Twelfth Census of the United States. Bu L'LETI N. No. 118. WASHINGTON, D. 0. December 10, 1901. MANUFACTURES. GEORG LA. Hon. 'Vu.r,IA'M R. MERRIAM, IJfrector of the Oensiis. Sm: I trnnsmit herewith, for publication in bulletin fol'm, the statistics of manufacturing and mechanical indus- tries for. the state of Georgia for the census year 1900, taken in accordance with the provisions of section 7 of the act of March 3, 1899. This section requires that "'l'he schedules of inquiries relating to the products of manufac- turing and mechanical establishments shall embrace the name and location of each establishment ; character of or- ganiz11tion, whether individual, cooperative, or other form; date of commencement of operations ; character of business or kind of goods manufactured; amount of capital invested; number of proprietors, firm members, copartners, or offi- cers, and the amount of their sala1'ies; number of em- ployees, and the amount of their wages; quantity and cost of materials used in manufactures; amount of miscella- neous expenses; quantity and value of products; time in operation during the census year; character and quantity of power used; and character and number of machines em- ployed." In each of the above particulars the requirements of the law have been observed, but certain of the data th us elicited are reserved for publication in the final volumes. rrhere were 17 cities and towns in the state withdrawn from the enumerators and their manufacturing statistics collected by special agents, in accordance with the further provision of section 7 of the Census Act. Wherever the phrase "urban manufactures" is used in this bulletin, it :tpplies only to those cities and towns which were with- drawn from the enumerators and committed to special agents, and only to the manufacturing establishments within the corporate limits of such places. Four cities in Georgia contain a population exceeding 20,000 each: Atlanta, Augusta, lVIacon, and Savannah. The manufacturing statistics of these 4 cities are presented by specified industries and in comparison with the returns of the Eleventh Census. Mr. 'l'. II. Martin, secretary of the Chamber <;>f Oom- CP 15111: merce of Atlanta, rendered valuable assistance in the preparation of the text for the accompanying report. The statistics of Georgia are presented in 9 tables : Table 1 showing comparative figures at the several cen- suses; Table 2 showing all the industries divided between the hand tm.des and the manufactures proper, and also the statistics of 1 governmental establishment, 1 eleemosynary institution, and establishments with a lJroduct of less than $500, which three latter classes were not reported at pl'e- vious censuses ; 'l'able 3 showing the statistics of the 9 leacling industries of the state for 1890 and 1900; Table 't showing the totals for the cities of Atlanta, Augusta, :Macon, and Savannnh at the censuses of 1890 and 1900 ; Table 5 showing the urban manufactures of the state in comparison with the totals for the entire state and the state exclusive of the cities ancl towns withdrawn from the enumerators ; Table 6 showing the statistics for the state by counties ; Table 7 showing the statistics for the state by specified industries ; 'l'able 8 showing the statis- tics for the cities of Atlanta, Augusta, Macon, and Savan- nah by specified industries ; and rrable 9 showing the totals for all industries in each of the cities and towns withdrawn from the enumerators (exclusive of those shown in Table 8). Table 1 shows the growth of manufactures in Georgia for the half century which terminates with the Twelfth Census. The m:mufacturing statistics of the censuses prior to 1850 were too imperfect and fragmentary in character to make it proper to reproduce them in such a table as a measure of industrial growth in the first half of the century. Owing to changes in the method of taking the census, comparisons between the earlier and later decades, represented in Table 1, should be dra.wn only in the most general way. Nevertheless, the rate of growth in Georgia manufactures may be fairly inferred from the figures given. In drafting the schedules of inquiry for the census of 1900 care was taken to preserve the basis of comparison with prior censuses. Comparison may be made safely with
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Twelfth Census of the United States.
Bu L'LETI N. No. 118. WASHINGTON, D. 0. December 10, 1901.
MANUFACTURES.
GEORG LA.
Hon. 'Vu.r,IA'M R. MERRIAM, IJfrector of the Oensiis.
Sm: I trnnsmit herewith, for publication in bulletin fol'm, the statistics of manufacturing and mechanical industries for. the state of Georgia for the census year 1900, taken in accordance with the provisions of section 7 of the act of March 3, 1899. This section requires that "'l'he schedules of inquiries relating to the products of manufacturing and mechanical establishments shall embrace the name and location of each establishment ; character of organiz11tion, whether individual, cooperative, or other form; date of commencement of operations ; character of business or kind of goods manufactured; amount of capital invested; number of proprietors, firm members, copartners, or officers, and the amount of their sala1'ies; number of employees, and the amount of their wages; quantity and cost of materials used in manufactures; amount of miscellaneous expenses; quantity and value of products; time in operation during the census year; character and quantity of power used; and character and number of machines employed."
In each of the above particulars the requirements of the law have been observed, but certain of the data th us elicited are reserved for publication in the final volumes.
rrhere were 17 cities and towns in the state withdrawn from the enumerators and their manufacturing statistics collected by special agents, in accordance with the further provision of section 7 of the Census Act. Wherever the phrase "urban manufactures" is used in this bulletin, it :tpplies only to those cities and towns which were withdrawn from the enumerators and committed to special agents, and only to the manufacturing establishments within the corporate limits of such places.
Four cities in Georgia contain a population exceeding 20,000 each: Atlanta, Augusta, lVIacon, and Savannah. The manufacturing statistics of these 4 cities are presented by specified industries and in comparison with the returns of the Eleventh Census.
Mr. 'l'. II. Martin, secretary of the Chamber <;>f OomCP 15111:
merce of Atlanta, rendered valuable assistance in the preparation of the text for the accompanying report.
The statistics of Georgia are presented in 9 tables : Table 1 showing comparative figures at the several censuses; Table 2 showing all the industries divided between the hand tm.des and the manufactures proper, and also the statistics of 1 governmental establishment, 1 eleemosynary institution, and establishments with a lJroduct of less than $500, which three latter classes were not reported at pl'evious censuses ; 'l'able 3 showing the statistics of the 9 leacling industries of the state for 1890 and 1900; Table 't showing the totals for the cities of Atlanta, Augusta, :Macon, and Savannnh at the censuses of 1890 and 1900 ;
Table 5 showing the urban manufactures of the state in comparison with the totals for the entire state and the state exclusive of the cities ancl towns withdrawn from the enumerators ; Table 6 showing the statistics for the state by counties ; Table 7 showing the statistics for the state by specified industries ; 'l'able 8 showing the statistics for the cities of Atlanta, Augusta, Macon, and Savannah by specified industries ; and rrable 9 showing the totals for all industries in each of the cities and towns withdrawn from the enumerators (exclusive of those shown in Table 8).
Table 1 shows the growth of manufactures in Georgia for the half century which terminates with the Twelfth Census. The m:mufacturing statistics of the censuses prior to 1850 were too imperfect and fragmentary in character to make it proper to reproduce them in such a table as a measure of industrial growth in the first half of the century. Owing to changes in the method of taking the census, comparisons between the earlier and later decades, represented in Table 1, should be dra.wn only in the most general way. Nevertheless, the rate of growth in Georgia manufactures may be fairly inferred from the figures given.
In drafting the schedules of inquiry for the census of 1900 care was taken to preserve the basis of comparison with prior censuses. Comparison may be made safely with
respect to all the items of inquiry except those relating to capital, salaried officials, clerks, etc., and their salaries, the average number of employ.ees, and the total amount of wages paid. Live capital, that is, cash on hand, bills receivable, unsettled ledger accounts, raw materials, stock in process of manufacture, finishel1 proclucts on han<l, and other sundries, was first called for at the census of 1890.
No definite attempt was macle, prior to the ce1'1sus of 1890,
to secure a return of live capital invested. Clmnges were made in the inquiries relating to employeeA
aud wages in order to eliminate defects found to exist on the form 0£ inquiry adopted in 1890. At the census of 1800 the average number of persons employed cluriJJg the entire year was called for, and also the average u nmber employed at stated weekly rates of pay, ancl the average number was computed for the actual time tlw establishments were reported as being in operation. At the cen8tlS of 1900 the greatest a]](1 least numbers of em ployces were reported, and also the average number employod dmiug each month 0£ the year. 'l'he average number of wageearners (men, women, and .children) employed during the entire year was itscertained by using l 2, the number of calendar months, as a divisor into the total of the average numbers reported for each month. '!'his difference in the method of ascertaining the avemge number of wnge£e:trners <luring the enti~·e year may have resulted in a variation in the number, and should be considered in making comparisons.
At the census of ,1890 the number and sa1:1l'ies of proprietors and firm members actively .engaged in the business or in supervision were reportetl, combinecl with clerks m1l1 other officials. In cases where proprietors and firm meinbers were reported without salaries, the amount tliat won1c] ordinarily be paid for similar services was estimated. At the census of 1900 only the number of proprietors and firm members actively engaged in the industry or in supervision was ascertained, and no salaries were :reported for this class. It is therefore impossible to compare the number and salaries of salaried officials of any character for the two censuses. · Furthermore, the scheclules for 18\JO inclm1ec1 in the
wage-earning class, overseers, foremen, and superiutemlents (not general superintendents or managers), while the census of 1900 separates from the wage-earning class such safaried employees as general superintendeuts, clerks, and salesmen. It is possible aud probable that this change in the form of the question has resulted in eliminating from the wage-earners, as reported by the present census, many high-salaried employees included in that group for the census of 18 90.
In some instances, the number of proprietors and firm members, i;howu in the accompanying tables, falls short of the number of establishments reported. 'l'his is accounted for by the fact that no proprietors or firm members are re1Jorted for corporations or cooperative establishments. The number of salaried officiahi, clerks, etc., is the greatest number reported employed at any one time during the year. For the cotton-ginning industry, this number may appear excessive as compared with the amount
2
of salaries paid ; but allowance should be made for the fact that a considerable number of clerks are employed for only a part of tl\'e year; consequently the amount they receive would be small if reckoned as an annual salary.
The reports show a capital of $89, 789, 656 invested in manufactures and mechanical industries in the 7, 504
establishments reporting for the state of Georgia. 'l'his sum represents the value of lanc1, buildings, machinery, tools, and implements, and the live capital utilized, but does not. include the capital stock of any of the manufacturing corporations of the state 0£ Georgia. The value of the products is returned at $106, 654, 527, to produce which involved an outlay of $3,354,946 for salaries of offichils, clerks, etc., $20,290,071 for wages, $5,321,330 for miscellaneous expenses, including rent, taxes, etc., ancl $58,232,202 for materials used, mill supplies, freight, and fneL ·It is not to be assumeg, however, that the difference between the aggregate of these sums and the value of the products is, in any sense, indicative 0£ the profits in the manufacture of the products during the census year. 'l'he census schedule takes no cognizance of the cost of selling marnifactured articles, or of interest on capital invested, or of the mercantile losses incurred in the business, or of depreciation in plant. 'l'he value of the product given is the value as obtained or fixed at the shop or factory. '!'his stn,tement is necessary in order to avoid erroneous conclusions from the figures presented.
The value of products for the state of Georgia, $106, 654,-527, is the gross value, and not the net or tme value. The difference between these two should be carefully notecl. 'l'he gross value is found by adding the values of products in the separate estttblishments. But the finished i)l'ocluct of one establishment is often the raw material for another. In such cases the value of the former reappears in the latter, and thus the original cost of certain materials may be included several times in the gross value. The net or true value is found by subtracting from the gross value the value of all materials purchased in a partly manufactured form. In this way the duplications in the gross value are eliminated.
At the census of 1890 the schedule was so framed that it was impossible to find the net or tme value. In the present census the schedule asked for the value of the materials in two classes, those purchased in the crude state and those purchased in the partly manufactured. form. From the answers to these questions the net or true value of products may be computed. 'l'hus, for Georgia, the gross value 0£ products for 11)00 was $106, 654, 527. The value of materials purchased in a partly manufacturec1 form was $28,499,916. 'l'he difference, $78,154,611, is the net or true value of }Jl'Oc1nets, and represents the increase in the value of raw materials resulting from the various processes of manufacture.
Very respectfully,
Ohiej' Statistician fen· llianiifactiti•es.
GEORGIA.
•rable 1 shows the manufacturing ancl mechanical indus· tries of the state of Georgh1 as returned at the censuses of 1850 to 1000, inclusive, with the percentages of in· crease for each decade. 'l'his table also presonts the nverage number of wage-earners employed by manufac-
turing establishments, in comparison with the total population of the state, and the value of the land ani;l buildings ownecl and repOl'ted by manufacturers as capital, in comparison with the assessed value of all real estate and improvements.
TA"BLEI 1.-00MP ARATIVE SUMMARY, 1850 TO 1000, WI'rII PEH, CENT OF INOH,EASE FOR EACH DECADE.
DATE OF CENSUS. I' ~R CENT OF INCltE.ASE.
1890 1880 1870 1860 1860 1000 189(} 1880 1870 1800 18i\O to to to to to
Per nunt ol ttitttl 1mrn1lation ----------·---- 3, 8 AsseHsctl rnluc of renl t'"l•tto -----·------------- '$'134, 336, 134 Vnluc of l1mtl 1tml JJulldlngs invested in mmm-
Per ccut of usscsse1l value__________________ 5, G
1 Decrease. • 11wluclcs proprietors ttnd firm 11wmJJcrs, with tl1cir stdaries; number only reported in lUOO. (See Titble 7.) "NoL reported separately. 1 Not rcvortcll. 6 As given in the'Repnrt of the Cornptroller-Gcncml of the State of Georgia, for 1900, page 4. d Does not include v11lue of rented 1n·u11erty,
Although Georgia is an agricultural state, Table 1 shows that there has been a steady growth in its manufacturing and meclrnnical industries during the half century. 'l'he population clnring these years increased from 906, 185 to 2,2Hl,331, or 1'.!A.6 per cent, but the average number of wage-earners employed in manufacturing establishments increased from 8,368 to 83,842, or 901.9 per cent, embracing, in 1900, 3.8 per cent of the entire population, cornp:ired with nine-tenths of l per cent in 1850. Proba" bly the best indication of the importance of the w~igeearuing class is afforded by the greatest number employed !Lt any onetime clnring the year. In 1900thiswas 111,239, or 5 per cent of the total population of the state.
A distinct advance in manufactures has marked each decennial period-even that between the years 1860 and 1870-of the state's history. A great impetus was given Lo mannfactnring by the cotton exposition held at Atlanta in 1881. It was the first exhibition of the kind in the Southern states, ancl the first in the country after the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia, by which it seems to lrnve been suggested. · 'l'he increasing interest in manual tra.ining and teuhnic:1l education since 1887 has also con·
tributed to the growth of Georgia's manufactures. 'fhe Georgia lnHtitnte of 'l'echnology was 01Jenecl to students in 1887. Its graduates are actively engaged in mannfac· t.nring of various k:irnls with marlcecl success. It is noteworthy that the increase in value of products was greatest$37, 737, 507-during the decade ending with the census year 1900.
T:ible 1 shows that duri11g the last decade the in.crease in percentage of womei.J, and of children under 16 years of age, among wage-earners, was larger than that of men. In the absence of legislation regn!ating child labor, all the cotton manufacturers in the state have signed an agreement to exclude from the mills children under 10 years of age, and those nuder 12 who can not show a certificate of 4 months' attendance at school.
(3)
Table 2 divides the industries of the state between the hand trades and the manufactures proper. This table also gives t.he statistics for 1 governmental estabUshment, 1
eleemosynary institution, and establishments with a product of less than $500; these were not reported at previous censuses, and therefore a.re omitted from the other tables ancl their use confined to Ta~le 2.
4
T.AJ3LE 2.-SUMMARY FOR ALL ESTABLISHMENTS.
WAGE-EARNERS, OOST OF MATERIALS USED,
Nnm- Proll!'i- Value of
berof etors Miscellii.- prodt1cts,
OLASSES. e•tab- Capital, and Ayer- llCOU8 Pt1rchased inclmli11g
lish- firm nge Total expenses. Pu1·chnsed in pnrtlally rieY~f!t, cu!'itom mcm- Total. in work1md men ts. be rs. num~ wages. raw state. nrnnnfac- etc. rnpairJug, ber. tured form.
1;209, 156 All other establishmcn~~---------- 5,873 88, 076,.192 6, 990 so, 020 18, 97~1 I 005 5,017,7\ll 55i 1158, UU8 26, 63•1, 232 25, 796, 52,1 100,831,537
--~---
1 lnelnrles blcye lo 1tnd tricycle repairing, 58; blacksmithing and wheelwrighting, 621; boots ancl shoes, custom work and repnh'ing, 169: carpentering, 87; clothing, men'R, custom work llml rcpufring, 73; clothing, women's. dressmaking, 89; llYcing and cleaning, 24; fm·niture, cabineimaklng, repairing, and upholstering, 42; lock antl gnu smithing, 19; nn"om·y, brick and Rtonc1 30; millinery, custori1work,181; iminting, house, sign, etc., 4'1; paper hanging, 5; plumbing, and gas and steam Jltti't1g, 50; sewing machine repairing, 4; typewriter repairing, 3; watch, clock, and jewelry repairing, 123.
Of the 13, l '76 establishments of all classes, shown in this tnble, '7,301, or 55.4 lJer cent, were small shops included in the groups of "hand trades" and "establishments with a product of less than $500." The value of the products of these estn,blishments, consisting principn,lly of the SU111S received for custom WOl'k and repri.iring,
~~~tBVzg_!~1~~~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Flourl11g and gi·ist mill proclncts---------------------Found1·y ancl mnchinc shop products ----------------Fruits 11nd vegetables, canning and preaerying ------Hosiery and knit goous---·----------------------------Ice, nrtlllclnL _________________________________________ _
Number of I il1le est11b-llshmcnts.
7 1
40 1 7 1 1 1 1
Capital.
-----·II
$fi, 907 lfJ0,000
201 782 32, 500 71905
44,000 9, 100
25,000 4,000
amounted to $7,032,146, or only 6.5 per cent of the total products of the state.
In addition to the 13, 176 active establishments in the . \
state during the census year, with a capital of $92, 315,'73'7, shO"\vn in 'l'able 2, there were l 03 idle establishments, with a capital of $1,11'7,0'76, cliviclecl as follows:
JNDUS'rlt!ES.
Iron nnc1 steel ---------------------------------------Kaolin and other earth grinrling ___________________ _ Lnmber and timhur 11rotlucls-----------------------Lumber, pinning mill products, including sash,
c1oo1·s, nnd lllimls----------------------------------P!wiug nnrl p1wi11g nmtcJ'inlH _______________________ _ Roofing und ronling nmterials----------------------All other industries----------------------------------
Nnm ber of idle establishments.
s 1
28
1 2 1 7
Capital.
$599,300 29,000 81,5~9
2.'i,000 10, 1711 51, 500 12, 337
TABLE 3.-COMPARATIVE SUJ\'.!:l\1ARY OF NINE LEADING INDUSTRIES.
Num-WAGE-EAitNE!tS, Value of
ber of M!Acellu- C:ost of products, INDUB1'RIES. Year. estab- Capital. neons ma.Lerials including
custom ll!il1- Avemgc Total expenses. usetl. work nnd meuts. numller. wages. l'Opairiug,
'rhe \J leac1iug incl ustries of the state in 1900, as shown in Table 3, embraced 3,301 establishments, or 44 per cent of the total number in the state; used a capital of $61,341,596, or 68.3 per cent of the total; gave employment to 61,170 wage-earners, or 73 per eent of the total numl>er; and paid $14,05\J, 303, or G\J. 3 per cent of the total wages. 'l'he value of the.ir produets was $72, 715, 603,
or GS. 2 per cent of the total. In tho discussion of Table 3 which follows, these industries are ranked with reference to the value of their products.
14
'l'able 3 shows that the manufacture of cotton goods is the most important industry in the state. The 68 .. establishments reported in 1000 gave employment to 18,348
wage-earners, or 21. 9 per cent of the wage-earners employed in the state, and their products were valued at $18,544,910, or 17.4 per cent of the total value of the pl'Oducts of the state. In 1890 them wel'll 53 establishments reported, with 10,314 wage-earners, and products valued at $12,035,629. The increase in the value of products during the decade was $6,509,281, or 54.1 per cent.
The growth of the cotton manufactures in Georgia has attracted the attention of the whole country. Stimulated in the first instance by abundaiit mw material, it has also in some instances been encouraged by municipal exemption from taxation, while railroad companies, chambers of commerce, and other agencies have done much to attract capital to the industry from a distance. Cotton manufacturers of Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania are now represented in the state by large mills recently constructed in Floyd and Polk counties, within a radius of 10 miles. Home capital also has been attracted by the profits of the industry, and by the salutary effect of the distribution of wages through the channels of trade. Cotton factories have benefited the farmers by providing a strong local market for cotton anc1 a better demand for farm products, and, therefore, farmers are joining the business men as subscribers for the capital stock of the new corporations.
Another industry dependent upon the large cotton crop of the region is the manufacture of cottonseed oil and cake. There were 43 establishments engaged in this industry in 1900, with 1,591 wage-eal'ners, and products valued at $8,064, 112. In 1890 there were 17 establishments reported, with 751 wage-earners, and products valued at $1,670,196.
WAGE-EAltNEitS. Value of Miscella- Cost of products,
Capital. neons materials mclucling Average Total expenses. used, custom
'rhe increase in the value of products during the decade was $6, 393, 916, or 382. 8 per cent. 'rhe products of these mills include cottonseed meal, as well ·as oil and cake. ·· Much of this meal is sold for the manufacture of fertilizers and used for this purpose by the mills themselves. A comparison of the products of these mills with the products of the cotton factories of the state indicates that the seed of the cotton plant contributes to the total value of products nearly one-half as much as the fiber.
Next in importance to cotton manufacturing is the manufacture of lumber and timber products. There were 1,254 establishments engaged in this inclust1·y in 1900, with 10,240 wage-earners, and products valued at $13, 704, 923. In 1890 there were 449 establishments reported, with 5, 943
wage-earners, and products valuecl at $6,545, 195. The increase in the value of products during the decade was $7, 159, 728, or 109.4 per cent. Long-leaf pine forests cover a considerable portion of the land surface in 80
counties, and lllmber made from these tl'ees :finds a market in most of the states east of the Mississippi River, as well as in South America, the West Indies, and various parts of Europe. ·
Dependent also upon the forests of the state is the manufacture of turpentine and rosin. There were 524 establishments engaged in this industry in 1900, with 19, 199 wage-earners, and products valued at$8, 110,468. In 1890
there were 228 establishments reported, with 9, 889 wageearners, and products valued at $4, 242, 255. 'l'he increase in the value of products during the decade was $3,868,213, or IH. 2 per cent. The value of the manufactured products of the forests of Georgia in 1000, including lumber and timber products and turpentine and rosin, was ~21, 815,391. This exceeds the value of cotton goods, but is less than the · value of all the manufactured products of the cotton plant, including cottonseed oil and cake, which was $26,609,022. Thus the forests ran1c next to the cotton plant in their supply of raw material for the manufacturing industries of the state. By a system of forestry it is believed that the pine regions might be macle to yield indefinitely. Wherever the sawmill has been in operation a few years the land is practically denuded of timber. The destruction is made more complete by the operations of tuqJentine farmers, who box and drain the sttp of young trees which
would not be worth hauling to a sawmill, and by c1i8a~trous forest fires. Under these conditions, induskies dependent upon the forests seem doomed to early extinction.
There were 1,123 establishments engaged in :fl.our and grist milling in 1900, with 1, 167 wage-earners, ancl products valued at $8,330,439. In 1890 there were 719 establishmentti reported, with 1,078 wage-earners, ancl products valued at $5,190,311. The increase in the value of pToducts during the decade was $3, 140, 128, or 60. 5 per cent. For some years the :flouring ·a~1d grist mills in Georgia felt very strongly the competition of large western establishments, but the wheat crop of the state is increasing, ancl within the past decade several costly plants have been erected.
There wore 99 establishments engaged in the planingmill industry in 1900, with 2, 171 wage-eamers, ancl products valued at $4,302,976. In 1890 there were 82
establishments reported, with 2, l 57 wage-earners, and 1wocluots valued at $3, 548, P72. The increase in the valt1e of products during the decade was $7 54, 004, or 21. 2 per cent.
There were 87 estltblishments engaged in the foundry and machine shop industry in 1900, with 2, 384 wageearners, and products valnec1 at $3,506,427. In 1890
there were 52 establishments reported, with 1,632 wageearners, and products valnecl at $2,272,653. 'l'he increase in the value of products dul'ing the clecac1e wus $1, 233, 77 4,
or 54. 3 per cent. There were 41 estublishments engaged in the manufac
ture of fertilizers in 1900, with 1, 126 wage-earners, and produ.cts valued at $3,367,353. In 181l0 there were 44
I establishments reported, with 1, 264 wage-earners, ancl products valued at $5,026,034. The decrease in the value
6
of products during the decade, $1,658,681, or 33 per cent, is clue to the lower price of commercial fertilizers in 1900, and to the fact that farmers bought fertilizing mate. rials and mixecl them at home.
There were 32 establishments engaged in the construction and repair shop work of steam railroads in 1900, with 3,175 wage-earners, ancl products valued at $3,062,283.
In 1890 there were 11 establishments reported, with 966
wage-earners, aud products valued at $892,610. The increase in the value of products duriug the clecade was $2,169,673, or 243.1 per cent. 'l'his increase reflects the improvement of the railroads, for in 1894 three-fourths of the mileage of the state was in the hands of receivers.
The~·e were 16 establishments engaged in the manufacture of hosiery ancl knit goods in 1900, with 1,208
wage-earners, ancl products valued at $1, 230, 801. In 1890
there were 4 establishments reported, with 338 wageeamers, ancl products valued at $106,850. The increase in the value of products during the decade was $1,063,951,
or G37.7 per ceiit. 'l'here were 14 establishments engagecl in. the manu
facture of woolen goods in 1\JOO, with 561 wage-earners, and products valuecl at $,illl,001. In 1890 there were 14
est~iblishments reported, with 162 wage-earners, ancl products valued at $173,2,15. The increase ii.1 value of products during the decade was $317,756, or 183.t per cent.
URBAN J\IANUFAOTURES.
Table 4 shows the totals for the manufacturing and mechanical industries of the cities of Atlanta, Augusta, Macou, and Savannah as retumed at the censuses of 1890 and 1 llOO, with the percnntages of increase.
TA:sLE 4:.-COJ\IPARATIVE SUMMARY, ATLANTA, AUGUSTA, MACON, AND SAVANNAH, 1800 AND 1900, WI'.l'H PER CENT OF INCREASE.
Per cent of :inerease---------------------------~------------------- -------- '13. 6 3'1. 7 19. 9 1.9 30. l 29.8 17.6
Per cent of 4 cities lo tot.al for state .. -----------·-----------··-··· 1900 14.9 40.0 27.5 35.2 54.2 38.6 :J7.3 1890 30.3 46.8 86.8 18.0 55.2 48.4 49.1
1 Decrease.
It appears from 'l'able 4 that there has been a considerable increase during the past decade in the manufactures of these cities. The average num1Jer of wagc"-earners increased from 19,247 to 23,076, or 19.9 per cent, ancl the value of products from $33,809,483 to $39,749,232, or 17. 6 per cent, while the number of establii:;bments decreased from 1,297 to i',120, or 13.G per cent. The increase in ·the number of wagc-eiirners and in the value of products has been much smaller in these 4 cities than in the state as a whole. Atlrmi;a, the lmHling manufacturing city of the state, shows the most rapid growtl1, the valtrn of products having increased from ~13,074,037 in 1800 to $Hl,721,899 in 1900, or 27.9 per cent. The average rnun-
ber of wage-earners increasecl from 7, 95 7 to 9, 36 s, or 17.7
per cent, but the number of establishments decreased from 410 to 395, or 3. 7 per cent. '11he number of establiAhments, number of wage-earners, and value of products for this city constituted 5. 3, 11. 2, and 15. '7 }Jer cent, reHpeeLively, of the totals for the entire state.
Table 5 presents the totals for the manufacturing industries of the 1 7 cities and towns withdrawn from the enumerators, places t)lCm in comparison with the totalA for the entire state and the state exclusive of these cities aud towns, and shows thefr rank in population, and in value of products.
TAm,E 5.-URBAN l\IANUFACTURES.
PRODUOTS. ro1•u1,,1·1·10N. Numlicr of e"mblish-
men ts.
Capital.
I WAGE-EAltNJrns.
Propl'i· ---·-.,-----II etors I llliscella- Cost al
urban manufactures_________ 5, 716 39, 526, 078 6, 996 48, 062 9, 904, 019 1,507, 400 '.l'otal for state exclusive or l I I 25, 931,562 49, 733, lSl ------- 46.6 1, 923,498 ------- 86.8 Per cent of url.nm manul1tc- --------1--- - ------1------11-----·------ - .. -------
tUl'es to total for state________ 2B. 8 56. o 20. 8 42. 7 50. 7
Of the 7,504 establishments in the state, 1,788, or 23.8
per cent, were located in these 17 cities and towns. They furnished employment to 35, 780 wage-eamers, or 42. 7 per cent of the total number, and the value of their products, $56,921,345, formed 53.4 per cent of the total for the state.
Table 6 shows the totals for the state by counties.
70. 0
Table 7 industries.
55.5
shows
53.4 -------
the totals for
------- 13.2 ------- _ .. _ ....... -
the state by specified
'l'able 8 shows the totals for the cities of Atlantii, Augusta, Macon, aucl Savtinnah by specified industries.
Table D shows the totals for the cities and towns withdrawn from the enumerators, exolusive of those shown in '!'able 8.
8
TAnr,Jll 6.-MANUFAOTURES
SALARIED OF- AVERAGE NU]tllEU OAPITAL. li"'IOIALR, CI,JUtKS1 OF WAGE·EAl\NEl\S
Wilkinson ______________________________ 38 W 01-th -------------------------------- __
I --
l I All Industries --------
2 Ag1·lcultuml Implements __ _ 3 ,\ wnlugs, tents, and sails __ •l B11king and yeust powders_ o Btt"ket•, and mttan and wil C Bit'.yelo and tricycle re11alri
-----------------------.. ------------------------low ware .. -ng ----· ----
righting ---Hlaclrnmithlng and wheelw 8 JJoots n.nd shoes, custom wo rk uncl re-
pairing.
~~~l~=t=:=:::=I ~ • Boot~ and shoes, factory pr
10 I Boxes, fancy and paTJer ___ _ 11 I Boxcij, wooden packing ___ _
sale. 76 Slaughtering, wholemle, not includ- 3 6, 427 s,200 1,325
ing meat packing. 102 1,800 4 2 610 6 1,390
1 Does not include many glnneries opemted in connection with saw, grist, and cottonseed-oil mills, or for the use exclusively of plantntions on which thcv are located. For the full numbe1· of ginncries in operation, reference should be made to the special report on cotton ginning. •
SPEOIFIED INDUSTRIES: l!JOO-Continued .
.A.VER.AGE NUll!DER OF WAGl<-EARNERS A.ND TOTAL WAGES-continued.
Men, 16 yenrs nnd Women, 16 years Children, under over. and over. 16 yeurs.
82 Typewriter repairing. __________________ s Bl, 163 ---------~-~ 2,000 29 1GS i 3 2,:1110 14 O, 930 83 Vme~ar and cider ______________________ s 17, 335
i EmbruceR bags, pn,per, 2; belting and hose, Jeutl!er, 1; bottling, l; l1mss castings 11ml brass finishing, 1; cnrrh1go and wagon nu1Lt•rittlH, l : 1·1u·s 111ul 1rn11c1•1tl shop construction nntl repaits by street railroad corur,crnies, 2; <mrs, stenm railrond, not including nperntions of railroad co1n1mnics, !l i eokc,:.?: eo1·cln::.:-1~ u1ul lwitrn1 1; cotton small wares, 1: ~otton wuste, 1; cutlery and et ge tnol,, 1; electrlettl app11l'atus tmd supplies, 1.; el<wtroplnting, 1; en1p'lLYh1g, steel, ilwlutli11g plu lt> prlu t Ing, \l : fancy a,rticles, not elsewhere specified, l; food preparutions, 1; furnishing goods, men's, 2; gas machines and meters, I; f;\'lltaH, 1; glttss, outtJ11µ-, st1d11l11g, u11<l ornamenting, 1; grease and tallow, 1; hand stamps, 2; hats and caps, not including fur hats, and wool hat~, 2; house furnisl!mg goods, not olsewhc1:1i f'!'l'l'illet1, 1;
TABLE s.-MANUU'Ac'rurrns IN Ol'l'IEs
ATLANTA.
All industries -------------------- mJD I $16, 085, 114 I $1, 2-W, 144 $1, 694, 606 $0, 745, 921 $6,395, 443 891 780 ~e~:.1, 801 o, arn~ $:J, llt(), 031) =I --- --- ::;1-· ·········'···