Warm Up: How did the Mongol conquest affect trade and culture in Eurasia?

Warm Up:

How did the Mongol conquest affect trade and culture in Eurasia?

III. Regional Responses in Western Eurasia

A. Russia and Rule from Afar1. Mongol Rule in Russia• After the defeat of the Kievan Rus, • the Mongols of the Golden Horde made their capital at the

mouth of the Volga, - which was also the end of the overland caravan route from

Central Asia.• the Mongols ruled Russia “from afar,” - leaving the Orthodox Church in place - and using the Russian princes as their agents. • the main goal of the Golden Horde was to extract as much tax

revenue as possible from their subjects.


2. Rise of Moscow• Prince Alexander of Novgorod had assisted the Mongols in

their conquest of Russia,• As a result, the Mongols favored Novgorod and Moscow

(ruled by Prince Alexander’s brother). • Mongol conquest led to devastation of the Ukrainian

countryside • caused the Russian population to shift from Kiev toward

Novgorod and Moscow,• Moscow emerged as the new center of the Russian

civilization.


3. Effects of Mongol Domination• Historians Debate:• Negative effect on Russia, - bringing economic depression and cultural isolation• The Kievan state was already declining when the Mongols

came, - over-taxation of Russians under Mongol rule was the work

of the Russian princes, - Russia was isolated by the Orthodox church, - the structure of Russian government did not change

drastically under Mongol rule.


4. End of Mongol Rule in Russia• Ivan III, the prince of Moscow, ended Mongol

rule in 1480 and adopted the title of tsar.


B. New States in Eastern Europe and Anatolia1. Europe Divided• Europe was divided• the political forces of the papacy and those of

the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II (1212-1250).

• As a result,• Eastern Europe—particularly Hungary and

Poland—faced the Mongol attacks alone.


2. Teutonic Knights• German speaking

Christian order of knights• “Northern Crusade”• Goal was to Christianize

the Slavic population of Northern Europe

• Defeated by Mongols and Alexander Nevskii in 1242


3. Mongol Conquest in Europe• The Mongol armies that attacked Europe were actually an

international force • including Mongols, Turks, Chinese, Iranians, and Europeans • led by Mongol generals. • “Mongol” armies drove to the outskirts of Vienna, striking

fear into the hearts of the Europeans• the Mongols withdrew in December 1241 so that the

Mongol princes could return to Mongolia- elect a successor to the recently deceased Great Khan

Ogodei.


4. Cultural Exchange• Despite widespread fear of Mongol invasions,

Europeans did learn from their contact with the Mongols

- Diplomatic passports, coal mining, movable type, advanced metallurgy, mathematics, gunpowder, and canons

Mongol Invasions of Europe

Read: Journey to the Land of the Tartars

The Human Record, pages 426-4301. How does William of Rubruck characterize the

Mongol lifestyle? 2. Describe the Mongol diet. Analyze why the Mongols

eat what and how they do?3. How does William of Rubruck characterize the status

of Mongol women?4. Based on this evidence, do you think that Rubruck

had a positive or negative attitude toward to Mongols? Be specific in supporting your conclusion.


5. Lithuania• Maintained independence by cooperating

with Mongols• Period of political centralization and military

strengthening• Dominated neighbors, Poland and the

Teutonic Knights


6. The Balkans• Independent well organized Kingdoms arose in

uncertainty of Mongol chaos and Byzantine collapse• Serbia• Archbishop became an independent patriarch• King Stephan Dushan (1308-1355) crowned “Tsar of

the Serbs, Greeks, Bulgarians and Albanians”• Kingdom disappeared after defeat by the Ottomans

at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389


7. The Ottoman Empire• Established a state in Anatolia• Took advantage of declining power of

Mongols and the Byzantines• Captured Constantinople in 1453.

IV. Mongol Domination in China

A. The Yuan Empire (1279-1368)1. Conquest (1206-1271)• Mongols conquered the Jin, Tanggut and

Southern Song Dynasties• In 1271, Khublia Khan declared himself

emperor of a unified China- Yuan Dynasty

Read: Description of the World

The Human Record: Pages 431-435• Answer questions #1-4

Warm Up:

• What impact did the Mongols have on trade along the Silk Road?

Collect HW


2. Mongol adapt Chinese Practices• Kubilai Khan gave his oldest son a Chinese

name• Confucian scholars participated in education

of the Khan’s children• Buddhist and Daoist leaders invited to court


3. Bejing• Yuan Dynasty capital city• Terminus (end) of silk Road• Created closed Imperial complex- The “Forbidden City”• More Chinese than Mongolian


4. Unification• Mongols unified China- Had been divided among

Tangutt, Jin and Southern Song Empires

• Each had different languages, writing systems, forms of government and culture

• The Mongols encouraged traditional Chinese government and culture

• Permanent reunification of China


5. Social Ranking• Legally defined based of race and function1) Mongols- Warriors2) Central Asians and Middle Easterners- Census takers and tax collectors3) Northern Chinese4) Southern Chinese


6. Mongol Government• China divided into provinces- Government officials centrally appointed• Tax farming• Use of Western Asian officials- Census- Tax collecting• Confucianism weakened• Status of merchants and doctors elevated


7. Trade and communication• Horse based courier system maintained close

communication within empire• Roads were policed and safe• China reconnected to the Silk Road • cities and ports prospered• trade recovered• merchants flourished


8. Urban Life• flourishing mercantile economy led the

Chinese gentry elite to move into the cities• where a lively urban culture of popular

entertainment, • vernacular literature,• and the Mandarin dialect of Chinese

developed


9. Rural Life• cotton growing, spinning, and weaving were

introduced to mainland China from Hainan Island

• Mongols encouraged the construction of irrigation systems

• farmers in the Yuan were overtaxed and brutalized while dams and dikes were neglected

Warm Up:What were some of the effects of

Mongol rule on China?

Quiz Chapter 12

Tuesday


10. Effects of Mongol Rule• Yuan period China’s population declined by perhaps as

much as 40 percent, • with northern China seeing the greatest loss of

population, • while the Yangzi Valley actually saw a significant increase.• Possible reasons for this pattern include:• warfare, the flooding of the Yellow River, north-south

migration, and the spread of diseases, including the bubonic plague in the 1300s.


B. Scientific and Cultural Exchange1. Exchange of Goods • Between Yuan China and Il-khan Iran• China sent silks and porcelain west• Muslims oversaw engineering projects and

weapons manufacturing of Yuan armies


2. Exchange of Ideas• Chinese ideas and technology- Astronomy, herbal medicine• Iranian ideas and technology- Observatory, doctors and medical text


C. Fall of the Yuan Empire1. Collapse• Infighting among Mongol princes• Farmer rebellions• Zhu Yuanzhang led a military campaign that

destroyed the Yuan Empire• Founded the Ming dynasty


2. Legacy• Cultural diversity- Mongols, Muslims Jews and Christians

remained in China• Mongols returned to Mongolia- Sense of Mongol unity

V. Centralization and Militarism in East Asia 1200-1500

A. Korea from the Mongols to the Yi, (1231-1500)1. Mongol Domination• Korea’s leaders initially resisted the Mongol invasions• gave up in 1258 when the king of Koryo surrendered and

joined his family to the Mongols by marriage. • The Koryo kings then fell under the influence of the

Mongols, • Korea profited from exchange with the Yuan in which new

technologies: • including cotton, gunpowder, astronomy, calendar making,

and celestial clocks were introduced.


2. Koryo Collapse• shortly after the fall of the Yuan• replaced by the Yi dynasty. • the Yi reestablished local identity • restored the status of Confucian scholarship

while maintaining Mongol administrative practices and institutions.


3. Yi dynasty• Technological innovations of the Yi period include: • the use of moveable type in copper frames,

meteorological science, a local calendar, the use of fertilizer, and the engineering of reservoirs.

• The growing of cash crops, particularly cotton, became common during the Yi period.


4. Military Technology• The Koreans were innovators in military

technology. • Among their innovations were: • patrol ships with cannon mounted on them,

gunpowder arrow-launchers, and armored ships.


B. Political Transformation in Japan1. Attempted Mongol Conquest• The first (unsuccessful) Mongol invasion of Japan in 1274 made the

decentralized local lords of Kamakura Japan develop a greater sense of unity• the shogun took steps to centralize planning and preparation for the expected

second assault.• The second Mongol invasion (1281) was defeated by a combination of

Japanese defensive preparations and a typhoon - Kamikaze – Divine Wind . • The Kamakura regime continued to prepare for further invasions. • As a result:- the warrior elite consolidated their position in Japanese society, - trade and communication within Japan increased, - but the Kamakura government found its resources strained by the expense of

defense preparations.


2. Collapse of the Kamakura Shogunate • The Kamakura shogunate was destroyed in a civil

war • the Ashikaga shogunate was established in 1338. • The Ashikaga period was characterized by a

relatively weak shogunal state and strong provincial lords

• who sponsored the development of markets, religious institutions, schools, increased agricultural production, and artistic creativity.


3. Decentralization in Japan• After the Onin war of 1477, • the shogunate exercised no power• the provinces were controlled by

independent regional lords who fought with each other.

• The regional lords also carried out trade with continental Asia.


C. The Emergence of Vietnam 1. Political Division• Vietnam was divided between two states: • the Chinese-influenced Annam in the north• the Indian-influenced Champa in the south. • The Mongols extracted tribute from both states,

but with the fall of the Yuan Empire, they began to fight with each other.

. Centralization and Militarism in East Asia 1200-1500

2. Independence and Unification • The Ming Dynasty ruled Annam through a puppet

government for almost thirty years in the early fifteenth century

• until the Annamese threw off Ming control in 1428. • By 1500 Annam had completely conquered

Champa • established a Chinese-style government over all of

Vietnam.

Warm Up: How did the Mongol conquest affect trade and culture in Eurasia?

Documents

mongol conquest

mongol princes

mongol armies

mongol attacks

mongol lifestyle

mongol generals

mongol diet

end of mongol rule