The progressive era

THE PROGRESSIVE THE PROGRESSIVE ERAERA

Chapter 5Chapter 5

The Progressive Era, 1880-The Progressive Era, 1880-19201920

The Progressive The Progressive EraEra

America Seeks Reforms in America Seeks Reforms in thethe

Early 20 Early 20thth Century Century

Muckrackers

Child Labor

Temperance

Suffragettes

Trust busters

R.LAFOLLETTe

Labor

Unions

Civil

Rights

THE ORIGINS OF THE ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVISMPROGRESSIVISM

Section 1Section 1

Origins of ProgressivismOrigins of Progressivism

Reaction to “extremes” of modern life.Reaction to “extremes” of modern life. Capitalism & individualism.Capitalism & individualism. Urbanization & IndustrializationUrbanization & Industrialization Labor conflict.Labor conflict. Immigration.Immigration. Environmental exploitation/pollution.Environmental exploitation/pollution. Social “problems” or poverty.Social “problems” or poverty.

PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT GOALS:GOALS:

1)1) To protect To protect social welfaresocial welfare

2)2) To promote To promote moral improvementmoral improvement

3)3) To create To create economic reformeconomic reform

4)4) To foster To foster efficiencyefficiency

Economic ExtremesEconomic Extremes

Corporate control of Corporate control of industry & resources.industry & resources.

Rockefeller & Oil (1911.)Rockefeller & Oil (1911.) Carnegie & U.S. Steel.Carnegie & U.S. Steel.

““Big Four” Railroads.Big Four” Railroads. Corrupt corporate Corrupt corporate

political influence.political influence. Extreme economic Extreme economic

monopolies.monopolies.

Standard Oil, 1906Standard Oil, 1906

The Other “Extreme”The Other “Extreme”

Labor UnionsLabor Unions Strikes & protestsStrikes & protests Knights of LaborKnights of Labor AFLAFL Populist PartyPopulist Party United Mine WorkersUnited Mine Workers I.W.W.I.W.W. Click on TEXT!Click on TEXT!

Immigration Immigration

9 million between 1900-19109 million between 1900-1910 The American Dream?The American Dream? Tenements and sweatshopsTenements and sweatshops Racial hierarchiesRacial hierarchies Ethnic enclavesEthnic enclaves Southeastern Europe, Catholic, Southeastern Europe, Catholic,

languages and customslanguages and customs

SOCIAL WELFARE:SOCIAL WELFARE:

Reformers tried to promote social Reformers tried to promote social welfare by easing problems of city welfare by easing problems of city

life….. life….. HOW?HOW?

Public Health and CitiesPublic Health and Cities

No clean water No clean water Sewage systemsSewage systems TenementsTenements Ventilation & fire Ventilation & fire

codescodes Zoning & Zoning &

regulationregulation Tuberculosis & Tuberculosis &

diseasedisease

Jacob Riis, PhotographerJacob Riis, Photographer

Police Police photographerphotographer

Photography and Photography and social justicesocial justice

MuckrakerMuckraker

YMCAYMCA

YMCA built libraries and exercise YMCA built libraries and exercise rooms.rooms.

Progressive Movement.Progressive Movement.

Fed poor people in the cities & Fed poor people in the cities & cared for children in nurseries.cared for children in nurseries.

Progressivism & Progressivism & EugenicsEugenics Produce superior races Produce superior races

of peopleof people Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism No miscegenationNo miscegenation Anti-immigrationAnti-immigration Control & organize Control & organize

racesraces Racial purity Racial purity SterilizationSterilization Very racist!Very racist!

Social Darwinism :Social Darwinism :"Survivial of the Fittest.""Survivial of the Fittest."

The idea that people and societies The idea that people and societies compete for survival, with the fit compete for survival, with the fit becoming wealthy and successful becoming wealthy and successful while the weak struggle to survive.while the weak struggle to survive.

Examples: Andrew Carnegie and Examples: Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller.John D. Rockefeller.

Government should stay out of Government should stay out of people’s lives.people’s lives.

Charles Darwin hated “Social Charles Darwin hated “Social Darwinism!”Darwinism!”

Herbert Spencer.Herbert Spencer.

Eugenics In America .1 Eugenics in America 2.

Child LaborChild Labor

Child LaborChild Labor

No regulations about No regulations about child labor.child labor.

Few public schools.Few public schools. Children often Children often

worked in dangerous worked in dangerous places.places.

Often whole families Often whole families had to work to had to work to survive.survive.

Protecting Working ChildrenProtecting Working Children

As the number of As the number of child workers rose, child workers rose, reformers worked to reformers worked to end child labor.end child labor.

Children were more Children were more prone to accidents prone to accidents caused by fatigue.caused by fatigue.

Nearly every state Nearly every state limited or banned limited or banned child labor by 1918child labor by 1918

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rDN3X-WORI4 Child Labor

CHILD LABOR REFORMS:CHILD LABOR REFORMS: Reformers were not able to get a federal Reformers were not able to get a federal

law to ban child labor…. BUT….law to ban child labor…. BUT…. They did get STATE legislatures to ban They did get STATE legislatures to ban

child labor.child labor. States also set maximum hours for all States also set maximum hours for all

workers workers Nike.Nike.

Triangle Shirtwaist FireTriangle Shirtwaist Fire

1911 New York City1911 New York City Owners locked doorsOwners locked doors 800 trapped800 trapped 146 women died146 women died Female labor, Female labor,

conditions, immigrant conditions, immigrant rights, lawsrights, laws

Triangle Waist Shirt Fire

Deaths from FireDeaths from Fire

They jumped so they wouldn’t burn to death.Triangle Waist Shirt Fire

REFORMERS PROMOTED REFORMERS PROMOTED MORAL REFORMMORAL REFORM..

HOW????HOW????

Working for Working for PROHIBITION:PROHIBITION:

Prohibition was the banning of Prohibition was the banning of alcoholic drinksalcoholic drinks

WOMEN’S CHRISTIAN WOMEN’S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNIONTEMPERANCE UNION

Many prohibitionists were members of the Many prohibitionists were members of the WCTU.WCTU.

The well-organized union became the The well-organized union became the largest women’s group ever.largest women’s group ever.

Promote Moral DevelopmentPromote Moral Development Some reformers felt that Some reformers felt that

the answer to society’s the answer to society’s problems was personal problems was personal behavior. They proposed behavior. They proposed such reforms as such reforms as prohibition.prohibition.

Groups wishing to ban Groups wishing to ban alcohol included the alcohol included the Woman’s Christian Woman’s Christian Temperance Union Temperance Union (WCTU)(WCTU)

REFORMERS TRIED TO REFORMERS TRIED TO MAKE ECONOMIC MAKE ECONOMIC

CHANGESCHANGES

How???How???

Pointing out the great inequality b/w the Pointing out the great inequality b/w the rich & the poor.rich & the poor.

Pushed for better treatment of workers.Pushed for better treatment of workers. Journalists called Journalists called MUCKRAKERSMUCKRAKERS wrote wrote

stories about corruption & unfair practices stories about corruption & unfair practices in business.in business.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9_FbPwfUe4&feature=related

Make Businesses more Make Businesses more efficientefficient & & profitable.profitable.

How????How????

SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENTSCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT::

Idea was to apply scientific ideas to make Idea was to apply scientific ideas to make each task simpler. Fredrick Taylor. Time-each task simpler. Fredrick Taylor. Time-Motion Studies.Motion Studies.

One outcome was the One outcome was the ASSEMBLY LINE.ASSEMBLY LINE.

Henry Ford. Click here. Part two.Henry Ford. Click here. Part two.

QuickTime ™ and aTIFF (Un comp ressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Assembly Line

Progressives changed city Progressives changed city governmentsgovernments

HOW?HOW?

Local Progressive Movement Local Progressive Movement Goals:Goals:

Change city government.Change city government. Strong Mayor-Weak city council-City manager.Strong Mayor-Weak city council-City manager. Weak Mayor-Strong city council-City Manager. Weak Mayor-Strong city council-City Manager. City departments run by professionals. City departments run by professionals.

Commission System.Commission System. Civil service exams.Civil service exams. NO MORE POLITICAL HACKS!NO MORE POLITICAL HACKS!

COMMISSION SYSTEM:COMMISSION SYSTEM:

Group of experts run the city.Group of experts run the city. Each expert takes charge of a different Each expert takes charge of a different

city department.city department. By 1917, about 500 cities had commission By 1917, about 500 cities had commission

forms of city government.forms of city government.

COUNCIL-MANAGER COUNCIL-MANAGER FORM OF GOVERNMENTFORM OF GOVERNMENT

By 1925, nearly 250 cities had By 1925, nearly 250 cities had managers.managers.

Managers were appointed by councils Managers were appointed by councils elected by the people.elected by the people.

PROGRESSIVE MAYORSPROGRESSIVE MAYORS

These mayors improved cities w/out These mayors improved cities w/out changing their system of government.changing their system of government.

They put in such reforms as fairer tax They put in such reforms as fairer tax systems & lower public transportation systems & lower public transportation fares.fares.

How did How did statestate laws change?laws change?

Progressive GovernorsProgressive Governors

Many states had progressive governors.Many states had progressive governors. These states passed laws to regulate These states passed laws to regulate

railroads, mines, telephone companies, & railroads, mines, telephone companies, & other large businesses. other large businesses.

Robert M. La Follette & Robert M. La Follette & Hiram JohnsonHiram Johnson

Governors of Wisconsin & California.Governors of Wisconsin & California. Led the way in regulating big business.Led the way in regulating big business. Created the Initiative, Referendum, & Created the Initiative, Referendum, &

Recall system. Recall system.

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

ELECTORAL REFORMSELECTORAL REFORMS::

1) 1) Initiative-Initiative- Gives voters themselves the Gives voters themselves the right to propose a law.right to propose a law.

2) 2) Referendum-Referendum- Voters could accept or Voters could accept or reject the initiative by a direct vote on the reject the initiative by a direct vote on the initiative.initiative.

3) 3) RecallRecall- Voters could force a - Voters could force a government official to face another government official to face another election.election.

WOMEN IN PUBLIC LIFEWOMEN IN PUBLIC LIFE

Section 2Section 2

1 out of 5 Women held jobs by 1 out of 5 Women held jobs by 19001900

Women typically held the least skilled Women typically held the least skilled positions & paid half as much as men.positions & paid half as much as men.

Women also began filling new jobs in Women also began filling new jobs in offices, stores, & classrooms.offices, stores, & classrooms.

Women went to new business schools to Women went to new business schools to learn to become learn to become stenographersstenographers & typists. & typists.

These jobs required a high school These jobs required a high school education.education.

Women w/out formal education Women w/out formal education took jobs as domestic workers, took jobs as domestic workers,

cleaning, & taking care of children cleaning, & taking care of children of other families.of other families.

Women who became active in public life Women who became active in public life attended college.attended college.

New women’s colleges like New women’s colleges like Vassar, Smith & Wellesley Vassar, Smith & Wellesley

opened.opened.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COLORED WOMENCOLORED WOMEN (NACW) (NACW)

Founded in 1896 by African-American Founded in 1896 by African-American womenwomen

Created nurseries, reading rooms, and Created nurseries, reading rooms, and kindergartens.kindergartens.

NATIONAL AMERICAN WOMAN NATIONAL AMERICAN WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATIONSUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION

(NAWSA)(NAWSA)

SuffrageSuffrage – The right to vote – The right to vote Women tried to win the right to vote in a Women tried to win the right to vote in a

national constitution amendment…..Voted national constitution amendment…..Voted down several times.down several times.

Teddy Roosevelt’s Square DealTeddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal

When President When President William McKinley was William McKinley was assassinated six assassinated six months into his months into his second term, second term, Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt became the nation’s became the nation’s 2626thth president president

McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist in Buffalo in September of 1901

Teddy.

TEDDY ROOSEVELT’S TEDDY ROOSEVELT’S SQUARE DEALSQUARE DEAL

Section 3Section 3

Teddy RooseveltTeddy Roosevelt Became President in 1901.Became President in 1901. Had been active in sports & politics.Had been active in sports & politics. Leader of the “Rough Riders” in the Leader of the “Rough Riders” in the

Spanish-American War.Spanish-American War. His personality made him a popular His personality made him a popular

president.president.

SQUARE DEALSQUARE DEAL Referred to a program of progressive Referred to a program of progressive

reforms sponsored by Roosevelt’s reforms sponsored by Roosevelt’s administration.administration.

He wanted to see that the common people He wanted to see that the common people received what he called a “Square Deal”received what he called a “Square Deal”

Roosevelt the “Roosevelt the “Trust Trust BusterBuster””

Roosevelt had the government sue Roosevelt had the government sue harmful trusts under the Sherman harmful trusts under the Sherman

Antitrust Act of 1890.Antitrust Act of 1890.He filed 44 antitrust Teddy..He filed 44 antitrust Teddy..

Roosevelt the “Arbitrator”…Roosevelt the “Arbitrator”… 1902, about 140,000 coal miners in 1902, about 140,000 coal miners in

Pennsylvania went on strike.Pennsylvania went on strike. Mine owners refused to negotiate.Mine owners refused to negotiate. Roosevelt called both sides to the White Roosevelt called both sides to the White

House to talk.House to talk. Both sides agreed to have an Both sides agreed to have an arbitration arbitration

commission help settle their differences.commission help settle their differences. From then on, the fed. government often From then on, the fed. government often

stepped in to help settle a strike.stepped in to help settle a strike.

Teddy the Trust Buster.

MEAT INSPECTION ACTMEAT INSPECTION ACT::

Passed in 1906.Passed in 1906. Created a program of federal meat Created a program of federal meat

inspection.inspection. Results of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle.Results of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle.

PURE FOOD & DRUG ACTPURE FOOD & DRUG ACT::

Passed by Congress in 1906.Passed by Congress in 1906. Halted sale of contaminated foods & Halted sale of contaminated foods &

medicines & called for truth in labeling.medicines & called for truth in labeling.

Roosevelt appointed Roosevelt appointed Gifford PinchotGifford Pinchot head of U.S. Forest Service.head of U.S. Forest Service.

John MuirJohn Muir, a naturalist & writer, , a naturalist & writer, persuaded Roosevelt to set aside 148 mill. persuaded Roosevelt to set aside 148 mill. AcresAcres

Roosevelt & Pinchot believed in Roosevelt & Pinchot believed in ““conservationconservation”…..Muir believed in total ”…..Muir believed in total preservationpreservation..

Gifford Pinchot & John MuirGifford Pinchot & John Muir

NAACPNAACP

Founded in 1909 by W.E.B. Du Bois.Founded in 1909 by W.E.B. Du Bois. Pushed for civil rights & racial equality.Pushed for civil rights & racial equality.

Plessy vs. Ferguson(1896)Plessy vs. Ferguson(1896) upheld Jim Crow laws. Combined with the Dread Scott decision, is one of the

Courts worst human rights rulings!

National Progressivism National Progressivism Trust Buster. Buster 2.Trust Buster. Buster 2.

Power of government to Power of government to regulate national regulate national activitiesactivities

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt Trust-bustingTrust-busting Active Gov’tActive Gov’t Global PowerGlobal Power ConservationConservation AmericanizationAmericanization EugenicsEugenics

Teddy-The ProgressiveForeign Policy.

PROGRESSIVISM PROGRESSIVISM UNDER TAFT UNDER TAFT

Unfinished Business.Unfinished Business.

Section 4Section 4

TAFT REPLACE ROOSEVELT AS TAFT REPLACE ROOSEVELT AS PRESIDENT IN 1909 ELECTIONPRESIDENT IN 1909 ELECTION::

2 major problems during his Presidency2 major problems during his Presidency::1)1) TariffsTariffs- Taft wanted to lower them. - Taft wanted to lower them. Payne-Payne-

Aldrich TariffAldrich Tariff didn’t lower tariffs much. didn’t lower tariffs much. Progressives annoyed.Progressives annoyed.

2)2) Conservation-Conservation- Pinchot criticized Taft and was Pinchot criticized Taft and was3)3) fired from U.S. Forest Service over fired from U.S. Forest Service over

appointment of appointment of Richard A. BallingerRichard A. Ballinger as as Secretary of the Interior. Pinchot accused him Secretary of the Interior. Pinchot accused him of misusing the natural resources for of misusing the natural resources for commercial interests.commercial interests.

REPUBLICAN PARTY SPLITS!REPUBLICAN PARTY SPLITS!

Republican party had 2 wings…Republican party had 2 wings… 1)Progressives, who wanted change.1)Progressives, who wanted change. 2)Conservatives, who did NOT want2)Conservatives, who did NOT want change.change.

President Taft was not able to hold the Party President Taft was not able to hold the Party together….. together…..

Roosevelt decides to run Roosevelt decides to run again….Ran under new again….Ran under new

“Progressive Party”“Progressive Party”

Also called the BULL MOOSE Also called the BULL MOOSE PARTY..platform was reform.PARTY..platform was reform.

Republicans were split so Republicans were split so Democrats win Presidential Democrats win Presidential

election of 1912election of 1912

Reform governor of New Jersey, Reform governor of New Jersey, Woodrow Wilson.Woodrow Wilson.

Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson SouthernerSoutherner New Jersey, PrincetonNew Jersey, Princeton 1912 & 19161912 & 1916 Child labor, FTC, farms, Child labor, FTC, farms,

workers compensation, workers compensation, anti-monopolyanti-monopoly

Reduce RegulationReduce Regulation Opposed women’s Opposed women’s

suffragesuffrage Pro segregationPro segregation

Reform LegislationReform Legislation

1906: Pure Food and Drug Act1906: Pure Food and Drug Act 1913: 161913: 16 thth Amendment (Taxes) Amendment (Taxes) 1913: 171913: 17 thth Amendment (Senators) Amendment (Senators) 1913: Harrison Act regulated narcotics1913: Harrison Act regulated narcotics 1918: 181918: 18 thth Amendment (Prohibition) Amendment (Prohibition) 1920: 191920: 19 thth Amendment (Women’s voting) Amendment (Women’s voting)

Wilson was able to get some parts Wilson was able to get some parts of his progressive platform passed, of his progressive platform passed,

but had to give up on others. He but had to give up on others. He pushed for a reform program called pushed for a reform program called

““New Freedom”New Freedom”

Under Wilson, major reformsUnder Wilson, major reforms::

1)1) Clayton Antitrust ActClayton Antitrust Act of 1914 of 1914

2)2) Federal Trade ActFederal Trade Act of 1914 of 1914

3)3) Underwood TariffUnderwood Tariff of 1913 (lowered of 1913 (lowered tariffs)tariffs)

4)4) Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve System (12 districts)(12 districts)

1616thth Amendment to Constitution: Amendment to Constitution:

Provided for a federal income taxProvided for a federal income tax Needed b/c of lowered tariffs.Needed b/c of lowered tariffs.

Women’s Suffrage:Women’s Suffrage: Women still pushing for voting rightsWomen still pushing for voting rights By 1912, only 5 states had given suffrage By 1912, only 5 states had given suffrage

to womento women

Carrie Chapman CattCarrie Chapman Catt succeeded Susan B. succeeded Susan B. Anthony as president of NAWSAAnthony as president of NAWSA

1919thth Amendment: Amendment: Passed in 1919.Passed in 1919. Gave Gave women the right to vote.women the right to vote.

WWIWWI helped bring women helped bring women the vote.the vote.

Women ran committees, rolled Women ran committees, rolled bandages, & sold liberty bondsbandages, & sold liberty bonds

Did President Wilson Did President Wilson support civil rights?support civil rights?

Wilson opposed federal laws against Wilson opposed federal laws against lynching….he felt that STATES, rather lynching….he felt that STATES, rather than fed. government , had the right to than fed. government , had the right to make such laws. make such laws.

Why were Federal lynching laws needed?Why were Federal lynching laws needed? Wilson chose cabinet members who Wilson chose cabinet members who

extended segregation.extended segregation. He believed that African-Americans were He believed that African-Americans were

inferior to Whites.inferior to Whites.

Wilson was not a champion of civil rights

KKK Activity

Scene of Lynching at Clanton,

Alabama, Aug. 1891

The lynching of Lige Daniels.

August 3, 1920, Center, Texas.

Marion Ind. 1933.Marion 1. Marion 2.

Muckrackers

HIRam

Johnson

Temperance

Suffragettes

Populists

ANTI

TRURST

Labor

Unions

Civil

Rights