The Mongols. Atlas : “The Mongol Empire Spans Eurasia” Atlas : “The Mongol Empire Spans Eurasia”

The MongolsThe Mongols

Atlas : “The Mongol Empire Spans Atlas : “The Mongol Empire Spans Eurasia”Eurasia”

Graphic Novel “Divine Wind”:Graphic Novel “Divine Wind”: Surmise what might have happened if a Surmise what might have happened if a

typhoon had not struck when it did. typhoon had not struck when it did. Would the Japanese have been able to Would the Japanese have been able to

protect their island from the invaders protect their island from the invaders without the Divine Wind?without the Divine Wind?

Rewrite and illustrate the end Rewrite and illustrate the end of this graphic novel to reflect of this graphic novel to reflect your opinions. (Comic book your opinions. (Comic book ending).ending).

Read the background essay on the Read the background essay on the Mongols together.Mongols together.

Write:Write: 1. Take turns reading paragraphs to each 1. Take turns reading paragraphs to each

other. other. 2. Write a brief sentence describing the 2. Write a brief sentence describing the

main idea for each paragraph. main idea for each paragraph. 3.Combine to make a 3.Combine to make a oneone paragraph paragraph

summary of the Mongols background summary of the Mongols background essay. essay.

4. Individually, use these sentences to 4. Individually, use these sentences to make an introductory paragraph. Don’t make an introductory paragraph. Don’t forget the thesis statement!forget the thesis statement!

Group 1 – Doc. 1 & 2Group 1 – Doc. 1 & 2Group 2 – Doc. 3 & 4Group 2 – Doc. 3 & 4Group 3 – Doc. 5 & 6Group 3 – Doc. 5 & 6Group 4 – Doc. 7 & 8Group 4 – Doc. 7 & 8Group 5 – Doc. 9 & 10Group 5 – Doc. 9 & 10 Every Group needs to record Every Group needs to record

information about the document and information about the document and decide as a group if it proves that decide as a group if it proves that they are barbaric or civilized.they are barbaric or civilized.

Document Analysis – answer Document Analysis – answer the following questions for the following questions for

each document. each document. 1. What is the document?1. What is the document?2. What is the source of the 2. What is the source of the

document?document?3. Does the document support 3. Does the document support

the idea that the Mongols were the idea that the Mongols were barbaric or not? Could it be used barbaric or not? Could it be used to support both views?to support both views?

I. IntroductionI. Introduction a. Thesis statementa. Thesis statement 1.The Mongols were barbarians.1.The Mongols were barbarians. 2. Although they employed brutal 2. Although they employed brutal

tactics; the Mongol Empire was civilized.tactics; the Mongol Empire was civilized. II. Body Paragraph with document facts, cite.II. Body Paragraph with document facts, cite. III. Body Paragraph with document facts, cite.III. Body Paragraph with document facts, cite. IV. Body Paragraph with document facts, IV. Body Paragraph with document facts,

cite.cite. V. Conclusion – summary of essay with V. Conclusion – summary of essay with

mention of a fact or two.mention of a fact or two.

Do Not Use First Person!!!Do Not Use First Person!!! (I think, I (I think, I believe, I will show you …)believe, I will show you …)

Essay StructureEssay Structure(Pretend you are a lawyer in a court (Pretend you are a lawyer in a court

case)case) I. Introduction (includes thesis statement) I. Introduction (includes thesis statement)

This is your opening argument, “they are This is your opening argument, “they are guilty/Innocent”guilty/Innocent”

II. Body paragraph (cite some documents)II. Body paragraph (cite some documents) III. Body paragraph (cite some documents)III. Body paragraph (cite some documents) IV. Body paragraph (cite some documents)IV. Body paragraph (cite some documents) V. Conclusion: must be clear and have few V. Conclusion: must be clear and have few

facts. This is your “closing argument”facts. This is your “closing argument”

OverviewOverview

The MongolsThe Mongols

The End of the Golden Age of The End of the Golden Age of ChinaChina Despite the wealth & culture during under the Tang & Despite the wealth & culture during under the Tang &

Song Dynasties, the Chinese were briefly overthrown Song Dynasties, the Chinese were briefly overthrown by the Mongols. From 1279 to 1368, foreign nomads by the Mongols. From 1279 to 1368, foreign nomads called the Mongols ruled Chinacalled the Mongols ruled China

Who were the Mongols? Who were the Mongols?

The Mongols were among the numerous nomadic tribes who

lived in Central Asia

Who were the Mongols? Who were the Mongols?

Mongol life centered on herding animals,

especially horses

Mongols lived as nomadic clans, constantly searching

for better pasture lands

The Mongols lived in the harsh climate of the Eurasian steppe,

an area with little rain & extreme temperatures

Who were the Mongols? Who were the Mongols? As a result of their lifestyle, the Mongols were tough warriors who occasionally raided nearby settlements

From 1200 to 1206, a clan leader named Genghis

Khan unified the Mongols

Genghis Khan built a powerful Mongol army

& began a 21-year conquest of Eurasia

Central Asia

Under Genghis & later khans, the Mongols conquered…Russia

China

Korea

the Islamic Empire

How did the Mongols create this massive empire?

Mongol soldiers were excellent horsemen; Used the horse saddle

to shoot arrows while riding

How did the Mongols create this massive empire?

Genghis was a brilliant military organizer & strategist, but his

greatest tactic was terror & fear

If an enemy refused to surrender, Genghis would order the death

of the entire population

As the Mongol reputation spread, many towns

surrendered to Genghis without a fight

“In the countries that have not yet been overrun by them, everyone spends the night afraid that they may appear there too.” (Arab historian)

The Impact of the Mongol The Impact of the Mongol EmpireEmpireThe Mongols were

merciless in battle, but tolerant as rulers

Mongol khans (rulers) often adopted parts of the culture

of the people they conquered

In the West, Mongols converted to Islam

In the East, Mongols embraced Chinese culture

The Impact of the Mongol The Impact of the Mongol EmpireEmpireMongol khans

brought stability & order to Eurasia

The era from the mid-1200s to the mid-1300s is called the

Pax Mongolica (“Mongol Peace”)

During the Pax Mongolica, the Mongols guaranteed safe passage across the

Silk Road

As a result, trade & cultural diffusion increased between

Europe & Asia

Chinese technologies like gunpowder &

the magnetic compass reached Europe

But diseases like the plague (Black Death) reached Europe too

After the death of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire was divided into 4 major khanates

each ruled by a son or grandson of Genghis

The khanate in Persia helped control the

Silk Road

The Mongol destruction of Kiev increased the

importance of Moscow in Russia

The Mongols were the first non-Muslims to rule over the Islamic Empire

After the death of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire was divided into 4 major khanates

each ruled by a son or grandson of Genghis But the most significant khanate was the Mongol

rule over China In 1279, Genghis’

grandson Kublai Khan became the first foreign

leader to rule China

Kublai Khan Kublai Khan Kublai Khan began a new era in China called

the Yuan Dynasty

Kublai enjoyed Chinese culture so much that he moved the Mongolian

capital to China

But, he excluded the Chinese from serving in high gov’t offices & relied on foreigners to serve in his government

Kublai proved to be a good emperor

for China

He built roads & extended the Grand Canal to help improve

transportation in China

Under Kublai, foreign trade with China increased due to

the Pax Mongolica

Marco PoloMarco PoloIn 1275, a European merchant named

Marco Polo visited Kublai Khan’s court

Kublai was so impressed with Marco Polo that he

employed him in the Yuan gov’t for 17 years

When Marco Polo returned to Italy in 1792, his stories of

China increased European demand for Asian trade

By the time of Kublai’s death in 1294, the entire Mongol Empire was growing weak

In 1368, the Chinese overthrew the Mongols & started the Ming Dynasty

In 1330, the Mongols lost control of Persia

In 1370, the Mongols lost control of Central Asia

In 1480, under Ivan III Russia gained independence from Mongol rule &

started the Romanov Dynasty

The Ming emperors encourage overseas trade…

In 1368, the Chinese overthrew the Mongols & established the Ming Dynasty

2929

MongolsMongolsThis is another This is another overview from overview from

another source another source

Nomadic Empires and Eurasian IntegrationNomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

3030

Nomadic Economy and Nomadic Economy and SocietySociety

Rainfall in central Asia too little to support large-scale Rainfall in central Asia too little to support large-scale agricultureagriculture

Grazing animals thrive, central Asians turn to animal Grazing animals thrive, central Asians turn to animal herdingherding– Food Food – ClothingClothing– Shelter (yurts)Shelter (yurts)

Migratory patterns to follow pasturelandMigratory patterns to follow pastureland Small-scale farming, rudimentary artisanrySmall-scale farming, rudimentary artisanry

3131

Nomads in TurkmenistanNomads in Turkmenistan

3232

Nomadic Economy Nomadic Economy

Trade links between nomadic and sedentary Trade links between nomadic and sedentary peoplespeoples

Nomads engage in long-distance travelNomads engage in long-distance travel– Caravan routesCaravan routes

3333

Nomadic SocietyNomadic Society

Governance basically clan-basedGovernance basically clan-based Charismatic individuals become nobles, occasionally Charismatic individuals become nobles, occasionally

assert authorityassert authority Unusually fluid status for nobilityUnusually fluid status for nobility

– Hereditary, but could be lost through incompetenceHereditary, but could be lost through incompetence

– Advancement for meritorious non-noblesAdvancement for meritorious non-nobles

3434

Nomadic ReligionNomadic Religion

Shamans center of pagan worshipShamans center of pagan worship Appeal of Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Islam, Appeal of Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Islam,

Manichaeism from 6Manichaeism from 6thth century CE century CE Turkish script developed, partially to record religious Turkish script developed, partially to record religious

teachingsteachings Conversion to Islam in 10Conversion to Islam in 10thth century due to Abbasid century due to Abbasid

influenceinfluence

3535

Military OrganizationMilitary Organization

Large confederations under a Large confederations under a khankhan Authority extended through tribal eldersAuthority extended through tribal elders Exceptionally strong cavalriesExceptionally strong cavalries

– MobilityMobility– SpeedSpeed

3636

Chinggis Khan (1167-1227) and Chinggis Khan (1167-1227) and the Making of the Mongol Empirethe Making of the Mongol Empire Temüjin, b. 1167Temüjin, b. 1167 Father prominent warrior, poisoned c. 1177, forced into Father prominent warrior, poisoned c. 1177, forced into

povertypoverty Mastered steppe diplomacy, elimination of enemiesMastered steppe diplomacy, elimination of enemies Brought all Mongol tribes into one confederationBrought all Mongol tribes into one confederation 1206 proclaimed Chinggis Khan (Genghis – same guy, 1206 proclaimed Chinggis Khan (Genghis – same guy,

different spelling based on translations): “Universal different spelling based on translations): “Universal Ruler”Ruler”

3737

Mongol Political Mongol Political OrganizationOrganization

Broke up tribal organizationBroke up tribal organization Formed military units from men of different Formed military units from men of different

tribestribes Promoted officials on basis of merit and Promoted officials on basis of merit and

loyaltyloyalty Established distinctly non-nomadic capital at Established distinctly non-nomadic capital at

KarakorumKarakorum

3838

Mongol ArmsMongol Arms

Mongol population only 1 million (less than Mongol population only 1 million (less than 1% of Chinese population)1% of Chinese population)– Army c. 100-125,000Army c. 100-125,000

Strengths:Strengths:– CavalryCavalry– Short bowsShort bows– Rewarded enemies who surrender, cruel to Rewarded enemies who surrender, cruel to

enemies who fightenemies who fight

3939

Mongol ConquestsMongol Conquests

Conquest of China by 1220Conquest of China by 1220 Conquest of Afghanistan, PersiaConquest of Afghanistan, Persia

– emissaries murdered, following year Chinggis emissaries murdered, following year Chinggis Khan destroys rulerKhan destroys ruler

Ravaged lands to prevent future rebellionsRavaged lands to prevent future rebellions– Large-scale, long-term devastationLarge-scale, long-term devastation

4040

The Mongol Empires after The Mongol Empires after Chinggis KhanChinggis Khan

4141

Khubilai Khan (r. 1264-Khubilai Khan (r. 1264-1294)1294)

Grandson of Chinggis KhanGrandson of Chinggis Khan Rule of ChinaRule of China Ruthless warrior, but religiously tolerantRuthless warrior, but religiously tolerant

– Hosted Marco PoloHosted Marco Polo Established Yuan dynasty (to 1368)Established Yuan dynasty (to 1368) Unsuccessful forays into Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, Unsuccessful forays into Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma,

JavaJava Two attempted invasions of Japan (1274, 1281) turned Two attempted invasions of Japan (1274, 1281) turned

back by typhoons (back by typhoons (kamikaze: kamikaze: “divine winds”)“divine winds”)

4242

The Golden HordeThe Golden Horde

Conquest of Russia, 1237-1241Conquest of Russia, 1237-1241– Established tributary relationship to 15Established tributary relationship to 15 thth century century– Rule over Crimea to late 18Rule over Crimea to late 18thth century century

Raids into Poland, Hungary, GermanyRaids into Poland, Hungary, Germany

4343

The Ilkhanate of PersiaThe Ilkhanate of Persia

Abbasid empire toppledAbbasid empire toppled Baghdad sacked, 1258Baghdad sacked, 1258

– 200,000 massacred200,000 massacred

Expansion into Syria checked by Egyptian Expansion into Syria checked by Egyptian forcesforces

4444

Mongol Rule in PersiaMongol Rule in Persia Nomadic conquerors had to learn to rule sedentary Nomadic conquerors had to learn to rule sedentary

societiessocieties– Inexperienced, Lost control of most lands within a centuryInexperienced, Lost control of most lands within a century

Persia: dependence on existing administration to deliver Persia: dependence on existing administration to deliver tax revenuestax revenues– Left matters of governance to bureaucracyLeft matters of governance to bureaucracy

Eventually assimilated into Islamic lifestyleEventually assimilated into Islamic lifestyle

4545

Mongol Rule in ChinaMongol Rule in China

Strove to maintain strict separation from Strove to maintain strict separation from ChineseChinese– Intermarriage forbiddenIntermarriage forbidden– Chinese forbidden to study Mongol languageChinese forbidden to study Mongol language

Imported administrators from other areas (esp. Imported administrators from other areas (esp. Arabs, Persians)Arabs, Persians)

Yet tolerated religious freedomsYet tolerated religious freedoms

4646

The Mongols and BuddhismThe Mongols and Buddhism

Shamanism remains popularShamanism remains popular Lamaist school of Buddhism (Tibet) gains Lamaist school of Buddhism (Tibet) gains

strength among Mongolsstrength among Mongols– Large element of magic, similar to shamanismLarge element of magic, similar to shamanism– Ingratiating attitude to Mongols: khans as Ingratiating attitude to Mongols: khans as

incarnations of Buddhaincarnations of Buddha

4747

The Mongols and Western The Mongols and Western IntegrationIntegration

Experience with long-distance tradeExperience with long-distance trade– Protection of traveling merchantsProtection of traveling merchants– Volume of trade across central Asia increasesVolume of trade across central Asia increases

Diplomatic missions protectedDiplomatic missions protected Missionary activity increasesMissionary activity increases Mongol resettlement policiesMongol resettlement policies

4848

Decline of the Mongol Empire in Decline of the Mongol Empire in PersiaPersia

Overspending, poor tax returns from overburdened Overspending, poor tax returns from overburdened peasantrypeasantry

Ilkhan attempts to replace precious metal currency with Ilkhan attempts to replace precious metal currency with paper in 1290spaper in 1290s– Failure, forced to rescindFailure, forced to rescind

Factional fightingFactional fighting Last Ilkhan dies without heir in 1335, Mongol rule Last Ilkhan dies without heir in 1335, Mongol rule

collapsescollapses

4949

Decline of the Yuan Dynasty Decline of the Yuan Dynasty in Chinain China

Mongols spend bullion that supported paper currencyMongols spend bullion that supported paper currency Public loses confidence in paper money, prices risePublic loses confidence in paper money, prices rise From 1320s, major power strugglesFrom 1320s, major power struggles Bubonic plague spreads 1330-1340sBubonic plague spreads 1330-1340s 1368 Mongols flee peasant rebellion1368 Mongols flee peasant rebellion

5050

Surviving Mongol KhanatesSurviving Mongol Khanates

Khanate of Chaghatai in central AsiaKhanate of Chaghatai in central Asia– Continued threat to ChinaContinued threat to China

Golden Horde in Caucasus and steppes to mid-Golden Horde in Caucasus and steppes to mid-1616thth century century– Continued threat to RussiaContinued threat to Russia

5151

Tamerlane the Conquerer (c. Tamerlane the Conquerer (c. 1336-1405)1336-1405)

Turkish conqueror TimurTurkish conqueror Timur– Timur the Lame: TamerlaneTimur the Lame: Tamerlane

United Turkish nomads in Khanate of United Turkish nomads in Khanate of ChaghataiChaghatai

Major military campaignsMajor military campaigns– Built capital in SamarkandBuilt capital in Samarkand– Tamerlane defeats Ottoman forces in 1402, but Tamerlane defeats Ottoman forces in 1402, but

Ottomans recover by 1440sOttomans recover by 1440s

5252

Tamerlane's empire about Tamerlane's empire about 1405 C.E.1405 C.E.

5353

Tamerlane’s HeirsTamerlane’s Heirs

Poor organization of governing structurePoor organization of governing structure Power struggles divide empire into fourPower struggles divide empire into four Yet heavily influenced several empires:Yet heavily influenced several empires:

– MughalMughal– SafavidSafavid– OttomanOttoman