Page 1
Biological Beginnings
Chapter 2
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 2
2 - 2
Chapter Outline
• The evolutionary perspective• Genetic foundations of development• Reproductive challenges and choices• Heredity-environment interaction: The nature-
nurture debate
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 3
2 - 3
The Evolutionary Perspective
• Natural selection and adaptive behavior• Evolutionary psychology
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 4
2 - 4
Natural Selection and Adaptive Behavior
• Natural selection - Evolutionary process by which those individuals of a species that are best adapted are the ones that survive and reproduce
• Adaptive behavior - Promotes an organism’s survival in the natural habitat
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 5
2 - 5
Evolutionary Psychology
• Emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior
• Evolutionary developmental psychology– Interest has grown in using the concepts of
evolutionary psychology to understand human development
– Psychological mechanisms are domain-specific
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 6
2 - 6
Evolutionary Psychology
• Connecting evolution and life-span development– Benefits conferred by evolutionary selection
decrease with age– Natural selection primarily operates during the
first half of life
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 7
2 - 7
Evolutionary Psychology
– Older adults • Weaken biologically • Need culture-based resources
– Cognitive skills, literacy, medical technology, and social support
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 8
2 - 8
Figure 2.2 - Baltes’ View of Evolution and Culture Across the Life Span
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 9
2 - 9
Evolutionary Psychology
• Evaluation– Evolution gave us biological potentialities but it
does not dictate behavior– People have used their biological capacities to
produce diverse cultures• Aggressive and peace-loving, egalitarian and autocratic
– Studying specific genes in humans and other species and their links to traits and behaviors• Best approach for testing ideas coming out of
evolutionary psychology© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 10
2 - 10
Genetic Foundations of Development
• The collaborative gene• Genes and chromosomes• Genetic principles• Chromosomal and gene-linked abnormalities
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 11
2 - 11
The Collaborative Gene
• Human life begins as a single cell• Nucleus of each cell contains chromosomes– Chromosomes: Threadlike structures made up of
deoxyribonucleic acid – DNA: A complex double-helix molecule that
contains genetic information
• Genes: Units of hereditary information, are short segments of DNA
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 12
2 - 12
Figure 2.3 - Cells, Chromosomes, DNA, and Genes
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 13
2 - 13
The Collaborative Gene
• Genome-wide association method - Identify genetic variations linked to a particular disease
• Human genome consists of many genes that collaborate:– Both with each other and with nongenetic factors
inside and outside the body
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 14
2 - 14
The Collaborative Gene
• Activity of genes is affected by their environment
• Stress, radiation, and temperature can influence gene expression
• Exposure to radiation changed the rate of DNA synthesis in cells
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 15
2 - 15
Genes and Chromosomes
• Mitosis, meiosis, and fertilization– Mitosis: Reproduction of cells– Meiosis: Cell division that forms sperm and eggs
(gametes)– Fertilization: A stage in reproduction when an egg
and a sperm fuse to create a single cell, called a zygote• Zygote: A single cell formed through fertilization
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 16
2 - 16
Figure 2.5 - The Genetic Difference Between Males and Females
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 17
2 - 17
Genes and Chromosomes
• Sources of variability– Combining the genes of two parents in off spring
increases genetic variability– Identical twins (monozygotic twins) • Develop from a single zygote that splits into two
genetically identical replicas, each of which becomes a person
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 18
2 - 18
Genes and Chromosomes
– Fraternal twins (dizygotic twins) • Develop when two eggs are fertilized by different
sperm, creating two zygotes that are genetically no more similar than ordinary siblings
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 19
2 - 19
Genes and Chromosomes
– Mutated gene - Permanently altered segment of DNA
– Susceptibility genes - Make the individual more vulnerable to specific diseases or accelerated aging
– Longevity genes - Make the individual less vulnerable to certain diseases and more likely to live to an older age
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 20
2 - 20
Genes and Chromosomes
– Genotype: Genetic heritage– Phenotype: Way an individual’s genotype is
expressed in observed and measurable characteristics
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 21
2 - 21
Genetic Principles
• Dominant-recessive genes principle– One gene of a pair always exerts its effects
(dominant), overriding the potential influence of the other gene (recessive)
• Sex-linked genes– When a mutated gene is carried on the X
chromosome, the result is called X-linked inheritance
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 22
2 - 22
Genetic Principles
• Genetic imprinting– Occurs when the expression of a gene has
different effects depending on whether the mother or the father passed on the gene
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 23
2 - 23
Genetic Principles
• Polygenic inheritance– Polygenically determined - Determined by the
interaction of many different genes– Gene-gene interaction - Studies that focus on the
interdependence of two or more genes in:• Influencing characteristics, behavior, diseases, and
development
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 24
2 - 24
Figure 2.6 - Some Chromosomal Abnormalities
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 25
2 - 25
Gene-Linked Abnormalities
• Phenylketonuria (PKU)– Metabolic disorder that, left untreated, causes
mental retardation
• Sickle-cell anemia– Blood disorder that limits the body’s oxygen
supply– Can cause joint swelling, as well as heart and
kidney failure
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 26
2 - 26
Gene-Linked Abnormalities
• Cystic fibrosis– Glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus
production– Breathing and digestion are hampered, resulting in
a shortened life span
• Diabetes– Body does not produce enough insulin, which
causes abnormal metabolism of sugar
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 27
2 - 27
Gene-Linked Abnormalities
• Hemophilia– Delayed blood clotting causes internal and
external bleeding
• Huntington’s disease– Central nervous system deteriorates, producing
problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 28
2 - 28
Gene-Linked Abnormalities
• Spina bifida– Neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine
abnormalities
• Tay-Sachs disease– Deceleration of mental and physical development
caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 29
2 - 29
Dealing with Genetic Abnormalities
• Every individual carries DNA variations that might predispose the person to serious physical disease or mental disorder
• Genes that are missing, nonfunctional, or mutated can be associated with disorders
• Knowledge of genetic flaws might bring important costs as well as benefits
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 30
2 - 30
Reproductive Challenges and Choices
• Prenatal diagnostic tests• Infertility and reproductive technology• Adoption
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 31
2 - 31
Prenatal Diagnostic Tests
• Ultrasound sonography• Brain imaging techniques• Chorionic villus sampling• Amniocentesis• Maternal blood screening• Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD)• Fetal sex determination
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 32
2 - 32
Infertility and Reproductive Technology
• Infertility - Inability to conceive a child after 12 months of regular intercourse without contraception
• In vitro fertilization (IVF) - Eggs and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish– Fertilized egg is transferred into the woman’s
uterus
• Success rate of IVF depends on the mother’s age
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 33
2 - 33
Adoption
• Social and legal process that establishes parent-child relationship between persons unrelated at birth– Increased diversity of adopted children and
adoptive parents– Outcomes for adopted children• Adopted children fare much better than children raised
in long-term foster care• Children who are adopted very early are more likely to
have positive outcomes
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 34
2 - 34
Heredity-Environment Interaction:The Nature-Nurture Debate
• Behavior genetics• Heredity-environment correlations• Shared and nonshared environmental
experiences• The epigenetic view and gene x environment
(g x e) interaction• Conclusions about heredity-environment
interaction
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 35
2 - 35
Behavior Genetics
• Seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development– Twin study: Behavioral similarity of identical and
fraternal twins is compared
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 36
2 - 36
Behavior Genetics
– Adoption study: Seek to discover whether, in behavior and psychological characteristics, adopted children are:• More like their adoptive parents, who provided a home
environment• More like their biological parents, who contributed
their heredity
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 37
2 - 37
Figure 2.11 - Exploring Heredity-Environment Correlations
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 38
2 - 38
Shared and Nonshared Environmental Experiences
• Shared environmental experiences: Siblings’ common environmental experiences– Their parents’ personalities and intellectual
orientation – Family’s socioeconomic status– Neighborhood in which they live
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 39
2 - 39
Shared and Nonshared Environmental Experiences
• Nonshared environmental experiences: Child’s own unique experiences– Both within the family and outside the family– Not shared with another sibling
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 40
2 - 40
Epigenetic View and Gene × Environment (G × E) Interaction
• Epigenetic view: Development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 41
2 - 41
Figure 2.12 - Comparison of The Heredity - Environment Correlation and Epigenetic Views
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Page 42
2 - 42
Heredity-Environment Interaction:The Nature-Nurture Debate
• Gene × environment (G × E) interaction: Interaction of: – Specific measured variation in the DNA – Specific measured aspect of the environment
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.