pter 49: Sensory & Motor Mechanisms focus: Movement & Locomotion at do skeletons do? Support Protect Allow movement at are the 3 types of skeletons? Hydrostatic - Fluid under pressure in a closed body compartment - Muscles are used to change the shape of the compartment - Cnidarians, flatworms, nematodes, annelids Exoskeleton - Outside surface of the animal - Chitin & other structural proteins - Many molt Endoskeleton - Support from within
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Chapter 49: Sensory & Motor Mechanisms Our focus: Movement & Locomotion 1.What do skeletons do? -Support -Protect -Allow movement 2.What are the 3 types.
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Chapter 49: Sensory & Motor MechanismsOur focus: Movement & Locomotion1. What do skeletons do?
- Support - Protect- Allow movement
2. What are the 3 types of skeletons?- Hydrostatic
- Fluid under pressure in a closed body compartment- Muscles are used to change the shape of the compartment- Cnidarians, flatworms, nematodes, annelids
- Exoskeleton- Outside surface of the animal- Chitin & other structural proteins- Many molt
- Endoskeleton - Support from within
Figure 49.25 Peristaltic locomotion in an earthworm
(a) Body segments at the head and just in front of the rear are short and thick (longitudinal muscles contracted; circular muscles relaxed) and anchored to the ground by bristles. The other segments are thin and elongated (circular muscles contracted; longitudinal muscles relaxed.)
(b) The head has moved forward because circular muscles in the head segments have contracted. Segments behind the head and at the rear are now thick and anchored, thus preventing the worm from slipping backward.
(c) The head segments are thick again and anchored in their new positions. The rear segments have released their hold on the ground and have been pulled forward.
Longitudinalmuscle relaxed(extended)
Circularmusclecontracted
Circularmusclerelaxed
Longitudinalmusclecontracted
HeadBristles
1 Ball-and-socket joints, where the humerus contactsthe shoulder girdle and where the femur contacts thepelvic girdle, enable us to rotate our arms andlegs and move them in several planes.
2 Hinge joints, such as between the humerus andthe head of the ulna, restrict movement to a singleplane.
3 Pivot joints allow us to rotate our forearm at theelbow and to move our head from side to side.
KeyAxial skeleton
Appendicularskeleton
Skull
Shouldergirdle
Clavicle
Scapula
Sternum
Rib
Humerus
Vertebra
RadiusUlnaPelvicgirdle
Carpals
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
TarsalsMetatarsalsPhalanges
1
Examplesof joints
2
3
Head ofhumerus
Scapula
Humerus
Ulna
UlnaRadius
Figure 49.26 Bones and joints of the human skeleton
Chapter 49: Sensory & Motor MechanismsOur focus: Movement & Locomotion1. What do skeletons do?2. What are the 3 types of skeletons?3. What does a muscle cell look like?
Figure 49.28 The structure of skeletal muscleMuscle
Bundle ofmuscle fibers
Single muscle fiber(cell)
Plasma membrane
Myofibril
Lightband Dark band
Z line
Sarcomere
TEM 0.5 m
I band A band I band
M line
Thickfilaments(myosin)
Thinfilaments(actin)
H zoneSarcomere
Z lineZ line
Nuclei
-Made of many fibers
-A single fiber is a muscle cell (multinucleated)
-Each muscle fiber has many myofibrils
-Myofibrils made of actin (thin) & myosin (thick) has head
-Sarcomere – functional unit of a muscle
Students-Get test folders from center table-Remaining essays-Review session – Monday 7AM-AP exam $$ - March 9
Chapter 49: Sensory & Motor MechanismsOur focus: Movement & Locomotion1. What do skeletons do?2. What are the 3 types of skeletons?3. What does a muscle cell look like?4. How do myosin & actin cause muscle contraction?
-ADP & Pi release from myosin sliding actin across myosin.-Binding of a NEW ATP breaks the cross-bridge-How much ATP is directly used in a muscle contraction?
The Sliding Filament Model
NONE
Chapter 49: Sensory & Motor MechanismsOur focus: Movement & Locomotion1. What do skeletons do?2. What are the 3 types of skeletons?3. What does a muscle cell look like?4. How do myosin & actin cause muscle contraction?5. Why is Ca+2 important for a muscle contraction?
Figure 49.31 The role of regulatory proteins and calcium in muscle fiber contraction
ActinTropomyosin Ca2+-binding sites
Troponin complex
(a) Myosin-binding sites blocked
Myosin-binding site
Ca2+
(b) Myosin-binding sites exposed
-Ca+2 binds to troponin complex causing tropomyosin to roll off of actin.-This exposes myosin-binding site on actin.
Chapter 49: Sensory & Motor MechanismsOur focus: Movement & Locomotion1. What do skeletons do?2. What are the 3 types of skeletons?3. What does a muscle cell look like?4. How do myosin & actin cause muscle contraction?5. Why is Ca+2 important for a muscle contraction?6. What is the signal that causes a muscle contraction?
Figure 49.32 The roles of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubules in muscle fiber contraction
Motorneuron axon
Mitochondrion
Synapticterminal
T tubule
Sarcoplasmicreticulum
Myofibril
Plasma membraneof muscle fiber
Sarcomere
Ca2+ releasedfrom sarcoplasmicreticulum
-Acetylcholine (Ach) depolarizes plasma membrane-Depolarization is carried deep into muscle by T tubules-Depolarization causes SR to release Ca+2
-Recall Ca+2 binds to troponin
Figure 49.33 Review of contraction in a skeletal muscle fiber
ACh
Synapticterminalof motorneuron
Synaptic cleft T TUBULEPLASMA MEMBRANE
SR
ADP
CYTOSOL
Action potential is propa-gated along plasmamembrane and downT tubules.
Action potentialtriggers Ca2+
release from sarco-plasmic reticulum(SR).
Acetylcholine (ACh) released by synaptic terminal diffuses across synapticcleft and binds to receptor proteins on muscle fiber’s plasma membrane, triggering an action potential in muscle fiber.
1
2
3
Tropomyosin blockage of myosin-binding sites is restored; contractionends, and muscle fiber relaxes.
7
Cytosolic Ca2+ is removed by active transport into SR after action potential ends.
6
Myosin cross-bridges alternately attachto actin and detach, pulling actinfilaments toward center of sarcomere;ATP powers sliding of filaments.
Chapter 49: Sensory & Motor MechanismsOur focus: Movement & Locomotion1. What do skeletons do?2. What are the 3 types of skeletons?3. What does a muscle cell look like?4. How do myosin & actin cause muscle contraction?5. Why is Ca+2 important for a muscle contraction?6. What is the signal that causes a muscle contraction?7. How are muscles contractions graded?
- By varying the number of muscle fibers that contract- By varying the rate at which muscle fibers are stimulated
Figure 49.34 Motor units in a vertebrate skeletal muscle
Spinal cord
Nerve
Motor neuroncell body
Motorunit 1
Motorunit 2
Motor neuronaxon
Muscle
Tendon
Synaptic terminals
Muscle fibers
Recruitment – when more muscle fibers are activated to increase tension (force)
Figure 49.35 Summation of twitches
Actionpotential Pair of
actionpotentials
Series of action potentials at
high frequency
Time
Ten
sion
Singletwitch
Summation of two twitches
Tetanus
Chapter 49: Sensory & Motor MechanismsOur focus: Movement & Locomotion1. What do skeletons do?2. What are the 3 types of skeletons?3. What does a muscle cell look like?4. How do myosin & actin cause muscle contraction?5. Why is Ca+2 important for a muscle contraction?6. What is the signal that causes a muscle contraction?7. How are muscles contractions graded?
- By varying the number of muscle fibers that contract- By varying the rate at which muscle fibers are stimulated
8. What are the different types of muscle fibers?- Slow oxidative