Foreign and Military Policy Chapter 20. How is Foreign Policy Made? ► I. Kinds of Foreign Policy ► A. Majoritarian politics: foreign policy is perceived.

Foreign and Military Foreign and Military PolicyPolicy

Chapter 20Chapter 20

How is Foreign Policy Made?How is Foreign Policy Made?

► I. I. Kinds of Foreign PolicyKinds of Foreign Policy► A. Majoritarian politicsA. Majoritarian politics: foreign policy is : foreign policy is

perceived to confer widespread benefits, perceived to confer widespread benefits, impose widespread costs (war, alliances)impose widespread costs (war, alliances)

► B. Interest group politicsB. Interest group politics: identifiable : identifiable groups are pitted against one another for groups are pitted against one another for costs, benefits (tariffs)costs, benefits (tariffs)

► C. Client politicsC. Client politics: Benefits go to an : Benefits go to an identifiable group, without apparent costs to identifiable group, without apparent costs to any distinct group (policy toward Israel)any distinct group (policy toward Israel)

How is Foreign Policy Made?How is Foreign Policy Made?

► II. The Roles of The President and II. The Roles of The President and Congress.Congress.

►A. The president is the commander-in-A. The president is the commander-in-chief chief but Congress appropriates the moneybut Congress appropriates the money

►B. The president appoints ambassadors B. The president appoints ambassadors but Senate confirms thembut Senate confirms them

►C. The president negotiates treaties C. The president negotiates treaties but the Senate must ratify them with a two-but the Senate must ratify them with a two-

thirds votethirds vote

How is Foreign Policy Made?How is Foreign Policy Made?

► II. The Roles of The President and II. The Roles of The President and Congress.Congress.

►D. Only Congress can regulate D. Only Congress can regulate commerce with other nations and commerce with other nations and declare war.declare war.

►E. Americans think that the president E. Americans think that the president is in charge and history confirms that is in charge and history confirms that belief.belief.

How is Foreign Policy Made?How is Foreign Policy Made?

► II. The Roles of The President and Congress.II. The Roles of The President and Congress.► F. Presidents have been relatively strong in F. Presidents have been relatively strong in

foreign affairs.foreign affairs.► G. And yet presidents have been G. And yet presidents have been

comparatively weak in foreign affairs by the comparatively weak in foreign affairs by the standards of other nations.standards of other nations.

► H. Treaties signed by the president are little H. Treaties signed by the president are little more than a promise to try to get the more than a promise to try to get the Senate to act.Senate to act.

How is Foreign Policy Made?How is Foreign Policy Made?

► III. The Courts and Foreign PolicyIII. The Courts and Foreign Policy►A. The Supreme Court has ruled that A. The Supreme Court has ruled that

the federal government has foreign and the federal government has foreign and military policy powers beyond those military policy powers beyond those specifically mentioned in the specifically mentioned in the Constitution.Constitution.

►B. The Supreme Court is reluctant to B. The Supreme Court is reluctant to intervene in Congress-president intervene in Congress-president disputes about war powersdisputes about war powers

How is Foreign Policy Made?How is Foreign Policy Made?

► IV. Checks on Presidential PowerIV. Checks on Presidential Power►A. Congress has control of the purse A. Congress has control of the purse

stringsstrings►B. Congress also limits the president’s B. Congress also limits the president’s

ability to give military or economic aid ability to give military or economic aid to other countriesto other countries

►C. Oversight: House and Senate C. Oversight: House and Senate intelligence committees must be fully intelligence committees must be fully informed; including covert operationsinformed; including covert operations

How is Foreign Policy Made?How is Foreign Policy Made?

► IV. Checks on Presidential PowerIV. Checks on Presidential Power► D. War Powers Act of 1973D. War Powers Act of 1973► 1. commitment of troops in hostile situations 1. commitment of troops in hostile situations

must be reported within forty-eight hours, a must be reported within forty-eight hours, a sixty-day commitment unless there is a sixty-day commitment unless there is a declaration of war or a specific statutory declaration of war or a specific statutory authorization.authorization.

► E. Limits by Congress on military or E. Limits by Congress on military or Economic Aid to other nations.Economic Aid to other nations.

► F. Intelligence Oversight of CIA by House F. Intelligence Oversight of CIA by House and Senate Intelligence Committees.and Senate Intelligence Committees.

How is Foreign Policy Made?How is Foreign Policy Made?

► V. Who aids in foreign policy decision-making?V. Who aids in foreign policy decision-making?► A. National Security Council (NSC)A. National Security Council (NSC)► 1. Chaired by the president and includes the vice 1. Chaired by the president and includes the vice

president, secretaries of state and defensepresident, secretaries of state and defense usually includes the director of the CIA, chair of Joint usually includes the director of the CIA, chair of Joint

Chiefs of Staff,and attorney generalChiefs of Staff,and attorney general

► 2. The goal is to present various perspectives, 2. The goal is to present various perspectives, facilitate presidential decision making, and facilitate presidential decision making, and implement presidential decisionsimplement presidential decisions

How is Foreign Policy Made?How is Foreign Policy Made?

► V. Who aids in foreign policy decision-V. Who aids in foreign policy decision-making?making?

► B. Department of Defense: Secretary of B. Department of Defense: Secretary of Defense is a civilian, as are secretaries of Defense is a civilian, as are secretaries of army, navy, air forcearmy, navy, air force

► C. Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS): composed of C. Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS): composed of uniformed head of each serviceuniformed head of each service

► D. The chain of command runs from the D. The chain of command runs from the president to the Secretary of Defense to president to the Secretary of Defense to unified and specified commandsunified and specified commands

How is Foreign Policy Made?How is Foreign Policy Made?

► VI. The Defense BudgetVI. The Defense Budget► A. Changes in spending reflect public A. Changes in spending reflect public

opinion and general support for a large opinion and general support for a large military.military.

► B. The demise of the U.S.S.R. generated a B. The demise of the U.S.S.R. generated a debate about cutting costs.debate about cutting costs.

► C. Desert Storm (1991) and Kosovo (1999) C. Desert Storm (1991) and Kosovo (1999) demonstrated that the U.S. would have to demonstrated that the U.S. would have to use military force.use military force.

► D. Since 9/11, foreign policy has had to D. Since 9/11, foreign policy has had to focus on terrorism and what to do with focus on terrorism and what to do with nations that have harbored terrorists.nations that have harbored terrorists.

Figure 20.1: Trends in Military Figure 20.1: Trends in Military Spending (in constant dollars)Spending (in constant dollars)

Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller), "National Defense Budget Estimates for FY 2003."

U.S. Military Intervention in U.S. Military Intervention in the Middle Eastthe Middle East

Table 20.1: Popular Reactions Table 20.1: Popular Reactions to Foreign Policy Crisesto Foreign Policy Crises

Table 20.2: How the Public and the Elite Table 20.2: How the Public and the Elite See Foreign Policy, 2004See Foreign Policy, 2004

Foreign Policy and Public OpinionForeign Policy and Public Opinion

►The public tends to support the The public tends to support the president in crisespresident in crises

►Military casualties often lead the public Military casualties often lead the public to support escalation, so fighting will to support escalation, so fighting will end more quicklyend more quickly

►Since World War II, the public has Since World War II, the public has generally felt the U.S. should play an generally felt the U.S. should play an important international roleimportant international role

WorldviewsWorldviews

►WorldviewWorldview (or paradigm): (or paradigm): comprehensive mental picture of world comprehensive mental picture of world issues issues

►Isolationism paradigmIsolationism paradigm (1920s– (1920s–1930s): opposes getting involved in 1930s): opposes getting involved in warswars

►ContainmentContainment (anti-appeasement) (anti-appeasement) paradigm paradigm (1940s–1960s): postwar (1940s–1960s): postwar policy to resist Soviet expansionismpolicy to resist Soviet expansionism

WorldviewsWorldviews

►Disengagement Disengagement (Vietnam) (Vietnam) paradigm paradigm (1970s, continuing): (1970s, continuing): reaction to military defeat and the reaction to military defeat and the political disaster of Vietnampolitical disaster of Vietnam

►Human rights: prevent genocide--the Human rights: prevent genocide--the mass murder of people, usually mass murder of people, usually because of their race or ethnicitybecause of their race or ethnicity

Figure 20.2: Public Sentiment Figure 20.2: Public Sentiment on Defense Spending, 1960-on Defense Spending, 1960-

20022002

Updated from The Public Perspective (August/September 1997), 19, and Gallup poll.

What Do We Pay For?What Do We Pay For?

► Personnel: an all-volunteer force was Personnel: an all-volunteer force was instituted after Vietnaminstituted after Vietnam

► Big ticket items may result in Big ticket items may result in cost cost overrunsoverruns—the difference between actual —the difference between actual costs and estimated costscosts and estimated costs

► Small ticket items: The problem is getting Small ticket items: The problem is getting small equipment (e.g., a coffeemaker) that small equipment (e.g., a coffeemaker) that will fit into an odd space (e.g., a plane)will fit into an odd space (e.g., a plane)

What Do We Pay For?What Do We Pay For?

►Readiness: client politics makes Readiness: client politics makes readiness a low priority (after building readiness a low priority (after building equipment and maintaining bases)equipment and maintaining bases)

►Bases: the system for Bases: the system for locating/maintaining military bases locating/maintaining military bases was purely client politicswas purely client politics

TerrorismTerrorism

►Since 9/11, foreign policy has had to Since 9/11, foreign policy has had to focus on terrorism and what to do with focus on terrorism and what to do with nations that have harbored terroristsnations that have harbored terrorists

►Superpower status in a unipolar world Superpower status in a unipolar world still leaves the U.S. vulnerable both still leaves the U.S. vulnerable both here and abroad to terrorist attackshere and abroad to terrorist attacks