60% . ,

. ,

,

.

..

. , .

.

. ,

(4G) . . , 4G ,

.

:

-

,

, , , :

- () . .

,

. 4G.

4G . WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), , I E E E 802.11 (Wi-Fi) 3 G P P / 3 G P P 2 . LTE.

,

,

, ,

.

.

,

.

ARPAnet'oM. . .

Wi-Fi- , .

, . .

11 , . ( 1 3) . 1 , .

2 3 , . - .

, .

-

, .

: -

( ). -

, .

( O F D M ) (OFDMA) .

( 4-6) , WiMAX. 4 - (DVB. DAB).

DVB-T2. 5 I E E E 802.11. mesh-, 6 , GSM 3G. . LTE.

( 7 8) I E E E 802.16 WiMAX.

I E E E 802.16 , WiMAX-. . . , WiMAX.

9 11 - WiMAX. .

.

,

.

. ,

,

.

, -

.

1-- , , .

,

, .

I

.

,

[1-3], , : - , . .

,

; I I 1011(1 / ): :

- :

-

.

,

150- . , 1G. ,

.

1.1. , ,

.

. () , , :>-

. 1837 . . .

, . . .

. 2-1 181-1 . .

14 , , 26 .

1871 . (Baudot) ,

/./.

.

, . 1877 . . ,

(5 ), . .

( () ! .V" 2). I! - ().

(1875 .. 14 187G .) .

. 1888 . Telautograph - .

, .

. () . , 1880 .. . (. )

1889 . -

. -

- . ,

-

. ,

. .

.

. 1891 . Strowger Automatic Exchange ( 1901 . Automatic Electric, General Telephone and Electronics. G T E ) . 99 1892 . (-. . ). .

. 1897 . .

1885 . .

. ,

.

.

. . . , 10 . 500 . . , :

10 . 0.125. 1895 . . . !.: . . -

.

. -

1. ,

. 1910 . ( ') , . . .

. . .

1909 . (The Theory of Probabilities and Telephone Conversations), .

-

. .

( ), ,

.

( : . 1932. . 39. .V 4. .

. 1962, . 7, . 3.), .

1909 . -

.

I92S . - (Certain Topics in Telegraph Transmission Theory) .

.

.

(1948) .. , 1947 . .

1938 . .. ,

- ( ) . Bell Laboratories . . .

.

.

I ) . 1950-

, .

XIX . , , . . . . 1. . -. 1892 . . 1893 . .

, , , . ,

1.1.

1878 . . 1884 . ,

,

.

. 7 1895 . - -

. . .

(-) .

21 l s ! )( i .

1.

1965 . - ( ). .

19G0-e ' .

, (). (). 1960- (, ) : - (MIT) . RAND ( ]) . Douglas Aircraft, 1948 . - ) (NPL) .

"

(Information Flow in Communication Nets. 19G1). 1964 . RAND (On Distributed Communications).

,

. 1965 . MIT -2 Q-32 . .

, () .

1962 . - (.V 12) ( .

(). . . ..

. ,

.

.

1967 1968 . XPL ,

. 768 / ( 1970- . 200 250 /) . 1968- . IBM Token Ring. MIL-STD-1553 (

( 26765.52 87). .

1967 . A R P A N E T ,

1.1.

I P T O (Information Processing Techniques Office) ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency! . 15 1968 . ri>ynna Bolt. Beranek Newman (BBN) ARPA (Interface Message Processor). 1969 . A R P A N E T . [- - ARPANET BBN .

(SRI). ARPANET - . .

1970 . ( ) ALOHA (aloha ) . ( ) . ,

. 1972 . ALOHA ARPANET. I) ALOHA (ARQ). CSMA.

1.

(Interface between D T E and DC'E for Terminal Operations in Packet Mode and Connected to Public Data Networks by Dedicated Circuit). .

1977 . - Sony

Ethernet (Acknowledging Ethernet) . (IEEE 802.11 I E E E 802.15).

1978 . Batelco (Bahrain Telephone Company) , .

20 10(1 250 . Matsushita Electric Industrial. & Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS), 800 . 10 54 . *.

1977 . ! Mayes Microcomputer Products Mieroiuodeni II (Apple II). /.100 / 280 . 1979 . ' V.21. 300 /.

1980 .. >< > I ( ' P / I P .

- . 198.1 . A R P A N E T T C P / I P NCP. ARPANET. , MILNET, .

1960- , , .

,

.

, ,

. .

Ethernet-Fast Ethernet-Gigabit Ethernet , 10/100/1000 /. .25 Frame Relay, T C P / I P . ATM Gigabit Ethernet .

,

, . 1970 1980- , ,

-5. . ( ) - . . ,

,

. ,

1.2.

. -

, ,

. . . .

, ,

.

. .

, , () . . 1960- , ,

.

,

. ( 1962 .) IPTO ARPA. .. , , -

.

196()- .

(Licklidcr J.C.R. // On-Line Computer Communication. August 1962). ,

,

( ,

). 1989 IEEE 802.11

.

. WLL ( ) , AT&T. WLL 128 /. - .

1990- . - IEEE 802.11 802.16.

.

. WiMAX-, ,

.. . ,

.

.

(4G).

1.2. ,

,

, -

I.

.

(').

. :

:

,

:

:

, ,

() : ,

.

i , . .). .

.

, .

( ). , . ,

(, , . . ) () . . ,

.

( , ), . * .

(. , ) .

. .

, F. | , /,-. ( . . F/f,- < 1). . .

[5]: , ,

(. . ). , .

,

.

64 / . .

, ,

1.2.

1 , 1.25 411 .

.

, .

. .

, .

,

.

IS-9" (CDMA).

. , . IS-95 .

*.

.

,

,

,

. .

.

. (WPAN wireless personal area network) ( 1(1 15 ). (, ). . , 1-10 . (WLAN wireless local area network]

100 . , (, . . ) . , . ,

, D E C T I E E E 802.11. ()

. - , .

. I E E E 802.16 () . ,

. . . ,

,

, (, ! .

I E E E 802.16 WiMAX .

, , ( ) . , .

.

(, ) -

1.

, ,

. ,

(, , . ) . . . ,

,

. ,

.

. ,

0,25 . 0,5 . ,

-,

. ,

. ,

i , ,

( ) . .

(. MPEG-2) , , , .

,

. . , ,

( ), . ,

.

' Frame Relay , ( .25 ) .

, (QoS) . .

, ,

.

.

1.3.

.

, ,

, .

, ,

. ,

, .

,

1.3.

. , ,

. ,

,

,

.

(ITU - - International Telecommunications Union), . 1 1993 . . (ITU-R. ITU Radiocommunication Sector) (CCIR International Radio Consultative Committee) (IFRB International Frequency Registration Board). . ,

.

ITU-T (ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector)

( Consultative Committee for International Telephone and Telegraphy).

. ITU ITU-D 1989 . (Telecommunication Development Bureau TDB).

, ITU .

.

ITU (!) . 17 1865 . 20

International Telegraph Union (ITU). , ! 1885 . ITU . 1906 . ITU ,

, ,

.

1920- (The International Telephone Consultative Com-inittw CCIF, 1924), (The International Telegraph Consultative Committee -- CCIT, 1925) (CCIR, 1927). 1932 . ITU International Telecommunication Union (( 1 1934 .). 15 1947 . - ITU .

IFRB. 1956 . CCIT CCIF CCITT. 1 1993 . , ITU . , ITU :

2-4156

&

1.

,

.

ISO (International Organization for Standardization). 148 . ISO ( IOS). isos (). ITU. . , ISO . ISO , . ISO 1906 . (. - International Electrotechnical Commission), . 1926 . ISA (International Federation National Standardizing Associations) .

ISA , ISO (25 ), 14 26 1946 . (( ISO - 23 1947 .). ISO 1944 . (United Nations Standards Coordinating Commit -). ISO. ISO ,

IEC. , IEC ISO : IEC , ISO . ,

, ISO/IEC 8802-3.

, ITU, ISO, 1 . ,

. ,

ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute), ( Conference of European Postal and Ti-'communication Administrations), . ANSI, JESA (Japanese Engineering Standards Association). (MP Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications). , ,

EIA (Electronics Industries Association) IEEE (). , ,

,

, , , ,

.. ,

,

, .

(Institute of Electrical and

.

Electronics Engineers). , IEEE ANSI ISO. IEEE , . , ISO / ITU. .

, IEEE . ,

,

. IEEE . 13 1884 . 25 - , . , . . ,

- AIEE (American Institute of Electrical Engineers). . AIEE . 1907 . (Society of Wireless Telegraph Engineers SWTE). - (The Wireless Institute - TWI). 1912 r. .

IRE (Institute of Radio Engineers). , .

1963 . AIEE. 1 1963 . IEEE. , , . IEEE - .

.

IEEE 802, .

, Ethernet, Token Ring, Ethernet .

( , .). .

.

, ,

ISO, ITU, IEEE. , ,

( 7153-85 50 ), ( 2 6 200 700-1700 , ). , ,

.

1.4. (, OSI open system interconnection) -

1.

. ISO CCITT 1984 . ,

.

,

.

, ( ), , , , .

.

(Physical).

, .

,

.

(Data link), ( ). ,

.

,

. .

(Network) . , ,

. , .

,

.

(Transport) .

,

.

.

, .

.

. :

.

(Session) , ( ) . .

(Presentation) , .

.

(Application) ( ). .

, .

1.5.

, , ,

,

.

,

(MAC Medium Access Control) (LLC - Logical Link Control). ,

.

1.5.

. ( ), , , ,

.

, , / .

(Space Spatial Division Multiplexing SDM) ,

( ). .

.

.

,

.

( ), ,

,

.

,

.

(Frequency Division Multiplexing - FDM) ,

. ,

.

FDM - . .

, .

,

,

1.

,

.

(Time Division Multiplexing TDM). , . . .

( , ) .

,

.

,

.

(, ), .

, ,

.

( ) 1. 64 / (8 8 ). 8 32 (30 2 ) . 125 , (32 8 )/125 = 2048 / (.. 2048000 /). () .

, , -

, .

TDM-, GSM, .

(Code Division Multiplexing CDM). , - , ,

.

CDM (CDMA CDM Access) IS-95a, (cdma2000, YV-CDMA .). ,

.

,

.

.

.

.

.

CDM CDM- - 11. 16, 32. 64 .. ( ).

1.5.

, ,

CDM- ( ( I - ). , 1 CDM-, , .

CDM- , . , .

() ( ) CDM- .

CDM-.

, , 1 0. .

CDM- . , ( ) . CDM- () , CDM-, .

,

(). , .

(DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum).

: ,

, . ,

,

.

(

.

, .

.. .

DSSS. ,

( FHSS - Frequency Hoping Spread Spectrum THSS Time Hoping Spread Spectrum). ( - ) F , , F. ,

.

.

, -

1.

.

.

. , ,

, Bluetooth.

,

,

, .

,

. ,

,

Time Domain.

(OFDM -Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). : ( ). ( ) ,

. . . .

N , N , . -

,

, .

OFDM .

. OFDM , ,

, IEEE 802.11 DYB, IEEE 802.16-2004. , (IEEE 802.16, LTE, cdma200 Rev.) OFDM. 4G .

,

. , GSM SDM, TDM FDM, 802.16 OFDM, CDM, FDM/TDM SDM.

.

.

TDM ( ).

TDM .

( ), .

,

.

1.5.

,

. ( ) .

Aloha. - , ( ). , ,

.

.

1970- ALOHANET ( . ). , .. ,

.

18%- .

Aloha (Carrier Sense Multiple Access CSMA). ,

. , .. ,

,

.

. ,

, . .

.

, ,

.

CSMA. CSMA . , . ,

,

. , . --

CSMA , .

1 -. . . . /- CSMA , , ]> . .

CSMA/CA ( Collision Avoidance. ). IEEE 802.11. .

HIPERLAN 1 (Elimination Yield - Non-Preemptive Multiple Access, EY NPMA).

U

1. ,

(DSMA Digital Sense Multiple Access) CSMA/CA . (Inhibit Sense Multiple Access i ISMA). , , .

.

,

. ,

.

,

.

. ,

. , .

( ) . ( ) .

.

,

. ,

. .

(Demand Assigned Multiple Access DAMA), Aloha . , , .

. -,

.

,

.

,

. ,

( ) .

. DAMA , .

,

,

TDMA. - -1, , .

. " . ,

. N .

. -

. .

.

1.5.

(PRMA Packet Reservation Multiple Access) , .

.

. , -

, .

. , , ,

, .. .

,

. , .

, .

. ,

.

1. . , . , 2000. ,Vi 10, . 9 43.

2. Saunders S., Hey wood P., Doniau A., Bruno L., Allen L. Wireless IP; Ready or Not. Here it Comes. Data Communications, 1999. * 9, p. 42-68.

3. . . .: , 2004.

4. Wideband wireless digital communications/ Ed. Andreas F. Molisch. Prentice Hall PTR, 2001.

5. . / . . .: . , 2003.

2

.

, .

.

. , ,

, .

2.1. ,

, , ,

. , ,

, , . . .

,

50 , .

,

,

.

, (PHY) (OSI) , , (MAC) . .

,

, .

802.16 (WiMAX). - -

. 2.1. .

. ,

.

.

" J .

2.1. 45

, .

, - *

.

,

. ,

- ,

. ,

.

,

-

-

,

. 2 . 1 . - -

, . 2.1. . .

, , -

. , .

, , ,

. .

. 2.1. ,

.

. 2.2. , , .

.

, .

.

, . ,

. -

46 2.

. , -,

. -,

, .

()

. 2.2.

. , -

.

,

1,2, ...,i,i + 1,.. . , , .

, t- .

, . . ,

.

/

/

.

' J , '

J . = {di.ao,.. .,). J = {bt bj]. bj , *. p{bj/ab). = 1, . . . . . i = 1 /. , .

,

.

,

{0,1}. (0/0) = (1/1) = 1 - , (0/1) = (1/0) = . , 1 .

,

{0,1} {0,1. *}. * . (0/0) = (1/1) = 1 - . (()/1) = (1/0) = 0. (0/*) = (1/*) . , 1 .

2.2.

,

. .

J .

.

.

.

, .

.

.

,

.

DSL (digital subscriber line) , BWA (broadband wireless access), . .

() (), .

, ,

.

, .

.

( ) , .. , ,

- .

,

,

.

.

: -

.

, , , -

,

.

-

, .

4 2.

2.2. , 2.2.1.

.

(), : a l , P(al) = 0,5; a2, P(a2) = 0,25; a3 a4, P(a3) = P(o4) = 0,125. , ,

= 2. : al 0; 2 10; ; 4

111. *

= 1,75, ,

() . ,

= Y, ~() log 2P(ai) i = i

1,75.

.

,

. .

, ,

( = 0). . < "

.4, (), , . -

. 2.3.

,

,

. 2.3. - :

, ..

.4. ,

. ,

.

, .

.

'..2. , ,

. ,

,

. , ,

, .

,

, :

1) ; 2) . ,

, .

.

, ,

, .

:

,

, ,

. , , , ,

, .

.

,

, .

,

( ), .

.

2.2.2.

,

.

[1]. H{U).

L N , D.

. , -- -

. . ,

. , - >

N/L>[H(U) + b)/logD, /', , L .

2. ,

,

N/L < [H(U) - b]/\ogD.

Z, L .

.

, .

[1]. U H(U).

D . ,

Ncp

- JV r p + l. ,

Ncp>H(U)/logD.

:

,

.

, .

,

,

.

.

}|> , .

L. . ,

.

0. 1. ( ) ,

0, - 1. , .

.

.

, ,

L- , .

. ,

, Ncp = H(U).

. , .

,

,

, 2.

2.2. , 51

, ,

/ /. &- .

'

H(U). H(U)/Ncp,

,

. ,

.

L .

.

2.2.3. , .

.

. .4, -.4.', . . 2.1 : ',.

'

.

2.1.

-4,

2

-44 As

,

' 0,25 0,17 0,08 0,35 0,15

' ' , '-

10 00

010

011

V.

2 2 3 2 3

' = 2 . 2 3

. 2.2. 2.2.

4,

-1

42 3

* ;

Pi

0,35 0,25 0,17 0,15 0,08

1 0,35 0,25 0,23 0,17

2 0,40 0,35 0,25

3 0,60 0,40

4 1,00

11 10 00

010

,

,

,

.

,

.

2.

(, ) , 1. *

.

,

.

. 2.2. .

() . .

.

,

, ,

.

,

.

.

. ,

. .

,

.

, ,

: ,

.

, .

, .

1980 . : ' 1,2,...,". ,

.

,

i, (, ). , .

1. , , , ,

.

-

. ,

, , .

, . . .

, ,

2.2. ,

, , ,

-. .

, ,

( ) , .

. 2.4.

{N )

{ )

(2 )

. 2.4.

.

() ( 16 ) . ,

. .

.

,

.

.

,

.

, :

-

(, 1, -- 0); -

.

( ) ; , .

, .

:

- ( 4 16 ) - ( ). , , , .

, .

2.

- -

( , , zip, . arj windows-). -

.

.

- - ,

.

() (, ). , , .

( {/, < /9 = l/At), AU - .

, :

- 44 ( /

= 20 ); - 22 ( ,

/

= 10 ); - 8 ( -

fm = 3,4 ).

,

-, -

(). -

.

8 16 . '

(). : -

();

-

, .

.

,

.

.

,

.

2.2. ,

,

, ,

AU, , , .

.

, .

,

() + () .

,

, .

, , ,

.

( ) .

:

PAL, SECAM NTSC. , .

,

" () ( Y) ( ) , - .

768 576 , , PAL/SECAM 640 480 NTSC. , , ,

4 : 2 : 2, . . , R - Y - Y. 768 384 . ,

.

4 : 1 : 1 DV 4 : 4 : 4 . 4 : 4 : 4 .

PAL/SECAM NTSC, (576/25 PAL/SECAM 486/30 NTSC).

, 10-

27684000 , 49 1 ( 160 /).

, (). -

56 2-

: -JPEG ( ) MPEG ( ). - ( ), JPEG. , -JPEG - , ..

. MPEG, , .

' MPEG , MPEG1 MPEG2. MPEG1 .

MPEG2. , MPEG- M-JPEG .

30 .

JPEG. ,

8 x 8 , , ,

( 8 x 8 x 3 = = 192). :

RGB YUV;

- 8 x 8 . YUV P,j. (, U Pij = 0 , . a P,j = 255 , .): .

8 x 8 16 16, U V . V" . ( 4 x 3 = 12 6);

-

- (). (N = 8) D :

JV-I /V-1 diJ =

2NiCj ^LY,***** =0 =0

- . & . ,

,

rfi 1, rf(J = 0. , :

(2 + 1) 2.Y cos

(2tf+l)t7T 2'

2.3.

- , .. ; . , 8, 3 8. ( ) , .

,

. ,

;

- .

:

2. ,

,

abede. -. }1....

( 102). , ,

.., .

, .

, ,

, .

.

, = {,.). .

, .

. ,

.

, ,

- .

.

,

.

. ,

,

( 2): = .

, , ,

d + i = ( + , + ) mod /, .4 , / . .

. , ,

, ,

.

.

DES (Data Encrypting Stand), 1977 IBM . .

DES 56- . 64- , .4, #,. 16 , .4, , (56 ,

2.4- 59

8 ). ,

. .

2 5 ( , ,

A'i >, !.

, . .

.

. .

.

,

. .

.

-

= Fw(T\Ko6).

= FomillliKstf). .

^

= Fu,(TjA'.3a), ,

=

2.

.

,

, . 2.3.

2.3.

000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111

0 1 1 0 1

0 0 1

, 2 . . ,

.

, .. 3/4. 1/4.

(), , (1 ) . , ,

, ( ). (), , .. .

, :

( ): ( ): ( ). ,

:

= (1-)\ = 4(1 - ) 3 + 4*

2-4-

. .

.. 1/4, 3/4.

2.4.

0 1

000

.

,

. :

= (1 - ) 4 + 4(1 - ) ; = 6p*(l - ) 2 ; = 43(1 - ) + 4 -, ,

- 3,

4 10_ f l. 6 10 _ . ( 1/2) , 5/16, , 3/8. 5/16. , , ,

. . ,

, , ,

.

( ) , . , 4 0 1. . :

, = ( 1 - ) 4 :

= 4 ( 1 - ) 3 + 6 2 ( 1 - , , ) 2 + 4 : , ( 1 - ) : =*- , ,

,

.

,

.

.

,

, .. ,

,

. ,

,

,

.

.

2.

2.4.2.

.

.

H(U) (H(U) < ), ,

( ). H(L') > , , , #( , .

.

.

.

'

= max /(',) = 0(0).Q(1) Q(K-l)

Q(0), Q ( l ) , . . . , Q(K 1) . P(j/A:). * = 0 , 1 , . . . , -1; j = 0,1, J - 1 J . I(X, Y) X Y .

. ( ) , . .

.

.

.

> 0 , .

, ,

- 1 J - 1 max Q(k)P(j) log

2-4. 43

, . / , ,

, . .

.

,

,

.

,

, ,

, , , ,

. ,

, .

.

,

.

2 + , - . , .

, 2. .

.

.

2.4.3. , , .

.

{}, G , b G, , :

1 (). G . G. 2 (). , G

() = (. A3 ( ). G , , , G

= = .

4 ( ). G , , ,

= = .

2.

{} , .

5 (). b G

= .

+, .. {6',+}, .

.

G G. , , .

,

.

{G. } , G, . G.

G,&g G. , , gh ( , ) , , G , .

.

(), .

. - , N - - . / = NJ. J N , , .

[3-7].

-

.

,

+ *. {, +, *} , .

1. {, +} . 2. {,} , .. , 1 2. (). , 6

( + ) = ab + , ( + ) = +.

2-4-

* ,

. ,

.

, ,

.

0

+ (ft**""1 + + an-ix + , at 6 , 0 <

R .

R R[x]. / R R.

:

81 . 6 / + /. 82. R / /.

/ , R :

= (mod I)

66 2. .

-

-(*) = (-)* = *{-); - * = *^ 0, = ; - .

. 2.5.

2.5.

~ " V "" | ~~|

~ i 1 1 1

,

. ,

( ). .

,

(mod ). , (. 2.6-2.8).

2.6.

!

0 0 1

I 1 0

+

1 2

li

0 1

2

i

1 2 0

2 2 0 1

*

0 1 2

0 0 0 0

] 0 1 2

2 0 2 1

2.7.

+ 0 1 2 3

!

(1 0 1 2 1 1

1 1 2 3 4 0

2 2 3 4 0 !

a 3 4 0 1 2

4 4 0 1 2 3

*

0 1 2 3 4

() (I 0 0 0 0

1 0 1 2 ;i

i

2 0 2 1 1 3

3 0 3 1 I 2

I 0 4 3 2 1

2.8.

f

0 .

>

3 1

5

0 0 1 2 3 l

"'

6

1 1 2 3 4 ,

6 1)

2 2 3 1 5 6 || I

3 3 4 5

0 1 2

1

4 5 6 0 1 2 3

5 5 6 0 1 2 3 4

6 6 0 1 2 3 4

*

0 1 2 3 4 S 6

0 0 0 1) 0 0 0 0

1 0 1

. . '

3 1

5 6

2 0 2 4 6 1 3

5

3 0 3 6 2 5 I 4

1 0 4 1 5 4 6 3

5 0 5 3 1 6 4 2

6 0 6 S 4 3 2 1

,

.

. 1 2 , 2 2 .

2-4-

4. 2 3, 2 3, 4 4.

1 6, 2 5, 3 4. - 2 4. 5 3. 6 6.

FQ F , Fo - F. a F Fo.

,

.

F . 1 F F. F F - 0.

q GF(q). ,

.

, .

,

.

GF(2a), GF(2), 2" . 2" 1 . , GF(2a) 6. . GF{2") . , ,

GF(2a). GF(2a)

GF(2) f(x) GF{2). .. GF(2). .

p. q GF(2"), .. p + q = . , () + q(x) = () ,

GF(2). GF(2a), .. pq = ,

F(x) , .. p(x)q(x) = r(x) mod F(x). GF(2a) q GF{'2)

() (), , q. ()

p(x)q(x) = r(x) mod F(x). F[x) ,

G'F(2). 6

(00...10), .. 6 = J- = ( 0 0 . . . 1 0 ) . GF(2a) 6 = 1 = (00. . . 01).

I 6(2" - 1) = 6 = 1.

2.

,

2 = ; 3 = : ...; bm+1 = ; . . .

F(x), . . , GF(2a) F(x).

[3-7]. GF(4),GF(8) GF(16) (. 2.9 2.11).

, ,

. ,

,

,

. ,

, .

2.9. GF(4), F{x) = 2 + + 1

1 2 3 1

6

2

0 1

+ 1

0 0 | ) 1

1 0 1 1

2.10. Gl-'(S), F{x) = 3 + + 1

1 2 3 4 .1 6 :

8

-

6

2

3

< 6 s

ft*

0 1 X

X 2

+ 1 X 2 + X

X2 + X + 1

2 + 1

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 | II

0 1 1 1 I 0 1 1 1 1 0 1

GF(\6). 10- 11- .

(1111), .. 14- . .

869 = 1 7 = 2 ^ 6 = =

2! = 2, .. 4- . 10- 11-, , 11- , (8- ), (fib* = 1 5 = 1. 10- 8- 6 = , . . 16- .

. ,

GF(8). , , , .

( 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 ) . -.

*

2-4-

2 1 . . 2 " - 1 . ,

,

7, .

2 .11. CF{ 16), F(x) = * + + 1

1 2 3 1 5 6 7 8

!) 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

-

6** b 6

3

6< 6 bf'

7

*

9

'

&12

13

1*

0 1 X

X1

X3

+ 1

* +

3 + 1

. ; ' ' . 1

'- + 1 X3 +f

x2-f-x-l-l

X 3 + X2 + I

X 3 + X 2 + X + 1

X 3 + X 2 - 1

3 + 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1

2.4.4. .

2" .

= (\,2,---,). , {0,1}.

(), () 0 1. - .

, q-ik , GF{q), .

( ) ( ) ;(). . d(x,y) z, 2 , . . d(x, ) = ( = ).

5() . .

, Sh(r)

2. ,

, .

S s p ( r | , . V'Sh(r) , . , S.sxr) = CJJ,

i=0 .4

'.

, .

. ,

dmm

= 2 + 1. = log2 . (n.k.d,\

n).

V . .

. , R = / .

= , ,

.

.

.

',

.

.

.

.

, ; , . ,

,

. ,

, .

( ) . ,

.

,

. ' < . ,

' 2 1 , dmin = ' + (2 - ') +1 = 2 + 1. (. ) 2 .

-

,

.

2-4-

, ,

.

( 2* )

1=0

,

, , .

0 , .

2.4.5. ,

. V GF(q). V',, q-u (,) .

,

.4. q = 2 . dmj

.

v 6 u(v) = io(v 0) ^ dmim .4. G.

2.

, .4.

HGT = 0.

- ( - ), ' ( ) ( ).

, '

( ) . :

0 = [, la-lilt ( - ) , / _ * ( - ) ( - ).

,

= 0 0

= ,

.. .

Pij . - j-u . , = (xi, , , ) :

, Xi,%,...,* GF(q) , , - xi, , .., *,

. ,

( ) . .

(,) = [,1

-\- Go = [Ir -

] .

.

. (, ) d , (d 1) , d .

d ^ - 4-1. ,

= , . s = 1

.

=

= ( ) = = . , , ( ) ;

:

2-4-

, :

= mod ; mod , = mod ;

= , = z mod , = z mod .

,

.

. , , (). (0) . q* . q"~k. g . () .

,

. ,

.

-

. :

1) : 2) ; 3)

2 .

. ,

,

,

.

( ).

. . , I $() = ^'

1=0

, qn~k $

) = ^ =

.

.

.

.

.

:

=

0 0 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

1 0 0

1 0 1

1 1 0

1 1 1

2 2. (

):

0 =

(I 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

1 1 1

1 0 0

0 1 0

(1 0 1

0

:

G0 =

1 0 0 0

0 1 0 0

0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1

0 1 1 1

1 0 1 1

1 1 0 1

(7,4), , (), dmin = 3 (7.4,3). . 16 . . 2.12 7 . . 8 . .

2.12. 7

000 011 101

111 100 010 001

000 011 101 110 111 100 010 010

1-

0000000 1000000

0010000 0001000 0000100 1)1 101 001111)101

>-

2-4-

.

,

. ,

.

().

= 0,

= 21^(1 - ) 5 + 303(1 - ) 4 + 354(1 - ) 3 + 265(1 - ) 2 + 7(1 - ) + 7 . ,

, .. .

, ,

,

= 73(1 - ) 4 + 74(1 - ) 3 + .

= 212(1 - ) 5 + 233(1 - ) 4 + 284(1 - ) 3 + 265(1 - ) 2 + 7

(1 - ). 2 - 1 . 2 -1.

3 . .

1 . . . .

:

2 r - 1 - m ^ Q , _ , = 22""-1 W ^ _ , = 2 => 1 + 2 - 1 = 2 . 1=0 1=0

2.4.6. ,

.

, ,

. ,

, - , -

.

76 2.

(()) = ()(()).

1 Rn- ( ), R .

/ R,,, -4, :

/ = {() 6 Rn }. (6()) 6

(()()) /, .. / ,,. ()

, , (()) /. () , /. , () () (),

() = ()() + () () = (()) - (())({)). , () 6 /.

() , .. () (). , .

.4 (, ) / = {() -4}. {) , 1, () = 0 mod () - , () /. () .

{) = + \ + ,?_*~* - - . G :

G =

0

0 0

9\

9\

9 .

-

9\ 9

0 9-

.

9i

0 .

.

!1

9-

G , . , .4. () . () = ( - 1)/() . AQ, .4.

() = + h\X + hfcX*. . .4 (,) .4

. '*( _ | ) , () .

,

.4 AQ: hk In- i

* hk-i . . . =

(I

. . .

. .

.

.

*

0 *-!

*

. ) *-[

0 hi

2-4-

() = x"~kbo(x) + r(x), () . ,

(). , "

_

*() (), .

( ). (

). , .

[3 7]. .

.

(, ) dm\n ( , )

dm\

n-

.

(,) dm i n = 2 + 1 ( + 1,) .

.

2.4.7.

--

-- () , t, .

qm - 1. GF(qm) . . , '

( ^ i < ) . [3-6] . () .4

'+ ,

, '+ 2

, . . . ,1+

(1 ^ < ), I ( ^ / < ) , + 1.

+ 1, , -.

t , = 2t. dL.it, ^ 2t + 1. . . .

2mt. q = 2, = 2 1, / = 0, = 2t -

- . t = 1 .

. dm,,, = 2t + 1 6, 2 , . . . ,^ 1 1 () d

n i jn = 2t + 2 1, , 2 , . . . , 2* {). {) ,() [3-6]. .

,

6. . 2. * \ (), ().

78 2.

10 $() .. ,

:

()3()... _ , (*)), \ = 2t + 1. 1 9W-\ HOK(m0(x)m1(x)m3(z)...m2t-1(x)),dmia = 2t + 2. /'

, -

.

2.4-

5) .

[7. 8]; 6) , . . , : 7) . t ,

dmm

= t + + 1, ^ t.

(, ) - PC- .

-

- () , .

, .

.

.

, < , -,

= 2 , = 1 4-

+ + , " * ' ^ ' " -

-

- = 1 + ^ + + ~ + 1. dmin = 2"* _ . - - .

= (00000000...00000000), , = (01010101...01010101). 2 = (00110011... 00110011), 3 = (00001111...00001111), 4 = (00000000...11111111) ..

,

ao,ai,U2,

. , m 1 . . . , - ( = 0) , - (. 1.). ( 1)- (, 1,2)- . (2 m ,m + l , 2 m _ 1 ) -, , . ( 2)- (2 m , 2 1,4), . [5, 6] .

2.4.8. , (. 4.3.2). . ,

>; . , . , -

80 2.

.

.

[9] . . 3: (3,2,2). 3. 4. : (000), (011), (101), (110). . -

. .

2 x 2 . (3,2,2). 2x3. , (3,2,2). 3 x 3 .

2 x 2 ( 4) 3 x 3 ( 9), .. (9,4) . (3,2,2) , () (3,2,2) , () (3,2,2) .

.

,

:

0 0 0 1 0 1 . 1 0 1

, .

.

:

.

(6): " 1 0 1

0 1 1 1 1 0

0 1 1

0 1 1

0 0 0

, ,

. , .

, .

, , ,

, .. (9,4,4) .

(8.4.4), . .

. (), .

2.4-

.

, .

.

. ,

, ..

. ,

(, 1,2) . (2,2 + 1 - 2,4) . - . .

(27,8,8) . , ,

.

(..^) (tii,ki,di). :

(nm2,A:iA;2,d,d2).

,

.

.

.

,

. .

,

.

[10] . ,

, g-, , . . q = 2*1. PC-. -.

, ,

( ), .

.

2.4.9. ,

() G .

,

2, (. ). ,

,

.

,

, -

*

2 2. .

/.

.

/ . / .

/. /

. .

,

/, , . . .

() GA = lOlg-Rdnm, (), R = / ; d

m\

. GA > 0 .

,

,

.

3.00

2.75

2.50

2.25

2,00

2 , > 7 8 > 1 . 5 0

1.25

1.00

0.75

0.50

0.25

0,00

1

/

/ / /

/

/ /

/ /

/ / /

t

t f

t t

-*. / t

/

1 1 1 1 :

-

^ ^ ~

DrOfN-KaHilJ!

-2 -1 2 3 4

Eb/No,

. 2.6. ( : (Shannon Bound) / (BPSK Capacity)

2.4-

,

. ,

R . .

. 2.6 (Shannon Bound) R (BPSK).

. 2.6 ,

. ,

, .

, .

.

. GA 3 .

2.4.10. : 1960 [11] , -

.

.

,

.

, . J > J . .

.

. J ' .

.

, ,

. ,

. , J , ' .

N = R = 1 J/K. , , ,

. ,

, (N J). > ,

./ . , -

2.

,

.

/ ,

.

, .

.

,

.

, .

, , ,

, -

. ,

:

(xi, ^,..., XJV) (\, ?,..., ), "- , Xj.

(1, , > *), . .

.

. ,

.

, ,

.

.

j. , .

. n{j.k) /- j'- . , n(j, 1),n(j, 2),.. .,n(j. ) j. . .

^

). (^2), , .). \. 2 .

.

. Ekl - , 2 , , Ekl.

,

. Sj = 0, -1 2 Ekl + 2.

2-i.

Ekl. 8,- = 1, fcl 2 2 Ekl. Ekl. , , fcl, .

,

,

. .

,

. ,

. ,

.

. ,

, 2 .

.

J.\ 2.

1 (' 2) .

2 + 2 , J 2 .

*

' + ./ . L(N)

( ). ,

L(N) ^ (2( -2) + K + 2 + J) + 2N + J. , = NJ/K J/K 1 R ,

L(N) < NJ(4 - R). Q , a L(Q.N)

Q .

L(Q,N) < QNJ(A -R) + NJ = QNJ{4 -R- 1/Q). L(Q)

Q &1 -

2.

.

L(Q) < QJ(4 -R- 1/Q).

,

.

,

,

.

L * (.V), L * (Q.N) L * (Q) , Q Q .

,

J log 2 N. log. '.

,

. ,

+ J 2. .

L * (N) < J(3K' + J - 2) + log2 . L * (Q,N) s$ J log, N + QJ(iK + J - 2) + Qlog 2 N, L*(Q)< ((J + Q) log, N + QJ(3K + .1- 2))/N.

N = 4112, R = 0.75, J = 4, ' = 16. "" 10 . , 126 ,

0.6 .

,

, ,

, .

,

, ( = 257). , ,

.

,

. ,

, 2' (1 R)N ( ). ,

,

4.V J . , N(4(.J + 1) R) . 80 .

2.4- 1

. 2.7-2.9 - (. 2.13-2.15). BER, BLER.

(8384.7863,521) " ) * " irt IO II)

1,00006*00 -1.0000-01-1 .-02 1 .-03 1.0000-04 1.0000-05 1.0000-06 1 .-07 1.00-08 1.0000-09 1.0000-10

S S

1

^

S

s 1

k N

\

\

N

N X

N

< ! *

. .

II

-

-BLEH

. 2.7. (BR) * (BLER) /

(8384.7863.521) (seed = 1237 shuffles = 4000)

2.13. (8384,7863,521) (seed= 1237 shuffles = 4000) An

(BER) (BLER)

1.8 2.838-03 3.4247E-01

4.90 1.I984E-03 1.69-01

5.00 3.4850E-04 5.5866E-02

5,10 1.0058E-04 1.7379E-02

5,20 1.1909E-05 2.7813E-03

/ifc/.Vo (BER)

(BI.ER)

5,30 1.7564E-06 3.7139E-04

5,40 2.0692E-07 1.9592E-05

5.50 2.4377E-08 fi.l',22IK-liC,

5,6 2.8718E-09 8.8425E-07

N S3 1

9.) 993384

[I-AQ)] 118,4857

7863 L'AQ,N) 7819.151

Vffffft 0.932628

R 0,937858

Le[N)

128019.5

&.] 15.^695

L*(JV) 7863

[] 0.937858

V'm.

159,817 V;

o r a,

512,0779

2.14. (8224.7199.1025) (seed= 1237 shuffles = 8000) Eb/N0

HI H

(BLER)

3,60 2,4071E-02 9,9010E-01

3,70 2.0366E-02 9.1340E-01

i . M I

1.5011E-02 8.1301E-01

3.90 8,8418E-03 5.5866E-01

t,0fl 1.6465E-03 3.4364E-01

4.10 1.8007E-03 1.5152E-01

Ei./A"o (BER)

(BLER)

1,20 1.4310E-0I 3.9185E-02

1,30 5.0334E-05 5.0103E-03

1.10

6.3057E-06 7,2215 -01

4,50 I.5617E-07

5.4000E-U5

4.60 3.3044E-O8 1.0363E-06

4.7

2.3920E-09 3.0169E-07

I.

2.14 () N 8224

MQ.N) W4SM [LAQ)\ 130,98 VI

7199 L'd(Q,N) 3946,05

WW)] 0,479821

R 0,875365 Lc(N) 230593 [Lc] 28.03903

L-(N) 7199

[] 0.875365

Vm,

157,281

922,3719

(8224,7199,1025)

8 8 8 8 S J3 8 J g 8 k CO P) CO ) ^ ^ t^" ^ V 4 * ^ 7 ^ " "

1.0000E+00

1.0000E-01

1.0000E-02

1.0000E-03

1.0000E-04

1.0OO0E-05

1.0000E-06

1.0000E-07

1 .OOOOE-08

1.0000E-09

1.0000E-10

. 2.8. F% (BER) (BLER) /

(8224,7199,1025)(seed = 1237 shuffles = 8000)

111. \

I ' ^ 1 i

BER BLER

2.15. (8336,6255,208i) (seed = 1237 shuffles = 4000) / ( BI.ER)

2.8 4.5229-02 9.9010-01

2,90 3.8264-02 9.9010-01

3,00 2.8797-02 9.1743-01

3,10 1-587-02 UM.-.K-OI

3,20 C.I'/I.-.F- 0.4 2.5907-01

3,30 1,6505-0. 7.9808-02

/NQ (BER)

(BLER)

3,40 2.4494-04 1.2903-02

3,50 1.8341-05 1.0507-03

3.60 9.6529-07 5.7460-05

3,70 5.003-08 423-06

3.80 2.6738-09 1.7185-07

3.9 U072E-10 9.3978-09

N 336 Ld(Q,N) 1050216 [)\ 125.9856

6255 L'd{Q,N) 2017.661

WW)] 0.242042

R 0,75036 LAN) 406770,5

fcj 48,79684

L'(N) 6255

Wl 0.75036

V'm,

160,465 V'rnm, 1627,082

2.4-

(8336,6255,2081)

O Q O O O O O Q O O O Q > N -_ > " ri ri ri ri ri n ri

1.0000E+00

1.0000E-01

1.0000E-02

1.0000E-03

1.0000E-04

1.0000E-05

1.0000E-06

1.0000E-07

1.0000E-08

1.0000E-09

1.0000E-10

. 2.9. (BER) (BLER) /

(8336.6255.2081 )(seed = 1237 shuffles = 4000)

2.4.11. 1955 . . [12]. 4 ( 1959 ) -

[6]. /, , 6* , ^ ^ ^ >

2. .

1 = 1. it. m , .

: * , = 1.2,...,8; R = / = 1/4 7/8; = 2 . . . . . 10 [13]. R = 1/2. ,

#, = (flio.ffii- fli(m-n)- , .

.

,

.

,

. ,

,

( ) .

, . ,

,

.

. ,

,

.

. ,

,

( ) .

. ,

, .

, .

,

.

,

, ,

.

,

. ,

() , 1. () 0. , .

.

, 2'"""'. - . ,

.

2-4-

,

.

L .

,

,

.

,

,

.

L L di. L , dm\

a.

,

, .

R = k/ , .

R 1/ .

R = /. .

: [14]. , [15. 16] [17]. , .

.

.

,

.

, () .

, , 0,4-0,5 [18].

. ,

, .

,

,

, , ! ( ) ( .

.

. ,

.

2.

,

.

,

, ,

.

.

, ,

.

, ,

,

,

. ,

,

.

.

,

,

. , .

,

.

,

.

, ,

, . .

, ,

,

.

/ . ,

,

.

[18], ,

, 4 6 . 2 . 0,7-0,8 . - 0.25 . ,

. ,

,

.

2-4- 92

2.4.12. (Claude Berrou) 1993 [19] , , ,

.

- ,

. ,

.

, , .

. .

[19]

- 5 2

/ 0,7 . 0,5 .

, .

, .

, - .

[20] . 2.10. , ,

(), (1) , (2) .

.

1

2

1

2

/ /

/ /

. 2.10.

1 , ,

4 2.

2, . -

,

. . ,

.

,

.

.

,

,

(. 2.11).

SISO- 1

SISO- 2

SISO-

2

. 2 .11 .

(1 2). (Soft-In Soft-Out SISO).

SISO- ,

( 1 2). , 1 . ,

1. , .

.

, . ()

2 . SISO ,

.

2.4-

2 : R = 1/2. 2/3 16 33 31. . 2.12 (;,) / /No 2 ( ) '

( ) [20]. ,

. . 32 (4096 128) 2 ( = - 5 ) . . = 128 0.1-0.2 , = 4096 0.3 .

-0,5 0.0 0,5 1,0 1.5 2,0 2,5 3,0 ,/.

. 2.12. (. )

96 2.

-

.

,

. , .

.

,

(SISO). , . .

. 2.13 2.14

PC. AHA (www.aha.com) [21], . . 2.13 , . 2.14 .

10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Eb/No. . 2 .13. ()

! (RS) i HI i n i '

,

(128,120,4) , 4 PC. , ,

.

2.4- 97

1.0000+00

1.0000-01

1.0000-02

1.0000-03

1.000-04

1.0000-05

1 .-06

1.0000-07

1.0000-08

1.0000-09

1.0000-10

~

\ I

L

V \ 1 [

\ \ \

\

- RS (255,239). R=0.937

*- (128,120)*2, R=0.878

V

^

s \

\ \

1 5 6 7 Eb/No.

10 11 12

. 2.14. () (RS) / ^

2.4.13. ..

. . [8] . . [22]. .. .. .

5 aj, j = 1,...,;2. Ri, .. = (ai,

9 2. ,

1- . . ,

+ 1 ,

("1,(1 + 2 + . ' ) , , (^.;,

2.5. W

.

-

- .

2.5. ( www.turbobest.com)

,

:

1) :

2) ; 3) .

.

.

2 10

10

106

10

1 1 0

2.5.1. IEEE 802.

(LDPC) 10GBit Ethernet (10GBASE-T) 802.3 ( 2006 ).

6 6 ( F) 55 ( ) 100 . .

IP. 500 . 128-

- 1 3.

( - 1 3 ) . ( RS-LDPC *; - 2048 1723. , , - 6 32 , 64 64.

LDPC . -

1'2

I 800 4 - 5 ^ - 4 5 0

4

. V \

\ \ 1 \ \

21 21,5 22 22.5 23 Eb/No.

23.5 24

. 2.15. Turbobest 450 800 *- 0.32

t w I 100 2.

. . 2.15 Turbobest 450 800 0,32 .

2.5.2. IEEE 802.1 In

= 7 1/2. . 540 /. . 2.16.

. 2.16.

= 7, 2048

0 1 2 3 Eb/No,

IEEE 802.15, IEEE 802.16 3GPP LTE.

LDPC- :

- 648.1296. 1944; - 1/2, 2/3, 3/3, 5/6 ;

; - 360 /;

2.5.3. IEEE 802.16

LDPC-. 1802.16. 1/2, 2/3,3/3 5/6 19 576 2304. ,

2.5. 101

. -

, . 2.17 50 .

* LDPC, 1/2 -*- LDPC, 2/3 -- , 2/3 -- LDPC, 3/4 -- , 3/4 -# LDPC, 5/6 , 1/2 . =7

0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5

Eb/No.

. 2.17. IEEE 802.16. 2301, 50

2.5.4. IEEE 802.16

:

64 4 ; - 64 ; - ,

; - .

. 2.18 .

2.5.5. 3GPP LTE

3GPP LTE .

:

' = 4, 8 : - R = 1/3,

; - 40-5114.

, 102 2.

10

1

.-3 10

-

4

Id 1

"

\ i \ \ \ \ \

1 \ \

\ '

, BPSK - * (32,26)(32,26) - ^ (64,57)(32,26) - ~ - (64,57)(64,57) (64,57)(64,63) ~- (64,63)(64,63)

\

\

5 6 Eb/No,

10

. 2.18. , IEEE 802.16

. 2.19 2.20 5114, R = 1/3 .

R = 1/2 R = 1/3 = 7 ' = 9. . 2.21 R = 1/3 = 9.

| 1

SISO 1

2

-

SISO 2 *^ ) . -

. 2.19.

2.5. 103

1 2 - 0 . 5 3 - 1 4 1.5 5 - 2 6 - 2 . 5 7 3 8 - 3 . 5 9 - 4 10 - 4 . 5 1 1 5 12 5,5 13 - 6 14 6.5 1 5 - 7 16 - 7 . 5 1 7 - 8 19 - 8 , 5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Eb/No,

8 9 10

. 2.20.

-1 10

12

103

10

10

-6 IQ

10

,-8 10

. BPSK 1/3

5 6 Eb/No,

10

. 2.21. = 9. = 1/3

104

1. . / . . . . . . . .: . 1974.

2. . . . .: , 1963.

3. - ... ... , . .: , 1979.

4. ., . . . 1, 2. .: , 1988. 5. ., ., .. . . .: .

1978. 6. ., . , . .: , 1976. 7. . . - .: . 1971. 8. . ., . . . .: , 1976. 9. . //

. .: , 1957, . 114-138. 10. . . . .: , 1970. 11. . //

. IL: . 1966, . 139 165. 12. . . . .: .

1963. 13. ., .

. .: , 1987. 14. . . .: , 1966. 15. . . . .: .

1974. 16. .. . . .:

. 1963. 17. . .. . . . .:

. 1982. 18. . ., . . . .:

. 1988. 19. Berrou , Glavieux A., Thitimajshima P. Near Shannon limit error-correcting coding

and decoding: Turbo-codes. ICC'93, Geneva, Switzerland. May 93, p. 1064-1070. 20. www.turbocodes.ru. 21. AHA. www.aha.com. 22. . ., . ., . .

. .: ,

1987. 23. . ., . ., . .

. .: , 1990.

3

-

3.1.

.

-

U

. 3 . 1 . -} !

rffP , , , ,

, .

. ,

,

. .

.

. . 3.1 = cos(u>oi + ^) AU cos(iit + f). = AU/UQ . , < < 1.

:

V(t) [UQ + AUcos{Qt + ip)] cos(w0< + o + ) + (v% + )]+ AU

+ c o e [ ( w o - n ) + (v9o-/>.. . 3.2

,

. . 3.2 , / , +11 Si.

106 3. -.

0

-

,

_

>+

5

-rfli . 0

,

, ,

.

. 3.2

.

(AM) .

( ). - -,

,

.

, AM.

.

- (), - (), -- () - ()

.

,

U(t) = (*)(+ >()) , ..

0 -, > 0 - , fi0a>0-fi, tu0 -,

. 3.2.

(), () ()

3.2.

U(t) = A(t)eos(u0t +

3.3. - () 107

.

".

().

. ,

2 = 4 sin (/2). ,

8 2 = 0,576. . ,

.

,

.

- ().

(), . q . q q q, .

_ / 6/(2 - 1), = R/Aui [//].

198 3. -

= R/C, , (. . 2.6):

C = Aw\og2(l + Pc/Pm),

/

/, /, = (*/)(/>) = i(Eb/N0).

:

,, = /( lofefl +

/

)) = 7 / b g 2 ( l + /).

jmax = 1. ( ) :

7 = log2(l + -/No) 21 = 1 + -yEb/N0. /No ( ) f ( ). , :

/No = (2 1 - 1 )/ 7 . ,

/No 7> . , .

,

.

. ,

7 1 // 3 . , ( ), - .

,

,

, .

, .

? . ,

.

, N . / , TV- . ,

-

.

3.4- - () 0

,

(.V, . Dfnill), N . = log2 / -

. , D 2 l i n

.

R = K/N [/.]. 24

(2,q, 2 ) . , , .

dmm

D^iD

. ,

.Dmin' . ,

.

4 (2,2,2). R = 1 /. 4 :

*2 (*) = {(+1.0),(0,+1).(-1,0),(0,-1)} . 4 2

{(+1,0), (-1.0)} 4 ( 0 , +1), (0 ,-1)} . 4 = {\,,,) 4. . , .

:

/ (+1,0,+1,0) ,(+1,0,-1,0) , (0,+1,0,+1),(0 .+1,0,-1) , 1

* \ ( - 1 . 0 , + 1 , 0 ) , ( - 1 , 0 , - 1 . 0 ) , ( 0 . - 1 . 0 , + 1 ) , ( 0 , - 1 , 0 . - 1 ) / ' ,

4 , .

(4,3,2), R = 0,75 /. 2, . ,

.

, ,

'-

.

, ,

-

.

,

N - (). ,

, - [2-5]. , .

110 3. -.

3.4. ,

.

[3]. 1

. 2 (, ) (2,q, 2 ) . (N/2. fc,dmin) GF{24). : N , = q . D^iD = 2&

2dmin/N ,

.

,

3.5. 111

. ,

, ,

.

(N/2,ki,di), i = l,q.

: N - . = ^t i=I

. D,2in = min (2?di/N) - , , ? - .

q . i- 2 , + 1 ~' , - ( 2~' ).

, 3 i-

112 3. -

. , ,

. ,

, ,

.

,

. ,

( ). 5-6 , .

3.6. ()

-

(), .

. -

- , ,

,

, .

, .

, . . ,

.

(). ,

[7, 8]. ,

- ,

[3. 9].

, .. .

/. 90-

Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation (OFDM).

,

[7, 8].

Z(t)= fh(T)Z(t-T)aT + Mt). 0

() ( ^-). ~/() . ,

Z(t) . h{t) K(JJ)

00

h(t) = - I ()^'. m J

-

3.6. 113

, , . . '(;) , = 0. .

, . . : \h(t)\ = , V* < 0. h(t) (0, ), .

trp(e), ,

/ \h () Yat < , > 0. trp(5)

, h(t) = 0, Vi > trp.

Z(t) = Z48(1 - qT), q = =5oT3o\

Zq , S(t) . .

Z(t) = YtZqh(t-qT)+'y(t).

/ = 1/ kT+Q, Q . :

Z{kT + Q) = Yi Zqh(kT + Q-qT) + i(kT + Q). q

Zk = Z(kT + Q), k-q = nJin = h{kT+Q-qT), -,k = ~.(kT + Q). , Zk, = . :

Zk = 2 hnZh-n + 7*.

,

(). , 7* : -v* = Sk+jtk- ( 7*) = 0,

( 2 ) = 4, Vfc, ;

) = 0, VA- # /, E(c.kik) = Q, Vfc. ? .

[8]. {h} ,

. h 0, hi-\ # 0 h(t). L , L .

114 3. -

{/in }= 7 .7/v0-i) .

1tNo=:KNaNZN+~KNo, (3.1) KN0N ( N), {h

n}tl~0

S.7. , 115

'/0 =

hi ho . . . /i . . . ho

. . . h\ hi-i

/.-1 . . . hL-x

.

KN0N .

N. ()

,

(3.1). ( ): Lo ^ L 1.

:

/ 1-1

-

l*nl = ^ J |A-flM|2d" = 1. = 0

_ _ IT

,

.

NQ/N . N

*

" l+Lo/N'

N , , .

, .

( - -rrSp{ZNZ'N),

()* , S p ( ) .

Pi ^

/ S/Nu, = Pi/

4 S. -

.

, ; ,

[3, 9]. ,

= + , , . = c + j t . t, N(0,

//2). .

[3. 9] .

N- No- N ,

Zi = sffiiZi + et, i = O.JV-1, ej i , pi ,, ( - KmNoNKNoN).

A'.v0,v :

KN0N = ^2ry/piq%i\ = QNNRN2TN,

QN0N (N0 x N): QN0N = (9- . 0, V, = 0 , i V - l .

. Zs /, Zs . ZN0 Q'NoN, , 2, :

Z/v = R^2ZN + EN, ZN = Q'NoNZy . ,

yfpi . , K'NIINKN0N , />< .

3.1. 117

y/pi , , /. Qs0N

,\ , . -

,

QN0N T/v yfp\. ,

. -,

.

, ,

{/*}'= [3, 9]. '- '-, NQ = N + LQ, LQ ^ L - 1, 20 = 02- PN0N ('0 N) Pv0.v = , "

*.v

a / t 0 < IN . , L0 2^0 LQ

2N : 2J,Q = {ZN-L0,ZN-L0+V,ZN-I,Z0,ZI Z.v-i)

2N0+L-\ = K(N0+1.-\)N2N0 + AjVo+i-l- A'(/v0+-i)/v (No + L1)NQ. 2N0+L-\, LQ-K 2N = S^NO+L_1)N2H0-+I,-I-

. 0 ( _ 1 ) OlL_i)N -- - S( (NB+L-1)N - IN L 0{L-\)N J

. ,

2 = SINO+L_1)NKINO+L-I)NPN0N2N + S(No+L_1)NANo+L-i,

,

CN S(No+L-l)Nh(N0+L-l)NPNoN (N N) :

I 18 3. .-.

=

h o hi,i . . . h o ho

hi-\ . . / i t - i hi-i

hL-i h0

, ZN = = CHZN + A/v, AN = SfNn+L_1)N&N0+i L 1 N . Lo, ZS0+L-I \0 . ,

.

,

.

PL0 , Z,v . 0 ^ -^ .

N ^. . .

(-). CN , ', iV- :

L - 1

Ki = ] hnfi~*bU, = 0 , - 1 . =0

, - ' ,

:

Z, = h'iZt + ei, i = 0,-1,

ei i , A'j CN-

,

, -. -

- , -,

- ,

, , -, , rankCyv < .V, rank ' = N.

.

:

S.8. 119

-

LQ ^ L \. UN Us , . . ;

.

O(logJV) , -.

,

-

, (LQ) .

",

Cs :

*, = *>,) =4 -, , = 2ni/NT, i = 0, iV 1, K(u) ,

() .

3.8.

Z.v, :

'*

,

Pi, "*

, ^ pi ^ ^ Ps-i > 0.

< 1 ,

_ N 1 2 (N 1 ^ 1 l ' \ '

= A V7 + ^ X - V > 0. >

\ ^ ) ,

-. .

, .

.

-U .

120 3. -

Pi, -, |'| ^ |A'i| ^ - ^ |A;v_i|,

-Msb ^+ LPI2 < N 1 ,

,

1/- , 1/, . -

.

,

[7] . ' -

,

{ZK}K__OC, (; 3.9.

(OFDM) -

,

:

Zt = KiZi + ei, i = 0 , J V - l . !>-

- ,

.

.

- [9]. .

-

[9]. , ,

\KQ\ ^ |A"i| ^ ^ \Ks-i\- Mi , |A' M ,-i | > 0, |'/,| = = /. . , ! = = |A;v-i| = 0, 0 < /i < " - 1. : ,- = \ -. , < i < /j - 1 Z, = ^'' Kj = b,Zi, bi = e~J " *

, t

3.9. 121

} arg '< ( 1 , <

,. :

. = Ni + ;, i = 0, Afi - 1. .

Z, = n^r^i N, = b, Z, , -, \ . \ = rankC/v, Cs -.

,

. ,

AM, . i.

- .

0 < /ii < 2 < /* < < PQ ^ \ - . , iij_i = 0 ) 2> , 1 < j < Q, 01 > 92 > > 0Q ^ 1- , / , , A'j.

j'- : / =

, I \Kif , fij-i < I < /

) = (1/N) gj 1/ IKJf;

Q

2 V v(2J) [/-(/) - / v ( ^ - . ) ] < Pi-

J 2 2 3. -

qj :

** = R%' AV(2'-'')/4)-

-U : . Q

i/j = ,} fij-i, = 0 AM.

,

. ,

.

, -

,

,

:

= max \^(,^ ) A > 0 i ' J = l ,2,. . .9 > = l,2,... '' *,

, ,

-, a vj = fij ftfi. /io = 0,0 < /*i < /* < < PQ < Mi - Uj , TQT

Pqj = V ( 2 " ) . ,

' , //] 2. /i> 1. //;( 8 .. /ig 2^.

.

, .. .

,

.

,

.

. .

. .

,

.

OFDM- . , .

,

3.9. 123

.

.

, .

OFDM, , .

(OFDM), , IEEE 802.16. : , .

1. . ., . . . 1: , 1988.

2. . ., . ., . 31. . .: .

1987. . . .. . ., . .

. - .: , 1990. 4. . . . -

, 1984, . 21, " 1, . 14-27, 5. . .

. , 1985, . 20, J* 1, 28-46. 6. Ungerboeck G. Channel coding with multilevel phase signals. - IEEE Trans. Inform

Theory. July, 1999, vol. 45, p. 1456-1467. 7. P. / . . .

. . . . . .: , 1974. 8. . ., . . . .:

, 1982. 9. . ., . .. . .

. .:

, 1988.

4

-

. , .

, , -

.

4G. , , ,

.

.

4.1. -

. -

1927 , Bell System. -

, .

. ,

- 1884 1895- ,

. 1920- 1930- ,

, .

.

() , , . -

, ,

.

? , ,

.

(, HDTV) 720,

4-1. -

1080 ( 9 : 16) 480-625 ( 3 : 4 ) . -

. ,

-

,

-. ,

, ,

, .

-

- , , ( ) .

: MMDS (Multichannel Microwave Distribution System). LMDS (Local Microwave Distribution System). MWS (Multimedia Wireless System), ( ) 2.5-2,7; 27.5-29.5 40,5-43,5 . ,

.

. .

.

: ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee, ) DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting, ). ISDB (Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting). , , ,

DVB , , . , -

, MPEG-2 [2]. , Dolby -3.

, .

.

.

DVB ,

, -

MAC (Multiplexed analog components). .

( 400 600 .) . ,

,

, .

ATSC .

ATSC 6 ( NTSC)

126 4. -

19,28 / . DVB : 8 4,98 31,67 / ( 6 7 ). - 16 2, ,

.

DVB , 300 / , , ( , ) . .

,

ATSC DVB. ATSC - 8-VSB (vestigal-sideband modulation system for broadcast). 8-VSB

. DVB , , .

.

4.1.1. ATSC ATSC , - ATSC. NTSC. NTSC , .

ATSC. NTSC . ATSC NTSC (, ). -/. , NTSC-.

VSB, ATSC. VSB

. 2 (2-VSB) 16 (16-VSB), 0. , 8-VSB , -7 7 2. 16-VSB, 8T-VSB () 2/3 ( - trellis, ).

VSB- MPEG-2 188 (. 4.1). , 187 20 - . 8T-YSB 2 207- 3 , . . . ,

( ), , . VSB 10,76 . 16-VSB, 4 .

4-1. -

(38,6 /), 8T-VSB (19,3 /), .

/ 28.3 14,9 .

DD 188 )

MPEG-2

187

-

(187, 207) 207

-

VSB-

-

44

. 4 . 1 . 8T-VSB

8T-VSB 4 . 207 828 . MPEG-2 ( 5 5) 0.37 . 4 . 828 + 4 = 832 . 312 - , (626 ). , ( 8T-VSB) 12 .

-

.

2 .

16 , .

F180i. .

.

.

:

0, , 0.

. / 0 . 0.

.

128 4- -

-

,

1,25 . , 0,3 .

/ 0 . -

( 10 207- ). . VSB -

52 . , ,

,

.

( 8T-VSB), 12 .

, 1,25 .

() 44 , .

,

/ ( ) [3J, ATSC , .

, ,

. 15 , .

.

ATSC DVB / 4 6 . ,

- ATSC 350 100% 10 , DVB-T 10 114 [4]. , , , .

4.1.2. DVB DVB. , - , D\"B-C (cable), DVB-S (sattelite) DVB-T (terrestrial) . DVB-T [8]. .

DVB. DVB 8-VSB.

.

MPEG-2 188 (1 ( 47ie) +187 ) (. 4.2). , 2 (

4.1. - 129

15- ). (4B80ie). -, .

&

-

(188, 204)

"^

1/2-7/8 -

. 4.2. DVB-T

,

188 16 204- . , .

, .

. ,

( 1/2). DYB (1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8). , .

8-VSB. . .

COFDM (Coded Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing) (OFDM) . OFDM , . ,