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Different types of channel of distribution are as follows:

Manufacturers and consumers are two major components of the market. Intermediaries perform

the duty of eliminating the distance between the two. There is no standardised level which proves

that the distance between the two is eliminated.

Based on necessity the help of one or more intermediaries could be taken and even this is possible

that there happens to be no intermediary. Their description is as follows:

(A) Direct Channel or Zero Level Channels:

When the manufacturer instead of selling the goods to the intermediary sells it directly to the

consumer then this is known as Zero Level Channel. Retail outlets, mail order selling, internet selling

and selling

(B) Indirect Channels:

When a manufacturer gets the help of one or more middlemen to move goods from the production

place to the place of consumption, the distribution channel is called indirect channel. Following are

the main types of it:

1. One Level Channel:

In this method an intermediary is used. Here a manufacturer sells the goods directly to the retailer

instead of selling it to agents or wholesalers. This method is used for expensive watches and other

like products. This method is also useful for selling FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods). This

channel is clarified in the following diagram:

2. Two Level Channel:

In this method a manufacturer sells the material to a wholesaler, the wholesaler to the retailer and

then the retailer to the consumer. Here, the wholesaler after purchasing the material in large

quantity from the manufacturer sells it in small quantity to the retailer.

Then the retailers make the products available to the consumers. This medium is mainly used to sell

soap, tea, salt, cigarette, sugar, ghee etc. This channel is more clarified in the following diagram:

3. Three Level Channel:

Under this one more level is added to Two Level Channel in the form of agent. An agent facilitates to

reduce the distance between the manufacturer and the wholesaler. Some big companies who

cannot directly contact the wholesaler, they take the help of agents. Such companies appoint their

agents in every region and sell the material to them.

Then the agents sell the material to the wholesalers, the wholesaler to the retailer and in the end

the retailer sells the material to the consumers.

Time management

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"To-do list" redirects here. For the movie, see The To Do List.

Time management is the act or process of planning and exercising conscious control over the

amount of time spent on specific activities, especially to

increase effectiveness,efficiency or productivity.

It is a meta-activity with the goal to maximize the overall benefit of a set of other activities within

the boundary condition of a limited amount of time.

Time management may be aided by a range of skills, tools, and techniques used to manage time

when accomplishing specific tasks, projects, and goals complying with a due date. Initially, time

management referred to just business or work activities, but eventually the term broadened to

include personal activities as well. A time management system is a designed combination of

processes, tools, techniques, and methods. Time management is usually a necessity in any project

development as it determines the project completion time and scope.

The major themes arising from the literature on time management include the following:

Creating an environment conducive to effectiveness

Setting of priorities

Carrying out activity around those priorities

The related process of reduction of time spent on non-priorities

Incentives to modify behavior to ensure compliance with time-related deadlines.

Time management has been considered to be a subset of different concepts such as:

Project management. Time Management can be considered to be a project management

subset and is more commonly known as project planning and project scheduling. Time

Management has also been identified as one of the core functions identified in project

management.[1]

Attention management: Attention Management relates to the management

of cognitive resources, and in particular the time that humans allocate their mind (and

organize the minds of their employees) to conduct some activities.

Records management From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Records management services (RM), also known as Records information management or RIM, is the professional practice or discipline of controlling and governing what

are considered to be the most important records of an organization throughout the records life-cycle, which includes from the time such records are conceived through to their eventual disposal. This work includes identifying, classifying, prioritizing, storing, securing, archiving, preserving, retrieving, tracking and destroying of records.[1]

The purpose of records management is part of an organization's broader activities that are associated with the discipline or field known as Governance, Risk, and Compliance (or "GRC") and is primarily concerned with the evidence of an organization's activities as well as the reduction or mitigation of risk that may be associated with such evidence.[2]

Corporate Memory is information of value for re-use. In determining whether to retain records and for how long, the value of the record for re-use should be an important criterion. Many records are simply kept as evidence of a transaction. Others are kept to document what happened and, perhaps, why it happened. Kenneth Megill has written on corporate memory and records management.[3]

A record is something that represents proof of existence and that can be used to recreate or prove state of existence, regardless of medium or characteristics. A record is either created or received by an organization in pursuance of or in compliance with legal obligations, or in the transaction of business.[4] Records can be either tangible objects, such as paper documents like birth certificates, driver's licenses, and physical medical x-rays, or digital information, such as electronic office documents, data in application databases, web site content, and electronic mail (email).

Ten Business Reasons for Records Management in Information and Records Management:

1. To Control the Creation and Growth of Records

Despite decades of using various non-paper storage media, the amount of paper in our offices

continues to escalate. An effective records management program addresses both creation control

(limits the generation of records or copies not required to operate the business) and records

retention (a system for destroying useless records or retiring inactive records), thus stabilizing the

growth of records in all formats.

2. To Reduce Operating Costs

Recordkeeping requires administrative dollars for filing equipment, space in offices, and staffing to

maintain an organized filing system (or to search for lost records when there is no organized

system).

It costs $22 less per linear foot of records to store inactive records in the Federal Records Center

versus in the office. [Multiply that by 30% to 50% of the records in an office that doesn't have a

records management program in place], and there is an opportunity to effect some cost savings in

space and equipment, and an opportunity to utilize staff moreproductively - just by implementing a

records management program.

Usually, in an office that doesn't have a records program, 30-50% of the files could be stored off-

site. In EPA, we average 25 feet of paper per person. In a 30 person office that could mean a savings

of $7,000 annually!

3. To Improve Efficiency and Productivity

Time spent searching for missing or misfiled records is non-productive. A good records management

program can help any organization upgrade its recordkeeping systems so that information retrieval

is enhanced, with corresponding improvements in office efficiency and productivity. A well designed

and operated filing system with an effective index can facilitate retrieval and deliver information to

users as quickly as they need it.

4. To Assimilate New Records Management Technologies

A good records management program provides an organization with the capability to assimilate new

technologies and take advantage of their many benefits. Investments in new computer systems

don't solve filing problems unless current manual recordkeeping systems are analyzed (and

occasionally, overhauled) before automation is applied.

5. To Ensure Regulatory Compliance

In terms of recordkeeping requirements, the United States is the most heavily regulated country in

the world. These laws can create major compliance problems for businesses and government

agencies since they can be difficult to locate, interpret and apply. The only way an organization can

be reasonably sure that it is in full compliance with laws and regulations is by operating a good

records management program which takes responsibility for regulatory compliance, while working

closely with the Office of General Counsel. Failure to comply with laws and regulations could result

in severe fines, penalties or other legal consequences.

6. To Minimize Litigation Risks

Business organizations implement records management programs in order to reduce the risks

associated with litigation and potential penalties. This can be equally true in Government agencies. A

consistently applied records management program can reduce the liabilities associated with

document disposal by providing for their systematic, routine disposal in the normal course of

business.

7. To Safeguard Vital Information

Every organization, public or private, needs a comprehensive program for protecting its vital records

and information from catastrophe or disaster, because every organization is vulnerable to loss.

Operated as part of the overall records management program, vital records programs preserve the

integrity and confidentiality of the most important records and safeguard the vital information

assets according to a "Plan" to protect the records.

8. To Support Better Management Decision Making

In today's business environment, the manager that has the relevant data first often wins, either by

making the decision ahead of the competition, or by making a better, more informed decision. A

records management program can help ensure that managers and executives have the information

they need when they need it.

By implementing an enterprise-wide file organization, including indexing and retrieval capability,

managers can obtain and assemble pertinent information quickly for current decisions and future

business planning purposes.

9. To Preserve the Corporate Memory

An organization's files contain its institutional memory, an irreplaceable asset that is often

overlooked. Every business day, you create the records which could become background data for

future management decisions and planning. These records document the activities of the Agency

which future scholars may use to research the workings of the Environmental Protection Agency in

the 1990's.

10. To Foster Professionalism in Running the Business

A business office with files askew, stacked on top of file cabinets and in boxes everywhere, creates a

poor working environment. The perceptions of customers and the public, and "image" and "morale"

of the staff, though hard to quantify in cost-benefit terms, may be among the best reasons to

establish a good records management program.