THE FIRST WORLD WAR INTRO to WWI: "The Great War was without precedent... never had so many nations taken up arms at a single time. Never had the battlefield.

THE FIRST WORLD WARTHE FIRST WORLD WAR

INTRO to WWI: INTRO to WWI: "The Great War was "The Great War was without precedent ... without precedent ... never had so many never had so many nations taken up arms at nations taken up arms at a single time. Never had a single time. Never had the battlefield been so the battlefield been so vast… never had the vast… never had the fighting been so fighting been so gruesome...“gruesome...“ "World War I marked the "World War I marked the first use of chemical first use of chemical weapons, the first mass weapons, the first mass bombardment of civilians bombardment of civilians from the sky, and the from the sky, and the century's first genocide..."century's first genocide..."

Causes of WWICauses of WWI(graphic organizer)(graphic organizer) 4 Main Factors led to Outbreak of WWI4 Main Factors led to Outbreak of WWI

(1) (1) NationalismNationalism — A — A devotion to the interests devotion to the interests and culture of one’s and culture of one’s nation. This led to nation. This led to competition and rivalry competition and rivalry among nations.among nations.

(2) (2) Imperialism-Imperialism--- Extending -- Extending economic and political economic and political control over various control over various peoples of the world. peoples of the world. This led to conflicts This led to conflicts among countries.among countries.

3) 3) Militarism-Militarism---meant building up armies, --meant building up armies, navies, and other armed forces. It also navies, and other armed forces. It also meant using them as a tool for meant using them as a tool for negotiating with other countries negotiating with other countries (diplomacy).(diplomacy).

(4) The (4) The Alliance system-Alliance system---Some countries in --Some countries in Europe had made treaties promising to Europe had made treaties promising to defend each other. These mutual-defense defend each other. These mutual-defense treaties placed European countries in two treaties placed European countries in two main groups:main groups:

The AlliesThe Allies (Triple Entente) were made (Triple Entente) were made up of France, Great Britain, and up of France, Great Britain, and Russia. Russia.

The Central PowersThe Central Powers (Triple Alliance) (Triple Alliance) were made up of Germany, Austria-were made up of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire (Turkey).(Turkey).

What is it called when one honors and What is it called when one honors and promotes one's own nation above all promotes one's own nation above all

othersothers??

Answer--Answer--NationalismNationalism

What is it called when one countryWhat is it called when one country builds up armed forces in aggressive builds up armed forces in aggressive

preparedness for war?preparedness for war?

Answer--Answer--MilitarismMilitarism

What was the name of the WWI What was the name of the WWI grouping of Great Britain, France grouping of Great Britain, France

and Russia?and Russia?

Answer--AlliesAnswer--Allies

What was the group of nationsWhat was the group of nations led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the

Ottoman Empire (Turkey)?Ottoman Empire (Turkey)?

Answer—Answer—Central Central PowersPowers

Which European war (1914-1918) was Which European war (1914-1918) was also known as the Great War and also known as the Great War and the War to End All Wars?the War to End All Wars?

Answer—Answer—World War IWorld War I

An Assassination Leads to WarAn Assassination Leads to War(Click on map:(Click on map: http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/maps/index.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/greatwar/maps/index.html

In 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand was In 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated (assassinated (heir heir to the throne of Austria-to the throne of Austria-Hungary)Hungary)

His killer was a Serb who wanted to unite all His killer was a Serb who wanted to unite all Serbs (including those in Austria-Hungary) Serbs (including those in Austria-Hungary) under one government.under one government.

This touched off an action to punish Serbia. This touched off an action to punish Serbia.

The alliance system pulled one nation after The alliance system pulled one nation after another into the conflict. another into the conflict.

If a nation had sworn to protect another, it had If a nation had sworn to protect another, it had to declare war on that nation’s enemies.to declare war on that nation’s enemies.

Germany and Austria-Hungary were facing Germany and Austria-Hungary were facing France, Great Britain, and Russia.France, Great Britain, and Russia.

“ “ One thing leads to another….”One thing leads to another….”

The assassination of which individual The assassination of which individual sparks the beginning of WWI?sparks the beginning of WWI?

Answer---Answer---

Archduke Franz FerdinandArchduke Franz Ferdinand

Of Austria-HungaryOf Austria-Hungary

One Things Leads to Another….One Things Leads to Another….June 14: assassination of June 14: assassination of Archduke Ferdinand & his Archduke Ferdinand & his wifewifeJuly 28: Serbia rejects July 28: Serbia rejects Austria’s ultimatum…Austria’s ultimatum…(justice against assassins)(justice against assassins)July 28: Austria declares July 28: Austria declares warwarAugust 1: Germany August 1: Germany declares war on Russia and declares war on Russia and FranceFranceAugust 3: Germany invades August 3: Germany invades Belgium and Britain Belgium and Britain declares war on Germany.declares war on Germany.France declares war on France declares war on Austria-Hungary and Austria-Hungary and GermanyGermany

The Fighting Begins….The Fighting Begins….August 13: Germany invades August 13: Germany invades Belgium known as theBelgium known as the Schlieffen Schlieffen PlanPlan:: Germany began by invading Germany began by invading Belgium. Belgium. It planned to overrun France and It planned to overrun France and then to attack Russia.then to attack Russia. The British and French could not The British and French could not save Belgium. save Belgium. They did, however, manage to They did, however, manage to stop Germany’s advance. stop Germany’s advance. By the spring of 1915, two lines of By the spring of 1915, two lines of deep trenches had developed in deep trenches had developed in France. France.

““No Man’s Land” and Trench WarfareNo Man’s Land” and Trench WarfareGermans occupied one line. Germans occupied one line. The Allies occupied the other The Allies occupied the other line. line. Between the two lines lay “no Between the two lines lay “no man’s land.”man’s land.” The soldiers would climb out The soldiers would climb out of their trenches and try to of their trenches and try to overrun enemy lines. overrun enemy lines. They did this while facing They did this while facing machine gun fire and poison machine gun fire and poison gas. gas. This bloody trench warfare This bloody trench warfare continued for more than three continued for more than three years. years. Neither side gained territory, Neither side gained territory, but more than one million but more than one million soldiers died.soldiers died.

Map of Schlieffen PlanMap of Schlieffen Plan

What is the military operation in which the What is the military operation in which the opposing forces attack and counterattack opposing forces attack and counterattack

from systems of fortified ditches?from systems of fortified ditches?

Answer—Answer—Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

French TrenchFrench Trench

VerdunVerdun

VerdunVerdun

1. Why did countries sign treaties w/one 1. Why did countries sign treaties w/one another? another?

2. What were the 2 alliances formed?2. What were the 2 alliances formed?

3. Why was it called the Great War? 3. Why was it called the Great War?

4. How long did the war last? 4. How long did the war last?

5. What was “No Man’s Land?”5. What was “No Man’s Land?”

6. How did technology change the war?6. How did technology change the war?

7.What was life like in the trenches?7.What was life like in the trenches?

In 1914, America saw no In 1914, America saw no reason to join a war 3,000 reason to join a war 3,000 miles….what finally caused miles….what finally caused

U.S. to enter in 1917?U.S. to enter in 1917?

Americans Question NeutralityAmericans Question NeutralityIn the U.S. public opinion about the war was strong but divided. In the U.S. public opinion about the war was strong but divided. What were the different opinions? What were the different opinions? Socialists saw the war as an imperialist struggle between Socialists saw the war as an imperialist struggle between

German and English businessmen.German and English businessmen. PacifistsPacifists believed that all wars were bad. They urged the believed that all wars were bad. They urged the

United States to set an example for peace. United States to set an example for peace. Many other Americans simply did not want to send their sons Many other Americans simply did not want to send their sons

to war.to war. Many naturalizedMany naturalized U.S. citizens still had ties to the countries U.S. citizens still had ties to the countries

they came from (i.e. Germany)they came from (i.e. Germany)Americans tended to sympathize with Great Britain and France. Americans tended to sympathize with Great Britain and France. Common language and heritage with Britain. Common language and heritage with Britain. Horrified at Germany’s brutal attack on Belgium.Horrified at Germany’s brutal attack on Belgium. “ “Germany was the bully of Europe”Germany was the bully of Europe” And they had strong economic ties with the Allies.And they had strong economic ties with the Allies.

Finally….The War Hits HomeFinally….The War Hits Home Americans mobilized for war against Americans mobilized for war against Central Powers for 2 reason: Central Powers for 2 reason:

1.1. to ensure Allied repayment of debts to to ensure Allied repayment of debts to the U.S. the U.S.

2.2. to prevent the Germans from to prevent the Germans from threatening U.S. shipping. threatening U.S. shipping. the war affected American shipping. the war affected American shipping. Great Britain set up a Great Britain set up a blockade blockade

along the German coast to keep along the German coast to keep goods from getting through. goods from getting through.

American ships would not challenge American ships would not challenge Britain’s blockade. Britain’s blockade. German U-boats (submarines) attacked German U-boats (submarines) attacked ships from all nations. ships from all nations. A U-boat sank the British ship A U-boat sank the British ship LusitaniaLusitania, killing more than a thousand , killing more than a thousand people, including 128 Americans. people, including 128 Americans. (Controversy…..warning by Germans?)(Controversy…..warning by Germans?)

WWI Timeline Recap (1915)WWI Timeline Recap (1915)

German submarines try to break British blockade, disrupt British trade

British passenger ship Lusitania, Brits smuggle ammo on board

Americans become outraged…President Wilson ruled out military response

WWI German U-boat

Unterseeboot

(under sea boat)

WWI Timeline ContinuedWWI Timeline ContinuedGermans agree to stop Attacking “neutral ships”British keep smuggling

British naval blockade, Starving Germany by 1917

Germany, submarine warfare against ALLships trading w/British

NOTICE!TRAVELLERS intending to

embark on the Atlantic voyage are reminded that a state of war exists between Germany and her allies and Great Britain and her

allies; that the zone of war includes the waters adjacent to

the British Isles; that, in accordance with formal notice given by the Imperial German

Government, vessels flying the flag of Great Britain, or any of her allies, are liable to destruction in those waters and that travellers sailing in the war zone on the

ships of Great Britain or her allies do so at their own risk.

IMPERIAL GERMAN EMBASSY,Washington, D.C. April 22, 1915

Lusitania departed Pier 54 in New York on 1 May 1915. The German Embassy in Washington had issued this warning on 22 April.[8]

What is the British passenger What is the British passenger ship that was sunk by ship that was sunk by

a German U-boat in 1915?a German U-boat in 1915?

AnswerAnswerLusitaniaLusitania

The United States Declares WarThe United States Declares War3 incidents brought the U.S. into the war.3 incidents brought the U.S. into the war.

1.1. First, in January 1917, Germany announced it would First, in January 1917, Germany announced it would sink all ships in British waters on sight whether they sink all ships in British waters on sight whether they were hostile or neutral. were hostile or neutral.

2.2. Second, British agents interceptedSecond, British agents intercepted the the Zimmermann Zimmermann notenote,, a telegram that proposed an alliance between a telegram that proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico against the U.S. Germany and Mexico against the U.S.

3.3. Third, the replacement of the Russian monarchy with a Third, the replacement of the Russian monarchy with a representative government allowed American to representative government allowed American to characterize the war as a struggle of democracies characterize the war as a struggle of democracies against brutal monarchies.against brutal monarchies.

RESULT???-----On April 6, 1917, at President RESULT???-----On April 6, 1917, at President Wilson’s request, Congress declared war on Germany.Wilson’s request, Congress declared war on Germany.

ORIGINAL MESSAGE BELOW

DECODED MESSAGE ABOVE

What was the message sent by What was the message sent by German foreign minister German foreign minister

proposing German-Mexican proposing German-Mexican Alliance?Alliance?

AnswerAnswerZimmerman Zimmerman

NoteNote

VIDEO CLIP:

The War Comes to the U.S.

History in Focus

1910-1919

America Mobilizes….Ready for a ShowdownAmerica Mobilizes….Ready for a Showdown When war was declared, only about 200,000 When war was declared, only about 200,000 men were in service in U.s. men were in service in U.s. RESULT---Congress passed the RESULT---Congress passed the Selective Selective Service Act. (May 1917)Service Act. (May 1917)

Required men to register with the gov’t so Required men to register with the gov’t so that they could be randomly selected for that they could be randomly selected for military service. military service.

This process — called the draft — put This process — called the draft — put about 3 million men in uniform. about 3 million men in uniform.

Many African Americans served in the military. Many African Americans served in the military. They were placed in separate units, but They were placed in separate units, but

some blacks were trained as officers. some blacks were trained as officers. Blacks were among the first to receive the Blacks were among the first to receive the

French honor of the Croix de Guerre.French honor of the Croix de Guerre.Women were not drafted…not allowed. Women were not drafted…not allowed. But the navy accepted women in non-combatBut the navy accepted women in non-combat positions. positions. Woman served as nurses, secretaries, and Woman served as nurses, secretaries, and telephone operators.telephone operators.

Video Clip:

Role of African-Americans during WWI

What was the 1917 law that required What was the 1917 law that required men to register for military service?men to register for military service?

AnswerAnswerSelective Selective

Service ActService Act

America Turns the TideAmerica Turns the TideTo reduce the loss of ships to To reduce the loss of ships to German submarine attacks, the German submarine attacks, the U.S. and Britain began to use the U.S. and Britain began to use the convoy system.convoy system. In this system, merchant ships In this system, merchant ships

traveled in a large group traveled in a large group guarded by naval vessels. guarded by naval vessels.

American soldiers helped turn the American soldiers helped turn the tide of battle in Europe. tide of battle in Europe. The Allies had absorbed many The Allies had absorbed many casualties and were running out casualties and were running out of men. of men. Thousands of fresh American Thousands of fresh American soldiers were eager for battle.soldiers were eager for battle.

What is the system called What is the system called that protects merchant that protects merchant ships from U-boats by ships from U-boats by having ships travel in having ships travel in large groups escorted by large groups escorted by warships?warships?

Answer-Answer-Convoy systemConvoy system

Fighting “Over There” Fighting “Over There” The The American Expeditionary American Expeditionary ForceForce was led by was led by General General John J. Pershing. John J. Pershing.

American infantrymen = American infantrymen = doughboys (because of the doughboys (because of the white belts they wore and white belts they wore and cleaned them with pipe clay, cleaned them with pipe clay, or dough.)or dough.)

New weapons played a New weapons played a decisive role in the war.decisive role in the war.

The two most The two most innovative innovative weapons were the tank and weapons were the tank and the airplane. the airplane.

Pilots went from shooting at Pilots went from shooting at each other with pistols to each other with pistols to using mounted machine guns. using mounted machine guns.

What was the name of the Leader of the What was the name of the Leader of the American Expeditionary Forces in WWI?American Expeditionary Forces in WWI?

Answer—Answer—Gen. John J. Gen. John J.

PershingPershing

WWI TanksWWI Tanks

Aviation in WWIAviation in WWI

Video Clip: Bombers in WWI

Technology in WWITechnology in WWI

WWI American War HeroesWWI American War Heroes•Eddie RickenbackerEddie Rickenbacker was an was an American ace pilot. American ace pilot.

•fought in 34 air battles and shot fought in 34 air battles and shot down 26 enemy planes. down 26 enemy planes.

•American soldiers arrived in Europe American soldiers arrived in Europe just in time to stop a German advance just in time to stop a German advance on Paris. on Paris. •One soldier from Tennessee, One soldier from Tennessee, Alvin Alvin YorkYork, became a war hero for his , became a war hero for his actions in battle. actions in battle.

• York had been a conscientious York had been a conscientious objector (a person who opposes objector (a person who opposes war on moral grounds), but he war on moral grounds), but he then agreed to fight. then agreed to fight.

•For his actions in battle he was For his actions in battle he was promoted to sergeant and called a promoted to sergeant and called a herohero

Video Clip: Reality of War, Trenches, Video Clip: Reality of War, Trenches, Weapons, and DeathWeapons, and Death

Communication designed to influence people’s thoughts and

actions.

Ans--Propaganda

Congress passed the Espionage and SeditionActs to punish people who did not support the war effort. People could not interfere with the draft or obstruct the sale of war bonds. They could not even speak against the war effort.These laws violated the spirit of the FirstAmendment, which guarantees freedom of speech. The chief targets of the Espionage and Sedition Acts were socialists and union leaders. Labor leader Eugene V. Debs was jailed for making a speech about the economic causes of the war. The Industrial Workers of the World urged workers to strike. This was considered an antiwar activity, and they received jail sentences.

Two laws that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against US participation in WWI.

Ans—Espionage and Sedition Acts

The war sped up the Great Migration. This was the movement of thousands of African Americans from the farms in the South to the cities of the North. They wanted to escape racial discrimination. They also wanted to find jobs in Northern industries.

The large-scale movement of African Americans from the South to Northern cities in early 20th century.

Ans—Great

Migration

US supreme court case that upheld Espionage and Sedition Acts

Ans—Schench vs US

President Wilson presented his plan for worldpeace to Congress in January 1918. The plan wascalled his Fourteen Points. The first five points suggested ways that wars could be avoided. They stated that (1) countries should not make secret treaties with one another, (2) freedom of the seas should be maintained, (3) tariffs should be lowered to promote free trade, (4) countries should reduce their arms, and (5) the interests of the colonial people should be considered. The next eight points suggested new national boundaries. Wilson believed in self-determination: different ethnic groups should be able to decide for themselves what nation they would belong to. The fourteenth point called for a League of Nations. This international organization would address problems between countries before they led to war.

The principles making up Woodrow Wilson’s plan for world peace

following WWI.

Ans– Fourteen Points

Association of nations

established in 1920 to promote

international cooperation and peace.

Ans—League of Nations

On June 28, 1919, the leaders of the Allies and theCentral Powers met at the Palace of Versailles inFrance. They were to sign the Treaty of Versailles. The Treaty of Versailles had three basic weaknesses.The first was its harsh treatment of Germany. Germany was humiliated. Germany was not the only country that had also been militaristic, yet Germany alone was punished. And, Germany would not be able to pay the huge reparations. The second weakness was that the Soviet Union (formerly Russia) lost more territory than Germany did. Russia had been one of the Allies, and had suffered more casualties than any other country. The Soviet Union was determined to get its territories back. The third weakness concerned colonies. The treaty did not recognize the claims of colonies for self-determination.

The 1919 peace treaty the ended WWI

Ans—Treaty of Versailles

The treaty took away Germany’s army and navy.It forced Germany to pay reparations, or war damages, to the winners. In addition, the treaty contained a war-guilt clause. Germany had to admit that it was responsible for causing the war.

Compensation paid by a defeated

nation for the damage or

injury it inflicted during

a war

Ans--reparations

Wilson brought the treaty back to the UnitedStates for approval. He found several groupsopposed it. The main opposition to the treaty was over the League of Nations. Conservative senators, headed by Henry Cabot Lodge, opposed joining the League. They did not like the idea of working with other countries to take economic and military action against European problems and aggression. Wilson refused to compromise on the League. As a result, the Senate failed to ratify the treaty. The United States never entered the League of Nations. It finally signed a separate treaty with Germany in 1921, when Wilson was no longer president.

US Senator who led fight against the US joining the League of Nations.

Ans—Henry Cabot Lodge

The war had transformed the United States and the world. World War I had strengthened both U.S military power and the power of government. It accelerated change for African Americans and women. In Europe, the war left a legacy of massive destruction, loss of life, political instability, and violence. Communists ruled in Russia and soon after the war fascist organizations seized power in Italy. Americans hoped that the war had convinced the world to never fight again. But in Europe the war settled nothing. In Germany, Adolf Hitler exploited Germans’ discontent with the Treaty ofVersailles and threatened to fight again. Hitler was true to his predictions; America did have to fight again years later in a second world war.

Hitler's Father