“Tools” of Foreign Policy. National Interests Foreign Policy (Actions taken in pursuit of interests) “Tools” of Foreign Policy (Specific actions)

“Tools” of Foreign Policy

National Interests

Foreign Policy(Actions taken in pursuit of interests)

“Tools” of Foreign Policy(Specific actions)

“Carrot – and – stick”Originated from the traditional alternatives of getting a donkey to move by either holding out a carrot or whipping it with a stick.

Carrot–and–stick foreign policy:

The phrase ''carrot and the stick'' is used nowadays to characterize a foreign policy by which a nation…

Key “Tools” of Foreign Policy

What are they?The specific actions …

Three groups:

Diplomatic Tools

Diplomacy: •

• “Tool of first resort” used to resolve differences peacefully.

• Carried out by (Official representatives of a

country).

Current Secretary of State?

Secretary of State heads State Department

• Advises President on• Negotiates agreements with foreign countries.• Represents the U.S. abroad and in international

organizations.

• Diplomacy may involve summits (face to face talks) between world leaders / heads of state.

Bilateral summits

Multilateral summit

Diplomatic Relations:The formal contact established between two governments that

• Diplomatic recognition is extended to each other’s governments.

• _____________________are exchanged.

• _______________________are opened in eachother’s capitals.

Marines Guarding U.S. Embassy in Baghdad

Countries the U.S. does NOT have diplomatic relations with:

*

• Iran

*

• Bhutan

• Taiwan*

Diplomacy can lead to formation of alliances.• Formal agreements between nations to defend each other in the case of attack.

• Based on the idea of collective security.

Our most important alliance?

NATO

NATO meeting at NATO headquarters in Brussels, Belgium.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NATO’s Expansion: 28 Members Today1949U.S.CanadaU.K.FranceItalyPortugalIcelandNorwayBelgiumNetherlandsDenmarkLuxembourg

1952GreeceTurkey

1955West Germany

1982Spain

1990East Germany

1999PolandHungaryCzech Republic

2004SloveniaSlovakiaBulgariaRomaniaEstoniaLatviaLithuania

2009CroatiaAlbania

NATO Today

Major “Non-NATO Allies” of the U.S.

Argentina

MoroccoEgypt Jordan

IsraelKuwaitQatarPakistan

South KoreaJapanThailandPhilippines

AustraliaNew Zealand

Diplomatic Sanctions • Sanctions are punishments or

penalties imposed on a targetedstate to persuade that state to change its behavior.• Examples of diplomatic sanctions:

Breaking off relations.

Terms Related to Diplomacy

and Attempts to Improve

Relations Between States

Remember: Eddie’s Dad Raised Normal Ducks

Engagement

Détente

Rapprochement

Normalization

Diplomatic Relations

Terms Related to Diplomacy

A policy of involvement with another country through direct talks and negotiations in an effort to improve relations.

Terms Related to Diplomacy

An easing of tensions or a decrease in the level of hostility between states.

Terms Related to Diplomacy

Means “to approach” or come together with the intent of establishing or reestablishing friendly relations.

Describes a reconciliation between nations that have had poor relations.

Terms Related to Diplomacy

The establishment or reestablishment of full diplomatic relations between nations. The governments extend recognition to each other at this point.

Economic Tools

Economic rewards:

•Foreign Aid

What percentage of the U.S. federal budget is spent onforeign aid?

0.6%

What percentage of the U.S. federalbudget should gotowards foreignaid?

The lifting (removal) of ________________

Economic Rewards (con’t)

Economic Punishments:

• Sanctions Boycotts

Refusal to buy

Cut off all trade

• Trade restrictions:

Taxes on imports Quotas

Limits on imports

Economic Sanctions Are Controversial

l

Critics say...

•

• They can backfire by isolating sanctioned countries or causing their leaders to become even more repressive or aggressive.

•

• They hurt U.S. businesses by cutting the markets in which they can sell their products.

Discussion on Failure of Sanctions

III. Tools Related to Military Force

• Part of a policy of coercion (Attempting to force or compel another state to do something)

•

• Carries high costs and serious risks. Human lives are at stake.

The strategic positioning of military forces around the world.

Using Military Force … Many Options:

Would include…

• Clandestine activities Secret / undercover

• Subversive activities. Designed to undermine/ overthrow a government.

• Espionage SpyingCovert CIA Op Valerie Plame

“Boots on the Ground”

Iraq Afghanistan