Unit 5 Modern America Emerges. Chapter 17 The Progressive Era (Safari Montage—Progressive Era)Progressive Era.

Unit 5

Modern America Emerges

Chapter 17

The Progressive Era

(Safari Montage—Progressive Era)

Section 1: The Origins of Progressivism

•Progressivism was a movement that aimed to restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in American life.

•This movement had 8 major goals grouped into two categories:

1.Social Reforms

2.Political Reforms

Social Reforms People & Groups Laws & Legal Decisions

1. Social welfare

YMCA, Salvation Army, & Florence Kelley—helped secure passage of the Illinois Factory Act.

Illinois Factory Act—prohibited child labor and limited women’s working hours.

2. Morality Prohibitionists, WCTU, & Frances Williard

1919 18th Amendment passed--Prohibition.

Volstead Act—reinforced the 18th Amendment.

3. Economic Eugene Debs and the Socialist Party, Muckrakers, Upton Sinclair—The Jungle

Sought to change the mindset of individual business owners by publishing articles and magazines criticizing their practices.

4. Industrial Efficiency

Frederick Taylor pushed industries to apply the scientific method which showed workers were not machines and could not function properly all day.

Henry Ford began paying workers more and implementing an 8 hour workday.

5. Protecting Workers

Knights of Labor, Eugene Debs, American Federation of Labor

8 hour workday, worker’s compensation, child labor laws, sanitary working conditions, minimum wage.

6. Local Government

Hazen Pingree & Tom Johnson—Mayors of Detroit & Cleveland who looked to destroy the political machines.

16th & 17th Amendment

7. Big Business

Robert La Follette—sought to limit the amount of wealth accumulated by big business.

16th & 17th Amendment

8. Election reform

Federal Government, Seneca Falls Convention, and Susan B. Anthony

Initiative, referendum, recall, secret ballot, 19th Amendment

Section 3:Teddy Roosevelt and the Square Deal

•Teddy Roosevelt became president in 1901 when William McKinley was assassinated. 

•Roosevelt was a Progressive president and implemented his reform policies through the Square Deal. These policies included:

1.Trustbusting 

2.Mediate strikes that threatened the public welfare

1. Regulate the RR’s—Interstate Commerce Commission 

• Elkins Act—no more rebates and had to notify public of rate changes

• Hepburn Act—limited distribution of free RR passes 

2. Meat Inspection Act—federal inspection of meat packing industry 

3. PFDA—regulated distribution of food

4. Conservation & Pollution Laws

5. Civil Rights—ignored, but way was paved for NAACP—W.E.B. Du Bois

Section 5: Woodrow Wilson

    Howard Taft was elected President in 1908 and had 4 tumultuous years.

    In 1912, Woodrow Wilson was elected President and enacted his policies outlined in the New Freedom.

The New Freedom included:

1. Clayton Antitrust Act

2. Federal Trade Commission

3. Underwood Act—reduced tariffs

4. Ratification of 16th Amendment

5. Federal Reserve System—banks

6. 19th Amendment

7. End lynching

Chapter 18

America Claims an Empire (Safari Montage—US & the World 1965)

Section 1: Imperialism & America

•At the turn of the 19th century America was seeking to expand its territory for the following reasons:

1.Global competition

2.desire for military strength

3.new markets

4.spread culture and democracy

* What is Imperialism? The policy in which stronger nations attempt to extend their economic, political, and military control over weaker nations.

* How do we maintain democracy during this process? Expand in the name of democracy!

Expansion Area How it was done

Hawaii

Hawaii was dominant in exporting sugar. The US was their big market. In 1890, the US placed a tariff on Hawaiian sugar. In order to avoid paying the tariff, the plantation owners asked the US to annex their territory. The citizens of Hawaii overthrew their queen and voted to be annexed.

The Spanish-American War

Cuba and the Philippines were seeking independence from harsh colonial rule by the Spanish. When an American vessel (USS Maine) exploded outside of Havana, the American press blamed the Spanish (Yellow Journalism). The public supported aiding Cuba and the Philippines in their attempt to gain independence.

Philippines

The US aided the Filipinos and the Spanish were overthrown. When the Spanish left, the US did not and set up the Philippines as an American province. The US remained there for over 50 years.

Cuba

Teller Amendment—The US recognized Cuban independence and would not use the war with Spain as a means to occupy Cuba. The US won the war against Spain in 6 months with the help of the Rough Riders and Buffalo Soldiers. When the war ended the US made Cuba sign the Platt Amendment—The US was given a military base in Cuba and could intervene if Cuba was ever threatened by another foreign power.

China

The Boxer Rebellion 1900 was a Chinese nationalist movement against foreign influence in their country. The Boxers killed hundreds of foreigners and Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and the US put down the rebellion. Even though China kept its Independence, their leaders were forced to sign the Open Door Policy (John Hay) that no single nation would create a monopoly on trade with China.

Section 4: America as a World Power

A) What caused American Expansion?

1. Economic competition amongst industrial nations (need for markets)

2. Political and military competition (Alfred Mahan)

3. Nationalism

B) What effects did this have on the US?

1. Alaska—1867

2. Hawaii & Pearl Harbor—1898

3. Treaty of Paris—Spain gave the US Puerto Rico, Guam, & the Philippines

4. Reorganization of the Puerto Rican government

5. Protectorate over Cuba

6. Open Door Policy with China

7. Construction of the Panama Canal

8. Pressure for Mexico and other countries in the Western Hemisphere to establish democratic governments.

Chapter 19

The First World War

Section 1: World War I Begins

MAIN IDEA: As World War I intensified, the United States was forced to abandon its neutrality.

Four factors contributed to the outbreak of World War I in Europe:

• Nationalism: tensions grew as nations pursued only their own interests. 

• Imperialism: rivalries increased as nations jockeyed for power around the world. 

• Militarism: the nations developed strong armed forces to back up their growing empires.

• Alliances: a series of treaties grouped the nations of Europe into two armed camps.

***These four factors were caused by Industrialization

•The war broke out in 1914 when a Serb killed the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary—Archduke Franz Ferdinand

•The alliance system resulted in Russia defending Serbia against Austria-Hungary.Germany supported Austria-Hungary and then declared war on Russia’s ally, France. So Great Britain, France’s ally, declared war on Germany. Armies soon opposed each other across a system of trenches. Although neither side gained territory, hundreds of thousands of soldiers died.

•The United States refused to join either side. Over time, though, stories of German atrocities and close economic ties to Great Britain and France moved Americans toward the Allied camp.

* U.S. public opinion turned against Germany when…

1. some Americans died in German Submarine attacks (Lusitania)

2. two US ships were sunk

3. Russia w/drew

4. the Zimmerman Note

Section 2: American Power Tips the Balance

MAIN IDEA: The United States mobilized a large army and navy to help the Allies achieve victory.

•The United States was not prepared for war, but it launched a draft and quickly put about 3 million men in uniform. Women were not drafted, but the navy accepted women volunteers as nurses and secretaries. African Americans served in separate units; some were trained as officers.

•The US created various boards to oversee wartime policies. These boards included…

1.War Industries Board

2.Railroad Administration

3.Fuel Administration

4.War Labor Board

5.Food Administration

6.Committee of Public Information

7.Espionage & Sedition Acts

•During war years 1914-1917, the war was a stalemate with each side digging trenches and stuck between “no man’s land.”

•When Russia w/drew, the balance shifted towards the Central Powers (Germany & Austria-Hungary), and away from the Allies (France & Great Britain). 

•The US quickly shifted the balance again in favor of the Allies as they provided fresh & motivated troops, machine guns, and helped the British mass produce a new weapon of war…the tank. 

•In November of 1918, German sailors, soldiers, and civilians mutinied, refusing to continue the war. The German Kaiser abdicated his throne, and the new government surrendered.

Section 3: The War at Home

MAIN IDEA: World War I spurred social, political, and economic change in the United States.

*To fight the war adequately, the United States had to mobilize industry and labor, as well as soldiers. Wilson named Bernard M. Baruch to head the War Industries Board (WIB), the main agency responsible for overseeing industrial production. It helped boost industrial output by 20 percent. But prices rose as well. While some industries—metal work, shipbuilding, and meat packing—boomed, workers lost buying power due to higher prices. Union membership grew dramatically.

*The Food Administration encouraged people to change their eating habits to save food for soldiers. The government paid for the war by raising taxes and by selling bonds, which celebrities helped sell. To support the war effort, the Committee of Public Information encouraged people to aid the cause.

*The war brought an anti-German backlash that discredited things German or people of German background. Congress passed the Espionage and Sedition Acts to punish anyone who interfered with the draft or the sale of war bonds or who said anything that could be defined as disloyal. About 1,500 people were convicted under these laws. Some chief targets were socialists and union leaders. 

*African-American leaders were divided over the war. Some said that helping the war effort would enhance the fight for equality. Others said that without equality, blacks should not help. The main effect of the war on African Americans was to spur the Great Migration—the movement of thousands of blacks from the South to the cities of the North. They tried to escape harsh treatment in the South and hoped to find jobs and equality in the North. 

*Women played new roles, taking jobs that had been held only by men in the past. Their contribution helped increase support for women’s suffrage and ensured ratification, in 1920, of the Nineteenth Amendment giving women the right to vote. About 500,000 Americans died in a worldwide flu epidemic in 1919.

Section 4: Wilson Fights for Peace

MAIN IDEA: European leaders opposed most of Wilson's peace plan, and the U.S. Senate failed to ratify the peace treaty.

•President Wilson traveled to Europe to push for a peace plan—called the Fourteen Points—that he hoped would prevent future wars. He hoped to remove the causes of war by eliminating secret treaties and reducing imperialism. Other points aimed at specific adjustments to boundaries. Underlying these points was Wilson’s goal of allowing ethnic groups to determine their own fate. Finally, Wilson proposed creating an international organization called the League of Nations to give nations a chance to discuss and settle their disputes without resorting to war.

•Wilson lost almost all of his points: Great Britain, France, and Italy—the victors—were determined to punish Germany for the war. The Treaty of Versailles, which established the peace, created nine new nations in Europe. It carved out parts of the Ottoman Empire—which had allied with Germany—to create temporary colonies for Great Britain and France in the Middle East. It took away Germany’s army and navy and forced Germany to pay war damages, or reparations, to the victors. In one provision, Germany had to admit to guilt for causing the war.

The treaty had three weaknesses.

1. The harsh treatment of Germany, which weakened that nation’s economy and aroused resentment there.

2. The treaty ignored the new Communist government in Russia.

3. It did nothing to recognize nationalist desires in the colonies of European powers.

* Many Americans opposed the treaty, which they believed was unjust and imperfect. The main debate was over the League of Nations—the only of Wilson’s Fourteen Points contained in the treaty. Many people believed that joining the League would involve the United States in foreign conflicts. Wilson refused to compromise on the League or accept amendments to the treaty proposed by Republican leaders. The Senate failed to ratify the treaty, and the United States never entered the League of Nations.

In Europe, the war created political instability and violence that lasted for decades. The unresolved issues of World War I, along with many Germans’ desire for vengeance,would plunge the world into an even greater conflict.