THE WAR TO END ALL WARS
Dec 22, 2015
AUSTRIA’S REACTION
• Germany gave Austria it’s unconditional support• Austria gave Serbia an ultimatum… but Serbia
could not agree with all of it• Austria declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914• That day, Russia mobilized troops toward the
Austrian border (and the German border)• Aug. 1 – Germany declared war on Russia• Aug. 3 – Germany declared war on France
WHY FRANCE!?!
SCHLIEFFEN PLAN
ATTACK FRANCE AND DEFEAT
THEM QUICKLY, THEN TURN YOUR
ENTIRE FORCE TOWARD RUSSIA.
THOUGHT THIS WOULD WORK
BECAUSE SINCE RUSSIA WAS NOT INDUSTRIALIZED, IT WOULD TAKE A
LONG TIME TO PREPARE FOR
WAR.
WESTERN FRONT
• BATTLES THAT TAKE PLACE IN FRANCE – THE WESTERN-MOST BATTLE LINES DURING THE WAR
– MARNE (Sept 5-9, 1914)
– YPRES (1914)
– SOMME (1916)
– VERDUN (Feb. – Dec. 1916)
BATTLE OF THE MARNE
• 1ST MAJOR BATTLE OF THE WESTERN FRONT
• TAXIS BROUGHT FRENCH SOLDIERS FROM PARIS
• 2.5 MILLION FIGHT• SIGNALED THE END
OF GERMANY’S SCHLIEFFEN PLAN
RACE TO THE SEA FOR THE BATTLE OF YPRES
• BOTH SIDES TRIED TO OUTFLANK EACH OTHER
• CREATED A STALEMATE AND BOTH SIDES DUG IN FOR TRENCH WARFARE
BATTLE OF VERDUN
• BOTH SIDES BEGAN USING DEADLY POISON GAS
• LONGEST BATTLE IN THE WAR AND LEFT BOTH SIDES WHERE THEY STARTED
• CONSUMED 23 MILLION SHELLS AND 650,000 LIVES
BATTLE OF THE SOMME
• TANKS WERE INTRODUCED IN THIS BATTLE BY THE BRITISH
• ALL TOTAL– 146,404 ALLIED DEAD– 164,055 GERMAN DEAD
EASTERN FRONT
• BATTLE OF TANNENBERG (Aug. 27-30, 1914)
– Russians fall for a German trap– Over 30,000 Russians killed and another 125,000
captured– Germans lost only 12,500
• Russians quickly grew tired of the war due to heavy human loss, little industrialization, and no aid in supplies.
• Russia had over 2 million casualties in 1915 alone
TOOLS OF WAR
• POISON GAS – INTRODUCED BY GERMANS • MACHINE GUN – LED TO TREMENDOUS
DEATH TOLL• TANK – USELESS AT FIRST, IMPROVED OVER
TIME• AIRPLANES – FIRST USED FOR
INTELLIGENCE, LATER USED IN DOG-FIGHTING (RED BARON)
• SUBMARINES – MOST EFFECTIVE FOR THE GERMANS
GALLIPOLI CAMPAIGN
• Allies tried to attack the Ottoman Empire and open a supply line to Russia
• Ultimately it turned into a very bloody trench war and resulted in a stalemate
• Its failure partially played a role in Russia pulling out of the war in 1917. Russia signed the treaty of Brest-Litovsk giving a lot of its western lands to Germany.
NAVAL THEATER
• England blockaded Germany with its navy
• Germany decided to fight by their own rules – “unrestricted submarine warfare”
• Stopped it for a while to avoid American participation in the war. Returned to it again in 1917 when it tried to blockade England.
TOTAL WAR
• ALL RESOURCES DEVOTED TO WAR• GOVT. TOOK CONTROL OF ECONOMY
AND DECIDED WHAT WAS PRODUCED• UNEMPLOYMENT ALMOST
DISAPPEARED • PEOPLE PRACTICED RATIONING IN
WHICH THEY COULD ONLY BUY SMALL PORTIONS OF CERTAIN GOODS
TURNING THE TIDE
• 1917 – USA SENDS THE “AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCE” LED BY JOHN J. PERSHING TO EUROPE
• MAY 1918, GERMANS ONCE AGAIN LOST AT THE MARNE, THIS TIME DUE TO AMERICAN AID FOR THE ALLIES
• AFTERWARD, GERMAN HIGH COMMAND TOLD THE KAISER THEY COULD NOT WIN THE WAR
GERMANY GIVES UP
• NOV. 9, 1918 – WILHELM II ABDICATED HIS THRONE, GERMANY BECOMES A “REPUBLIC”
• NOV. 11, 1918 – GERMANY SUED FOR PEACE OUTSIDE OF PARIS(THEY WERE FORCED TO SIGN IT IN A RAILCAR OUTSIDE OF PARIS – HITLER WILL REVISIT THIS SAME CAR IN WW2)
PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE
DAVID LLOYD GEORGE
UNITED KINGDOM
GEORGES CLEMENCEAU
FRANCE
VITTORIO ORLANDO
ITALY
WOODRO
W W
ILSON
UNITED
STATES
Main objectives of p.p.c.
• Lloyd George – expand colonial empire, preserve naval and industrial supremacy, make Germany “pay for the war”
• Clemenceau – ensure French security against Germany
• Orlando – enlarge Italy’s territory in Europe and overseas
• Wilson – sought to implement his “14 points”
Treaty of versailles
• Peace treaty between the Allies and Germany• Germany lost territory (Alsace-Lorraine, Danzig,
parts of Poland)• Germany lost ALL colonies• Disarmament – limited to 100,000 volunteers, no
draft, no air force, no subs, no war industries, demilitarized Rhineland
• War Guilt Clause – Germany accepted sole responsibility for war – and had to pay for it!
• Creation of the League of Nations
AFTERMATH OF THE WAR
• Hapsburg, Hohenzollern, Romanov all fall
• Over 10 million dead, 20 million injured
• Total cost of war exceeded $350 billion
• USA emerged as the leading world power
• Austria, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and a bigger Romania were created
PROCESSING #1PROCESSING #1
• CREATE AN ILLUSTRATED DIAGRAM OF TRENCH WARFARE…INCLUDE TRENCHES FOR BOTH SIDES, NO MAN’S LAND, AND OTHER VARIOUS DETAILS THAT WOULD BE PRESENT IN THE TRENCHES (EX. RATS, DEAD PEOPLE, BARBED WIRE)
PROCESSING #2PROCESSING #2
WRITE A SHORT POEM FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF A SOLDIER IN THE TRENCHES. IT CANNOT BE A “ROSES ARE RED” MODELED POEM, BUT IT CAN BE ACROSTIC STYLE POEM. THAT WOULD MEAN, THE FIRST WORD OF EACH LINE OF YOUR POEM STARTED WITH THE LETTERS OF YOUR MAIN WORD… W.E.S.T.E.R.N. F.R.O.N.T (FOR EXAMPLE)
PROCESSINGPROCESSING #3 #3
• Create a matrix comparing the Congress of Vienna and the Treaty of Versailles. Compare them in regard to main people involved, main goals, treatment of losing side, peacekeeping alliance, map changes, and ultimate effectiveness at preventing war.
Congress of Vienna Treaty of Versailles
Main People Metternich – Austria
Wellington – Great Britain
Prussia / Russia / France
Wilson – USA
Orlando – Italy / Clemenceau – Fr
Lloyd George - UK
Goals Balance of Powers
Buffer zone for France
Legitimacy (rulers)
REVENGE
Make Germany pay for everything
Treatment of Losing SideVery few penalties… ultimately
treated rather leniently
Very harsh
Forced to pay for the war
Limited military capability
War guilt clause
Peace-keeping allianceConcert of Europe League of Nations
Map ChangesFrance reduced to pre-revolution
borders
Germany lost all colonies
Lost Alsace-Lorraine and Poland
Resulting Peace Crimean War – 1853
Britain, Russia, Ottoman Empire
38 years of Peace
World War II – 1939
20 years of peace