Unit 18 (Ch. 14) Support & Movement Which two systems work together to allow support & movement? What’s another word for movement?
Jan 19, 2016
Unit 18 (Ch. 14) Support & Movement
Which two systems work together to allow support & movement?
What’s another word for movement?
The Role of the Skeleton• What are the functions
of the skeletal system?– support the body– protect organs– aid in movement
• provides attachment site for muscles
• Is bone living?– Yes, even though it’s hard & made of minerals,
bone IS a LIVING tissue that grows.• Think about it… are you the same height as you were
when you were… a baby? …a young child? …last year?
Bone Structure
Bone Structure• What types of tissue make up
the skeletal system?– cartilage– bone
• compact (solid) bone• spongy bone• membrane (periosteum)• marrow
– ligaments
• What is cartilage?– A tough, flexible tissue that doesn’t store calcium,
so it is less dense than bone.
• Where is cartilage found?– mostly at the ends of bone
• Why?– acts as a cushion for joints
Bone Structure
Bone Structure• What types of tissues are
found in bone?– compact (solid) bone
• hard part of bone– very strong b/c stores calcium
• usually found along outer edges
– spongy bone• has many empty spaces• usually found near end of bones
– membrane (periosteum)• covers bone• contains nerves & blood vessels
– marrow• soft center in bone• makes blood cells
Interactive Bone Diagram
Bone Structure• What are ligaments?
– connective tissue that holds bones to other bones
Joints• What is a joint?
– where bones come together
• What allows joints to move smoothly?– cartilage
covering the end of the bones
– fluid-filled bags between cartilage & bone
• types– fixed– movable
1. ball & socket
2. hinge
3. pivot
4. gliding
Jointsfixedjoint
Classification of Joints Animation
gliding joint
Fixed Joints• Are not connected by ligaments.
– Do they move?• no
– What is an example?• skull
• 1. ball & socket– In which direction(s) does it move?
• rotate, front-back, side-side– most mobility of all joints
– What are examples?• hip, shoulder
Movable Joints
• 2. hinge– In which direction(s) does it move?
• open-closed (only in 1 direction) – like a door
– What are examples?• elbow, knee
Movable Joints
• 3. pivot– In which direction(s)
does it move?• twists/rotates
– like a door knob
– What are examples?• skull w/ vertebrae,
lower arm
Movable Joints
• 4. gliding– In which direction(s) does it move?
• slides back-forth, side-side
– What are examples?• vertebrae (back), wrist, ankle
Movable Joints
The Role of Muscles• What is the
muscular system?– all muscles in
the body
• What is the function of the muscular system?– movement
• What is a muscle?– tissue that can
change shape & length
• What are the 3 different muscle types in humans?– skeletal (a.k.a.
striated)
– smooth
– cardiac
• Each has a different structure, pattern, job, & location in the body.
Human Muscles Types
• 1. skeletal (striated)– What do the cells look like?
• long fibers• dark & light stripes (striations)
– Where are they typically found?• most of the body• attached to skeleton
– What is their function?• move bones of the skeleton
– Are their movements voluntary or involuntary?
• voluntary
Human Muscles Types
• 2. smooth– What do the cells look like?
• tapered (thin ends, thick center)• no stripes (no striations)
– Where are they typically found?• digestive tract, respiratory tract,
blood vessels, other organs
– What is their function?• regulate activity of organs or vessels
– Are their movements voluntary or involuntary?
• voluntary
Human Muscles Types
• 3. cardiac– What do the cells look like?
• long fibers that branch & weave together
• dark & light stripes (striations)
– Where are they typically found?• ONLY in heart
– What is their function?• contracts rhythmically pump blood
out of heart
– Are their movements voluntary or involuntary?
• involuntary
Human Muscles Types
Striated (skeletal)
Cardiac Smooth
Appearance of cells?
Striped (striated)
Striped (striated) & branched
Tapered(thin ends, thick center);no stripes (not striated)
Where typically found?
Attached to skeleton (ex. legs/
arms)
heartdigestive system, respiratory
system, blood vessels
Function? movementpump blood from heart to arteries
peristalsis, regulate activity of organs or diameter or
vessels
Voluntary or
involuntary?voluntary involuntary involuntary
Muscle Types in the Body
• What are tendons?– connective tissue that holds muscles to bones
• must be attached to bones at 2 points– at opposite ends of the muscle
How Muscles Work
• How do muscles work?– by changing their length
• How does it do this?– muscle fibers contract (or relax)
» cannot lengthen– So, skeletal muscles must work
in opposing pairs.» flexors» extensors
How Muscles Work
• What does a flexor do when it contracts?– bends the joint– Examples of flexors?
• biceps, hamstring (back of thigh)
Muscles Work in Pairs
•Animation of Muscles Working in Pairs•Muscles Contracting in Pairs
flexor
extensor
• What does an extensor do when it contracts?– straightens the joint– Examples of extensors?
• triceps, quadriceps (front of thigh)
Muscles Work in Pairs
•Animation of Muscles Working in Pairs•Muscles Contracting in Pairs
flexor
extensor