Slide 1 © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT 5 A Topical Approach to John W. Santrock Motor, Sensory, and.

Slide 1

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT5A Topical Approach to

John W. Santrock

Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development

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Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development

• Motor Development

• Sensory and Perceptual Development

• Perceptual-Motor Coupling

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Dynamic Systems View

• Seeks to explain how motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting

• Motivation leads to new motor behavior; a convergence of– Nervous system development

– Body’s physical properties

– Child’s motivation to reach goal

– Environmental support for the skill

Motor Development

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Sample Reflexes

Motor Development

Moro reflex

Rooting reflex

Sucking reflex

Startle response in reaction to sudden, intense noise or movement

Reaction when infant’s cheek is stroked or side of mouth touched

Automatic sucking object placed in newborn’s mouth

Grasping reflexOccurs when something touches infant’s palms; infant response

is to grasp tightly

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Gross Motor Skills

• Motor skills that involve large-muscle activities– Infancy

• Development of posture• Locomotion and crawling • Learning to walk• No set sequence of development; help of caregivers important• more skilled and mobile in second year

Motor Development

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Milestones inGross Motor Development

Motor Development

Fig. 5.3

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Gross Motor Skills

– Childhood• Improved walking, running, jumping, climbing, learn organized sports’ skills• Positive and negative sport outcomes

– Adolescence - Skills continue to improve

– Adulthood • Peak performance of most sports before 30• Biological functions decline with age

Motor Development

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Guidelines for Parents and Coaches of Children in Sports

Motor Development

The Don’ts– Yell or scream at child– Continue condemning– Point out errors in

front of others– Expect instant learning– Expect child to be pro– Make fun of child– Compare child to other– Make sports all work

The Dos– make sports fun– mistakes are okay– Allow questions,

show calm manner– Respect child’s

participation– Be positive role model – Be supportive

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Movement and Aging

Motor Development

Fig. 5.4

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Fine Motor Skills

• Involves more finely tuned movements, such as finger dexterity

– Infancy: Reaching and grasping• Size and shape of object matters• Experience affects perceptions and vision

– Early Childhood: Pick up small objects• Some difficulty building towers• Age 5: hand, arm, fingers move together

Motor Development

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Fine Motor Skills

– Childhood and adolescence • Writing and drawing skills emerge, improve• Steadier at age 7; more precise movements• By 10-12, can do quality crafts, master difficult piece on musical instrument

– Adulthood — speed may decline in middle and late adulthood, but most use compensation strategies

• Older adults can still learn new motor tasks

Motor Development

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Origin and Development of Handedness

• Genetic inheritance

• Right-handedness dominant in all cultures

• Right hand preference in thumb-sucking begins in the womb

– Head-turning preference in newborns

– Preference later leads to handedness

Motor Development

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Handedness and Other Characteristics

• 85 to 95 percent of right-handed primarily process speech in left hemisphere

• Left handed

– Are more likely to have reading problems

– Show more variation

– Have better spatial skills– More common among mathematicians, musicians, artists, and architects

Motor Development

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What Are Sensation and Perception?

• Sensation — occurs when information contacts sensory receptors

• Perception — interpretation of sensation

Sensory and Perceptual Development

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The Ecological View

• People directly perceive information in the world around them

– Perception brings people in contact with the environment to interact with it and adapt to it

– All objects have affordances; opportunities for interaction offered by objects necessary to perform activities

Sensory and Perceptual Development

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Studying Infant Perception

• Visual preference method — to determine if infants can distinguish between various stimuli

• Habituation and Dishabituation– Habituation — decreased responsiveness to stimulus– Dishabituation — recovery of habituated response

• Tracking — moving eyes and/or head to follow moving objects

• Videotape equipment, high-speed computers

Sensory and Perceptual Development

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Infants’ Visual Perception

Sensory and Perceptual Development

Visual Acuity

Color

Perceiving Patterns

Depth Perception

Visual Expectations

20/600 at birth, near adult levels by 1 year

Sees green and red at birth, all colors by 2 months

Prefer patterns at birth; face scanning improves by 2 months

Developed by 7-8 months

Begins by 4 months;

expect gravity by 6-8 months

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Perceptual Constancy

Sensory and Perceptual Development

Size constancy

Recognition that object remains the same even though the retinal image changes

Shape constancy

Recognition that object remains the same even though its orientation changes

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Vision in Childhood

• Improved color detection, visual expectations, controlling eye movements (for reading)

• Preschoolers may be farsighted

• Signs of vision problems– Rubbing eyes, blinking, squinting

– Irritability at games requiring distance vision– Closing one eye, tilting head to see, thrusting head forward to see

Sensory and Perceptual Development

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Aging Vision In Adulthood

• Loss of Accommodation — presbyopia

• Decreased blood supply to eye — smaller visual field, increased blind spot

• Slower dark adaptation

• Declining color vision: greens, blues, violets

• Declining depth perception — problems with steps or curbs

Sensory and Perceptual Development

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Glare Vision and Aging

Sensory and Perceptual Development

Fig. 5.12

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Diseases of the Eye

• Cataracts — thickening eye lens that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, distorted

• Glaucoma — damage to optic nerve because of pressure created by buildup of fluid in eye

• Macular degeneration — involves deterioration of retina

Sensory and Perceptual Development

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Hearing

Sensory and Perceptual Development

Prenatal • Can hear before birth

Infancy • Improve sensitivity to soft sounds, pitches • Ability to localize

Childhood• Hearing usually fine • Danger of otitis media

Adolescence• Most have excellent hearing• Danger from loud music

Adulthood• Few changes until middle adulthood• Hearing impairment increases with age

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Hearing

Sensory and Perceptual Development

• Fetus hears in last 2 months of pregnancy• Newborns

– cannot hear soft sounds well– display auditory preferences – sensitive to human speech

• Infants less sensitive to sound pitch• Most children’s hearing is inadequate

– otitis media: middle ear infection

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Hearing

Sensory and Perceptual Development

• Adolescence– Most have excellent hearing

• Adulthood – Decline begins about age 40– Males lose sensitivity to high-pitched sounds sooner than females– Gender differences may be due to occupation

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Other Senses

Sensory and Perceptual Development

Sense Infants Older Adults

Touch and Pain

Smell

Taste

Newborns feel pain; by 6 mos., can coordinate vision and touch

Can differentiate odors at birth; shows some preferences

May prefer sweet tastes before birth; likes salty at 4 months

Less sensitive to pain and touch in lower extremities

Loss of some sense of smell around age 60

Decline in taste of begins in 60s

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Intermodal Perception

• Ability to relate and integrate information about two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing

• Exists in newborns

Sensory and Perceptual Development

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The End

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