Using Public Relations Segmentation for Audience Analysis: Differentiating Travel Behaviors among Generational Cohorts
Using Public Relations Segmentation for Audience
Analysis:
Differentiating Travel Behaviors
among Generational Cohorts
Theoretical Frameworks
Sociology:
The study of human social behavior, especially the study of the origins, organization, institutions, and development of human society.
Analysis of a social institution or societal segment as a self-contained entity or in relation to society as a whole.
Generational Theory The notion of a group of people bound
together by the sharing of the experience of common historical events was first introduced by Karl Mannheim in the early 1920s.
(AKA: grandfather of
Generational research)
Karl Mannheim
“Sources of opposition, challenging existing societal norms and values and bringing social change through collection generational organization” (Edmunds & Turner, 2002)
1. Generational Site or Location
2. Generation as Actuality
3. Generational Units
Cohorts: Definition
Generational Cohorts:“The aggregation of individuals (within
some population definition) who experience the same event within the same time interval" (Ryder, 1959)
Public Relations: the management function that establishes and maintains mutually beneficial relationships between an organization and its key publics.
Market segmentation: the process of subdividing a market into distinct groups of consumers with similar needs, such that a subset of the market (a segment) can be selected as a target market and can be reached with a distinct marketing/communication mix.
Hypotheses
H1: Pleasure travelers can be differentiated among the generational cohorts they represent by means of attraction visitation.
H2 : Pleasure travelers can be differentiated among the generational cohorts they represent by means of activity participation.
MethodParticipants/Instrument/Administrative Procedures:
Sampling frame consists of visitors (age 18+) who stopped at various welcome centers throughout Tennessee.
Data were collected between April-Nov. 2007.
A self-administered survey method using a 5-page questionnaire was employed.
Cohorts defined (per: Census Bureau / Yankelovich)
Matures (1900 -1945) ~ to include WWII and Swing Generations
Baby Boomers (1946 -1964)~ to include leading/senior, core, and trailing boomers
(AKA: Gen Jones)
Generation X (1965 - 1976)Generation Y (1977 - 1995)~ AKA: Echo Boomers / Millenials
Internet Generation / Generation M (1995 - present)
Profile of Respondentsn = 1213 (usable questionnaires)
Generational Cohorts:
Matures (24%) years old: 62+
Boomers (44%) years old: 61-43
Gen X (21%) years old: 42-31
Echo Boomers (11%) years old: 30-12
Generation “M” (Multi-Media Generation)
years old: 11 and under (not included in this study)
Gender:Women: 45%Men: 53%
Married: 50%Not Married: 25%No answer: 25%
Education:High School only: 16%Some college, no degree: 22%Associates/Bachelors degree: 40% Masters Degree and beyond: 16%
Income:
Up to $49k: 25%
$50k-$89k: 50%
$90k+: 25%
Race:
Caucasian: 50%
African American: 25%
Other: 25%
Statistical AnalysesPrepped the data for analysis: Ran a factor analysis among (2) sets of
variables: activity participation and attraction visitation
Tested factors for reliability / then created the factors (for activities and attractions)
Collapsed age data into generational cohortsRan the statistical analyses:Submitted the factors and age cohorts to a
cross-tabulation analysis to test hypotheses
Factor #1: Outdoor Recreation (α = .82)BicyclingBoating/KayakingCampingFishingHiking
Factor #2: Individual Recreation (α = .86)GamblingGolfingHuntingMotorcyclingNightlife/DancingSocial Event/Family EventSporting Events (spectator)
Factor #1: Entertainment (α = .83) Amusement/Theme Parks Aquarium Convention/Conference Center Winery Zoological Park Motor SpeedwayFactor #2: Education
Factor #2: Education (α = .86)Historical/War LandmarkScience Center/Art Gallery/MuseumNational ParkNearby CityTN State Park
Addressing Hypotheses…H1: Pleasure travelers can be differentiated
among the generational cohorts they represent by means of attraction visitation.
Results: X2 (6, N=1,116) = 18.9, p = .004
(“Matures” indicate the highest degree of entertainment attraction visitation)
[SUPPORTED]
H2: Pleasure travelers can be differentiated among the generational cohorts they represent by
means of activity participation. Results: X2 (6, N=1,166) = 18.0, p = .002
(“Boomers” indicate the highest degree of individual recreation participation)
Results: X2 (6, N=1,166) = 21.1, p = .002
(“Boomers” indicate the highest degree of individual outdoor recreation participation)
[SUPPORTED]
Discussion• Public relations segmentation by means of
generational cohort analysis is a viable way –both from a marketing and statistical perspective – to examine and identify publics (audiences) and the characteristics particular to each age cohort.
• Baby boomers continue to dominate the market place…but we can not neglect the othe cohorts ~ especially if our destination has something special to offer them.