STRATEGI PEMASARAN PRODUK AGROINDUSTRI KELAPA BERORIENTASI EKSPOR

7/31/2019 STRATEGI PEMASARAN PRODUK AGROINDUSTRI KELAPA BERORIENTASI EKSPOR

1/133

X[UG[JDN YJAGXGUGF YULKZ@ GDULNFKZX[UN @JOGYG

EJULUNJF[GXN J@XYLU

X@UNYXN

GDN[G YZXYG KJTN

B8;9499:7

BG@ZO[GX [J@FLOLDN YJU[GFNGF

NFX[N[Z[ YJU[GFNGF ELDLU

ELDLU

5977


2/133

Agu`j{nfd X{ug{jd~ blu J}ylu{ Lunjf{jk Hlhlfz{ Gdul!nfkzx{u~ Yulkzh{

Gdn{g Yzxyg KjtnKjygu{ajf{ lb Gdulnfkzx{ungo [jhmflold~/ Bghzo{~ lb Gdunhzo{zugo [jhmflold~/

Eldlu Gdunhzo{zugo Zfnrjuxn{~/ NYE Kguagdg Hgayzx/ YL EL] 559 Eldlu/ Tjx{ Cgrg/Nfklfjxng&

jagno3 gdn{gyzxygkjtnI~agno&hla

^gfkug Gu`jagf gfk A& Sjnf Fgxz{nlfKjygu{ajf{ lb Gdulnfkzx{ungo [jhmflold~/ Bghzo{~ lb Gdunhzo{zugo [jhmflold~/

Eldlu Gdunhzo{zugo Zfnrjuxn{~/ NYE Kguagdg Hgayzx/ YL EL] 559 Eldlu/ Tjx{ Cgrg/Nfklfjxng&

GEX[UGH[

Nfklfjxng mgx {mj ogudjx{ hlhlfz{ gujg nf {mj tluok/ gelz{ 8/=: anoonlf

mjh{guj& N{ nx goxl {mj enddjx{ yulkzhju lb hlhlfz{ nf {mj tluok/ {mg{ yulkzhj gulzfk72/;>= enoonlf fz{x jwznrgojf{ -8/8 anoonlf {lf nf hlyug jwznrgojf{.& Mltjrju/ {mnx

xn{zg{nlf kljx fl{ ajgf {mg{ Nfklfjxng ejhlaj {mj enddjx{ j}ylu{ju lb hlhlfz{ gdul!

nfkzx{u~ yulkzh{ nf {mj tluok& [mj j}ylu{ rgozj lb hlhlfz{ gdul!nfkzx{u~ yulkzh{x lb

Nfklfjxng nx lfo~ gelz{ 2:/:* lb {l{go Ymnonyynfj j}ylu{x lb hlhlfz{ gdul!nfkzx{u~

yulkzh{x nf 599>& Nf bgh{/ Nfklfjxng gfk {mj Ymnonyynfjx mgrj {mj xnanogu

hmgugh{junx{nhx gfk yogf{g{nlf kjrjolyajf{ yg{{jufx {mg{ guj alx{o~ klfj e~ {mj

bguaju {mjaxjorjx& [mjujbluj/ {mnx ujxjguhm yzuylxj nx {l kj{juanfj yulxyjh{nrj lb

hlhlfz{ gdul!nfkzx{u~ yulkzh{ {l ej kjrjolyjk nf j}ylu{ agu`j{ tn{m J}ylfjf{ngo

Hlaygug{nrj Aj{mlk/ {l kj{juanfj yl{jf{ngo agu`j{ lb {mj yulxyjh{nrj yulkzh{x tn{mGfgo~{nhgo Mnjuguhm~ Yulhjxx/ gfk {l bluazog{j agu`j{nfd x{ug{jd~ blu hlhlfz{ gdul!

nfkzx{u~ yulkzh{ j}ylu{ lunjf{jk tn{m Elx{lf Hlfxzo{nfd Dulzy -EHD. ag{un}/

Nf{jufgo Bgh{lu Jrgozg{nlf -NBJ. ag{un}/ J}{jufgo Bgh{lu Jrgozg{nlf -JBJ. ag{un}/

Nf{jufgo!J}{jufgo ag{un}/ gfk X{ujfd{m!Tjg`fjxx!Lyylu{zfn{~![mujg{ -XTL[.

ag{un}&

[mj ujxzo{ nfknhg{jk {mj xjojh{nlf lb yulxyjh{nrj yulkzh{x tn{m J}ylfjf{ngo

Hlaygug{nrj Aj{mlk xmltjk {mg{ kjxnhhg{jk hlhlfz{ -KH. guj {mj alx{ yulxyjh{nrj

yulkzh{ tn{m {mj agnf yl{jf{ngo agu`j{ nx Hmnfg& Egxjk lf ujxjguhm ujxzo{/ {mj ejx{

agu`j{ x{ug{jd~ {l nfhujgxj j}ylu{ rgozj lb hlhlfz{ gdul!nfkzx{u~ yulkzh{x guj

ujyogf{nfd {mj hlhlfz{ gujg/ nfhujgxj yulkzh{nlf yulhjxx jbbnhnjfh~/ nfhujgxj wzgon{~

lb {mj yulkzh{x/ hujg{j dlrjufajf{ ludgfnsg{nlf {l guugfdj j}ylu{ lb hlhlfz{

yulkzh{x bula anflu nfkzx{unjx gfk bguajux/ gh{nrj {l g{{jfk hlhlfz{ j}mnen{nlfx nf

yl{jf{ngo agu`j{x/ kjrjoly j}ylu{ agu`j{ {l l{mju hlzf{unjx/ on`j ZXG/ Jgx{ Jzulyj/

gfk Hmnfg/ gfk kjrjoly aluj rgozj!gkkjk yulkzh{x&

@j~tlukx3 Agu`j{nfd x{ug{jd~/ hlhlfz{ gdul!nfkzx{u~ yulkzh{/ XTL[/ EHD

aj{mlkx
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


3/133

GDN[G YZXYG KJTN& B8;9499:7& X{ug{jdn Yjagxgugf Yulkz` Gdulnfkzx{un @jogyg

Ejulunjf{gxn J`xylu& Kn egtgm enaenfdgf ^gfkug Gu`jagf kgf A& Sjnf Fgxz{nlf& 5977

UNFD@GXGF

Nfklfjxng ajuzyg`gf yulkzxjf `jogyg {juejxgu kn kzfng kjfdgf ozgx {gfgagf `jogyg xj`n{gu

8/=: cz{g mg kgf yulkz`xn xj`n{gu 72/;>= anongu ez{nu `jogyg -8/8 cz{g {lf xj{gug `lyug. -GYHH/ 599>.&

Fgazf/ mgo nfn {nkg` ogf{gx ajfcgkn`gf Nfklfjxng xjegdgn fjdgug yjfdj`xylu yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un

`jogyg {juejxgu kn kzfng& Ajfzuz{ Hlhlfz{ X{g{nx{nhgo ^jguell`GYHH -599>./ {l{go ozgx ogmgf `jogyg

~gfd knanon`n Nfklfjxng mgf~g agayz ajfdmgxno`gf j`xylu xj!fnogn ZX+ :4=/>45 cz{g& Xjkgfd`gf

Bnonynfg ~gfd mgf~g ajanon`n ozgx ogmgf {l{go xj`n{gu 8/;95 cz{g mg kjfdgf yulkz`xn 7:/24 anongu ez{nu

`jogyg/ {j{gyn agayz ajfkzogfd kjrnxg j`xylu mnfddg ZX+ ==;/955 cz{g& Mgo nfn ajfgfkg`gf fnogn

j`xylu `jogyg Nfklfjxng kgf yulkz` gdulnfkzx{unf~g mgf~g xj`n{gu 2:/: * kgun {l{go j`xylu `jogyg

Bnonynfg kgf yulkz` gdulnfkzx{unf~g ygkg {gmzf 599>& Ygkgmgo/ Nfklfjxng kgf Bnonynfg ajanon`n

`jxgaggf `gug`{junx{n` ylog yjfdjaegfdgf kgf yju`jezfgf ~gfd xjegdngf ejxgu knog`z`gf xjfknun

lojm yj{gfn& Lojm `gujfg n{z/ yjuoz kn{jf{z`gf yulkz`!yulkz` ~gfd ajanon`n yulxyj` egdzx zf{z`

kn`jaegfd`gf kgf knygxgu`gf kn ygxgu j`xylu xju{g ygxgu yl{jfxngo ~gfd mguzx kn{zcz& Xjognf n{z/

knyjuoz`gf x{ug{jdn yjagxgugf ~gfd {jyg{ ~gfd xjxzgn kjfdgf `lfknxn nf{jufgo kgf j`x{jufgo

gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg Nfklfjxng xgg{ nfn zf{z` kgyg{ ejuxgnfd kgf ajfnfd`g{`gf czaogm kgf fnogn j`xylu

yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg Nfklfjxng&

Yjfjon{ngf nfn eju{zczgf zf{z` ajfdnkjf{nbn gxn kgf ajfjf{z`gf yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg

~gfd yulxyj`{nb zf{z` knj`xylu/ ajfdnkjf{nbn`gxn kgf ajfjf{z`gf ygxgu yl{jfxngo zf{z` j`xylu

yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg ~gfd yulxyj`{nb/ xju{g ajuzazx`gf x{ug{jdn yjagxgugf ~gfd xjxzgn egdn

j`xylu yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg Nfklfjxng kgoga ajfdmgkgyn yjuxgnfdgf& Kg{g ~gfd kn`zayzo`gf

kgoga yjfjon{ngf gkgogm kg{g yunaju kgf xj`zfkju& Kg{g yunaju knyjulojm ejukgxgu`gf mgxno

tgtgfhgug kjfdgf ygug yg`gu `jogyg kgf yjfdnxngf `zjxnlfju& Kg{g xj`zfkju knyjulojm kgun Hlhlfz{X{g{nx{nhgo ^jgu 599> Gxngfgfk Ygxnbnh Hlhlfz{ Hlaazfn{~ -GYHH./ agu`j{ lbbnhj GYHH Cg`gu{g/

Kjtgf @jogyg Nfklfjxng -Kj`nfkl./ Knuj`{lug{ Cjfkjugo Yju`jezfgf/ Egogn Ejxgu Nfkzx{un Gdul

-EENG./ @jajf{ungf Yjunfkzx{ungf/ @jajf{ungf Yjukgdgfdgf/ xju{g nfbluagxn!nfbluagxn ognff~g ~gfd

eju`gn{gf kjfdgf yjfjon{ngf ~gfd knyjulojm kgun ez`z!ez`z on{jug{zu/ ajkng agxxg/ agzyzf ajkng

joj`{ulfn` -nf{jufj{.&

Aj{lkj yjfdlogmgf kgf gfgonxnx kg{g kgoga yjfjon{ngf nfn knog`z`gf xjhgug eju{gmgy& Ygkg

{gmgy gtgo/ knog`z`gf yjfjf{zgf yulkz` yulxyj`{nb ajfddzfg`gf Aj{lkj Yjuegfknfdgf J`xylfjfxngo

-AYJ.& [gmgy xjogfcz{f~g gkgogm yjfjf{zgf ygxgu yl{jfxngo kjfdgf ajfddzfg`gf aj{lkj Gfgo~{nhgo

Mnjuguhm~ Yulhjxx -GMY. kjfdgf egf{zgf yuldugaJ}yju{ Hmlnhj 5999& Xjogfcz{f~g/ {gmgy bluazogxn

x{ug{jdn yjagxgugf kjfdgf ajfddzfg`gf yjfkj`g{gf `lfxjy agfgcjajf x{ug{jdnx& Kg{g kgf nfbluagxnknlogm xjhgug `zgon{g{nb kgf `zgf{n{g{nb& Gfgonxnx `zgon{g{nb ejuxnbg{ kjx`uny{nb kndzfg`gf zf{z`

ajfdj{gmzn bg`{lu!bg`{lu nf{jufgo -`j`zg{gf kgf `jojagmgf. kgf bg`{lu!bg`{lu j`x{jufgo -yjozgfd kgf

gfhgagf. gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg Nfklfjxng kgoga ajfdmgkgyn ygxgu j`xylu& Xjajf{gug gfgonxnx

`zgf{n{g{nb knog`z`gf kgoga ajfdgfgonxnx ylnxnxn ylu{lblonl gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg ajfddzfg`gf Ag{un`x

Elx{lf Hlfxzo{nfd Dulzy -EHD./ `jazkngf gfgonxnx `zgf{n{g{nb {gmgy nfyz{ ajogozn ag{un`x Nf{jufgo

Bgh{lu Jrgozg{nlf -NBJ. kgf ag{un`x J}{jufgo Bgh{lu Jrgozg{nlf -JBJ./ {gmgy yjfhlhl`gf ajogozn

ag{un`xNf{jufgo!J}{jufgo -NJ. kgf ag{un`x X{ujfd{m!Tjg`fjxx!Lyylu{zfn{~![mujg{-XTL[.&

Mgxno yjfjon{ngf ajfzfcz``gf yjanonmgf yulkz` yulxyj`{nb kjfdgf Aj{lkj Yjuegfknfdgf

J`xylfjfxngo knyjulojm mgxno egmtg kjxnhhg{jk hlhlfz{ -KH. ajuzyg`gf yulkz` ygonfd yulxyj`{nb

kjfdgf x`lu 78=&=95&872& Zuz{gf `jkzg gkgogm anf~g` `jogyg kjfdgf x`lu 784&:78&5>7 kgf zuz{gf

`j{ndg gkgogm rnudnf hlhlfz{ lno -RHL. kjfdgf x`lu 784&747&;>:&


4/133

Mgxno yjanonmgf ygxgu yl{jfxngo kjfdgf ajfddzfg`gf aj{lkj GMY ajfzfcz``gf egmtg

ygxgu yl{jfxngo z{gag kjxnhhg{jk hlhlfz{gkgogm Hmnfg kjfdgf x`lu xjejxgu 9/;24/ zuz{gf `jkzg kgf

{jug`mnu gkgogm Djuagf~ kgf Yg`nx{gf kjfdgf x`lu agxnfd!agxnfd xjejxgu 9/88: kgf 9/7>=& Ygxgu

yl{jfxngo z{gag anf~g` `jogyg czdg Hmnfg kjfdgf x`lu {ju{nfddn ~gn{z 9/:2>/ kjfdgf zuz{gf `jkzg kgf

{jug`mnu gkgogm ZXG kgf @lujg kjfdgf x`lu agxnfd!agxnfd xjejxgu 9/554 kgf 9/59;& Xjkgfd`gfzf{z` yulkz` RHL/ Nfklfjxng agxnm ajfdj`xylu yulkz` RHL {juxjez{ kgoga czaogm xgfdg{ `jhno/

~gn{z xj`n{gu :99 `d xgaygn kjfdgf 7999 `d yju {gmzff~g/ xjmnfddg ygxgu yl{jfxngo RHL Nfklfjxng

knyjulojm kgun kg{g j`xylu RHL Bnonynfg xjegdgn agu`j{ ojgkjuj`xylu RHL& Fjdgug ~gfd ajfcgkn

ygxgu yl{jfxngo j`xylu RHL Nfklfjxng gkgogm fjdgug Gajun`g/ `gujfg fjdgug {juxjez{ ajuzyg`gf

fjdgug ~gfd ygonfd ejxgu ajfdnaylu RHL kgun Bnonynfg kjfdgf czaogm yjaejongf ~gfd knog`z`gf

ojenm kgun :9* {l{go j`xylu RHL Bnonynfg/ ~gn{z xjejxgu 79=5 {lf ygkg {gmzf 599>& Xjognf n{z/

Gajun`g ajuzyg`gf fjdgug kjfdgf nfkzx{un yulkz` `jxjmg{gf kgf `lxaj{n` {juegf~g` kn kzfng/ ~gn{z

agxnfd!agxnfd xjejxgu ==&;:5 kgf 78&:=; zfn{/ ~gfd agfg RHL xjfknun gyon`gxnf~g xjegdngf ejxgu

zf{z` yulkz` `jxjmg{gf kgf `lxaj{n`&

Ejukgxgu`gf ylxnxn gdulnfkzx{un kjxnhhg{jk hlhlfz{-KH.~gfd ejugkg ygkg ylxnxn kldx ygkggfgonxnx ag{un`x EHD/ ~gfd ejugkg ygkg xjo R ygkg ag{un`x NJ kgf ejukgxgu`gf go{jufg{nb x{ug{jdn ~gfd

knezg{ ygkg ag{un`x XTL[ ~gfd knog`z`gf/ x{ug{jdn yjagxgugf ~gfd kgyg{ knog`z`gf zf{z`

ajfnfd`g{`gf j`xylu KH Nfklfjxng gkgogm kjfdgf ajfnfd`g{`gf jbnxnjfxn yulxjx gdgu kgyg{

ajayju`jhno eng~g kgf ajfnfd`g{`gf `jzf{zfdgf/ ajfnfd`g{`gf `zgon{gx yulkz` {juz{gag kgun xjdn

xnbg{ mndnjfnxf~g kn`gujfg`gf kjxnhhg{jk hlhlfz{ ajuzyg`gf yulkz` ~gfd 799* yjfddzfggff~g

zf{z` ajayulkz`xn ygfdgf xjmnfddg kgyg{ ajajfzmn yjuanf{ggf ygxgu j`xylu ~gfd xjag`nf

ajfnfd`g{/ ajfnfd`g{`gf `jazkgmgf enulùgxn kgoga yulxjx j`xylu!naylu dzfg ajfdg{gxn gfhgagf

z{gag ~gfd agfg naylu kgun Xnfdgyluj ojenm azkgm/ ajayjuozgx kgjugm yjagxgugf `j ygxgu!ygxgu

~gfd eguz {zaezm xjyju{n Julyg [nazu/ Guge/ Hmnfg/ kgf Uzxng/ kgf ajfdjaegfd`gf yulkz`

xjmnfddg ejufnogn {gaegm xjyju{n hll`njx/ enxhzn{x/ eg`ju~&

X{ug{jdn yjagxgugf ~gfd kgyg{ knog`z`gf zf{z` ajfnfd`g{`gf j`xylu anf~g` `jogyg

Nfklfjxng/ ejukgxgu`gf gfgonxnx ag{un`x EHD ~gfd ejugkg ygkg ylxnxn hgxm hlt/ ag{un`x NJ ~gfd

ejugkg ygkg xjo R/ kgf ag{un`x XTL[ ~gfd {jogm knog`z`gf/ gkgogm kjfdgf ajog`z`gf yjujagcggf

tnog~gm gujgo `jogyg Nfklfjxng/ ajfnfd`g{`gf `jazkgmgf enulùgxn j`xylu yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un

`jogyg Nfklfjxng ygkg `mzxzxf~g/ ajayjuozgx kgjugm yjagxgugf `j ygxgu!ygxgu ~gfd eguz {zaezm

xjyju{n Julyg [nazu/ Guge/ Hmnfg/ kgf Uzxng/ ajayulalxn`gf anf~g` `jogyg xjegdgn anf~g` ~gfd

{nkg` ejuegmg~g kgf ajanon`n `gfkzfdgf `lojx{julo ujfkgm/ xju{g ajfdjaegfd`gf yulkz` gf{gug ognf

ajfcgkn yulkz` lojlhmjanhgox kgf yulkz` ygfdgf xjyju{n anf~g` dlujfd/ ajf{jdg/ kgf ognff~g

xjmnfddg ojenm ejufnogn {gaegm&

Rnudnf hlhlfz{ lno -RHL. ~gfd ejugkg ygkg xjo R ygkg ag{un`x NJ kgf ejukgxgu`gf go{jufg{nb

x{ug{jdn mgxno kgun ag{un`x XTL[/ x{ug{jdn yjagxgugf ~gfd xjegn`f~g knog`z`gf zf{z` ajfnfd`g{`gfj`xylu RHL gkgogm kjfdgf ajfnfd`g{`gf `zgon{gx yulkz` kgf ajf~j{gug`gf `zgon{gx yulkz` RHL

kjfdgf RHL Bnonynfg xjegdgn agu`j{ ojgkju ~gn{z ajayulkz`xn RHL kjfdgf `gfkzfdgf Gxga

Ogzug{ xjejxgu 2:*/ ajayjuazkgm enulùgxn j`xylu yulkz` `jogyg Nfklfjxng ygkg `mzxzxf~g/

ajfhny{g`gf ojaegdg kgun yjajunf{gm ~gfd ajfdg{zu yulkz` RHL nfkzx{un `jhno kgf yj{gfn zf{z`

knj`xylu/ ajfnfd`g{`gf yulalxn kjfdgf ajayju`jfgo`gf yulkz` RHL xjegdgn yulkz` `jxjmg{gf

mndm wzgon{~ ludgfnh gfk fg{zugo yulhjxx `j fjdgug!fjdgug yl{jfxngo/ ajfcgonf `jan{uggf kjfdgf

fjdgug ozgu -ZXG/ fjdgug!fjdgug Julyg. ~gfd knegf{z lojm yjajunf{gm/ ajfdjaegfd`gf yulkz`

ajfcgkn yulkz` {zuzfgff~g xjyju{n yulkz` `lxaj{n`/ yulkz` xyg/ anf~g` dlxl`/ kgf ognff~g xjmnfddg

ojenm ejufnogn {gaegm&


5/133

YJUF^G[GGF AJFDJFGN X@UNYXN KGF

XZAEJU NFBLUAGXN

Xg~g ajf~g{g`gf kjfdgf xjejfgu!ejfguf~g egmtg x`unyxn kjfdgf czkzo X{ug{jdn

Yjagxgugf Yulkz` Gdulnfkzx{un @jogyg Ejulunjf{gxn J`xylu gkgogm mgxno `gu~g

xg~g xjfknun kjfdgf gugmgf Klxjf Yjaenaenfd G`gkjan`/ kgf ejoza kngcz`gf

kgoga ejf{z` gygyzf ygkg yjudzuzgf {nfddn agfgyzf& Xzaeju nfbluagxn ~gfd

ejugxgo g{gz kn`z{ny kgun `gu~g ~gfd kn{juen{`gf agzyzf {nkg` kn{juen{`gf kgun yjfzonx

ognf {jogm knxjez{`gf kgoga {j`x kgf knhgf{za`gf kgoga Kgb{gu Yzx{g`g kn egdngf

g`mnu x`unyxn nfn&

Eldlu/ Ajn 5977

^gfd ajaezg{ yjuf~g{ggf

Gdn{g Yzxyg Kjtn

B8;9499:7


6/133

Mg` hny{g anon` Gdn{g Yzxyg Kjtn/ {gmzf 5977Mg` hny{g knonfkzfdn

Knogugfd ajfdz{ny kgf ajayjuegf~g` {gfyg nsnf {ju{zonx kgun

Nfx{n{z{ Yju{gfngf Eldlu/ xjegdngf g{gz xjozuzmf~g kgoga ejf{z` gygyzf/

egn` hj{g`/ bl{l`lyn/ an`ulbnoa/ kgf xjegdgnf~g


7/133

ENLKG[G YJFZONX

Yjfzonx ajanon`n fgag ojfd`gy Gdn{g Yzxyg Kjtn& Yjfzonx knogmnu`gf kn

Cg`gu{g ygkg {gfddgo > Flrjaeju 7>=> kgun ygxgfdgf Xgnbzo Sgmun kgf Un{gMjugtg{n& Gfg` yju{gag kgun kzg ejuxgzkgug/ kjfdgf gkn` ~gfd ejufgag

Azmgaagk Ugbon Xg{ungtgf&

Yjfzonx ajanon`n og{gu ejog`gfd yjfknkn`gf xjegdgn ejun`z{3 [gagf

@gfg`!`gfg` kn [@ Nxoga Fzuzo Wlagu/ Cg`gu{g [nazu -7>>;!7>>:./ ogoz

knogfcz{`gf kjfdgf xj`logm kgxgu kn XK Fjdjun Hn`l`l 97 Ygdn/ Cg`gu{g

Xjog{gf -7>>:!5997.& Yjfzonx ajogfcz{`gf xj`logm ogfcz{gf {nfd`g{ yju{gag kn

XAY Fjdjun 77:/ Cg`gu{g Xjog{gf -5997!599;./ kgf ajogfcz{`gf xj`logm

ajfjfdgm g{gx kn XAG Fjdjun 52 Cg`gu{g Xjog{gf -599;!5994.& Ygkg {gmzf 5994/ yjfzonx ajogfcz{`gf

x{zkn xjegdgn agmgxnxtg Kjygu{jajf [j`floldn Nfkzx{un Yju{gfngf/ Bg`zo{gx [j`floldn Yju{gfngf kn

Nfx{n{z{ Yju{gfngf Eldlu ajogozn cgozu Zfkgfdgf Xjoj`xn Agmgxnxtg NYE -ZXAN. &

Xjogag agxg yjfknkn`gf kn Nfx{n{z{ Yju{gfngf Eldlu/ yjfzonx ajfcgkn gfddl{g Kjygu{jajf

Yulkz`xn Hjf{zu~ NYE -5994./ gfddl{g Kjygu{jajf N[ Hjf{zu~ NYE -599=./ kgf ygkg {gmzf 599>

yjfzonx ajfcgkn ujylu{ju [geolnk Anfk/ Mnayzfgf Agmgxnxtg [j`floldn Nfkzx{un -MNAGOLDNF.&

Xjognf n{z yjfzonx czdg ajfcgkn gxnx{jf ujxylfxn [j`fn` Ly{nagxn ygkg xjajx{ju djfgy {gmzf gcgugf

5979,5977& Yjfzonx czdg ajog`xgfg`gf Yug`{n` Ogygfd ygkg yjunlkj ezogf Czon!Gdzx{zx 5979 kn Y[&

Nfklbllk Xz`xjx Agàzu [e`&/ Eldgxgun Bolzu Anoox kjfdgf czkzo ogylugf yug`{n` ogygfd

Ajayjogcgun Gxyj` Agfgcjajf Yjagxgugf Yulkz` Y[& Nfklbllk Xz`xjx Agàzu [e`&/ Eldgxgun

Bolzu Anoox& Xjogag ajfcgogfn yju`zongmgf kn NYE/ yjfzonx ajfkgyg{`gf ejgxnxtg yjfknkn`gf

Egf{zgf Ejogcgu Agmgxnxtg -EEA. ygkg {gmzf 599>/ ejgxnxtg yjfknkn`gf Yjfnfd`g{gf Yujx{gxn

G`gkjan` -YYG. ygkg {gmzf 5979 kgf 5977/ xju{g egf{zgf kgfg kgun Kjygu{jajf [j`floldn Nfkzx{un

Yju{gfngf zf{z` yjfjon{ngf kgf xùnyxn yjfzonx ygkg {gmzf 5977&


8/133

@G[G YJFDGF[GU

Yzcn x~z`zu `j mgknug{ Googm XT[ g{gx fnàg{ kgf ugmag{ ~gfd knejun`gf/ xjmnfddg yjfzonx

enxg ajf~jojxgn`gf xùnyxn nfn kjfdgf azkgm kgf ogfhgu& Xmgogtg{ kgf xgoga yjfzonx xgaygn`gf

`jygkg czfczfdgf Fgen Azmgaagk XGT xju{g `jozgudg kgf xgmgeg{f~g& Yjfzonx ajfdzhgy`gf

{junag`gxnm g{gx kz`zfdgf/ enaenfdgf xju{g al{nrgxn kgun ejuegdgn ynmg` xjogag yjfzonxgf xùnyxn nfn

mnfddg xùnyxn nfn kgyg{ {juxjojxgn`gf& Zhgygf {junag`gxnm knxgaygn`gf `jygkg 3

7& Ygyg kgf Agag {juhnf{g/ Egyg` Xgnbzo Sgmun kgf Nez Un{g Mjugtg{n xju{g gkn` {juxg~gfd Ugbo~/~gfd {jogm ajaejun`gf xjdgog hnf{g kgf `gxnm xg~gfd/ al{nrgxn/ xjagfdg{/ klg kgf kz`zfdgf

yjfzm jygkg yjfzonx&

5& Ku& Nu& ^gfkug Gu`jagf/ A& Jfd& xjog`z klxjf yjaenaenfd yju{gag g{gx enaenfdgf kgfgugmgff~g `jygkg yjfzonx kgoga yjf~zxzfgf xùnyxn nfn xjmnfddg yjfzonx kgyg{ ajf~jojxgn`gf

xùnyxn nfn&

8& Nu& A& Sjnf Fgxz{nlf/ A& Gyy& Xh& xjog`z klxjf yjaenaenfd `jkzg g{gx enaenfdgf kgfgugmgff~g ~gfd knejun`gf `jygkg yjfzonx kgoga ajf~jojxgn`gf xùnyxn nfn&

;& Ygug yg`gu ~gfd {jogm ajaegf{z yjfzonx kgoga yjfjon{ngf dzfg ajf~zxzf xùnyxn nfn kgf {jogmajaejun ejuegdgn nfbluagxn kgf xgugf ~gfd ejumzezfdgf kjfdgf xùnyxn yjfzonx/ Yg` Kgrnk

Goolojuzfd/ Yg` Xun Ezknxj{~gf{l/ Yg` Gaunsgo/ Nez Jaa~ ^zongf{mnjf/ Nez Gunj Ugmag{n`g/

Nez Mjff~ Gunfgu{n/ kgf Yg` Nugtgkn Cgagugf&

:& Djfddlfd {juxg~gfd/ Nhmg/ Kn{{g/ [ngug/ Gfsg/ Jfx`~/ [ngx/ kgf Xgenog ~gfd {jogm xgfdg{ejuyjugf kgoga ajaejun`gf kz`zfdgf xju{g egf{zgf egdn yjfzonx kgoga ajf~jojxgn`gf xùnyxn

nfn&

2& Azmgaagk Mgbnk Bnuagfx~gm/ ~gfd {jogm ajaejun`gf egf{zgf xju{g kz`zfdgf xjogag nfn egdnyjfzonx kgoga ajog`xgfg`gf yjfjon{ngf kgf ajf~zxzf xùnyxn nfn&

4& [jagf!{jagf xg{z enaenfdgf Yg` ^gfkug/ Nhgg/ Sgbnu/ Kjkj/ Gf~/ kgf J`g ~gfd {jogmajf~jagfdg{n yjfzonx kgf ajaejun`gf ejuegdgn agxz`gf egdn yjfzonx&

=& Xgmgeg{!xgmgeg{ {juxg~gfd/ Guknj Gun~lfl/ Gdunrnfnj/ [~jf/ Uj~fg/ Gsn/ Ygyg Nwego/ J`l/ Rnfg~gfd {jogm ajf~jagfdg{n kgf ajaegf{z yjfzonx ajf~jojxgn`gf xùnyxn nfn&

>& Xgmgeg{!xgmgeg{`z [NF ;; {juhnf{g ~gfd {jogm xgonfd ajf~jagfdg{n kgf ajaegf{z kgogaajf~jojxgn`gf xùnyxn&

79& Xzfjdm {juxg~gfd ~gfd xjogoz ajfdmnezu kgf ajf~jagfdg{n yjfzonx/ Tjtj/ Knkn/ Hghg/ B~g/kgf Kjrnfg g`g Kjrg&

77& @g`g`!`g`g` `jogx {juxg~gfd/ @g` Hnhn{/ @g` Ozx~/ @g` [~g/ @g` Unfg/ @g` Gdl/ @gÙnkzgf/ kgf @g` Dge~ ~gfd {jogm ajaejun`gf xjdgog nfbluagxn/ egf{zgf/ kgf xjagfdg{ egdn

yjfzonx&75& Xjazg ynmg` ~gfd {nkg` kgyg{ knxjez{`gf xg{z yju xg{z&

Yjfzonx ajf~gkgun egmtg kgoga yjfzonxgf xùnyxn nfn yjfzonx {nkg` ozyz{ kgun `jxgogmgf ~gfd

agfzxngtn& Lojm `gujfg n{z/ yjfzonx xgfdg{ ajfdmgugy`gf xgugf/ agxz`gf/ agzyzf ùn{n` gdgu xùnyxn

nfn kgyg{ ajfkj`g{n `jxjayzufggf& Xjaldg xùnyxn nfn kgyg{ ejuagfbgg{ egdn yjfzonx agzyzf xjazg

ynmg` ~gfd ajajuoz`gff~g&

Eldlu/ Ajn 5977

Yjfzonx


9/133

YJFKGMZOZGF

7&7 Og{gu Ejog`gfd

Ozgx tnog~gm {gfgagf `jogyg kn Nfklfjxng ajuzyg`gf ozgx gujgo `jogyg {juejxgu kn kzfng&Ejukgxgu`gf Hlhlfz{ X{g{nx{nhgo ^jguell`599> Gxjgf Ygxnbnh Hlhlfz{ Hlaazfn{~ -GYHH./ {l{go ozgx

yju`jezfgf `jogyg Nfklfjxng ygkg {gmzf 599> ajfhgygn 8/=: cz{g mg g{gz ajfhgygn 87/2* kgun {l{go

ozgx gujgo `jogyg kn kzfng xj`n{gu 75/74 cz{g mg kgf xjegdngf ejxguf~g ->=*. ajuzyg`gf yju`jezfgf

ug`~g{& Yjuxjegugf `jogyg {juxjez{ mgaynu ajug{g kn xjozuzm Nfklfjxng/ kjfdgf xjegugf {juegf~g`

ejugkg kn Xzag{jug ~gfd ajfhgygn 85/;*/ Cgtg 57/=*/ Xzogtjxn 59*/ Agoz`z kgf Ygyzg >/5*/

Fzxg [jfddgug 4/:*/ @gonagf{gf 4/8*/ kgf Egon xjejxgu 7/=*& Enog knonmg{ kgun ozgx ogmgf `jogyg

ajfzuz{ yulynfxn/ `jezf `jogyg {juozgx ejugkg kn yulynfxn Ungz xjejxgu :;5&5;> mg -7;/7*./ knxzxzo

Cgtg [jfdgm 5=7&;49 mg -4/8*./ kgf Xzogtjxn Z{gug 549&449 mg -4*. ygkg ylxnxn `j{ndg/ xjkgfd`gf

tnog~gm kjfdgf yulkz`xn `jogyg {juegf~g` ejugkg kn yulynfxn Ungz xjejxgu :;2&448 {lf -72/:4*./

knxzxzo Xzogtjxn Z{gug 5>8&995 {lf -=/>*./ kgf Xzogtjxn [jfdgm 542&288 {lf -=/;*. ygkg ylxnxn

`j{ndg& Xjognf n{z/ Nfklfjxng czdg ajuzyg`gf yulkzxjf `jogyg {juejxgu kn kzfng kjfdgf yulkz`xn

xj`n{gu 72/;>= anongu ez{nu `jogyg -5:/;* yulkz`xn `jogyg kzfng. g{gz xj{gug 8/8 cz{g {lf `lyug ygkg

{gmzf 599>&

@jogyg ajuzyg`gf `lalkn{n xlxngo kgf ajuzyg`gf egdngf kgun `jmnkzygf agx~gug`g{

Nfklfjxng ~gfd knxjege`gf lojm xjozuzm egdngf `jogyg/ azogn kgun g`gu/ eg{gfd/ ezgm/ ezfdg/ kgf kgzf

kgyg{ knagfbgg{`gf& Ezfdg `jogyg ajfdmgxno`gf fnug `jogyg ~gfd kgyg{ ajfdmgxno`gf dzog ajugm

-dzog `jogyg.0 Kgdnfd ezgm `jogyg kgyg{ ajfdmgxno`gf `lyug/ anf~g` `jogyg/ xgf{gf/ kgf `jogyg yguz{

`junfd -kjxnhhg{jk hlhlfz{.0 Xgez{ `jogyg kgyg{ ajfdmgxno`gf hlnu bneju/ `jxj{/ xgyz/ ag{ugx/ kgf

egmgf yjaezg{ xyunfd ejk0 [jayzuzfd `jogyg kgyg{ knagfbgg{`gf ajfcgkn gugfd {jayzuzfd/ `guelf

g`{nb/ kgf `jugcnfgf {gfdgf0 Gnu `jogyg kgyg{ knagfbgg{`gf xjegdgn egmgf hz`g/ fg{g kj hlhl/ `jhgy/

kgf anfzagf ejujfjudn0 Eg{gfd `jogyg kgyg{ knagfbgg{`gf zf{z` egmgf egfdzfgf `jugfd`g g{gzg{gy0 Kgzf `jogyg kgyg{ ajfdmgxno`gf onkn zf{z` xgyz xju{g egugfd gf~gagf xjegdgn kj`lugxn0 G`gu

`jogyg kgyg{ knagfbgg{`gf xjegdgn egmgf yjtgufg kgf leg{!leg{gf& Mgo {juxjez{ ~gfd ajf~jege`gf

`jogyg knczoz`n xjegdgn ylmlf `jmnkzygf ~gfd xgfdg{ `g~g g`gf agfbgg{ egn` zf{z` ygfdgf/ xzaeju

jfjudn/ egmgf eg`z ejuegdgn nfkzx{un `jxjmg{gf kgf `jhgf{n`gf/ agzyzf zf{z` `jyjuozgf uzagm

{gfddg kgf egugfd `jugcnfgf&

Zxgmg yju`jogyggf ajuzyg`gf xgogm xg{z ynogu yjuj`lflangf agx~gug`g{ Nfklfjxng

`mzxzxf~g kn kgjugm yjkjxggf& @jdng{gf ygkg xj`{lu nfn {jogm ajaejun gfkno ~gfd hz`zy ejxgu kgoga

yjf~jknggf ogygfdgf `jucg kgf yjf~jknggf egmgf eg`z nfkzx{un kgoga fjdjun/ yjulojmgf yjfkgyg{gf

kgjugm/ xju{g ~gfd {nkg` `gogm yjf{nfdf~g gkgogm yjulojmgf kjrnxg& Egm`gf Agfddgegugfn -599>.

ajf~g{g`gf yulkz` `jogyg xjegdgn xzaeju kjrnxg fjdgug ajogozn j`xylu kgf ajf~jugy {jfgdg `jucgxj`n{gu 2/> cz{g @@& Xjognf n{z/ `lalkn{n `jogyg nfn ajaejun`gf yjfkgyg{gf ygkg yj{gfn xjejxgu ;/48

cz{g,{gmzf,mg& @lf{unezxn zxgmg yju jogyggf {jumgkgy yjuj`lflangf ug`~g{ kgf yjaegfdzfgf ujdnlfgo

xgfdg{ ejugu{n& Egdn kgjugm yulkzxjf z{gag `jogyg/ xze xj`{lu yju`jogyggf ajuzyg`gf xzaeju z{gag

yjfjunaggf kgf yjfkgyg{gf `jozgudg yj{gfn& Xjognf n{z/ zxgmg{gfn `jogyg kgf yjfdlogmgff~g/ mgaynu

xjozuzmf~g knzxgmg`gf lojm yj{gfn `jhno/ knagfg {jukgyg{ xzuyozx {jfgdg `jucg& Kgoga `lfknxn xjyju{n

nfn/ zxgmg yju`jogyggf ajuzyg`gf ogygfdgf `jucg z{gag& Lojm `gujfg n{z/ ajagcz`gf zxgmg

yju`jogyggf ajayzf~gn ag`fg ~gfd xgfdg{ x{ug{jdnx/ {nkg` mgf~g kgoga `lf{j`x j`lflan {j{gyn czdg

kgoga lf{j`x xlxngo&

Ajx`nyzf Nfklfjxng ajuzyg`gf fjdgug yjfdmgxno `jogyg {juejxgu kn kzfng/ `lfknxn nfn {nkg`

ajfcgkn`gf fjdgug nfn xjegdgn yjfdmgxno yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg {juejxgu kn kzfng& Agfddgegugfn

-599>. ajf~g{g`gf xjogag nfn `lalkn{gx `jogyg mgf~g knagfbgg{`gf yulkz` yunajuf~g xgcg/


10/133

xjkgfd`gf yjfdjaegfdgf kgf yjagfbgg{gf yulkz` mnonu kgf mgxno xgaynfd ejoza egf~g` knog`z`gf&

Xjognf n{z/ yulkz`xn yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg Nfklfjxng mgf~g ajfkzkz`n ylxnxn `jkzg xj{jogm

Bnonynfg kgf kgun xjdn ugdga yulkz`xn xju{g kjrnxg ~gfd knmgxno`gf/ ylxnxn Nfklfjxng czdg agxnm ejugkg

kn egtgm Nfkng kgf Xunogf`g& Cjfnx yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg ~gfd {jogm agayz knjx`ylu lojm

Nfklfjxng mgf~g xj`n{gu = cjfnx yulkz` `jogyg/ xjajf{gug Bnonynfg {jogm agayz ajfdj`xylu xj`n{gu 7;cjfnx yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg& Ygkgmgo ajfzuz{ Cgagugf -599>./ yl{jfxn enxfnx kgun `jogyg hz`zy

ejxgu/ ajfdnfdg{ Nfklfjxng ajuzyg`gf fjdgug kjfdgf ozgx kgf yulkz`xn `jogyg {juejxgu kn kzfng&

Yl{jfxn yulkz`xn kgun ezgmf~g ~gn{z anf~g` `jogyg 7&;:9&52: {lf,{gmzf/ gaygx `jogyg 7&7=2&;29

{lf,{gmzf/ gnu `jogyg ;&2;:&524&:99 on{ju,{gmzf -gxzaxn yjuez{nu 899 ao./ xgez{ `jogyg 4&799&999

{lf,{gmzf/ kgf {jayzuzfd 5&:=9&49; {lf,{gmzf& Xjognf n{z/ kjfdgf gkgf~g `lfxjy fnogn {gaegm - gkkjk

rgozj. kgyg{ ajaejun`gf kgayg` ylxn{nb kgoga yjfnfd`g{gf fnogn `jogyg& Xjognf ajfcgkn`gf yulkz`

{juxjez{ ejufnogn czgo ojenm agmgo/ `lfxjy fnogn {gaegm czdg ajaejun`gf `jzf{zfdgf ojenm egdn

gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg kn Nfklfjxng kgf ygug yj{gfn `jogyg&

Ajfzuz{ Hlhlfz{ X{g{nx{nhgo ^jguell` GYHH -599>./ {l{go ozgx ogmgf `jogyg ~gfd knanon`n

Nfklfjxng mgf~g agayz ajfdmgxno`gf j`xylu xj!fnogn ZX+ :4=/>45 cz{g& Xjkgfd`gf Bnonynfg ~gfdmgf~g ajanon`n ozgx ogmgf {l{go xj`n{gu 8/;95 cz{g mg kjfdgf yulkz`xn 7:/24 anongu ez{nu `jogyg/ {j{gyn

agayz ajfkzogfd kjrnxg j`xylu mnfddg ZX+ ==;/955 cz{g& Mgo nfn ajfgfkg`gf fnogn j`xylu `jogyg

Nfklfjxng kgf yulkz` gdulnfkzx{unf~g mgf~g xj`n{gu 2:/: * kgun {l{go j`xylu `jogyg Bnonynfg kgf

yulkz` gdulnfkzx{unf~g ygkg {gmzf 599>& Ygkgmgo jx{nagxn `jez{zmgf klajx{n` -`lfxzaxn. `jogyg kn

Nfklfjxng mgf~g xj`n{gu >/>2: anongu ez{nu `jogyg g{gz xj`n{gu 29/;* kgun {l{go yulkz`xn `jogyg

Nfklfjxng/ ~gfd agfg ejugu{n agxnm {juxnxg :>/2* `jogyg ~gfd kgyg{ knagfbgg{`gf zf{z` knlogm kgf

knj`xylu xjegdgn yjfgaegm kjrnxg fjdgug xju{g xjegdgn yjfnfd`g{gf mgudg czgo yulkz` `jogyg

Nfklfjxng {juxjez{& Agxnm ujfkgmf~g czaogm j`xylu yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg Nfklfjxng kgyg{ knonmg{

kgun kg{g czaogm j`xylu yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg Nfklfjxng knegfknfd Bnonynfg ygkg {gmzf 599>

ygkg [gejo 7 kn egtgm nfn&

[gejo 7& Kg{g J`xylu Yulkz` Gdulnfkzx{un @jogyg [gmzf 599>

Yulkz` Gdulnfkzx{unNfklfjxng

-{lf.

Bnonynfg

-{lf.

Anf~g` @jogyg :49&877 =52&584

Kjxxnhg{jk Hlhlfz{ ;2&2>> 772&;57

Gugfd [jayzuzfd kgf @guelf

G`{nb7>>&9;: 8;&4;4

Xzaeju3 GYHH/ 599>

Xjognf kg{g kn g{gx ~gfd ajfzfcz``gf agxnm ujfkgmf~g fnogn j`xylu yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un`jogyg/ Hlhlfz{ X{g{nx{nhgo ^jgu Ell` GYHH -599>. czdg ajfzfcz``gf czaogm j`xylu yulkz`

gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg Nfklfjxng ~gfd {nkg` x{geno egm`gf hjfkjuzfd ajfzuzf/ xjyju{n anf~g` `jogyg

ygkg {gmzf 5992 ajfdgogan yjfzuzfgf czaogm j`xylu xjegf~g` 552&7=2 {lf ~gfd agfg xjejozaf~g

4;:&4;5 {lf ygkg {gmzf 599:/ `jazkngf fgn` `jaegon ajfcgkn 48>&>58 ygkg {gmzf 5994 kgf {zuzf

`jaegon xgaygn ajfcgkn :49&877 {lf ygkg {gmzf 599>& J`xylu kjxxnhg{jk hlhlfz{ ajfdgogan

`jfgn`gf kgun {gmzf 599: xgaygn {gmzf 5994/ ~gn{z kgun ;>&>=; {lf xgaygn kjfdgf :>&==; {lf/ fgazf

`jazkngf ajfdgogan yjfzuzfgf xjhgug {juzx ajfjuzx kgun {gmzf 5994 xgaygn 599> ajfcgkn ;2&2>>

{lf& Mgo nfn kgyg{ knonmg{ ygkg [gejo 5& Xjognf n{z/ Tneltl kgf Unfn -5979. ajf~g{g`gf/ ejukgxgu`gf

kg{g @jajf{ungf Yjunfkzx{ungf/ ygkg {gmzf 5979 fnogn j`xylu yulkz` `jogyg kgf logmgf Nfklfjxng

mgf~g xjejxgu ZX+ ;54/72 cz{g& Xjajf{gug n{z/ Bnonynfg ajanon`n fnogn j`xylu kzg `gon onyg{ Nfklfjxng


11/133

~g`fn ZX+ =;7/98= cz{g& Mgo nfn ajfzfcz``gf Nfklfjxng xgaygn xgg{ nfn agxnm {j{gy `gogm ejuxgnfd

kjfdgf Bnonynfg kgoga mgo j`xylu yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg&

[gejo 5& Kg{g J`xylu Yulkz` Gdulnfkzx{un @jogyg Nfklfjxng [gmzf 599:!599>

[gmzf Anf~g` @jogyg -A[. Kjxnhhg{jk Hlhlfz{-A[.

599: 4;:&4;5 ;>&>=;

5992 :7>&::2 :>&;>2

5994 48>&>58 :>&==;

599= 2;>&5:: :4&2=>

599> :49&877 ;2&2>>

Xzaeju3 GYHH/ 599>

J`xylu yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg ~gfd rlozajf~g {nkg` x{geno kgf kjfdgf czaogm ~gfd czdg

{nkg` ojenm ejxgu knegfknfd fjdgug xgnfdgff~g ~gfd ajanon`n ozgx gujgo yulkz`xn ojenm `jhno

ajf~jege`gf knyjuoz`gff~g x{ug{jdn yjagxgugf ~gfd {jyg{ zf{z` kgyg{ ejuxgnfd kgf ajagcz`gf

`jaegon j`xylu yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg Nfklfjxng& Lojm `gujfg n{z/ kgoga zyg~g ajaegfdzf

zxgmg yju`jogyggf Nfklfjxng `jkjygf/ zf{z` kgyg{ ajaylxnxn`gf zxgmg yju`jogyggf kgf yulkz` mgxno

logmgf `jogyg Nfklfjxng agayz ajfklanfgxn ygxgu ozgu fjdjun xju{g ajanon`n kg~g xgnfd ~gfd {nfddn

knyjuoz`gf x{ug{jdn yjagxgugf ~gfd jbj`{nb ~gfd kgyg{ kn{jugy`gf lojm xjazg ynmg` ~gfd {ju`gn{ kgoga

yjaegfdzfgf yju`jogyggf& X{ug{jdn yjagxgugf ~gfd jbj`{nb {juxjez{ g`gf ajfcgkn`gf gdulnfkzx{un

`jogyg Nfklfjxng ajfcgkn ojenm agcz/ j`xylu yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg Nfklfjxng ajfnfd`g{/ kjrnxg

ajfcgkn eju{gaegm/ xju{g Nfklfjxng ajfcgkn fjdgug ~gfd {nkg` mgf~g {ju`jfgo xjegdgn fjdgug kjfdgf

ozgx gujgo `jogyg {juejxgu kn kzfng fgazf czdg xjegdgn fjdgug kjfdgf j`xylu yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un

`jogyg {juejxgu kn kzfng& Kjfdgf bluazogxn x{ug{jdn yjagxgugf yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg ~gfd

yl{jfxngo zf{z` ygxgu j`xylu nfn fgf{nf~g knmgugy`gf kgyg{ ajaejun`gf agfbgg{ ~gfd ejxgu egdn

ynmg`!ynmg` {ju`gn{ zf{z` ajfjf{z`gf x{ug{jdn yjagxgugf gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg xjhgug {juygkz kgf

{junf{jdugxn dzfg ajagcz`gf zxgmg yju`jogyggf Nfklfjxng&

7&5 [zczgf Yjfjon{ngf

[zczgf yjfjon{ngf nfn knyzxg{`gf ygkg bluazogxn x{ug{jdn yjagxgugf yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un

`jogyg kgoga ajfdmgkgyn ygxgu j`xylu dzfg ajfnfd`g{`gf kg~g xgnfd kgf czaogm xju{g fnogn j`xylu

yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg& [zczgf yjfjon{ngf nfn gkgogm3

7& Ajfdnkjf{nbn`gxn kgf ajfjf{z`gf yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg ~gfd yulxyj`{nb zf{z`kn`jaegfd`gf kn ygxgu j`xylu&

5& Ajfdnkjf{nbn`gxn kgf ajfjf{z`gf ygxgu yl{jfxngo zf{z` j`xylu yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg~gfd yulxyj`{nb&

8& Ajuzazx`gf x{ug{jdn yjagxgugf ~gfd xjxzgn egdn j`xylu yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg kgogaajfdmgkgyn yjuxgnfdgf&

7&8 Uzgfd Onfd`zy

Uzgfd onfd`zy kgun yjfjon{ngf nfn gkgogm gfgonxnx bg`{lu!bg`{lu ~gfd ejuyjfdguzm kgoga

yjfjf{zgf yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg ~gfd yulxyj`{nb zf{z` knj`xylu/ gfgonxnx bg`{lu!bg`{lu ~gfd

ejuyjfdguzm kgoga yjfjf{zgf ygxgu yl{jfxngo egdn yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg {juxjez{/ xju{g

bluazogxn x{ug{jdn yjagxgugf ejukgxgu`gf ylxnxn `layj{n{nb ujog{nbf~g kgf ejukgxgu`gf gfgonxnx

`j`zg{gf kgf `jojagmgf xju{g yjozgfd kgf gfhgagf kgun nfkzx{un yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg ~gfd

yulxyj`{nb zf{z` knj`xylu&


12/133

7&; Agfbgg{ Yjfjon{ngf

Yjfjon{ngf nfn knmgugy`gf kgyg{ ajaejun`gf nfbluagxn kgf xzaegfdgf yjan`nugf ~gfd

ejuagfbgg{ xjegdgn egmgf yju{naegfdgf egdn ynmg`!ynmg` ~gfd {juoneg{ kgoga ugfd`g yjfjf{zgf

`jencg`gf x{ug{jdn yjagxgugf j`xylu yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg& Xjmnfddg kjfdgf gkgf~g x`unyxn nfn/

gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg Nfklfjxng ajfcgkn ojenm agcz/ j`xylu yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg Nfklfjxng

ajfnfd`g{/ kjrnxg ajfcgkn eju{gaegm/ xju{g Nfklfjxng ajfcgkn fjdgug ~gfd {nkg` mgf~g {ju`jfgo

xjegdgn fjdgug kjfdgf ozgx gujgo `jogyg {juejxgu kn kzfng fgazf czdg xjegdgn fjdgug kjfdgf j`xylu

yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg {juejxgu kn kzfng&


13/133

NN& [NFCGZGF YZX[G@G

5&7 @jogyg

[gfgagf `jogyg -Hlhlx fzhnbjug O. {juagxz` bganon Ygoaghjgj/ lukl Guhjgojx/ kgf `jogx

Alflhl{~ojklfj& [gfgagf `jogygagxnm ajuzyg`gf {gfgagf yju`jezfgf kn Nfklfjxng ~gfd ojenm ozgx

knegfknfd`gf kjfdgf {gfgagf `jogyg xgtn{& [gfgagf nfn knzxgmg`gf ajogozn yju`jezfgf ug`~g{/

yju`jezfgf xtgx{g agzyzf yju`jezfgf yjajunf{gm/ ~gfd agfg >=* ajuzyg`gf tnog~gm `jogyg anon`

ug`~g{& Ozgx gujgo `jogyg nfn {juknun g{gx `jogyg rgunj{gx Kgoga/ Djfcgm/ kgf Mneunkg/ kjfdgf

yjajonmguggf nf{jfxnb kgyg{ ajfhgygn yulkz`xn agxnfd!agxnfd 5/: {lf `lyug,mg,{mf kgf ; {lf

`lyug,mg,{mf -Goolojuzfd kgf Agmazk/ 5995.&

Ajfzuz{ Kcg{an`l j{ go -7>=:./ rgunj{gx {gfgagf `jogyg ~gfd kn`jfgo `zugfd ojenm gkg 799

aghga& [gfgagf nfn azogn ejuezgm ygkg zazu 2 xgaygn 4 {gmzf/ xjkgfd`gf ygkg ejejugyg kgjugm

xzkgm azogn ejuezgm ygkg zazu : {gmzf& Yulkz`xn yjfzm knhgygn ygkg zazu 79 {gmzf kgf `jgkggf nfn

ejuogfdxzfd xgaygn zazu :9 {gmzf& Ylmlf `jogyg kn`g{g`gf {zg ygkg zazu =9 {gmzf kgf engxgf~g

g`gf ag{n ygkg zazu 799 {gmzf&Ylyzogxn {gfgagf `jogyg Nfklfjxng gkgogm ~gfd {juejxgu kn kzfng/ ylmlf `jogyg {zaezm

xj`n{gu 8/= cz{g mj`{gu kn Nfklfjxng/ ~gn{z xj`n{gu 87/4* kgun {l{go ylmlf `jogyg kzfng& [gfgagf `jogyg

kn{jaz`gf {zaezm ygkg kjogygf yzozm fjdgug {ulynx {juz{gag kn kgjugm ~gfd kj`g{ kjfdgf ygf{gn

gf{gug ognf kn fjdgug!fjdgug Gbun`g Egug{/ Agog~xng/ Bnonynfg/ Nfklfjxng/ Nfkng/ Xunogfd`g/ kgf Ygyzg

Fzdnfn& Fgazf/ {gfgagf `jogyg {ju`lfxjf{ugxn kn Gxng Xjog{gf kgf Gxng [jfddgug {juz{gag Nfklfjxng/

Nfkng/ Bnonynfg/ kgf Xunogfd`g -GYHH/ 599>.&

Dgaegugf unfd`gx xjegugf yl{jfxn `jogyg Nfklfjxng nfn kgyg{ knonmg{ ygkg Dgaegu 7&

Tnog~gm kjfdgf ozgx gujgo yjfdmgxno `jogyg kgun ~gfd {juozgx eju{zuz{!{zuz{ Yulynfxn Ungz/ Cgtg

[jfdgm/ Xzogtjxn Z{gug/ Cgtg [nazu/ kgf Agoz`z Z{gug& Tnog~gm kjfdgf mgxno yulkz`xn ez{nu ezgm

`jogyg eju{zuz{!{zuz{ kgun ~gfd {juegf~g` ~gn{z Yulynfxn Ungz/ Xzogtjxn Z{gug/ Xzogtjxn [jfdgm/ Cgtg

[nazu/ kgf Agoz`z Z{gug&

Dgaegu 7& Xjegugf Yl{jfxn @jogyg Nfklfjxng -GYHH/ 599>.

Ungz:;5&5;> Mg:;2&448 [lf

Cgtg [nazu588&2:5 Mg5:9&;>7 [lf

Agoz`z

Z{gug555&7;= Mg5;;&:>7 [lf

XzogtjxnZ{gug549&449 Mg5>8&995 [lf

Cgtg [jfdgm5=7&;49 Mg7=9&5>> [lf

Xzogtjxn[jfdgm7=5&448Mg542&288 [lf


14/133

Tnog~gm!tnog~gm {juxjez{ ajanon`n xjczaogm nfkzx{un kjfdgf x`gog ejxgu ~gfd ajfdlogm ezgm `jogyg

ajfcgkn yulkz` logmgf ognf xjyju{n anf~g` `jogyg/ kjxnhhg{jk hlhlfz{/ rnudnf hlhlfz{ lno/ fg{g kj

hlhl/ xgf{gf `una/ kgf ognf xjegdgnf~g& Ol`gxn ejejugyg nfkzx{un kjfdgf x`gog ejxgu {juxjez{ kgyg{

knonmg{ ygkg Dgaegu 5 kn egtgm nfn&

Dgaegu 5& Yj{g Yjf~jegugf Nfkzx{un Ejxgu Yjfdlogmgf @jogyg -Tgm~zkn/ 599>.

Kgjugm {gfgagf `jogyg ~gfd {juyjf{nfd {juoj{g` gf{gug 559 Onf{gfd Z{gug kgf 559 Onf{gfd

Xjog{gf& Kn ozgu kgjugm nfn yju{zaezmgf ylmlf `jogyg ogaeg{ kgf ezgmf~g xjkn`n{& Ygkg kgjugm xj`n{gu

`g{zonx{ntg/ `jogyg kgyg{ kn{gfga xgaygn ygkg `j{nfddngf 599 aj{ju kgun yjuaz`ggf ogz{& Kn g{gx

`j{nfddngf >99 aj{ju kgun yjuaz`ggf ogz{/ {zaezmf~g ogaeg{ kgf ezgm ~gfd knmgxno`gff~g `jhno!`jhno& Ylmlf `jogyg {nkg` xjxzgn zf{z` {zaezm kn kgjugm kjfdgf n`ona knagfg azxna `jagugzf~g

ygfcgfd kgf {jun`/ {j{gyn kgyg{ {zaezm egn` kn kgjugm kjfdgf xzmz ug{g!ug{g gf{gug 5; xgaygn 5> 9H

kgf xzmz anfnaza {nkg` ojenm ujfkgm kgun 599H& Hzugm mzcgf ~gfd ygonfd egn` ngogm gf{gug 7499

xgaygn 5999 aa kgf mguzx {juegdn ug{g xjygfcgfd {gmzf& [gfgagf `jogyg agxnm kgyg{ {zaezm egn`

ygkg hzugm mzcgff xjejxgu 7599 aa yju{gmzf cn`g kn kgoga {gfgm {jukgyg{ gnu ~gfd hz`zy -Kcg{an`l

j{ goo/ 7>=:.&

Cjfnx {gfgagf `jogyg ygkg gtgo azogf~g mgf~g kn`jfgo kzg rgunj{gx ~gn{z rgunj{gx kgoga

-{goo rgunj{~. kgf rgunj{gx djfcgm -ktgub rgunj{~.& Xjnunfd kjfdgf yju`jaegfdgf yjazonggf {gfgagf/

kn`jfgo czdg rgunj{gx `jogyg mneunkg ~gfd ajuzyg`gf mgxno yjuxnogfdgf `jogyg kgoga kgf `jogyg

djfcgm -Ygozfd`zf/ 5998.& @j{ndg rgunj{gx {juxjez{ ajanon`n hnun `gug`{junx{n` {juxjfknun& Hnun!hnun

xjhgug dgunx ejxgu {juxjez{ fgayg` ygkg [gejo 8 kn egtgm nfn&

UngzY[& Yzogz Xgaez

Cg{naY[& N`gf KlugfdY[& Rjdj{geoj Lno

Cgegu " K@NY[& EguhlY[& YA@ Agfddg KzgY[& Gnuogfk Mnoagf Gegkn

Y[& Yjuag{g MncgzY[& Xlunf{golY[& EnalonY[& Azo{n Fgeg{n

Y[& Nfnaj}nf{ug

OgayzfdY[& Fnaynfkl Yunag Hlhlfz{

Y[ Xgun Xjdgu Mzxgkg

Xzag{jug Egug{Y[& Hlhl agx


15/133

[gejo 8& @gug`{junx{n` Rgunj{gx @jogyg

@gug`{junx{n` Rgunj{gx @jogyg

@jogyg Kgoga @jogyg Djfcgm @jogyg Mneunkg

7&Eg{gfd [nfddn kgf ejxgu Ugaynfd Ugaynfd kgf yjfkj`

5& [nfddn Ug{g!ug{g 7:!7=a

egm`gf ajfhgygn 89a

g{gz ojenm

Ajfhgygn : a g{gz

ojenm

Ajfhgygn : a

8& Zazu azogn ejuezgm 2!4 {gmzf xj{jogm {gfga 8!; {gmzf xj{jogm {gfga ; {gmzf

;& Zazu j`lflanx Ajfhgygn >9 ! 799

{gmzf

Ajfhgygn :9 {gmzf 8: {gmzf

:& Czaogm yulkz`xn

{gfkgf

77 {gfkgf,ylmlf,{gmzf 7= {gfkgf,ylmlf,{gmzf 59 {gfkgf,ylmlf,{gmzf

2&& Yulkz`{nrn{gx >9 ez{nu,ylmlf,{gmzf 799 ez{nu,ylmlf,{gmzf 7;9 ez{nu,ylmlf,{gmzf

4& Yulkz`xn `lyug 7 {lf `lyug,Mg,{gmzf

ygkg zazu 79 {gmzf

9&: {lf `lyug,mg,{gmzf

ygkg zazu 79 {gmzf

2!4 {lf,mg,{gmzf ygkg

zazu 79 {gmzf

Xzaeju 3 Kj`nfkl -5979g.

Ezgm `jogyg {juknun kgun xgez{ j`xl`guy/ ajxl`guy/ {jayzuzfd -jfkl`guy./ kgdnfd ezgm

-jfklxyjua./ kgf gnu ezgm& [jego xgez{ `jogyg ojenm kgun onag xjf{naj{ju kgf {jego kgdnfd ezgm xg{z

xjf{naj{ju g{gz ojenm& Ezgm `jogyg ajanon`n elel{ ug{g!ug{g xj`n{gu 7!7/7: `d kjfdgf elel{ ezgm

`jogyg agxg` xj`n{gu 5 `d& Enog kn{jozxzun ojenm ogfcz{/ {juf~g{g kgdnfd ezgm `jogyg mgf~g xj`n{gu 89*

kgun elel{ ezgm `jogyg z{zm& @laylxnxn kgun xgez{ {juxjez{ gkgogm 5:* xjug{ kgf 4:* yjg{/

xjkgfd`gf {jayzuzfd 8:* kncgkn`gf xjegdgn gugfd kgf 2:* kncgkn`gf xjegdgn gfj`g yulkz``jugcnfgf kgun {jayzuzfd/ kgdnfd `jogyg ~gfd knlogm ajfcgkn `lyug/ elel{f~g ajfcgkn :8* `lyug

kgf ;4* egmgf {juzgy`gf&@laylxnxn {gfgagf `jogyg kgf yjagfbgg{gff~g kgyg{ knonmg{ ygkg Dgaegu

8&

Dgaegu 8& @laylxnxn [gfgagf @jogyg -Kj`nfkl/ 5979e.


16/133

Kn kgoga 799 duga kgdnfd `jogyg xjdgu/ {ju`gfkzfd ;7/2* ojag`/ 82/8* gnu/ 78/9*

`guelmnkug{/ ;/:* yul{jnf/ 8/2* xjug{/ 74* sg{ ejxn -Bj5L8./ 7* anfjugo/ 9/5;* ylxylu -Y5Y:./ 9/97*

`goxnza -HgL.& Xjognf n{z/ kn kgoga 799 duga kgdnfd `jogyg xjdgu czdg ajfdgfkzfd rn{ganf E7

xjejxgu 7: NZ/ rn{ganf H 7 NZ/ kgf xjkn`n{ rn{ganf G kgf rn{ganf J ~gn{z xjejxgu 9/5 NZ

-Xj{~gankcgcg/ 7>>:.&@lalkn{n `jogyg ajajugf`gf yjugfgf yjf{nfd zf{z` `jmnkzygf agx~gug`g{ kgf kjrnxg

fjdgug {juz{gag kn kgjugm {ulynx& Ajfzuz{ Gxtgfn kgf Kgutnx -7>>:./ xjognf xjegdgn xzaeju anf~g`

fgeg{n/ ejuegdgn `jdzfggf kgun egdngf {gfgagf `jogyg ajf~jege`gf {gfgagf nfn ajayzf~gn

`jkzkz`gf `mgx kn kgoga `jmnkzygf xlxngo kgf ezkg~g agx~gug`g{ Nfklfjxng& Mgo nfnogm ~gfd

ajf~jege`gf ylmlf `jogyg kn`jfgo xjegdgn ylmlf `jmnkzygf -{ujj lb onbj.&

5&5 Yulkz` Gdulnfkzx{un @jogyg

@jogyg knczoz`n ylmlf `jmnkzygf/ `gujfg xj{ngy egdngf {gfgagf kgyg{ knagfbgg{`gf& Ezfdg

`jogyg ajfdmgxno`gf fnug `jogyg ~gfd kgyg{ ajfdmgxno`gf dzog ajugm -dzog `jogyg.0 Kgdnfd ezgm

`jogyg kgyg{ ajfdmgxno`gf `lyug/ anf~g` `jogyg/ xgf{gf/ kgf `jogyg yguz{ `junfd - kjxnhhg{jkhlhlfz{.0 Xgez{ `jogyg kgyg{ ajfdmgxno`gf hlnu bneju/ `jxj{/ xgyz/ ag{ugx/ kgf egmgf yjaezg{ xyunfd

ejk0 [jayzuzfd `jogyg kgyg{ knagfbgg{`gf ajfcgkn gugfd {jayzuzfd/ `guelf g`{nb/ kgf `jugcnfgf

{gfdgf0 Gnu `jogyg kgyg{ knagfbgg{`gf xjegdgn egmgf hz`g/ fg{g kj hlhl/ `jhgy/ kgf anfzagf

ejujfjudn0 Eg{gfd `jogyg kgyg{ knagfbgg{`gf zf{z` egmgf egfdzfgf `jugfd`g g{gz g{gy0 Kgzf `jogyg

kgyg{ ajfdmgxno`gf onkn zf{z` xgyz xju{g egugfd gf~gagf xjegdgn kj`lugxn0 G`gu `jogyg kgyg{

knagfbgg{`gf xjegdgn egmgf yjtgufg kgf leg{!leg{gf -Cgagugf/ 599>.& Zxgmg yjfdlogmgf `jogyg xgg{

nfn ~gfd egf~g` knog`z`gf kn Nfklfjxng xjegdngf ejxgu agxnm ajuzyg`gf yjfjugygf kgoga ejf{z`

knrjuxnbn`gxn rju{n`go kgun kgdnfd ezgm `jogyg/ ajx`nyzf xjozuzm egdngf kgun {gfgagf nfn kgyg{ knlogm

kgoga x`gog nfkzx{un zf{z` ajfdmgxno`gf yulkz` ~gfd ejuagfbgg{ egdn `jmnkzygf agx~gug`g{/ xjyju{n

~gfd kgyg{ knonmg{ ygkg ylmlf nfkzx{un `jogyg ygkg Dgaegu ;&

Ezfdg `jogyg ~gfd ejoza aj`gu kgyg{ knxgkgy zf{z` ajfdmgxno`gf fnug `jogyg& Fnug nfn

kndzfg`gf xjegdgn egmgf eg`z yulkz` dzog `jogyg/ xjognf n{z ezfdg `jogyg czdg kndzfg`gf zf{z`

`jugcnfgf mngxgf knfknfd kgf kj`lugxn& Yjojygm `jogyg kgyg{ knezg{ xjegdgn `jugcnfgf/ xjyju{n {lyn kgf

`nygx& Gnu `jogyg/ xjognf kgyg{ knanfza ogfdxzfd kgyg{ knlogm ajfcgkn xnuzy/ fg{g kj hlhl/ `jhgy/

anfzagf nxl{lfn` kgf ognf!ognf&

[jayzuzfd `jogyg kgyg{ knagfbgg{`gf ejuegdgn nfkzx{un xjyju{n gugfd kgf `guelf g`{nb ~gfd

ejubzfdxn zf{z` ajfdgexluexn dgx xjognf xjegdgn egugfd `jugcnfgf/ gog{ uzagm {gfddg kgf egugfd!

egugfd xjfn ognff~g/ xjyju{n n`g{ ynfddgfd/ djogfd/ xjfkl`/ gxeg`/ `gfhnfd kgf mngxgf knfknfd& Xgez{

`jogyg kgyg{ kncgkn`gf xjegdgn egmgf eg`z gfj`g nfkzx{un/ xjyju{n `guyj{/ xn`g{/ egmgf yjfdnxn cl`

aleno/ {gon kgf ognf!ognf& Xgez{ dgezx `jogyg kgyg{ knezg{ yl{ ezfdg& Xgez{ eju`guj{ enxg knezg{ eg{g`l

kgf `gxzu& Yjagfbgg{gf xgez{ `jogyg ~gfd {nkg `gogm ajfgun` gkgogm xjegdgn hlhlyjg{~gn{z xgez{

`jogyg ~gfd knlogm ajfcgkn ez{nugf!ez{nugf dgezx xgez{ `jogyg& Hlhlyjg{kgyg{ ajfgmgf `gfkzfdgf

gnu kgf zfxzu `nang yzyz` xju{g kgyg{ ajfj{ugo`gf `jgxgagf {gfgm& @gujfg xnbg{ {juxjez{/ xjmnfddg

hlhlyjg{ kgyg{ kndzfg`gf xjegdgn ajkng ~gfd egn` zf{z` yju{zaezmgf {gfgagf mlu{n`zo{zug kgf

ajkng {gfgagf uzagm `ghg&

Kgdnfd `jogyg kgyg{ knlogm `jaegon ajfcgkn kjxnhhg{jk hlhlfz{ ~gfd ajuzyg`gf yulkz`

ygfdgf kgf engxg kndzfg`gf xjegdgn egmgf eg`z hll`njx/ eg`ju~/ kgf yulkz` hganogf ognff~g& Xjognf

n{z kgdnfd `jogyg czdg kgyg{ knlogm ajfcgkn rnudnf hlhlfz{ lno -anf~g` `jogyg azufn. ~gfd ajanon`n

`gfkzfdgf eju`mgxng{ kgoga mgo `jxjmg{gf/ `j`jegogf {zezm/ kgf yjf~jaezmgf ejuegdgn aghga

yjf~g`n{ ~gfd knxjege`gf lojm {jukgyg{f~g `gfkzfdgf gxga ogzug{ ~gfd {nfddn kn kgoga anf~g`

`jogyg azufn {juxjez{&


17/133

@lyug knezg{ kgun egmgf eg`z kgdnfd ezgm `jogyg& Zf{z` ajayjulojm kgdnfd ezgm `jogyg

engxgf~g kn{jayzm kjfdgf cgogf ajanxgm`gf xgez{ ~gfd ajuzyg`gf yjaezfd`zx kgdnfd ezgm `jogyg

ygonfd ozgu ~gfd ajayzf~gn `j{jegogf :!79 ha& Kn kgoga xgez{ {jukgyg{ {jayzuzfd kjfdgf {jego 8!:

aa& Kn kgoga {jayzuzfd {jukgyg{ kgdnfd ezgm ~gfd kngf{guf~g {jukgyg{ xjogyz{ {nynx ejutgufg

hl`jog{/ knxjez{ {jx{g& Ygkg tg`{z kgdnfd ezgm kn`junfd`gf kgf knynxgm`gf kgun {jayzuzfdf~g ag`g{jx{g g`gf ajoj`g{ ygkg kgdnfd ezgm `jogyg& Kjfdgf ajfzuzf`gf `gkgu gnu kgdnfd ezgm `jogyg kgun

`zugfd ojenm :9* `j :* kgyg{ knyjulojm `jnfdnfgf!`jnfdnfgf gf{gug ognf zf{z` ajfdgtj{`gf kgdnfd

ezgm `jogyg {juxjez{/ ajfdzugfdn ejug{ -ajfcgkn :5* kgun elel{ gtgo./ kgf ajfd`lfxjf{ugxn`gf

anf~g` -`gkgu anf~g` `lyug 2:!2=*/ kgdnfd ezgm `jogyg :;*. -Knucjfezf/ 5992.&

Ajfzuz{ Blgoj -5998./ `jogyg kjfdgf `gkgu ojag` {nfddn kgf gxga ojag` ejegx ujfkgm

gkgogm egmgf eg`z ~gfd egn` zf{z` nfkzx{un anf~g` `jogyg kgf `jogyg yguz{ `junfd -kjxnhhg{jk

hlhlfz{.& Anf~g` `jogyg ajanon`n egf~g` `jdzfggf gf{gug ognf xjegdgn anf~g` agxg` kgf

xmlu{jfnfd/ ol{nlf ugaez{ kgf egkgf/ zf{z` leg{ ojhj{ kgf `zon{ {jueg`gu/ egmgf yjaezg{ xgezf kgf

kj{judjf/ yjaezg{gf RHL -Rnudnf Hlhlfz{ Lno./ kgf eguz!eguz nfn kndzfg`gf xjegdgn egmgf eg`gu

yjfddgf{n xlogu ~gfd knxjez{ kjfdgf hlhlknjxjo g{gz enlknjxjo kgun anf~g` `jogyg&Anf~g` `jogyg ajfdgfkzfd xjf~gtg donxjunkg ~gfd {juxzxzf kgun donxjulo kgf gxga!gxga

ojag`& Gxga!gxga ojag` cjfzm ~gfd ajf~zxzff~g gf{gug ognf gxga `gyunog{/ gxga ogzug{/ gxga

anunx{g{/ gxga ygoan{g{/ kgf gxga x{jgug{& Gxga!gxga ojag` {nkg` cjfzm ~gn{z gxga ygoan{lojg{/ gxga

lojg{/ kgf gxga onflojg{& Anf~g` `jogyg kgyg{ knlogm ogdn xjmnfddg kgyg{ ajfdmgxno`gf enljfjudn kgf

yulkz`!yulkz` lojl`nang xjyju{n bg{{~ gohlmlo/ bg{{~ ghnk kgf aj{m~o jx{ju& Xjognf n{z czdg kgyg{

kndzfg`gf xjegdgn egmgf zf{z` agudgunf/ jx `una/ egmgf yjozagx/ `jaegfd dzog/ xmgayll/ xgezf

hzhn/ kgf anf~g` ugaez{& Anf~g` `jogyg `gxgu ajanon`n `jzfddzogf knegfknfd`gf kjfdgf HYL ~gfd

{juoj{g` kgun mgxno yjaulxjxgf ~gn{z lojl`nang ajfcgkn gxga ojag` -bg{{~ ghnk./ go`lmlo ejuojag`

-bg{{~ go`lmlo./ kgf donhjunf& Ygkg yjaezg{gf go`lmlo ejuojag` anxgof~g `gfkzfdgf ugf{gn ajfjfdgm

m~kul hguelf ygkg Huzkj Hlhlfz{ Lno H!75 kgf H!7; ajfhgygn :;* xjkgfd`gf Huzkj Ygoa Lno

mgf~g ajfhgygn 7*& Yulkz`!yulkz` nfnogm ~gfd ojenm ogfcz{ g`gf knlogm lojm nfkzx{un xgezf/ kj{jucjf/

bguagxn/ `lxaj{n` kgf {j`x{no -Egogn Yjfjon{ngf kgf Yjfdjaegfdgf Nfkzx{un Xzogtjxn Z{gug/ 7>>>.&

Gxga ogzug{ ~gfd {ju`gfkzfd kgoga anf~g` `jogyg ajayzf~gn yjugfgf yjf{nfd egdn

`jxjmg{gf agfzxng& @laylfjf nfn ajayzf~gn `gkgu ~gfd {nfddnf~g xj{gug kjfdgf `laylfjf ~gfd

gkg ygkg gnu xzxz nez -GXN. ~gn{z `zugfd ojenm :9*& Lojm `gujfg n{z xjag`nf {nfddn gxga ogzug{ ~gfd

{ju`gfkzfd ygkg xzg{z anf~g` ejugu{n `gfkzfdgf {juxjez{ kgyg{ knxgag`gf kjfdgf yulkz` GXN

-Xzonx{~l/ 599;.&

Rnudnf Hlhlfz{ Lno -RHL. kn`jfgo xjegdgn yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg ~gfd ajanon`n `mgxng{

leg{!leg{gf& RHL ajfdgfkzfd gxga ogzug{ ~gfd {nfddn -:9* `j g{gx./ ~gn{z ojag` cjfzm kjfdgf

ugf{gn `guelf H!75 ~gfd ogsna knxjez{ kjfdgf Ajknza Hmgnf Bg{{~ Ghnk -AHBG.& Alflogzunf

ajuzyg`gf ejf{z` zegmgf kgun gxga ojag` kn kgoga {zezm agfzxng ejuzyg xjf~gtg alfldonxjunkg&Alflogzunf kgyg{ ajuzxg` ajaeugfj onynkg -ogynxgf yjaezfd`zx rnuzx. xjmnfddg rnuzx kgyg{

ajfdgogan yjanxgmgf gf{gug ognf rnuzx MNR/ Mjurjx Xnayoj} Rnuzx!7 -MXR!7./ Rgxnhzogu X{lag{n{nx

Rnuzx -RXR./ Rnxfg Rnuzx H~{lajdgolrnuzx -HAR./ kgf nfbozjfsg& Eg`{jun yg{mldjf ~gfd kgyg{

knflf!g`{nb`gf lojm alflogzunf gkgogm Onx{jung alflh~{ldjfjx kgf Mjonlegh{ju y~olunk -eg`{jun

yjf~jege xg`n{ aggd. xju{g yul{lslg xjyju{n Dngukng ozaeong -Bnbj/ 599;.&

[j`floldn yjfdlogmgf `jogyg ygkg {nfd`g{ yj{gfn agxnm xgfdg{ xjkjumgfg& Ejejugyg ol`gxn

gkg ~gfd {jogm ajayju`jfgo`gf {j`floldn ~gfd ojenm egn` ygkg {nfd`g{ yj{gfn xjmnfddg agayz

ajfdmgxno`gf yulkz` ~gfd ajanon`n fnogn {gaegm ejxgu& Zazaf~g `lfknxn ygxgu ejoza ejuynmg`

`jygkg yj{gfn& Agxgogm g`xjx/ gf{gug ognf nfbluagxn/ kgfg/ {j`floldn/ kgf ygxgu {juez`g ajf~jege`gf

mgo nfn& Xjmnfddg fnogn {gaegm ~gfd ojenm ejxgu ~gfd xjmguzxf~g ajuj`g kgyg{`gf ejoza kgyg{


18/133

knfn`ag{n yj{gfn& Nfkzx{un ~gfd ajfdlogm mgxno `jogyg xjegdngf ejxgu ajayulkz`xn kgoga ejf{z`

anf~g` `jogyg `gxgu g{gz anf~g` dlujfd& Xjegdngf ejxgu x`gog zxgmg nfkzx{un yjfdlogm agxnm

knklanfgxn lojm zxgmg `jhno kgf ajfjfdgm& Mgf~g xj`n{gu =* ~gfd ajuzyg`g nfkzx{un x`gog ejxgu

-Cgagugf/ 599>.&

#knlogm kgun Kj`nfkl -5979h. kgf Egon{egfd Yju{gfngf -5994.

Dgaegu ;& Ylmlf Nfkzx{un @jogyg

@jog g

Eg{gf

Xgez{ Eju`guj{

Hlhlyjg{

EgmgfEgfdzfgf

Bzufn{zuj

Xgez{ @jogyg

Gugfd[jayzuzfd

[jyzfd[jayzuzfd

@guelf G`{nb

Eun`j{ @jog g

Gxg Hgnu

Kgdnfd

@jogyg

@l ug

Ezfd`no@lyug

Anf~g`@jogyg

Huzkj Hlhlfz{ Lno

Uj nfjk Hlhlfz{ Lno

Yg`gf [jufg`

Kgdnfd @jogygYguz{

Kjxnhhg{jk Hlhlfz{

Hlhlfz{ Ano` gfk Yltkju

Rnu nf Hlhlfz{ Lno

Gnu

Yjoj gm

Onkn

Mjogn Kgzf Egugf @jug nfgf

Anfzagf kgun @jog g

@jhg @jog g

Gxga Hz`g

Fg{g kj Hlhl

Egugf @jug nfgf

Egugf @jug nfgf

Ezf g

Ezgm@jogyg

Kgzf

Ezf g Z{zm

Fnug

Dzog @jog g

Xnuz @jog g

Egugf @jug nfgf

@jhg @jog g

Anf g` Dlujf

Ajkng [zaezm [gfgagf

Cl` @zuxn

@guyj{

G`gu

Yjtgufg

Leg{!

leg{gf


19/133

5&8 Yjagxgugf kgf Unxj{ Yjagxgugf

Ajfzuz{ @l{oju -7>>4./ yjagxgugf gkgogm xzg{z yulxjx xlxngo kgf agfgcjungo ~gfd

knkgogaf~g nfknrnkz kgf `jolayl` ajfkgyg{`gf gyg ~gfd ajuj`g ez{zm`gf kgf nfdnf`gf kjfdgf

ajfhny{g`gf/ ajfgtgu`gf/ kgf ajayju{z`gu`gf yulkz` ~gfd ejufnogn kjfdgf ynmg` ognf& Yjfdju{ngf

ognf {jf{gfd yjagxgugf knejun`gf lojm @guanfn -7>>>./ ~gn{z yjagxgugf ajuzyg`gf xzg{z `jdng{gf

yl`l` ~gfd knog`z`gf lojm ygug yjfdzxgmg kgoga zxgmgf~g zf{z` ajayju{gmgf`gf `jogfdxzfdgf

mnkzyf~g/ zf{z` yju`jaegfdgf kgf ajayjulojm ogeg&

Ygkg zazaf~g kgoga `jdng{gf yjagxgugf/ yjuzxgmggf ejuzxgmg ajfdmgxno`gf ogeg kgun mgxno

yjfczgogf egugfd kgf cgxg ~gfd knhny{g`gf zf{z` ajajfzmn `jez{zmgf `lfxzajf/ xjmnfddg {zdgx

ajagcz`gf yjagxgugf gkgogm ajanonm kgf ajog`xgfg`gf `jdng{gf yjagxgugf ~gfd kgyg{ ajaegf{z

kgoga yjfhgygngf {zczgf ludgfnxgxn -@guanfn/ 7>>>.&

Ugfd`z{n -7>>4. ajfcjogx`gf ~gfd knag`xzk kjfdgf unxj{ yjagxgugf gkgogm `jdng{gf

yjfjon{ngf kn enkgfd yjagxgugf ~gfd knog`z`gf xjhgug xnx{jag{nx azogn kgun yjuzazxgf agxgogm/

{zczgf yjfjon{ngf/ yjfdzayzogf kg{g/ yjfdlogmgf kg{g/ kgf nf{juyuj{gxn mgxno yjfjon{ngf& Mgxno unxj{ nfn

kgyg{ knyg`gn lojm ynmg` agfgcjajf kgoga ugfd`g nkjf{nbn`gxn agxgogm kgf yjfdgaenogf `jyz{zxgfxju{g yjuzazxgf x{ug{jdn zf{z` ajujez{ yjozgfd ygxgu&

Unxj{ yjagxgugf ajfhg`zy xjazg g`{nbn{gx unxj{ ~gfd knog`xgfg`gf xjmzezfdgf kjfdgf

agfgcjajf yjagxgugf& Unxj{ yjagxgugf ajonyz{n3

7& Gfgonxnx ygxgu/ ~gn{z xzg{z x{zkn ajfdjfgn z`zugf/ ol`gxn/ xnbg{/ kgf `gug`{junx{n` ygxgu&5& Gfgonxnx yjfczgogf/ ajuzyg`gf xzg{z gfgonxnx ajfdjfgn kg{g!kg{g yjfczgogf&8& Unxj{ `lfxzajf/ ajuzyg`gf unxj{ ~gfd ejumzezfdgf kjfdgf yjfjazgf kgf gfgonxnx xn`gy/ ujg`xn/

kgf jxz`ggf lfxzajf&

;& Unxj{ uj`ogaj/ xjegdgn dgf{n egdn agfgcjajf yjun`ogfgf&Yjfjf{zgf ujxylfkjf knog`z`gf kjfdgf hgug yjfgun`gf hlf{lm& Yjfgun`gf hlf{lm gkgogm

xzg{z hgug zf{z` ajfdzayzo`gf kg{g ~gfd ejuxnbg{ {nkg` ajf~jozuzm/ ~gfd gu{nf~g {nkg` ajfhg`zyxjozuzm lecj` yjfjon{ngf/ {j{gyn mgf~g xjegdngf kgun ylyzogxn xgcg -Xzyugf{l/ 7>>:.&

Ajfzuz{ @l{oju -7>>4./ yulxjkzu yjfgun`gf xgayjo gkg ~gfd ejuxnbg{ yulegenon{gx kgf flf

yulegenon{gx& Yjfgun`gf xgayjo yulegenon{gx {juknun kgun {ndg cjfnx aj{lkj/ ~gn{z aj{lkj yjfgun`gf

xgayjo ghg` xjkjumgfg/ yjfgun`gf xgayjo ghg` eju{nfd`g{/ kgf yjfgun`gf xgayjo hozx{ju -kgjugm.&

Kjan`ngf czdg zf{z` yjfgun`gf xgayjo flf yulegenon{gx {juknun kgun {ndg cjfnx aj{lkj/ ~gn{z yjfgun`gf

xgayjo `jazkgmgf -hlfrjfnjfhj xgayoj./ yjfgun`gf xgayjo yju{naegfdgf -czkdjajf{ xgayoj./ kgf

yjfgun`gf xgayjo `zl{g -wzl{j xgayoj.&

5&; Kjbnfnxn J`xylu kgf Yjagxgugf J`xylu

Ajfzuz{ Ganu -599;./ j`xylu gkgogm `jdng{gf ajagxl` xzg{z `lalkn{n `j fjdgug ognf g{gz

`jygkg lugfd gxnfd/ kjfdgf ajfdmgugy`gf yjaeg~gugf ajfddzfg`gf rgoz{g gxnfd/ kgf `gkgfd`gog

{juyg`xg eju`lazfn`gxn kjfdgf egmgxg gxnfd& Xjkgfd`gf yjagxgugf j`xylu gkgogm yjfczgogf xzg{z

`lalkn{n `j fjdgug ognf kjfdgf `lfknxn ~gfd xzkgm knxjxzgn`gf kjfdgf `jnfdnfgf kgf xjojug yjaejon

kn ygxgu xgxgugf j`xylu& Kgoga yjfdju{ngf {juxjez{/ yjagxgugf j`xylu ajuzyg`gf yjagxgugf ~gfd

ejulunjf{gxn ygkg xjojug yjogfddgf kgf `lfknxn onfd`zfdgf/ knagfg yjuzxgmggf ajayulkz`xn

`lalkn{n xjxzgn kjfdgf `jnfdnfgf kgf xjojug yjaejon&

[cnyclfl -599=. ajf~g{g`gf yjagxgugf nf{jufgxnlfgo gkgogm yjfjugygf `lfxjy/ yunfxny/

g`{nrn{gx/ kgf yulxjx agfgcjajf yjagxgugf kgoga ugfd`g ajf~gozu`gf egugfd g{gz cgxg yjuzxgmggf

`j `lfxzajf kn ejuegdgn fjdgug kjan {juhgygnf~g `jzf{zfdgf!`jzf{zfdgf {ju{jf{z& ^gfd

ajaejkg`gff~g kjfdgf yjagxgugf klajx{n` mgf~gogm yjagxgu ajfdmgkgyn onfd`zfdgf ~gfd gxnfd/


20/133

kjfdgf ylon{n`/ ujdzogxn/ ezkg~g/ yjuxgnfdgf/ kgf `lfxzajf xj{jayg{ ~gfd ejuejkg kjfdgf

onfd`zfdgf {jayg{ {nfddgo yjagxgu ~gfd ejuxgfd`z{gf&

Hg{jlug kgf Dugmga -5994. ajf~g{g`gf x{ug{jdn ajagxz`n ygxgu nf{jufgxnlfgo

ajfddgaegu`gf gfgonxnx `gug`{junx{n` ygxgu -xjyju{n yl{jfxn yjfczgogf/ {nfd`g{ `jyjf{nfdgf x{ug{jdnx/

`j`zg{gf xzaeju kg~g ol`go/ yjuejkggf ezkg~g/ kgf unf{gfdgf fjdgug. kgf `jagayzgf xju{g`gug`{junx{n` yjuzxgmggf {juagxz` {nfd`g{ yjfdj{gmzgf ajfkj`g{n ygxgu/ `j{juoneg{gf yjagxgugf/ kgf

`lan{ajf ~gfd xngy kngaeno lojm agfgcjajf&

Ganu -7>>>. ajf~g{g`gf j`xylu ajuzyg`gf `jdng{gf ajfdjozgu`gf egugfd!egugfd kgun

agx~gug`g{ kgf ajfdnunaf~g `j ozgu fjdjun xjxzgn `j{jf{zgf yjajunf{gm kgf ajfdmgugy`gf

yjaeg~gugf kgoga rgoz{g gxnfd& [zczgf knog`z`gf j`xylu gkgogm xjegdgn ejun`z{3

7& Ajfgaegm ogeg yjuzxgmggf ajogozn yjuozgxgf ygxgu kgf ajayjulojm mgudg czgo ~gfd ojenm egn`-ly{nagonxgxn ogeg.&

5& Ajaez`g ygfdxg ygxgu eguz kn ozgu fjdjun xjegdgn yjuozgxgf ygxgu klajx{nh -ajaez`g ygxguj`xylu.&

8&

Ajagfbgg{`gf jojenmgf `gygxn{gx {juygxgfd -nkoj hgyghn{~.&;& Ajaengxg`gf knun ejuxgnfd kgoga ygxgu nf{jufgxnlfgo/ xjmnfddg {juog{nm kgoga yjuxgnfdgf ~gfd

`j{g{&

Ynmg`!ynmg` ~gfd {juoneg{ kgoga yjukgdgfdgf ozgu fjdjun gkgogm xjegdgn ejun`z{3

7& Naylu{nuYnmg` ~gfd ajaejon egugfd& Kgoga Oj{{ju lb Hujkn{-O,H. knxjez{ gyyonhgf{ghhlzf{ ygu{~ g{gz

ghhlzf{jj/ ~gn{z ynmg` ~gfd ajalmlf yjaez`ggf O,H ygkg xzg{z egf`&

5& J`xylu{nuYnmg` ~gfd ajfczgo egugfd -rjfklu.& Kn kgoga O,H knxjez{ xjegdgn ejfjbnhngu~/ ~gn{z ynmg`

`jygkg xngyg O,H kn{juen{`gf&

8&

Egf`Yjfdmzezfd gf{gug j`xylu{nu!naylu{nu& Egf` ajuzyg`gf ynmg` xjegdgn yjfcganf yjaeg~gugf/

yjaejun nfbl/ g{gz ynmg` ~gfd ajaeng~gn yjukgdgfdgf&

;& Yjuzxgmggf [ugfxylu{gxnYnmg` ~gfd ajaeju cgxg yjfdgfd`z{gf& @jdng{gf ~gfd knog`z`gf gf{gug ognf ajfjunag egugfd!

egugfd kgun j`xylu{nu kgf ajfdgfd`z{f~g `j naylu{nu& Yjuzxgmggf {ugfxylu{gxn ajfdjozgu`gf

kl`zajf {gfkg ez`{n/ anxgof~g yjuzxgmggf yjog~gugf ajfdjozgu`gf Enoo lb Olgknfd/ yjuzxgmggf

yjfjuegfdgf ajfjuen{`gfGnutg~ Enoo -GTE.&

:& Ejg Hz`gn g{gz YgejgfXzg{z nfx{gfxn ujxan yjajunf{gm ~gfd ajfdgtgxn egugfd!egugfd ~gfd `jozgu!agxz` kgjugm

ygejgf kgf ajaejun`gf nsnf&

2& Yjuzxgmggf GxzugfxnYjuzxgmggf ~gfd ajaejun`gf yjuonfkzfdgf {jumgkgy ujxn`l egugfd ~gfd kngfd`z{ kjfdgf

ajfz{zyn gxzugfxn g{gx egugfd!egugfd xjxzgn x~gug{&

4& Xzurj~luXzg{z egkgf ~gfd ajfjon{n `zgon{gx/ cjfnx/ czaogm/ mgudg/ egugfd/ kgf xjegdgnf~g g{gx yjuanf{ggf

ynmg` ~gfd eju`jyjf{nfdgf&

=& Kjygu{jajf Yjunfkzx{ungf kgf YjukgdgfdgfNfx{gfxn yjajunf{gm ~gfd ajfdg{zu {g{g fngdg yjukgdgfdgf kjfdgf `jdng{gf!`jdng{gf xjyju{n

ajaejun`gf nsnf/ xju{g ajfj{gyn eg{gx egugfd!egugfd ~gfd enxg knj`xylu&

-Ganu/ 7>>7.


21/133

J`xylu kgyg{ ejuxnbg{ ogfdxzfd agzyzf {nkg` ogfdxzfd& Kjfdgf j`xylu ogfdxzfd - knujh{

j}ylu{nfd./ yjuzxgmggf kgyg{ ajfczgo `jygkg `lfxzajf kn fjdgug ejuejkg& J`xylu ogfdxzfd

ajuzyg`gf yjfkj`g{gf ygonfd zaza ~gfd kndzfg`gf yjuzxgmggf ~gfd ajfdgtgon ogfd`gm

nf{jufgxnlfgo ajuj`g `gujfg unxn`l `juzdngf bnfgfxngo kgyg{ knanfnagonxgxn& @jegon`gff~g/ j`xylu

{nkg` ogfdxzfd -nfknujh{ j}ylu{nfd. zazaf~g ejugu{n yjuzxgmggf ajfczgo `jygkg yjaejon -naylu{nug{gz knx{unez{lu. kn fjdgug gxgo/ ~gfd `jazkngf ajfdj`xyluf~g `jaegon -Hg{jlug kgf Dugmga/ 5994.&

Ajfzuz{ [cnyclfl -599=./ j`xylu {nkg` ogfdxzfd kgyg{ ajfdmjag{ tg`{z kgf {jfgdg

yjuzxgmggf yjfdxj`ylu/ fgazf yjuzxgmggf {juxjez{ {nkg` ajanon`n `jfkgon g{gx yjugf{gugf~g n{z&

^gfd ojenm ezuz` ogdn zazaf~g yjugf{gug!yjugf{gug xjyju{n nfn ez`gfogm yjagxgu ~gfd gdujxnb kgf

engxgf~g {nkg` ajfdmgxno`gf rlozaj yjfczgogf ~gfd ejxgu& Xjkgfd`gf kjfdgf ajog`z`gf j`xylu

xjhgug ogfdxzfd/ yjuzxgmggf kgyg{ ajayulalxn`gf yulkz` ojenm gdujxnb/ ajfddgugy ygxgu gxnfd

xjhgug ojenm jbj`{nb/ kgf ojenm kgyg{ ajfdjfkgon`gf g`{nrn{gx yjfczgogff~g& Gkgyzf `jxzon{gf!

`jxzon{gf ~gfd {naezo kgun x{ug{jdn nfn gkgogm ygxgu gxnfd azfd`nf {nkg` {juengxg kjfdgf yulkz` g{gz

yug`{n`!yug`{n` yjagxgugf yjuzxgmggf& Xjognf n{z guagkg yjfczgo kgun kgoga fjdjun ~gfd kn`nuna `j

ozgu fjdjun zazaf~g agxnm ajugxg gxnfd kjfdgf ygxgu ~gfd kndgugyf~g&

5&: X{ug{jdn Yjagxgugf

Ajfzuz{ @l{oju -7>>4./ x{ug{jdn yjagxgugf gkgogm xzg{z yjan`nugf {jf{gfd yjagxgugf zf{z`

ajfkj`g{`gf xg{zgf!xg{zgf enxfnx `jygkg xgxgugff~g& X{ug{jdn yjagxgugf {juknun kgun yjfdgaenogf

`jyz{zxgf kgoga gfddgugf yjagxgugf/ agu`j{nfd an} xju{g gol`gxn yjagxgugf kgoga mzezfdgff~g

kjfdgf `lfknxn `layj{n{nb kgf onfd`zfdgf ~gfd knnfdnf`gf&

X{ug{jdn yjagxgugf xzg{z yjuzxgmggf mguzx knxjxzgn`gf {nkg` mgf~g ygkg xgxgugf `lfxzajf

{j{gyn czdg ygug yjxgnfd ~gfd ajfdnfhgu xgxgugf `lfxzajf ~gfd xgag& X{ug{jdn zf{z` xj{ngy

yjuzxgmggf xju{g xzaeju kg~g ~gfd knanon`nf~g& X{ug{jdn yjagxgugf g`gf ajfjf{z`gf ogeg g{gz

`jzf{zfdgf ~gfd g`gf knugnm yjuzxgmggf -@l{oju/ 7>>4.&

X{ug{jdn yjagxgugf ajayzf~gn {zczgf zf{z` kgyg{ mnkzy kgf eju`jaegfd& [zczgf {juxjez{

mgf~g kgyg{ knhgygn ajogozn zxgmg ajayju{gmgf`gf kgf ajfnfd`g{`gf yjfczgogf& Ajogozn zxgmg

ajfhgun kgf ajaez`g ogfddgfgf xju{g zxgmg ajfdzgxgn ygxgu& [zczgf nfn mgf~g kgyg{ knhgygn gygenog

egdngf yjagxgugf yjuzxgmggf ajog`z`gf x{ug{jdn ~gfd agf{gy zf{z` kgyg{ ajfddzfg`gf `jxjayg{gf

g{gz yjozgfd ~gfd gkg kgoga yjagxgugf/ xjmnfddg ylxnxn g{gz `jkzkz`gf yjuzxgmggf kn ygxgu kgyg{

knyju{gmgf`gf xju{g kn{nfd`g{`gf& X{ug{jdn yjagxgugf gkgogm xjugfd`gngf {zczgf kgf xgxgugf/ `jencg`gf

kgf g{zugf ~gfd ajaejun`gf gugm `jygkg agxnfd!agxnfd {nfd`g{gf kgf ghzgf xju{g gol`gxnf~g/

{juz{gag xjegdgn {gfddgygf yjuzxgmggf kgoga ajfdmgkgyn onfd`zfdgf kgf `jgkggf yjuxgnfdgf ~gfd

xjogoz ejuzegm -Gxxgzun/ 5994.&

[cnyclfl -599=. ajf~g{g`gf kgoga yjugfgf x{ug{jdnxf~g/ yjagxgugf ajfhg`zy xj{ngy zxgmg

zf{z` ajfhgygn `jxjxzgngf gf{gug yjuzxgmggf kjfdgf onfd`zfdgff~g kgoga ugfd`g ajfhgun

yjajhgmgf g{gx agxgogm yjfjf{zgf kzg yju{naegfdgf yl`l`& Yju{gag/ enxfnx gyg ~gfd kndjoz{n

yjuzxgmggf ygkg xgg{ nfn kgf cjfnx enxfnx gyg ~gfd kgyg{ knagxz`n kn agxg ajfkg{gfd& @jkzg/

egdgnagfg enxfnx ~gfd {jogm knynonm {juxjez{ kgyg{ kncgogf`gf kjfdgf xz`xjx kgoga onfd`zfdgf ~gfd

`layj{n{nb g{gx kgxgu yjuxyj`{nb yulkz`/ mgudg/ yulalxn/ kgf knx{unezxn -egzugf yjagxgugf. zf{z`

ajog~gfn ygxgu xgxgugf& Kgoga `lf{j`x yjf~zxzfgf x{ug{jdn/ yjagxgugf ajanon`n kzg knajfxn/ ~gn{z

knajfxn xgg{ nfn kgf knajfxn agxg ~gfd g`gf kg{gfd& Knajfxn xgg{ nfn eju`gn{gf kjfdgf mzezfdgf

~gfd {jogm gkg gf{gug yjuzxgmggf kjfdgf onfd`zfdgff~g& Xjkgfd`gf knajfxn agxg ~gfd g`gf kg{gfd

ajfhg`zy mzezfdgf kn agxg ~gfd g`gf kg{gfd ~gfd knmgugy`gf g`gf kgyg{ {jucgonf kgf yulduga

{nfkg`gf ~gfd knyjuoz`gf zf{z` ajfhgygn {zczgf {juxjez{&


22/133

Ajfzuz{ Ylu{ju -5994./ ajaegfdzf x{ug{jdn yjagxgugf ajuzyg`gf zxgmg ajuzazx`gf

bluazog ajfdjfgn xzg{z `layj{nxn enxfnx/ {gudj{ ~gfd xjmguzxf~g knhgygn kgf `jencg`xgfggf ~gfd

knez{zm`gf zf{z` ajfhgygn {gudj{ {juxjez{& [jukgyg{ jayg{ `zfhn z{gag ~gfd yjuoz knyju{naegfd`gf

lojm xzg{z yjuzxgmggf kgoga ajfjf{z`gf x{ug{jdn yjuxgnfdgf ajfhgygn `jxz`xjxgf/ ~gn{z3 -7.

`j`zg{gf kgf `jojagmgf yjuzxgmggf/ -5. fnogn XKA xjegdgn yjog`xgfg `zfhn/ -8. yjozgfd kgfmgaeg{gf kgoga nfkzx{un kgf -;. agx~gug`g{ kgf xlxngo&

5&2 Egzugf Yjagxgugf-Agu`j{nfd An}.

Egzugf yjagxgugf g{gz agu`j{nfd an} ajuzyg`gf xjczaogm rgungejo yjagxgugf ~gfd

{ju`lf{ulo lojm yjuzxgmggf kgf kgyg{ kndzfg`gf lojm yjuzxgmggf zf{z` ajfhgygn {gudj{ ygxgu ~gfd

{jogm kn{j{gy`gf kgf ajaejun`gf `jyzgxgf `lfxzajf -Mzxfgf kgf Xztguxlfl/ 5999.& Egzugf

yjagxgugf -agu`j{nfd an}. knejkg`gf kgoga jayg{ `laylfjf z{gag ~gfd ogsna knxjez{ ;Y ~g`fn 3

g& Yulkz`-yulkzh{.e& Xgozugf knx{unezxn -yoghj.h& Yulalxn -yulal{nlf.k& Mgudg -yunhj.

Jayg{ `laylfjf z{gag {juxjez{ ajayjfdguzmn xg{z xgag ognf/ xjmnfddg xjazgf~g yjf{nfd

xjegdgn xg{z `jxg{zgf x{ug{jdn egzugf yjagxgugf xjegdgn xjyjugfd`g{ gog{ yjagxgugf ~gfd kndzfg`gf

zf{z` ajfhgygn {zczgf kgoga ygxgu xgxgugf -@l{oju/ 7>>4.&

Yulkz` kngu{n`gf xjegdgn xjdgog xjxzg{z ~gfd kn{gtgu`gf `jygkg ygxgu zf{z` knyjumg{n`gf/

knanon`n/ kndzfg`gf g{gz kn`lfxzaxn xjmnfddg ajazgx`gf `jnfdnfgf g{gz `jez{zmgf -@l{oju kgf

Gax{ulfd/ 7>>4.& Xjkgfd`gf x{ug{jdn yulkz` gkgogm egdgnagfg ajfj{gy`gf hgug kgf yjf~jknggf

yulkz` ~gfd {jyg{ egdn ygxgu ~gfd kn{zcz& X{ug{jdn yulkz` ajfhg`zy `jyz{zxgf ajfdjfgn az{z/

yjfdjagxgf/ yjog~gfgf/ hnun `mgx/ fgag ajuj`/ cganfgf kgf ognf!ognf -@l{oju/ 7>>4.&

Mgudg gkgogm xjczaogm fnogn ~gfd knez{zm`gf zf{z` ajfkgyg{ xjczaogm `laenfgxn kgun

egugfd ejxju{g yjog~gfgff~g -@l{oju/ 7>>4.& Xjajf{gug n{z/ [cnyclfl -599=. ajf~g{g`gf/ kgun xzkz{

ygfkgfd `lfxzajf mgudg xjunfd`gon kndzfg`gf xjegdgn nfkn`g{lu fnogn enogagfg mgudg {juxjez{

knmzezfd`gf kjfdgf agfbgg{ ~gfd knugxg`gf g{gx xzg{z egugfd g{gz cgxg& Enog agfbgg{ ~gfd knugxg`gf

`lfxzajf ajfnfd`g{/ ag`g fnognf~g g`gf ajfnfd`g{&

X{ug{jdn mgudg ajonyz{n ejuegdgn gxyj` ~gn{z eng~g yulkz`xn/ ogeg zxgmg kgf {nfd`g{ `layj{nxn

-X{gf{lf kgf Ogagu{l/ 7>>;.& [zczgf kgun x{ug{jdn mgudg gkgogm ajfhgygn `jxjnaegfdgf gf{gug ogeg

zxgmg kjfdgf {nfd`g{ `jyzgxgf yjogfddgf/ knxgaynfd {zczgf zf{z` ajag`xnaza`gf ogeg/

ajayjulojm ygfdxg ygxgu {ju{jf{z kgf ajfhgygn {nfd`g{ yjfczgogf ~gfd xjxzgn kjfdgf yjujfhgfggf&

X{ug{jdn yjfj{gygf mgudg {judgf{zfd `jygkg {zczgf yjuzxgmggf/ ~gn{z yjfnfd`g{gf mgudg zf{z`

yjfnfd`g{gf yjfczgogf/ yjfj{gygf mgudg ajfdmgkgyn `layj{n{lu g{gz yjfj{gygf mgudg zf{z`

ajfdghgz`gf ygxgu -@l{oju/ 7>>4.&

Xgozugf knx{unezxn gkgogm xjyjugfd`g{ ojaegdg ~gfd ajog`z`gf xjazg `jdng{gf ~gfd

kndzfg`gf zf{z` ajf~gozu`gf yulkz` kgf x{g{zx `jyjanon`gf kgun {n{n` yulkz`xn xgaygn `j {n{n`

`lfxzaxn -X{gf{lf kgf Ogagu{l/ 7>>;.& X{ug{jdn knx{unezxn eju`gn{gf kjfdgf yjanonmgf xgozugf ~gfd

g`gf kndzfg`gf kgoga ajfhgygn yjogfddgf& Xgozugf knx{unezxn ~gfd knynonm kgyg{ ejuzyg knx{unezxn

ogfdxzfd/ {g` ogfdxzfd g{gz `laenfgxn `jkzgf~g& Yjanonmgf kgun x{ug{jdn {judgf{zfd ygkg `gug`{junx{n`

yulkz`/ yjunog`z `lfxzajf/ `jagyzgf yjfczgogf/ xju{g {g{g oj{g` ygxgu xgxgugf xjmnfddg kgyg{ knynonm

xgozugf knx{unezxn ~gfd jbj`{nb -@l{oju/ 7>>4.&

Yulalxn gkgogm guzx nfbluagxn g{gz yjuxzgxn xg{z gugm ~gfd knezg{ zf{z` ajf~gaygn`gf

ylxnxn yulkz` `jygkg `lfxzajf g{gz ajfdgugm`gf xjxjlugfd g{gz ludgfnxgxn `jygkg {nfkg`gf ~gfd

ajfhny{g`gf yju{z`gugf kgoga yjagxgugf& Ajogozn `jdng{gf yulalxn knmgugy`gf yjuzxgmggf kgyg{


23/133

ajfnfd`g{`gf yjfczgogf xju{g ojenm ajfnfd`g{`gf `j{ju`jfgogf xzg{z yulkz`& Xug{jdn yulalxn

ajuzyg`gf ynonmgf {jumgkgy xgugfg yulalxn xjyju{n gkrju{nxnfd/ yjfczgogf yjulugfdgf -yjuxlfgo

xjoonfd./ yulalxn yjfczgogf -xgojx yulal{nlf./ mzezfdgf agx~gug`g{ -yzeonhn{~. kgf yjagxgugf

ogfdxzfd -knujh{ agu`j{nfd. -@l{oju/ 7>>4.&

5&4Gfgonxnx Onfd`zfdgf Enxfnx

Onfd`zfdgf enxfnx kgyg{ knegdn g{gx kzg onfd`zfdgf/ ~gn{z onfd`zfdgf j`x{jufgo kgf nf{jufgo&

Onfd`zfdgf j`x{jufgo knegdn `j kgoga kzg `g{jdlun/ ~gn{z 3 onfd`zfdgf cgzm kgf onfd`zfdgf nfkzx{un/

xjajf{gug n{z/ onfd`zfdgf nf{jufgo ajuzyg`gf gxyj`!gxyj` ~gfd gkg kn kgoga yjuzxgmggf&

5&4&7 Gfgonxnx Onfd`zfdgf Nf{jufgo

Ajfzuz{ Kgrnk -599>./ xjhgug {ugknxnlfgo gxyj`!gxyj` onfd`zfdgf nf{jufgo

yjuzxgmggf ~gfd mjfkg` kngag{n kgyg{ knonmg{ kgun yjfkj`g{gf bzfdxnlfgo& Ygkg yjfkj`g{gf

nfn/ yjfd`g{jdlungf gfgonxnx nf{jufgo xjunfd kngugm`gf ygkg ygxgu kgf yjagxgugf/ `lfknxn

`jzgfdgf kgf g`zf{nfd/ yulkz`xn/ xzaeju kg~g agfzxng/ kgf xnx{ja nfbluagxn agfgcjajf&

g& Ygxgu kgf YjagxgugfGdgu ylxnxn yulkz` kn ygxgu xjxzgn kjfdgf mgugygf/ bg`{lu!bg`{lu ~gfd yjuoz

knyjumg{n`gf gf{gug ognf gkgogm 3 ygfdxg ygxgu/ yjog~gfgf yzufg czgo/ `jyjanon`gf/ nfbluagxn

{jf{gfd ygxgu/ yjfdjfkgongf knx{unez{lu/ `lfknxn xg{zgf `jucg yjagxgugf/ `jdng{gf yulalxn/

mgudg czgo yulkz`/ `lan{ajf agfgcjajf yzfhg`/ ol~gon{gx yjogfddgf/ kgf `jencg`gf yulkz`

eguz&

e& @jzgfdgf kgf G`zf{gfxnKgfg knez{zm`gf kgoga lyjugxnlfgo yjuzxgmggf& Lojm `gujfg n{z/ bg`{lu!bg`{lu ~gfd

yjuoz knyjumn{zfd`gf gkgogm3 `jagayzgf yjuzxgmggf ajazyz` alkgo cgfd`g yjfkj` kgf

cgfd`g ygfcgfd/ ejegf ~gfd mguzx knyn`zo xjegdgn zyg~g ajayjulojm alkgo {gaegmgf/

mzezfdgf egn` kjfdgf yjfgfga alkgo kgf yjajdgfd xgmga/ yjfdjologgf `jzgfdgf/x{uz`{zu alkgo `jucg mgudg czgo yulkz` yjagf{gzgf yjf~jege nfjbnxnjfxn kgf xnx{ja g`zf{nfd

~gfd gfkgo&

h& @jdng{gf Yulkz`xn!Lyjugxn@jdng{gf yulkz xn!lyjugxn yjuzxgmggf ygonfd {nkg` kgyg{ knonmg{ kgun `j{jdzmgf

kgoga yunfxny jbjxnjfxn/ jbj`{nrn{gx/ kgf yulkz`{nbn{gx& Lojm `gujfgf~g/ bg`{lu!bg`{lu ~gfd

yjuoz knyjumg{n`gf gkgogm mzezfdgf ~gfd egn` kjfdgf yjagxl`/ xnx{ja oldnx{n` ~gfd gfkgo/

ol`gxn bgxnon{gx ~gfd {jyg{/ ludgfnxgxn ~gfd ajanon`n `jxg{zgf xnx{ja ~gfd ezog{/

yjaeng~ggf/ yjfkj`g{gf nflrg{nb kgf yulg`{nb/ `jazfd`nfgf {jucgknf~g {julelxgf kgoga

yulxjx yulkz`xn/ kgf yjfdjfkgongf az{z&

k& Xzaeju Kg~g AgfzxngAgfzxng ajuzyg`gf xzaeju kg~g {juyjf{nfd egdn yjuzxgmggf& Lojm `gujfg n{z

agfgcju yjuoz ejuzyg~g gdgu {jutzczk yjunog`z ylxn{nb kn `gogfdgf `gu~gtggf yjuzxgmggf&

Ejuegdgn bg`{lu ~gfd yjuoz knyjumg{n`gf gkgogm3 ogfd`gm!ogfd`gm ~gfd cjogx ajfdjfgn

agfgcjajf XKA/ `j{jugaynogf kgf al{nrgxn `jucg/ yulkz`{nrn{gx/ kgf xnx{ja naegogf&

j& Yjfjon{ngf kgf YjfdjaegfdgfAnxn kgxgu kgun yjfjon{ngf kgf yjfdjaegfdgf ajfhg`zy kgoga ajfkz`zfd enxfnx

xgg{ nfn/ ajaegf{z yjozfhzugf enxfnx eguz/ yjfdjaegfdgf yulkz` eguz/ ajayjuegn`n

`zgon{gx yulkz`/ ajayjuegn`n jbjxnjfxn yulkz`xn/ kgf ajayjukgoga g{gz ajayjuozgx

`jagayzgf {j`floldn yjuzxgmggf&


24/133

b& Xnx{ja Nfbluagxn AgfgcjajfNfbluagxn ajfdmzezfd`gf xjazg enxfnx ajfcgkn xg{z kgf ajfcgkn kgxgu zf{z`

xjazg `jyz{zxgf agfgcjungo& Nfbluagxn ajfzfcz``gf xzaeju z{gag kgun `j`zg{gf g{gz

`jojagmgf `layj{n{nb agfgcjajf& @jdzfggf xnx{ja nfbluagxn agfgcjajf gkgogm zf{z`

ajayjuegn`n `nfjucg xzg{z yjuzxgmggf kjfdgf ajayjuegn`n `zgon{gx `jyz{zxgf agfgcjungo&Xnx{ja nfbluagxn ~gfd jbj`{nb gkgogm ajfdzayzo`gf/ ajaejun xnaelo g{gz `lkj/

ajf~naygf/ ajfxnf{j{nx/ kgf ajf~gcn`gf nfbluagxn kgoga ejf{z` ~gfd kgyg{ ajfcgtge

yju{gf~ggf yjf{nfd lyjugxn kgf x{ug{jdnx&

5&4&5 Gfgonxnx Onfd`zfdgf J`x{jufgo

7& Onfd`zfdgf Cgzm

g& Bg`{lu Ylon{n`

Gugm/ `jencg`gf/ kgf x{genon{gx ylon{n` yjajunf{gm ajfcgkn bg`{lu yjf{nfd egdn ygug

yjfdzxgmg zf{z` ejuzxgmg& Xn{zgxn ylon{n` ~gfd {nkg` `lfkzxnb g`gf ejukgayg` fjdg{nb egdn

kzfng zxgmg/ ejdn{z yzog xjegon`f~g& Ejejugyg mgo z{gag ~gfd yjuoz knyjumg{n`gf kgun bg`{lu

ylon{n` gdgu enxfnx kgyg{ eju`jaegfd kjfdgf egn`/ gkgogm3 zfkgfd!zfkgfd {jf{gfd

onfd`zfdgf kgf yjuezuzmgf/ yjug{zugf {jf{gfd yjukgdgfdgf ozgu fjdjun/ x{genon{gx

yjajunf{gmgf/ yjug{zugf {jf{gfd `jgagfgf kgf `jxjmg{gf `jucg/ kgf xnx{ja yjuygcg`gf&

e& Bg`{lu J`lflan

@lfknxn j`lflan xzg{z kgjugm g{gz fjdgug kgyg{ ajayjfdguzmn nòna ejuenxfnx

xzg{z yjuzxgmggf& Xjag`nf ezuz` `lfknxn j`lflan/ xjag`nf ezuz` yzog nòna ejuenxfnx&

Ejejugyg bg`{lu `zfhn ~gfd yjuoz knyjumg{n`gf kgoga ajfdgfgonxnx j`lflan xzg{z kgjugm

g{gz fjdgug gkgogm3 xnòzx enxfnx/ `j{juxjknggf jfjudn/ nfbogxn/ xz`z ezfdg/ nfrjx{gxn/ mgudg!

mgudg yulkz` kgf cgxg/ yulkz`{nbn{gx kgf {jfgdg `jucg&

h& Bg`{lu Xlxngo

@lfknxn xlxngo agx~gug`g{ ajagfd ejuzegm!zegm& Mjfkg`f~g yjuzegmgf xlxngo~gfd {jucgkn ~gfd ajayjfdguzmn yjuzxgmggf kgyg{ kngf{nxnygxn lojm yjuzxgmggf& @lfknxn

xlxngo ajonyz{n xn`gy/ dg~g mnkzy/ gkg{!nx{ngkg{/ kgf `jengxggf kgun lugfd!lugfd kn onfd`zfdgf

j`x{jufgo yjuzxgmggf/ `lfknxn `zo{zugo/ j`loldnx/ kjaldugbnx/ ujondnzx/ yjfknkn`gf kgf j{fnx

-Yzutgf{l/ 5992.&

k& Bg`{lu [j`floldn

[j`floldn {nkg` mgf~g ajfhg`zy yjfjazgf!yjfjazgf ~gfd eguz xgcg/ {j{gyn czdg

ajonyz{n hgug!hgug yjog`xgfggf g{gz aj{lkj!aj{lkj eguz kgoga ajfdjucg`gf xzg{z

yj`jucggf/ ~gfd gu{nf~g ajaejun`gf xzg{z dgaegugf ~gfd ozgx/ ~gfd ajonyz{n3 ajfkjxgnf/

ajfdmgxno`gf/ kgf ajfknx{unezxn`gf -Yzutgf{l/ 5992.&

5& Onfd`zfdgf Nfkzx{un

Ajfzuz{ Ylu{ju -5994./ mg`n`g{ yjuxgnfdgf xzg{z nfkzx{un kgyg{ knonmg{ xjegdgn

`laenfgxn g{gx onag `j`zg{gf ~gn{z yjuxgnfdgf gf{gu yjuzxgmggf xjcjfnx/ `jazfd`nfgf

agxz`f~g yjxgnfd eguz/ yl{jfxn yjfdjaegfdgf yulkz` xzex{n{zxn/ `j`zg{gf {gtgu!ajfgtgu

yjfczgo g{gz yjagxl`/ `j`zg{gf {gtgu!ajfgtgu yjaejon g{gz `lfxzajf&

@j`zg{gf ~gfd ajayjfdguzmn yjuxgnfdgf nfkzx{un3


25/133

Dgaegu :& @j`zg{gf ~gfd Ajayjfdguzmn Yjuxgnfdgf Nfkzx{un-Ylu{ju/ 5994.

g& Yjuxgnfdgf kn gf{gug yjuzxgmggf xjcjfnxYjuxgnfdgf gf{gu yjuzxgmggf xjcjfnx engxgf~g ajuzyg`gf `j`zg{gf {juejxgu kgoga

onag `j`zg{gf `layj{n{nb& X{ug{jdn ~gfd kncgogf`gf yjuzxgmggf kgyg{ ejumgxno mgf~g cn`g

ajuj`g ajaejun`gf `jzfddzogf `layj{n{nb knegfknfd x{ug{jdn ~gfd kncgogf`gf yjuzxgmggf

yjxgnfd& [nfd`g{ yjuxgnfdgf n{z knyjfdguzmn ejejugyg bg`{lu/ ~gn{z czaogm `layj{n{lu/

{nfd`g{ yju{zaezmgf nfkzx{un/ `gug`{junx{n` yulkz`/ eng~g {j{gy ~gfd ejxgu/ `gygxn{gx/ kgf

mgaeg{gf jozgu&

e& @jazfd`nfgf agxz`f~g yjfkg{gfd eguzAgxz`f~g yjuzxgmggf xjegdgn yjfkg{gfd eguz g`gf ajfnaezo`gf xjczaogm

nayon`gxn egdn yjuzxgmggf ~gfd xzkgm gkg/ anxgof~g `gygxn{gx ajfcgkn eju{gaegm/ {jucgknf~g

yjujez{gf ygfdxg ygxgu/ xju{g yjujez{gf xzaeju kg~g yulkz`xn ~gfd {jueg{gx& [zdgx

yjf~zxzf x{ug{jdn gkgogm ajfdnkjf{nbn`gxn yjuzxgmggf ~gfd ejuyl{jfxn agxz` `j ygxgu/ajalfn{lu x{ug{jdn yjxgnfd eguz/ ajaezg{ xjugfdgf egogxgf cn`g knez{zm`gf/ xju{g

ajagfbgg{`gf `j`zg{gf kgf yjozgfd ~gfd gkg xgg{ nfn& Azkgm {nkg`f~g yjxgnfd agxz` `j

kgoga nfkzx{un {ju{jf{z/ {judgf{zfd kgun mgaeg{gf ~gfd knanon`n nfkzx{un {juxjez{&

h& Yl{jfxn yjfdjaegfdgf yulkz` xzex{n{zxn

Gfhgagf yulkz` xzex{n{zxn `zg{ enogagfg `lfxzajf knmgkgy`gf ygkg xtn{hmnfd

hlx{ ~gfd xjkn`n{ kgf cn`g yulkz` xzex{n{zxn n{z ajayzf~gn mgudg ~gfd ojenm azugm g{gz

`zgon{gxf~g xgag/ egm`gf ojenm {nfddn kgun yulkz`!yulkz` xzg{z nfkzx{un&

k& @j`zg{gf {gtgu!ajfgtgu yjagxl` g{gz yjfczgo

Yjagxl` kgyg{ ajayjfdguzmn nfkzx{un ojtg{ `jagayzgf ajuj`g ajfgn``gf mgudg

g{gz yjfdzugfdgf `zgon{gx yulkz` g{gz xjurnx& Yjagxl` ajfcgkn `zg{ gygenog ejejugyg

Yjagxl`

Yjfkg{gfd eguz

Yjuxgnfdgf kn`gogfdgf gfddl{g

nfkzx{un

Yjuxgnfdgfkngf{gug

yjuzxgmggf ~gfdxzkgm gkg

Xzex{n{zxn

Yjaejon


26/133

`lfknxn ejun`z{ {juyjfzmn/ ~gn{z 3 czaogm yjagxl` xjkn`n{/ yulkz` g{gz xjurnx ~gfd gkg gkgogm

zfn` kgf agayz ajfhny{g`gf xtn{hmnfd hlx{~gfd ejxgu/ {nkg` {juxjkng yulkz` xzex{n{zxn/ kgf

yjagxl` agayz ajog`z`gf nf{jdugxn `j kjygf kgf ajfdlogm yulkz` ~gfd knmgxno`gf

ajfcgkn yulkz` ~gfd xgag ~gfd knmgxno`gf yjuzxgmggf&

j& @j`zg{gf {gtgu!ajfgtgu yjaejon g{gz `lfxzajfAjfzuz{ Zagu -7>>4./ ejejugyg `lfknxn ~gfd azfd`nf knmgkgyn yjuzxgmggf

xjmzezfdgf kjfdgf gkgf~g `j`zg{gf yjaejon gf{gug ognf gkgogm yjaejon agayz

ajayulkz`xn yulkz` ~gfd knyjuoz`gf/ xnbg{ yulkz` {nkg` {juknbjujfxngxn kgf egf~g`

yjagxl`/ xtn{hmnfd hlx{ yjagxl` gkgogm `jhno/ yjaejon ajayzf~gn {nfd`g{ yulbn{genon{gx

~gfd ujfkgm/ xjmnfddg xjfxn{nb {jumgkgy mgudg kgf knbjujfxngxn xjurnx/ kgf yulkz` yjuzxgmggf

{nkg` {juogoz yjf{nfd egdn yjaejon/ xjmnfddg yjaejon kjfdgf azkgm ajfhgun xzex{n{zxnf~g&

5&= Aj{lkj Yjuegfknfdgf J`xylfjfxngo -AYJ.

Aj{lkj Yjuegfknfdgf J`xylfjfxngo -AYJ. ajuzyg`gf xgogm xg{z aj{lkj zf{z` ajfjf{z`gf

zuz{gf yunlun{gx go{jufg{nb `jyz{zxgf kjfdgf ùn{jung cgag`& Kgoga ajfddzfg`gf AYJ gkg ejejugyg

{gmgygf ~gfd mguzx knog`z`gf ~gn{z3 ajf~zxzf go{jufg{nb!go{jufg{nb `jyz{zxgf ~gfd g`gf knynonm/

ajfjf{z`gf ùn{jung g{gz yjuegfknfdgf ùn{jung `jyz{zxgf ~gfd yjf{nfd zf{z` knjrgozgxn/ ajfjf{z`gf

{nfd`g{ `jyjf{nfdgf kgun xj{ngy ùn{jung `jyz{zxgf g{gz yju{naegfdgf ùn{jung/ ajog`z`gf yjfnogngf

{jumgkgy xjazg go{jufg{nb ygkg xj{ngy ùn{jung/ ajfdmn{zfd x`lu g{gz fnogn {l{go xj{ngy go{jufg{nb/ kgf

ajfjf{z`gf zuz{gf yunlun{gx `jyz{zxgf knkgxgu`gf ygkg x`lu g{gz fnogn {l{go agxnfd!agxnfd go{jufg{nb

-Agunanf/ 599;.&

5&>Gfgo~{nhgo Mnjuguhm~ Yulhjxx -GMY.

Ajfzuz{ Xgg{~ -7>>8./ aj{lkj Gfgo~n{nhgo Mnjuguhm~ Yulhjxx -GMY. gkgogm hgug

ajfdgfgonxnx xn{zgxn ~gfd uzan{ kgf {nkg` {jux{uz`{zu/ ajfdg{zu egdngf!egdngf `jkgogagf xzg{z

mnugu`n/ ajaejun fnogn fzajun` ygkg yju{naegfdgf xzecj`{nb {jf{gfd ujog{nb yjf{nfdf~g xj{ngy rgungejo/ajfxnf{jxnx ejuegdgn ùn{jung ~gfd gkg dzfg ajfj{gy`gf go{jufg{nb g{gz ynonmgf ~gfd ajanon`n {nfd`g{

yunlun{gx ygonfd {nfddn xju{g eju{nfkg` zf{z` ajayjfdguzmn mgxno ygkg xn{zgxn {juxjez{&

Yunfxny `jucg GMY gkgogm yjf~jkjumgfggf xzg{z yjuxlgogf `layoj`x ~gfd {nkg` {jux{uz`{zu/

x{ug{jcn`/ kgf knfgan` ajfcgkn egdngf!egdngff~g/ xju{g ajfg{g xzg{z mnugu`n& @jazkngf {nfd`g{

`jyjf{nfdgf xj{ngy rgungejo knejun fnogn fzajun` xjhgug xzecj`{nb {jf{gfd gu{n yjf{nfd rgungejo {juxjez{

xjhgug ujog{nb knegfknfd`gf kjfdgf rgungejo ~gfd ognf& Kgun ejuegdgn yju{naegfdgf {juxjez{ `jazkngf

knog`z`gf xnf{jxg zf{z` ajfj{gy`gf rgungejo ~gfd ajanon`n yunlun{gx {nfddn kgf ejuyjugf zf{z`

ajayjfdguzmn mgxno ygkg xnx{ja {juxjez{ -Agunanf/ 599;.&

Ajfzuz{ Agunanf -599;./ xjhgug dugbnx yjuxlgogf `jyz{zxgf GMY kgyg{ kn`lfx{uz`xn`gf

xjegdgn kngduga eju{nfd`g{/ ~gfd knazogn kjfdgf xlgo g{gz xgxgugf/ ogoz ùn{jung ojrjo yju{gag/

xzeùn{jung kgf g`mnuf~g go{jufg{nb& GMY ajazfd`nf`gf yjfddzfg zf{z` ajaejun`gf fnogn elel{

ujog{nb kgun xzg{z ùn{jung agcjaz` xjhgug nf{zn{nb/ ~gn{z kjfdgf ajog`z`gf yjuegfknfdgf ejuygxgfdgf

-ygnutnxj hlaygunxlf.& Yjuejkggf GMY kjfdgf Aj{lkj Yjuegfknfdgf J`xylfjfxngo -AYJ. gkgogm

GMY ajfddzfg`gf xzg{z mnugu`n ~gfd knejf{z` kgoga yulxjx ajfjucjagm`gf yjuagxgogmgf dzfg

ajayjulojm `jyz{zxgf {juegn` xju{g yulxjx yjaelel{gf GMY czdg ajfddzfg`gf yulxjx yjfnogngf

yjuegfknfdgf ejuygxgfdgf -ygnutnxj hlaygunxlf. ejuejkg kjfdgf AYJ ~gfd yulxjx yjaelel{gff~g

{nkg` ajaegfknfd`gf gf{gu go{jufg{nb g{gzyzf ùn{jung&

5&79 Ag{un`x Elx{lf Hlfxzo{nfdDulzy -EHD.

Ag{un`x Elx{lf Hlfxzo{nfd Dulzy -EHD. xjhgug dugbnx ajfddgaegu`gf ylxnxn `layj{n{nb

ujog{nb xzg{z nfkzx{un kjfdgf yjfddgaegugf kgun ylxnxn ygfdxg ygxgu ujog{nb kgf {nfd`g{ yju{zaezmgf


27/133

nfkzx{un {juxjez{& Ag{un`x EHD ajazfd`nf`gf xjezgm nfkzx{un ajfdjolog ylu{lblonl enxfnxf~g kjfdgf

hgug ajfdgag{n ylxnxn ygfdxg ygxgu ujog{nb kgf {nfd`g{ yju{zaezmgf nfkzx{unf~g knegfknfd`gf kjfdgf

nfkzx{un ognf ~gfd xjcjfnx&

Dgaegu 2& Ag{un`x EHD -Kgrnk/ 599>.

Ag{un`x EHD -Dgaegu 2. ajanon`n jayg{ nayon`gxn ylxnxn nfkzx{un kgoga mgo ygfdxg ygxgu

ujog{nbf~g kgf yju{zaezmgf nfkzx{unf~g/ ~gn{z3

g& [gfkg {gf~g/ ~gn{z knrnxn kgoga `zgkugf N ~gfd ajayzf~gn ylxnxn ygfdxg ygxgu ujog{nb ujfkgm{j{gyn ejuxgnfd kgoga nfkzx{un kjfdgf yju{zaezmgf {nfddn& @lfknxn nfn ajf~jege`gf `jez{zmgf

`jzgfdgf yjuzxgmggf {nfddn {j{gyn mgxno {zfgnf~g ujfkgm& Enxfnx nfn knxjez{ {gfkg {gf~g/ `gujfg

ludgfnxgxn mguzx ajaz{zx`gf gyg`gm mguzx ajayju`zg{ ludgfnxgxn nfn kjfdgf x{ug{jdn nf{jfxnb

-yjfj{ugxn ygxgu/ yjfdjaegfdgf ygxgu/ g{gz yjfdjaegfdgf yulkz`. g{gz ajfczgof~g&

e& Enf{gfd/ ~gn{z knrnxn kgoga `zgkugf NN ajanon`n yjozgfd ogfd`gm ygfcgfd ~gfd egn` zf{z`yju{zaezmgf kgf yulbn{genon{gx& Knrnxn kjfdgf ygfdxg ygxgu ujog{nb {nfddn kgf {nfd`g{ yju{zaezmgf

nfkzx{un {nfddn mguzx ajfjunag nfrjx{gxn hz`zy ejxgu zf{z` ajayju{gmgf`gf g{gz ajayju`zg{

ylxnxn klanfgff~g& Ejejugyg x{ug{jdn ~gfd {jyg{ zf{z` knyju{naegfd`gf egdn knrnxn kgoga ylxnxn

nfn gkgogm nf{jdugxn `j ejog`gfd/ nf{jdugxn `j kjygf/ nf{jdugxn mlunxlf{go/ yjfj{ugxn ygxgu/

yjfdjaegfdgf ygxgu/ yjfdjaegfdgf yulkz`/ kgf zxgmg yg{zfdgf&

h& Xgyn yjugm/ ~gn{z knrnxn kgoga `zgkugf NNN ajayzf~gn ygfdxg ygxgu ujog{nb {nfddn {j{gyn ejuxgnfdkgoga nfkzx{un kjfdgf yju{zaezmgf ogaeg{& Kn kgoga `zgkugf nfn knxjez{ xgyn yjugm `gujfg

ajfdmgxno`gf zgfd {zfgn ajojenmn ~gfd knyjuoz`gf kgf xjunfd knyg`gn zf{z` xzexnkn& Knrnxn xgyn

yjugm mguzx kn`jolog zf{z` ajayju{gmgf`gf ylxnxnf~g ~gfd `zg{ xjogag azfd`nf& Yjfdjaegfdgf

yulkz` g{gz knrjuxnrn`gxn `lfxjf{un` ajuzyg`gf x{ug{jdn ~gfd ajfgun` zf{z` xgyn yjugm ~gfd `zg{&

Fgazf / cn`g ylxnxnf~g ajuzyg`gf xgyn yjugm ~gfd ojagm/ knrjx{gxn -yjfdzugfdgf ejejugyg cjfnx

gxj{ egn` kgoga ejf{z` bnfgfxngo g{gz egugfd/ g{gz yjfczgogf kgun enxfnx ~gfd knanon`n lojm

yjuzxgmggf. ajuzyg`gf x{ug{jdn ~gfd ojenm {jyg{&

Ygfdxg Ygxgu Ujog{nb

[nfddn

7/9

Xjkgfd

9/:9

Ujfkgm

9/9

[nfd`g{

Yju{zaezmgfYgxgu

[nfddn59*

Xjkgfd9*

Ujfkgm

!59*

X{guNN

Wzjx{nlf Agu`N

Hgxm HltNNN

KldxNR
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asethttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asethttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisnishttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisnishttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisnishttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aset


28/133

k& Gfcnfd/ ~gn{z knrnxn kgoga `zgkugf NR nfn ajayzf~gn ygfdxg ygxgu ujog{nb ujfkgm kgf ejuxgnfdkgoga nfkzx{un kjfdgf yju{zaezmgf ujfkgm g{gz {gfyg yju{zaezmgf& Ylxnxn nfn knxjez{ gfcnfd

kgoga ylu{lblonl yjuzxgmggf/ `gujfg ylxnxnf~g ~gfd ujfkgm egn` nf{jufgo agzyzf j`x{jufgo& Enxfnx

ygkg ylxnxn nfn xjunfd knon`znkgxn/ knknrjx{gxn/ g{gz knygfd`gx ugxnlfgonxgxn& Cn`g xzg{z knrnxn kgoga

ylxnxn nfn/ ugxnlfgonxgxn ajuzyg`gf x{ug{jdn {juegn` zf{z` kncgogf`gf/ `gujfg egf~g` knrnxn kgogaylxnxn nfn ajfcgkn egn` xj{jogm zxgmg yjfdzugfdgf gxj{ kgf eng~g ~gfd ejug{/ kgf `jaegon ajfcgkn

knrnxn ~gfd kgyg{ mnkzy kgf ajfkgyg{`gf ogeg&

-Kgrnk/ 599>.

@jzf{zfdgf ajfddzfg`gf alkjo gfgonxnx ag{un`x Elx{lf Hlfxzo{nfd Dulzy -EHD. gkgogm

ag{un`x nfn ajayjumg{n`gf guzx `gx/ `gug`{junx{n` nfrjx{gxn/ kgf `jez{zmgf ejuegdgn knrnxn kgun xjezgm

ludgfnxgxn& Knrnxn kgyg{ ejuzegm kgun tg`{z `j tg`{z3 gfcnfd ajfcgkn {gfkg {gf~g/ {gfkg {gf~g

ajfcgkn enf{gfd/ enf{gfd ajfcgkn xgyn yjugm/ kgf xgyn yjugm ajfcgkn gfcnfd& Fgazf ~gfd cgugfd

{jucgkn gkgogm yjuzegmgf ~gfd xjgugm cguza cga& Xjkgfd`gf `jojagmgff~g gf{gug ognf gkgogm mgf~g

ajfddzfg`gf kzg knajfxn ~gn{z ygfdxg ygxgu ujog{nb kgf {nfd`g{ yju{zaezmgf ygxgu/ xjmnfddg

`jazfd`nfgf xzon{ ajfkgyg{`gf kg{g ygfdxg ygxgu agzyzf {nfd`g{ yju{zaezmgf ygxgu& Xjognf n{zag{un`x nfn {nkg` ajfddgaegu`gf gyg`gm ejuegdgn knrnxn g{gz nfkzx{un ajuj`g eju{zaezm xjygfcgfd

tg`{z/ xjmnfddg ag{un`x nfn {nkg` ajanon`n `gug`{junx{n` tg`{z/ xjmnfddg {jukgyg{ rgungejo ognf ~gfd

yjf{nfd xjyju{n z`zugf ygxgu kgf `jzfddzogf `layj{n{nb -Kgrnk/ 599>.&

5&77 Ag{un`x Nf{jufgo!J`x{jufgo

Ag{un`x Nf{jufgo!J`x{jufgo -N!J. ajanon`n {ndg nayon`gxn x{ug{jdn ~gfd ejuejkg/ ~gn{z3 xjo N/ NN/

NR ~gfd ajuzyg`gf kgjugm yju{zaezmgf& X{ug{jdn nf{jfxnb xjyju{n agu`j{ yjfj{ug{nlf/ agu`j{

kjrjolyajf{/ kgf yulkzh{ kjrjolyajf{g{gz x{ug{jdn {junf{jdugxn xjyju{n egh`tguk nf{jdug{nlf/ blutguk

nf{jdug{nlf/ kgf mlunslf{go nf{jdug{nlf xgfdg{ {jyg{ kndzfg`gf ygkg kgjugm nfn& Xjo NNN/ R/ RNN

ajuzyg`gf kgjugm eju{gmgf/ knagfg yjfj{ugxn ygxgu kgf yjfdjaegfdgf yulkz` gkgogm kzg x{ug{jdn~gfd xgfdg{ zaza kn`jaegfd`gf/ xjkgfd`gf xjo RN/ RNNN/ N] kgyg{ ajfddzfg`gf x{ug{jdn mgurjx{

g{gz knrjx{n{zuj&

[l{go

X`lu

JBJ

[l{go X`lu NBJ

@zg{

8/9!;/9

Xjkgfd

5/9!5/>

Ojagm

7/9!7/>>

[nfddn

8/9!;/9N NN NNN

Ug{g!ug{g

5/9!5/>>NR R RN

Ujfkgm

7/9!7/>>RNN RNNN N]

Dgaegu 4& [l{go Bg`{lu Nf{jufgo!J`x{jufgo -Kgrnk/ 599>.


29/133

5&75 Gfgonxnx XTL[ -X{ujfd{mx!Tjg`fjxxjx!Lyylu{zfn{njx![mujg{x.

Ajfzuz{ Ugfd`z{n -5992./ gfgonxnx XTL[ gkgogm nkjf{nbn`gxn ejuegdgn bg`{lu xjhgug

xnx{jag{nx zf{z` ajuzazx`gf x{ug{jdn yjuzxgmggf& Gfgonxnx nfn knkgxgu`gf ygkg oldn`g ~gfd kgyg{

ajag`xnago`gf `j`zg{gf -X{ujfd{mx. kgf yjozgfd -Lyylu{zfn{njx./ fgazf xjhgug ejuxgaggf kgyg{

ajanfnago`gf `jojagmgf -Tjg`fjxxjx. kgf gfhgagf -[mujg{x.& Gfgonxnx XTL[ ajaegfknfd`gf

gf{gug bg`{lu j`x{jufgo yjozgfd -Lyylu{zfn{njx. kgf gfhgagf -[mujg{x. kjfdgf bg`{lu nf{jufgo

`j`zg{gf -X{ujfd{mx. kgf `jojagmgf -Tjg`fjxxjx.&

Ag{un`x X{ujfd{mx!Tjg`fjxxjx!Lyylu{zfn{njx![mujg{x -XTL[. ajuzyg`gf ag{hmnfd {llo

~gfd yjf{nfd zf{z` ajaegf{z agfgcju ajfdjaegfd`gf jayg{ {nyj x{ug{jdn& @jjayg{ {nyj x{ug{jdn

~gfd knag`xzk gkgogm3 X{ug{jdn XL -X{ujfd{m!Lyylu{zfn{~./ x{ug{jdn TL -Tjg`fjxx!Lyylu{zfn{~./

x{ug{jdn X[ -X{ujfd{m![mujg{./ kgf x{ug{jdn T[ -Tjg`fjxx![mujg{.&

Nf{jufgoJ`x{jufgo

X{ujfd{m -X. Tjg`fjxx -T.

Lyylu{zfn{~ -L. X{ug{jdn X!L X{ug{jdn T!L

[mujg{-[. X{ug{jdn X![ X{ug{jdn T![

Dgaegu =& Ag{un`x XTL[

g& X{ug{jdn XL/ ajfddzfg`gf `j`zg{gf nf{jufgo yjuzxgmggf zf{z` ajugnm yjozgfd! yjozgfd ~gfd gkgkn ozgu yjuzxgmggf&

e& X{ug{jdn TL/ eju{zczgf zf{z` ajayju`jhno `jojagmgf!`jojagmgf nf{jufgo yjuzxgmggf kjfdgfajagfbgg{`gf yjozgfd!yjozgfd j`x{jufgo&

h& X{ug{jdn X[/ ejuzxgmg zf{z` ajfdmnfkgun g{gz ajfdzugfdn kgayg` kgun gfhgagf!gfhgagfj`x{jufgo&

k& X{ug{jdn T[/ ajuzyg`gf {g`{n` zf{z` eju{gmgf kjfdgf hgug ajfdzugfdn `jojagmgf nf{jufgo xju{gajfdmnfkgun gfhgagf&

-Kgrnk/ 599>.

5&78 Yjfjon{ngf [jukgmzoz

Yjfjon{ngf ~gfd knog`z`gf lojm Hgm~gf{n -5994. ajfdjfgn x{ug{jdn yjagxgugf rnudnf hlhlfz{

lno yulkz` nfkzx{un `jhno kn Y[& Eldlu Gdug Ojx{gun -Y[& EGO. ajfddzfg`gf gfgonxnx nf{jufgo kgf

j`x{jufgo yjuzxgmggf xju{g nkjf{nbn`gxn xjdajf{gxn ygxgu kgf gfgonxnx egzugf yjagxgugf& Kgun nfbluagxn

gfgonxnx onfd`zfdgf j`x{jufgo yjuzxgmggf/ nf{jufgo yjuzxgmgggf/ kgf yjf~jegugf `znxnlfju ~gfd

knog`z`gf zf{z` ajfdj{gmzn xjdajf{gxn ygxgu kgf gfgonxnx egzugf yjagxgugf yulkz`/ xju{g mgxno

gfgonxnx XTL[/ knyjulojm x{ug{jdn yjagxgugf {juegn` ~gfd kgyg{ knog`z`gf Y[& EGO/ ~gn{z x{ug{jdnyjfdjaegfdgf yulkz`/ knagfg `j`zg{gf yulkz` kgyg{ ajfz{zyn `j`zugfdgf yulkz` kgf yjozgfd

yulkz` kgyg{ ajfz{zyn gfhgagf ~gfd g`gf kg{gfd&

Xgun -599=. ajog`z`gf yjfjon{ngf {jf{gfd gfgonxnx kg~g xgnfd kgf x{ug{jdn yjagxgugf j`xylu

`jogyg xgtn{ -HYL. Nfklfjxng kn ygxgu Nf{jufgxnlfgo& Yjfjon{ngf nfn eju{zczgf zf{z` ajfdgfgonxnx

ylxnxn kg~g xgnfd j`xylu anf~g` `jogyg xgtn{ Nfklfjxng kn yjukgdgfdgf Nf{jufgxnlfgo knonmg{ kgun

ygfdxg ygxgu kgf `jzfddzogf `laygug{nb xju{g ajfdj{gmzn x{ug{jdn yjagxgugf ~gfd xjegn`f~g

knog`z`gf zf{z` ajagcz`gf j`xylu `jogyg xgtn{ Nfklfjxng& Mgxno kgun gfgonxnx ygfdxg ygxgu kgf

`jzfddzogf `laygug{nb ajfzfcz``gf egmtg Nfklfjxng ajfdzgxgn ygfdxg ygxgu xju{g ajanon`n

`jzfddzogf `laygug{nb {jumgkgy HYL kgun {gmzf 5999 xgaygn {gmzf 599:& Xjkgfd`gf kgun mgxno


30/133

gfgonxnx XTL[ knyjulojm ejuegdgn x{ug{jdn yjagxgugf ~gfd xjxzgn kjfdgf `j`zg{gf/ `jojagmgf/

yjozgfd/ xju{g gfhgagf ~gfd knmgkgyn yjukgdgfdgf Nf{jufgxnlfgo HYL&

Ygfgdnl{lz -5998. kgoga czufgo x{ug{jdn enxfnxf~g ajf~jez{`gf egmtgyjuzegmgf -{ugfxblua.

{j`floldn/ yjug{zugf/ yjuanf{ggf `lfxzajf/ kgf j`xyj`{gxn `lfxzajf xju{g agx~gug`g{ ~gfd xjag`nf

ajfnfd`g{ ajf~jege`gf xzg{z yjuzxgmggf ajanon`n ujxn`l {nfddn ygkg enxfnxf~g kgf ajanon`n`j{nkg`~g`nfgf ygkg xgg{ ajabluazogxn`gf x{ug{jdn& Nxz!nxz nf{jufgxnlfgo ~gfd `layoj`x ~gfd czdg

knkz`zfd lojm yjug{zugf kgf ylon{n` nf{jufgo kgoga xzg{z enxfnx yjuzxgmggf ajf~jege`gf `jxzon{gf

kgoga ajabluazogxn`gf x{ug{jdn yjagxgugf dzfg ajfdn`z{n yju`jaegfdgf ~gfd {jucgkn xgg{ nfn&

Kjfdgf ajfdju{n `lfknxn ~gfd {jucgkn xgg{ nfn/ xgfdg{ yjf{nfd zf{z` ajabluazogxn`gf x{ug{jdn kgf

ujfhgfg x{ug{jdn zf{z` ajfzfcgfd `jagczgf enxfnx xzg{z nfkzx{un& Xjegdgn mgxno/ {jukgyg{ aj{lkj

kgoga ajujfhgfg`gf x{ug{jdn ~gfd `layj{n{nb xjxzgn kjfdgf gyg ~gfd knez{zm`gf ygkg `lfknxn kgf

`jgkggf xgg{ nfn/ ~gn{z ajonyz{n `j`zg{gf/ `jojagmgf/ yjozgfd/ xju{g gfhgagf ~gfd `jazkngf

kngfgonxnx xjmnfddg kgyg{ ajagfbgg{`gf `j`zg{gf xju{g ajfdzugfdn `jojagmgf dzfg ajayjulojm

yjozgfd kgf ajfdmnfkgun gfhgagf& Aj{lkj {juxjez{ knxjez{ xjegdgn aj{lkj gfgonxnx XTL[ -X{ujfd{m/

Tjg`fjxx/ Lyylu{zfn{njx/ [mujg{x. ~gfd gtgof~g kndzfg`gf lojm Mgurguk Ezxnfjxx Xhmllo zf{z`ajfdgfgonxnx x{zkn `gxzx kn {jayg{f~g ygkg gtgo {gmzf 7>:9&

Yuleltg{n -5977. ajog`z`gf yjfjon{ngf ajfdjfgn yjugfhgfdgf alkjo ugf{gn ygxl`gf zf{z`

gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg {juygkz kgoga x`gog zxgmg `jhno& Yjfjon{ngf nfn eju{zczgf ajfdmgxno`gfugfhgfdgf

alkjo knfganx ugf{gn ygxl`gf gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg ejukgxgu`gf `lfxjy {juygkz xjegdgn xzg{z gog{

x{ug{jdnx gdgu cgunfdgf ugf{gn ygxl`gf ajfcgkn ojenm jbnxnjf xju{g zf{z` ajayjulojm mgxno xnazogxn

{jumgkgy alkjo knfganx zf{z` ugf{gn ygxl`gf ~gfd knegfdzf kjfdgf ajonmg{ yjfdguzmf~g {jumgkgy

eng~g {l{go ugf{gn ygxl`gf kgoga gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg {juygkz& Xjmnfddg knyjulojm alkjo ugf{gn

ygxl`gf zf{z` gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg {juygkz kn tnog~gm yjfdmgxno `jogyg {juegf~g` kn Yulynfxn Cgtg

Egug{ ~gn{z @gezyg{jf Hnganx/ ~gfd agfg ajuzyg`gf ugf{gn ygxl`gf ~gfd ajoneg{`gf gdulnfkzx{un

kgoga x`gog `jhno kjfdgf bl`zx cgunfdgf ugf{gn ygxl`gf knazogn kgun ygxl`gf egmgf eg`z kgun yj{gfn

-`jezf `jogyg./ xnx{ja knx{unezxn yjfdgfd`z{gf ezgm `jogyg ez{nugf/ zfn{ yjfdlogmgf/ yjfdjfkgongf

yjuxjknggf kgf knx{unezxn `j `lfxzajf nfkzx{un/ `lfxzajf yjfddzfg ogfdxzfd kgf j`xylu{nu&

Gfxgun -599>. ajog`z`gf yjfjon{ngf ajfdjfgn ugfhgfd egfdzf xnx{ja gmon zf{z` x{ug{jdn

yjfdjaegfdgf nfkzx{un `jogyg {juygkz& Yjfjon{ngf nfn eju{zczgf ajugfhgfd alkjo xnx{ja gmon zf{z`

x{ug{jdn yjfdjaegfdgf nfkzx{un `jogyg {juygkz xju{g ajfdgyon`gxn`gf xnx{ja gmon xjegdgn egdngf kgun

x{ug{jdn yjfdjaegfdgf nfkzx{un `jogyg {juygkz& Mgxno kgun yjfjon{ngf nfn gkgogm xjezgm xnx{ja gmon

~gfd ajaegf{z yulxjx yjfdgaenogf `jyz{zxgf kgf yjujfhgfggf kgoga yjfdjaegfdgf nfkzx{un `jogyg

{juygkz kjfdgf mgxno ol`gxn ~gfd {jyg{ zf{z` kngkg`gf yjfdjaegfdgf nfkzx{un `jogyg {juygkz kn Cgtg

Egug{ gkgogm @gezyg{jf Hnganx&

Ejukgxgu`gf yjfjon{ngf!yjfjon{ngf {jukgmzoz {juxjez{/ ejoza {jukgyg{ yjfjon{ngf ajfdjfgn

x{ug{jdn yjagxgugf {juegn` ~gfd kgyg{ knog`z`gf zf{z` ajagcz`gf j`xylu yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un `jogygNfklfjxng& Mgo {juxjez{ ~gfd ajf~jege`gf yjfjon{n ajog`z`gf yjfjon{ngf ajfdjfgn x{ug{jdn

yjagxgugf yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg Nfklfjxng kn ygxgu j`xylu kjfdgf ajfddzfg`gf aj{lkj

gfgonxnx ~gfd {jyg{ kgf ojenm ojfd`gy xjmnfddg knmgxno`gf mgxno yjfjon{ngf ~gfd {juegn` kgf ejfgu!

ejfgu xjxzgn xju{g ejumgxno cn`g kn{jugy`gf dzfg ajfnfd`g{`gf yjfczgogf yulkz` gdulnfkzx{un `jogyg

`j ygxgu nf{jufgxnlfgo&

7/31/2019 STRATEGI PEMASA

STRATEGI PEMASARAN PRODUK AGROINDUSTRI KELAPA BERORIENTASI EKSPOR

Documents