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Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences ISSN: 2231– 6345 (Online) An Open Access, Online International Journal Available at www.cibtech.org/sp.ed/jls/2014/04/jls.htm 2014 Vol. 4 (S4), pp. 1463-1473/Rezvani et al.
THE IMPACT OF RURAL-URBAN LINKAGES ON DIVERSIFICATION
OF THE RURAL ECONOMY WITH EMPHASIS ON WOODCRAFT
(CASE STUDY: JOWKAR DISTRICT, MALAYER COUNTY, AND
HAMEDAN PROVINCE)
*Mohammad Reza Rezvani1, Seyyed Hasan Motiee Langeroudi
1 and Ebrahim Fathi Nia
2
1Center for Rural Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran
2Department of Geography and Rural Planning (Economics of Space), University of Tehran, Iran
Author for Correspondence٭
ABSTRACT
Today, the livelihood stability and economic security in rural areas is very important because of the need
to increase the efficiency, productivity of capacities and potentialities and the de facto in economic
activity and, on the other hand, to ensure the continuation of the livelihood of the creation of employment,
income and to diversify the economic activities in rural areas. According to the rural - urban disparities
today one of the basic strategies for the development of rural areas, because of different currents,
including the flow of people, goods, information technology and innovation, such as it could lead to
diversify the economy in rural areas. The present study, with a view to examine the impact of the Rural-
urban linkages in the diversification of the rural economy is done with an emphasis on woodcraft, aim
Applied research and methodology of the descriptive - analytic. Statistical population workshops wooden
industries in the villages Jowkar District, Malayer Country. That in 9 villages selected, 380 of Employees
workshops wooden and rural as the sample size with were randomly selected. The study included the
index of employment, income, reducing poverty, Stagnation agricultural activities and the diversity of
economic activities, after which designated items for them through the questionnaire. The results of the
study showed that the formation of a Woodcraft workshops in villages in order to build and strengthen
rural-urban linkages in the villages studied major role in employment creation, diversification economic
activities and flourished has.
Keywords: Rural-urban Link, the Diversification of the Rural Economy, Rural Development, Malayer
County
INTRODUCTION
Rural-urban links phenomenon resulting from the interaction of two strains of rural settlement and urban
centers in the region that emerges due to the different currents of the people, goods and information,
technology, and innovation (Saidi, 2006). Theoretically, the study of these flows in the context of changes
in the economic, social and cultural flows, particularly in developing countries, coupled with the diversity
and boost employment in rural areas.
The rural-urban links of development policies aimed at reducing poverty in the regulation and expression
of supporting the positive role of urban centers and surrounding rural areas in developing countries is
emphasized by experts (Rabinovitch, 2001; Veenhuizen, 2002). These links unlike traditional urban-rural
relations that generally indicates a dominance relationship was through mutual interaction and
explanations are complementary set of flows (Saidi, 2011).
Regretfully the rural-urban links or both can be examined from two perspectives:
A) Link in the space (such as the flow of people, goods, capital, information, technology, and waste);
B) Sub-surface interaction (sectional interaction) in urban areas to rural activities that are activities that
are often classified as urban activities (such as industry and services) in rural areas flow (Terre, 2001).
Thus, the national rural and urban association reflects the fact that urban and rural development is
integrated and cross-correlated and is linked somehow. Of course this is a false impression that all of the
links may be associated with mutual benefits for rural and urban areas (Douglas, 1998). Because of the
Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences ISSN: 2231– 6345 (Online) An Open Access, Online International Journal Available at www.cibtech.org/sp.ed/jls/2014/04/jls.htm 2014 Vol. 4 (S4), pp. 1463-1473/Rezvani et al.
different conditions including the case examined in this study, may lead spatial inequality and
vulnerability of low-interest groups (rural) (Satterth, 2000). On the other hand, it should be noted that the
pattern and extent of rural and urban linkages strongly influenced by macro developments, including
globalization, structural adjustment and economic reforms that is effective for both urban and rural
communities (Tacoli, 1998).
The relations, particularly between urban and rural settlements mainly in the form of a stream of people,
goods, capital, ideas, information, and innovation suggests the spatial phenomena and geographical
location, and understanding, explaining, and discover general rules governing the mutual relations within
human-made environments, and theoretical significance and application of special (Sharyeh, 1994). It is
also essential to consider the relationship in the process of change and development in rural and urban
centers, in addition to examining the types and causes of relationships, knowledge of economic impacts,
socio-cultural, and social fabric of urban and rural spatial consequences and efforts to reduce the negative
effects of this relationship in order to organize them, leading to the development of sustainable rural and
urban areas.
Therefore, in order to achieve the effect of rural-urban linkages in the diversification of the rural
economy, this question arises, rural-urban links What impact of in the development of Woodcraft and
Diversification of the Villages Economy have been The studied?
Theoretical Consideration
* Rural-urban Linkages and Development
Urban and rural link is the connection between urban and rural settlements through all the obvious and
hidden populations, investment, production, goods and communications technology, so that the structure
and function of each urban settlements and completing the structure and function of the rural settlements
of the urban and rural settlements is provided by creating unity rural - urban development area
(Taghizadeh, 2004). Or the link, is the fusion of spatial - temporal structure and functions of urban and
rural settlements.
The concept of rural-urban linkage and exchange ideas in light of the relations between urban and rural
areas were apparent (Table 1). Evolution of the relationship between urban and rural areas can be
followed in a fruitful framework of intellectual thought, contrasting ideas, thoughts, ideas and interact
differentiation. The birth of the surplus rural and beneficial effects in the area of influence, in the form of
intellectual thought is fruitful. In contrast ideas, the rural-urban competition, aggression relations in the
village and parasitic relationships are discussed. The idea of separation of urban and rural differences is
pointed out in the position of each shape. Today, the evolution of the idea of interacting with the
dependence of urban and rural relations, urban-rural interaction and linking urban and rural areas is
similar.
Table 1: Evolution OF RURAL-URBAN relationships
Town birth of rural surplus
Fruitful thought
Positive & beneficial effects of town in spheres of
influence
Town & countryside competence
Authoritarian town relationship of town on village Confrontation
thought
Parasitic relationship
Separation from each town and village Distinction Thought Evolution of rural-
urban relationships
Dependence of town and village
Interaction Thought
Mutual relations of town & countryside
Interaction of town and countryside
Link of town and countryside
Source: Azarbad (2009)
Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences ISSN: 2231– 6345 (Online) An Open Access, Online International Journal Available at www.cibtech.org/sp.ed/jls/2014/04/jls.htm 2014 Vol. 4 (S4), pp. 1463-1473/Rezvani et al.
Porter and Ann (1989), linking in the economic, social, political and ideological dimensions has been
studied. On the economic dimension, the flow of labor, money, food, transportation, energy, credit and
raw materials is acknowledged through labor relations, finance, marketing, purchasing and transportation.
In the social dimension, the flow of people, communications, telephone and medical relationship have
been noted through reciprocal relationships, social groups, family, friends and social classes. The political
dimension of power, authority, budget allocation and the interrelationships have been acknowledged with
political activism, advertising, justice and the effects. After the current ideological beliefs, books, radio
and television have proposed through the interrelationships of religious activities, educational (Table 2).
Table 2: Dimensions link urban and rural areas due to the flow and interaction
Mutual relationships Flow Dimension of link
Workforce , investment , marketing,
shopping , transportation
labor flow , money , Food , Vehicles ,
Energy , Reputation, raw materials Economic
Family, Friends , classes and social
groups
People, correspondence, phone call,
medical relations, Social
Political Activities , Advertising ,
ensure justice , Complications Power, authority, budget allocation , Law Political
Religious Activities ,Training Ideas, book , Radio , TV Ideological
Potter and Unwin (1989)
* Diversification and Stability of Rural Economy Diversification of the rural economy, increasing economic activity in the village through the introduction
of a new industry or expansion of an existing industry products are, through the creation of new markets
through innovation and human capital, and so on. Economic diversification or diversifying the rural
economy, a long process that is aimed at building a rural community with the broad base of economic and
business types and rural jobs that have long stability and long resistance against the change. In the process
by analyzing the strengths and benefits of the village and funds and funds would create awareness and
facilitate investment decisions and the development of economic diversity in the village, and ultimately
diversifying the rural economy for the development and competition in the region and the world
(community futures peace country, Canada, 2014(. So as I told diversification of the rural economy build
rural society in the region and the world's ability to compete, because the, Rural economy, as a whole,
constitute a part of the national economy, so any changes in the national economy will lead to the
transformation of rural economy and vice versa. Agricultural economy and rural economy must be
distinguished because the rural economy deals with individual issues (whether farmer or non-farmer),
while the agricultural economy and the problems of a country or a society as a whole deals with at least
one agricultural unit (Asayesh, 1995). The main factor for the sustainability of the rural economy,
education, income diversification, is continued access to the funds needed by the people, government and
non-governmental organizations and the empowerment of rural and rural production buck up against the
power of the market, market changes and challenges from environmental hazards. Product diversity, price
stability, steady growth in production, and control of natural resistance to damaging factors and
knowledge of how to produce sustainable economy is essential (Santos and Barrett, 2010) (Lanjouw and
Lanjouw, 2001), (Osborne, 2006), (Yang, 2006).
Research Method
The method of investigation is applied and descriptive-analytical. Where the library and field data
collection, and the related questionnaires (employees and residents) and determine the validity and
amount of 0.890 to 0.935 employees and residents show that the questionnaire of reliability is sufficient.
It has been endeavored in this investigation that by expressing the components and the significance of
urban-rural links and its impact on diversification of rural economy by emphasizing on the wood
industries in the Jokar district of Malayer county, 9 villages out of 42 villages of the district should be
surveyed specifically based on the library and field methods so that to access the role of urban-rural bonds
Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences ISSN: 2231– 6345 (Online) An Open Access, Online International Journal Available at www.cibtech.org/sp.ed/jls/2014/04/jls.htm 2014 Vol. 4 (S4), pp. 1463-1473/Rezvani et al.
Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences ISSN: 2231– 6345 (Online) An Open Access, Online International Journal Available at www.cibtech.org/sp.ed/jls/2014/04/jls.htm 2014 Vol. 4 (S4), pp. 1463-1473/Rezvani et al.
workshops are all woodcarving workshops. In these workshops also can be observed that spread in each
of the village 9 different, but the largest number of established workshops and percent in the villages 9 4
Eli 6 years (Table 4).
Table 3: Kind Production of wooden workshops
Percent Number Name of villages Row
14.00 21 Aliabad Damagh 1
12.00 18 Dehno 2
13.33 20 Hossein abad 3
12.00 18 Zamanabad 4
12.00 18 Alfavut 5
13.33 20 Mangavi 6
6.66 10 Oshagh 7
12.00 18 Kasab 8
4.66 7 Nanaj 9
100.0 150 Total
Table 4: Establishment (spread) Workshops (years)
B: Role Woodcraft in Diversification of the Rural Economy
Employed View
Table (5), all items on the questionnaire is employed that is filled in 9 villages of wooden workshop. The
items were classified in the 5 indicators of employment, income, poverty, recession agriculture, and
diversity (variety of activities). Which can be seen below, The main job Level of satisfaction from items
(present), to ensure the continuation and maintenance of their jobs, wooden workshops and its impact on
seasonal reducing unemployment, the impact on employment rural women creating wooden workshops,
wooden workshops in a variety of influences to create rural employment, in terms of your economic
diversity, and its impact on income, employment and productivity, including employment index, and
items of income satisfaction, creating the effect of wooden houses in rural income increases, the impact of
building wooden houses in rural diversification of income sources and class in the village (between low
income and high income), including reduction of poverty, agricultural items reduced activity, reduced
livestock activities, your tendency toward economic diversification and employment in non-agricultural
Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences ISSN: 2231– 6345 (Online) An Open Access, Online International Journal Available at www.cibtech.org/sp.ed/jls/2014/04/jls.htm 2014 Vol. 4 (S4), pp. 1463-1473/Rezvani et al.
activities, including the stagnation of agriculture, and urban diversity of activities is included. Which you
can see below:
Table 5: Role woodcraft in the diversification of the rural economy from the perspective Employees
woodcraft
View Rural Residents
Table (6), all items are on the questionnaire of rural residents who filled in nine villages. The items were
classified in the 5 indicators of employment, income, poverty, recession agriculture, and diversity (variety
of activities). Which you can see below:
Table 6: Role of woodcraft in the diversification of the rural economy from the perspective of rural
residents
Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences ISSN: 2231– 6345 (Online) An Open Access, Online International Journal Available at www.cibtech.org/sp.ed/jls/2014/04/jls.htm 2014 Vol. 4 (S4), pp. 1463-1473/Rezvani et al.
The results of tables 9 and 10 on the income index in the (personnel) group, and the income index in the
(residents) group indicates that the significance level of sig=.000 test is less than the value of ɑ=. /.5It
means less than 1000th value.
As the calculated significance level is less than ɑ=0/05 and it indicates that the urban-rural bond has had
the positive effect in the diversification of rural economy. Therefore this can be concluded that as the Ho
equation indicates that, it is rejected that the urban-rural bond has had no effect in the diversification of
rural economy. So we can say with 95% satisfaction that the urban-rural bond has worked successfully in
the development and expansion of wood industries and the diversification of rural economy in the income
index sector.
Table 10: Results of one-sample t-test indicators of income (employees) and (residents)
Statistical population Index N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
employees Income index 190 11.2158 .89724 .06509
residents Income index 190 10.8737 .93991 .06819
Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences ISSN: 2231– 6345 (Online) An Open Access, Online International Journal Available at www.cibtech.org/sp.ed/jls/2014/04/jls.htm 2014 Vol. 4 (S4), pp. 1463-1473/Rezvani et al.
The results of tables 13 and 14 on the agricultural activities recession index in the (personnel) group, and
the agricultural activities recession index in the (residents) group indicates that the significance level of
sig=.000 test is less than the value of ɑ=. /.5 It means less than 1000th value. As the calculated
significance level is less than ɑ=0/05 and it indicates that the urban-rural bond has had the positive effect
in the diversification of rural economy. Therefore this can be concluded that as the Ho equation indicates
that, it is rejected that the urban-rural bond has had no effect in the diversification of rural economy.
Table 14: Results of one-sample t-test indicators of stagnation of agricultural activities (employees)
and (residents)
Statistical
population
Index N Mean Std.
Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
employees Stagnation of agricultural
activities index
190 11.3895 2.25043 .16326
residents Stagnation of agricultural
activities index
190 11.4105 2.13311 .15475
Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences ISSN: 2231– 6345 (Online) An Open Access, Online International Journal Available at www.cibtech.org/sp.ed/jls/2014/04/jls.htm 2014 Vol. 4 (S4), pp. 1463-1473/Rezvani et al.
So we can say with 95% satisfaction that the urban-rural bond has worked successfully in the
development and expansion of wood industries and the diversification of rural economy in the agricultural
activities index sector.
Table 15: Results of one-sample t-test indicators of stagnation of agricultural activities (employees)
and (residents)
Statistical
population
analytical findings =3
T
Df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
95% Confidence Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
employees 51.386 189 .000 8.38947 8.0674 8.7115
residents 54.348 189 .000 8.41053 8.1053 8.7158
The Index of Activities Diversification-Diversifying
The results of tables 15 and 16 on the activities diversification index-diversifying of economy in the
villages in the (personnel) group, and the activities diversification index-diversifying of economy in the
villages in the (residents) group indicates that the significance level of sig=.000 test is less than the value
of ɑ=. /.5 It means less than 1000th value. As the calculated significance level is less than ɑ=0/05 and it
indicates that the urban-rural bond has had the positive effect in the diversification of rural economy.
Therefore this can be concluded that as the Ho equation indicates that, it is rejected that the urban-rural
bond has had no effect in the diversification of rural economy. So we can say with 95% satisfaction that
the urban-rural bond has worked successfully in the development and expansion of wood industries and
the diversification of rural economy in the activities diversification index-diversifying of economy in the
villages sector.
Table 16: Results of one-sample t-test variation index-diversification of economic activities
(employees) and (residents)
Statistical
population
Index N Mean Std.
Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
employees Diversification of economic
activities index
190 12.8263 1.10618 .08025
residents Diversification of economic
activities index
190 12.8105 1.16196 .08430
Table 17: Results of one-sample t-test variation index-diversification of economic activities
(employees) and (residents)
Statistical
population
analytical findings =3
T
Df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
95% Confidence Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
employees 122.445 189 .000 9.82632 9.6680 9.9846
residents 116.380 189 .000 9.81053 9.6442 9.9768
As a result, considering the related indices with study subject and the results obtained from single sample
T and the analysis of significance levels we can conclude that the rural-urban links in diversifying of rural
economy has had a positive effect and has been effective in all indexes of employment, income, poverty
reduction, agricultural activities recession as well as the activities diversification-diversifying of economy
in 9 villages.
Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences ISSN: 2231– 6345 (Online) An Open Access, Online International Journal Available at www.cibtech.org/sp.ed/jls/2014/04/jls.htm 2014 Vol. 4 (S4), pp. 1463-1473/Rezvani et al.
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