Section IV: The Rise of Dictatorships (Pages 654-657) This section is about: This section is about: How Italy turned to a Fascist leader in the 1920’s.

Section IV: The Rise of Section IV: The Rise of Dictatorships Dictatorships

(Pages 654-657)(Pages 654-657)

Section IV: The Rise of Section IV: The Rise of Dictatorships Dictatorships

(Pages 654-657)(Pages 654-657)

This section is about:This section is about: How Italy turned to a How Italy turned to a

Fascist leader in the Fascist leader in the 1920’s.1920’s.

How Adolph Hitler How Adolph Hitler rose to power in rose to power in Germany in the Germany in the 1930’s.1930’s.

The two men The two men responsible for WWII responsible for WWII in Europe are in the in Europe are in the “Main Ideas” on page “Main Ideas” on page 654.654.

Does the map on page Does the map on page 655 look like the map 655 look like the map just before WWI?just before WWI?

It wasn’t meant this It wasn’t meant this way, but if you look at way, but if you look at the vocab. words on the vocab. words on page 654, which one page 654, which one doesn’t really fit with doesn’t really fit with the others?the others?

A New Government in ItalyA New Government in Italy(Italy after the War)(Italy after the War)

After WWI, Italy and After WWI, Italy and Germany had lots of Germany had lots of problems.problems.

The turned to leaders who The turned to leaders who promised them a return to promised them a return to their former “glory”their former “glory”

Post-WWI Italy: unemployed Post-WWI Italy: unemployed people, closed factories, and people, closed factories, and high food prices.high food prices.

The Italian Socialist Party The Italian Socialist Party (later Communist Party) (later Communist Party) convinced workers to go on convinced workers to go on strike to get higher wages.strike to get higher wages.

That strike became violent That strike became violent (Karl Marx would have been (Karl Marx would have been happy).happy).

The Rise of Mussolini The Rise of Mussolini

In 1919, In 1919, Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini organized the National organized the National Fascist Party.Fascist Party.

Fascists emphasize Fascists emphasize nationalism and are led by nationalism and are led by dictators.dictators.

Under Under fascismfascism, the country , the country is always more important is always more important than the individuals needs.than the individuals needs.

Mussolini wanted to keep Mussolini wanted to keep communism out of Italy, but communism out of Italy, but he didn’t like democracy.he didn’t like democracy.

His fascist “black shirt His fascist “black shirt gang” would attack gang” would attack Socialists.Socialists.

By 1922, the King was so By 1922, the King was so afraid of what Mussolini afraid of what Mussolini might do, he agreed to might do, he agreed to make him Prime Minister make him Prime Minister and let him form his own and let him form his own governmentgovernment

Italy Under Mussolini Italy Under Mussolini

Mussolini took even more Mussolini took even more power in 1925, when he power in 1925, when he outlawed all political outlawed all political parties (except Fascists).parties (except Fascists).

Police arrested or killed Police arrested or killed opponents of Mussolini.opponents of Mussolini.

Labor unions and strikes Labor unions and strikes were forbidden.were forbidden.

Newspapers, books, and Newspapers, books, and radio broadcasts were radio broadcasts were controlled by the Fascists.controlled by the Fascists.

Mussolini turned Italy into a Mussolini turned Italy into a totalitarian statetotalitarian state – a place – a place where the government where the government controlled every part of the controlled every part of the people’s lives.people’s lives.

………………………………..

Many people were happy with Many people were happy with Mussolini and fascismMussolini and fascism

The economy was doing well.The economy was doing well. Production increased.Production increased. People had jobs building People had jobs building

roads and in public works roads and in public works programs.programs.

He ended riots and fighting He ended riots and fighting in the streets.in the streets.

Men were encouraged to Men were encouraged to sacrifice themselves for sacrifice themselves for Italy.Italy.

Women were encouraged to Women were encouraged to stay home and have lots of stay home and have lots of children.children.

Children were taught strict Children were taught strict military discipline.military discipline.

But…But… People received little in People received little in

benefits from all this.benefits from all this. Unions and strikes were Unions and strikes were

abolishedabolished Wages stayed low.Wages stayed low.

Nazi Germany / The Weimar Nazi Germany / The Weimar RepublicRepublic

In 1919, Germany had just lost In 1919, Germany had just lost WWI.WWI.

Soldiers were returning home, Soldiers were returning home, bitter and unhappy.bitter and unhappy.

They had trouble finding jobs.They had trouble finding jobs. At this time, the main hopes of At this time, the main hopes of

the German people were the German people were focused on the city of Weimar.focused on the city of Weimar.

This is where the Germans This is where the Germans met to set up a new met to set up a new democratic government (a democratic government (a “republic”), with an elected “republic”), with an elected president and everything else.president and everything else.

……………………………………..

The Weimer Republic had The Weimer Republic had problems getting started.problems getting started.

The country had serious money The country had serious money problems.problems.

Germany fell behind on it’s war Germany fell behind on it’s war repayments to France, so France repayments to France, so France took over the Ruhr Valley Region took over the Ruhr Valley Region of Germany (and the Germans of Germany (and the Germans who lived there refused to work who lived there refused to work for the French).for the French).

So the Germans printed more So the Germans printed more paper money paper money (THAT DOESN’T (THAT DOESN’T WORK).WORK).

Inflation got real bad and wages Inflation got real bad and wages could not keep up with rising could not keep up with rising prices.prices.

The United States tried to help – The United States tried to help – the loaned Germany some the loaned Germany some money.money.

But the Great Depression came But the Great Depression came along and that stopped.along and that stopped.

Germany needed a new plan, Germany needed a new plan, and a new leader.and a new leader.

Hitler Takes ControlHitler Takes Control

Adolph HitlerAdolph Hitler was born in was born in Austria – in a little town right Austria – in a little town right next to Germany.next to Germany.

He fought in WWI.He fought in WWI. After the war, he joined the After the war, he joined the

Nationalist Socialist German Nationalist Socialist German Workers Party - have you Workers Party - have you heard of them?heard of them?

Hitler hated democracy (like Hitler hated democracy (like Mussolini and Lenin).Mussolini and Lenin).

He didn’t like communists, but He didn’t like communists, but liked some of their methods.liked some of their methods.

He organized his own “brown He organized his own “brown shirts” to go after the shirts” to go after the communists.communists.

In 1923, Hitler even tried to In 1923, Hitler even tried to overthrow the German overthrow the German government (he was caught government (he was caught and put in jail).and put in jail).

……………………………………………………

While he was in jail, he While he was in jail, he wrote “Mein Kampf” (My wrote “Mein Kampf” (My Struggle), expressing his Struggle), expressing his Nazi beliefs and goals.Nazi beliefs and goals.

These included ideasThese included ideas Of nationalism and Of nationalism and

racism. racism. That Germans are the That Germans are the

“master race”“master race” They were destined to They were destined to

rule over all others.rule over all others. Germany must conquer Germany must conquer

“inferior” races (like the “inferior” races (like the Slavs).Slavs).

Jews were the enemy of Jews were the enemy of all Germansall Germans

………………………………....

After prison. Hitler gained a After prison. Hitler gained a following.following.

He made fiery speeches.He made fiery speeches. He published his book.He published his book. When the Great Depression When the Great Depression

came, and unemployment came, and unemployment rose, he gained even more rose, he gained even more followers.followers.

In the 1932 election. The In the 1932 election. The Nazi Party received the most Nazi Party received the most votes – electing President votes – electing President von Hindenberg.von Hindenberg.

Von Hindenberg appointed Von Hindenberg appointed Hitler Hitler chancellorchancellor (prime (prime minister).minister).

It only took 2 months for It only took 2 months for Hitler to convince the Hitler to convince the German Legislature to give German Legislature to give up their authority and make up their authority and make Hitler the absolute dictator Hitler the absolute dictator of Germany.of Germany.

Germany became a one Germany became a one party state, the Nazi flag party state, the Nazi flag was substituted for the was substituted for the German flag, and Hitler German flag, and Hitler became “der Fuhrer.”became “der Fuhrer.”

The Third The Third ReichReich

In 1933, Hitler announced the In 1933, Hitler announced the formation of “the Third Reich” formation of “the Third Reich” (the third empire).(the third empire).

Germanys’ economy improved.Germanys’ economy improved. New public works.New public works. New military spending.New military spending. Business and labor brought Business and labor brought

under government control.under government control.

But…But… He also built up a secret police He also built up a secret police He began attacking Jewish He began attacking Jewish

people (and some of them people (and some of them even left Germany – or were even left Germany – or were later sent to later sent to concentration concentration camps).camps).

On November 9On November 9thth, 1938, the , 1938, the Nazis’ launched a massive Nazis’ launched a massive attack on Jews.attack on Jews.

That night became known as That night became known as KristallnachtKristallnacht (the night of (the night of broken glass).broken glass).

Shops were raided and Shops were raided and destroyed and synagogues destroyed and synagogues were burned.were burned.

And, we all know what And, we all know what happened later.happened later.

Fascism, Communism, and Fascism, Communism, and TotalitarianismTotalitarianism

(Communists and Fascists claim to be enemies, but they’re very (Communists and Fascists claim to be enemies, but they’re very similar)similar)

Both have a small group in Both have a small group in control, claiming to represent control, claiming to represent the interests of the majority.the interests of the majority.

Both came in power during Both came in power during hard times.hard times.

Both established totalitarian Both established totalitarian states.states.

Mussolini did some things in Mussolini did some things in Italy that Stalin and Hitler both Italy that Stalin and Hitler both liked.liked.

All of the above had single All of the above had single party dictatorships.party dictatorships.

All had state controlled All had state controlled economies.economies.

All used propaganda and All used propaganda and secret police to control the secret police to control the people and crush opposition.people and crush opposition.

All used schools to instruct All used schools to instruct children.children.

All required the people to be All required the people to be completely loyal to one leadercompletely loyal to one leader