S. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: WHAT WAS PECULIAR ABOUT ANTEBELLUM SLAVERY? PECULIAR: (1) STRANGE; (2) PARTICULAR, INDIVIDUAL WHAT WERE THE SOCIOECONOMIC.

S

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:

WHAT WAS PECULIAR ABOUT ANTEBELLUM SLAVERY?WHAT WAS PECULIAR ABOUT ANTEBELLUM SLAVERY?

PECULIAR: (1) STRANGE; (2) PARTICULAR, INDIVIDUALPECULIAR: (1) STRANGE; (2) PARTICULAR, INDIVIDUAL

WHAT WERE THE SOCIOECONOMIC JUSTIFICATIONS AND WHAT WERE THE SOCIOECONOMIC JUSTIFICATIONS AND EFFECTS OF ANTEBELLUM SLAVERY?EFFECTS OF ANTEBELLUM SLAVERY?

WHAT ARE THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF AMERICAN WHAT ARE THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM/ NATIONALISM?EXCEPTIONALISM/ NATIONALISM?

WHAT CAUSED THE CIVIL WAR?WHAT CAUSED THE CIVIL WAR?

EARLY EMANCIPATION IN THE NORTH AND NORTHWEST EARLY EMANCIPATION IN THE NORTH AND NORTHWEST

SLAVE AND FREE STATES AS OF 1840 (UNDER MISSOURI SLAVE AND FREE STATES AS OF 1840 (UNDER MISSOURI COMPROMISE)COMPROMISE)

THE PECULIAR (STRANGE) INSTITUTIONTHE PECULIAR (STRANGE) INSTITUTION

1807: BRITAIN ABOLISHED THE SLAVE TRADE, ENFORCED BY ROYAL NAVY

1820S: NEWLY INDEPENDENT REPUBLICS OF CENTRAL & SOUTH AMERICA ABOLISHED SLAVERY

1833: SLAVERY ABOLISHED THROUGHOUT THE BRITISH EMPIRE.

1844: SLAVERY ABOLISHED IN THE FRENCH COLONIES.

BY 1844, IN THE WESTERN WORLD, LEGAL SLAVERY EXISTED ONLY IN THE U.S.

THE PECULIAR (PARTICULAR, INDIVIDUAL) INSTITUTIONTHE PECULIAR (PARTICULAR, INDIVIDUAL) INSTITUTION

JOHN C. CALHOUN, SPEECH TO U.S. SENATE “ON THE JOHN C. CALHOUN, SPEECH TO U.S. SENATE “ON THE RECEPTION OF ABOLITION PETITIONS”RECEPTION OF ABOLITION PETITIONS”

““THE PECULIAR INSTITUTION OF THE SOUTH THAT, ON THE THE PECULIAR INSTITUTION OF THE SOUTH THAT, ON THE MAINTENANCE OF WHICH THE VERY EXISTENCE OF THE MAINTENANCE OF WHICH THE VERY EXISTENCE OF THE SLAVEHOLDING STATES DEPENDS, IS PRONOUNCED TO BE SLAVEHOLDING STATES DEPENDS, IS PRONOUNCED TO BE SINFUL AND ODIOUS . . . .SINFUL AND ODIOUS . . . .

I HOLD THAT IN THE PRESENT STATE OF CIVILIZATION, WHERE TWO RACES OF DIFFERENT ORIGIN, AND DISTINGUISHED BY COLOR, AND OTHER PHYSICAL DIFFERENCES, AS WELL AS INTELLECTUAL, ARE BROUGHT TOGETHER, THE RELATION NOW EXISTING IN THE SLAVEHOLDING STATES BETWEEN THE TWO, IS, INSTEAD OF AN EVIL . . . .. good—a positive good

NEVER BEFORE HAS THE BLACK RACE OF CENTRAL AFRICA, NEVER BEFORE HAS THE BLACK RACE OF CENTRAL AFRICA, FROM THE DAWN OF HISTORY TO THE PRESENT DAY, ATTAINED FROM THE DAWN OF HISTORY TO THE PRESENT DAY, ATTAINED A CONDITION SO CIVILIZED AND SO IMPROVED, NOT ONLY A CONDITION SO CIVILIZED AND SO IMPROVED, NOT ONLY PHYSICALLY, BUT MORALLY AND INTELLECTUALLY. IT CAME PHYSICALLY, BUT MORALLY AND INTELLECTUALLY. IT CAME AMONG US IN A LOW, DEGRADED, AND SAVAGE CONDITION, AMONG US IN A LOW, DEGRADED, AND SAVAGE CONDITION, AND IN THE COURSE OF A FEW GENERATIONS IT HAS GROWN AND IN THE COURSE OF A FEW GENERATIONS IT HAS GROWN UP UNDER THE FOSTERING CARE OF OUR INSTITUTIONS, UP UNDER THE FOSTERING CARE OF OUR INSTITUTIONS, REVILED AS THEY HAVE BEEN, TO ITS PRESENT COMPARATIVELY REVILED AS THEY HAVE BEEN, TO ITS PRESENT COMPARATIVELY CIVILIZED CONDITION . . . .CIVILIZED CONDITION . . . .

ABOLITION AND THE UNION CANNOT CO-EXIST.”ABOLITION AND THE UNION CANNOT CO-EXIST.”

THE ECONOMICS OF SLAVERYTHE ECONOMICS OF SLAVERY

SOME EFFECTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: COTTON GIN MADE COTTON CHEAPER TO PROCESSCOTTON GIN MADE COTTON CHEAPER TO PROCESS

DEVELOPMENT OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY INCREASED DEVELOPMENT OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY INCREASED WORLD MARKET FOR COTTONWORLD MARKET FOR COTTON

LAND UNDER COTTON LAND UNDER COTTON PRODUCTION, 1820 AND 1860PRODUCTION, 1820 AND 1860

THE SOUTH HAD A DIVERSIFIED AGRICULTURAL THE SOUTH HAD A DIVERSIFIED AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY – BUT COTTON WAS THE PREDOMINANT CROP IN ECONOMY – BUT COTTON WAS THE PREDOMINANT CROP IN THE ANTEBELLUM ERA THE ANTEBELLUM ERA

COTTON BELTCOTTON BELT

BY 1830 COTTON REPLACED TOBACCO AS THE MAIN CASH BY 1830 COTTON REPLACED TOBACCO AS THE MAIN CASH CROP – AND PLANTATION AGRICULTURE HAD MOVED INLAND CROP – AND PLANTATION AGRICULTURE HAD MOVED INLAND FROM THE UNHEALTHY CHESAPEAKE REGIONFROM THE UNHEALTHY CHESAPEAKE REGION WESTWARD EXPANSION IN THE SOUTH WAS BASED ON THE WESTWARD EXPANSION IN THE SOUTH WAS BASED ON THE QUEST FOR MORE COTTON LANDQUEST FOR MORE COTTON LAND

BY THE 1840s, ¾ OF THE WORLD COTTON SUPPLY CAME BY THE 1840s, ¾ OF THE WORLD COTTON SUPPLY CAME FROM THE SOUTHERN U.S.FROM THE SOUTHERN U.S.

THIS WAS STILL TRUE IN 1860THIS WAS STILL TRUE IN 1860

MORE COTTON PLANTATIONS = MORE SLAVESMORE COTTON PLANTATIONS = MORE SLAVES

SLAVE LABOR WAS STILL ESSENTIAL TO PLANTATION SLAVE LABOR WAS STILL ESSENTIAL TO PLANTATION AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE

SLAVES PICKING AND BALING COTTON ON A MISSISSIPPI SLAVES PICKING AND BALING COTTON ON A MISSISSIPPI PLANTATIONPLANTATION

SLAVES GINNING COTTONSLAVES GINNING COTTON

MYTHS AND FACTS ABOUT THE ECONOMICS OF SLAVERY:MYTHS AND FACTS ABOUT THE ECONOMICS OF SLAVERY:

MYTH: SLAVERY WAS UNPROFITABLE AND WAS ON ITS MYTH: SLAVERY WAS UNPROFITABLE AND WAS ON ITS WAY OUT BY THE TIME OF THE CIVIL WARWAY OUT BY THE TIME OF THE CIVIL WAR

FACTS (DEMONSTRATED BY ROBERT FOGEL AND STANLEY FACTS (DEMONSTRATED BY ROBERT FOGEL AND STANLEY ENGERMANN IN ENGERMANN IN TIME ON THE CROSS):TIME ON THE CROSS):

SLAVERY YIELDED AN AVERAGE 8 – 10% RETURN ON SLAVERY YIELDED AN AVERAGE 8 – 10% RETURN ON INVESTMENT – HIGHER THAN THE AVERAGE RETURN ON INVESTMENT – HIGHER THAN THE AVERAGE RETURN ON INVESTMENT IN NORTHEASTERN INDUSTRYINVESTMENT IN NORTHEASTERN INDUSTRY

ECONOMIES OF SCALE, AND INTENSIVE UTILIZATION OF ECONOMIES OF SCALE, AND INTENSIVE UTILIZATION OF LABOR MADE SOUTHERN PLANTATIONS ABOUT 35% MORE LABOR MADE SOUTHERN PLANTATIONS ABOUT 35% MORE EFFICIENT THAN NORTHERN FAMILY FARMS EFFICIENT THAN NORTHERN FAMILY FARMS

FROM 1840 – 1860, PER CAPITA INCOME IN THE SOUTH FROM 1840 – 1860, PER CAPITA INCOME IN THE SOUTH INCREASED MORE (1.7%) THAN IN THE NORTH (1.3%) OR THE INCREASED MORE (1.7%) THAN IN THE NORTH (1.3%) OR THE NATIONWIDE AVERAGE (1.4%).NATIONWIDE AVERAGE (1.4%).

THE WORLD DEMAND FOR COTTON INCREASED FROM 1830 THE WORLD DEMAND FOR COTTON INCREASED FROM 1830 THROUGH 1860 (AND SUPPLY CLOSELY MATCHED DEMAND).THROUGH 1860 (AND SUPPLY CLOSELY MATCHED DEMAND).

FACT: IN 1860 THE AMERICAN SOUTH, IF FACT: IN 1860 THE AMERICAN SOUTH, IF INDEPENDENT, WOULD HAVE BEEN ONE INDEPENDENT, WOULD HAVE BEEN ONE OF THE WEALTHIEST COUNTRIES IN THE OF THE WEALTHIEST COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD BASED ON THE REVENUE OF THE WORLD BASED ON THE REVENUE OF THE COTTON TRADE.COTTON TRADE.

OTHER ASPECTS (DISADVANTAGES?) OF THE SOUTHERN OTHER ASPECTS (DISADVANTAGES?) OF THE SOUTHERN ECONOMYECONOMY

LITTLE INDUSTRY – RELIED MOSTLY ON IMPORTS FOR LITTLE INDUSTRY – RELIED MOSTLY ON IMPORTS FOR MANUFACTURED GOODSMANUFACTURED GOODS

THERE WAS SOME INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT – EXAMPLE THERE WAS SOME INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT – EXAMPLE ABOVE: GRANITEVILLE TEXTILE CO., RICHMOND, VA, EST. 1845 ABOVE: GRANITEVILLE TEXTILE CO., RICHMOND, VA, EST. 1845

COMPARE THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION, NORTH AND SOUTH: COMPARE THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION, NORTH AND SOUTH: FEWER RAILROADS AND CANALS IN SOUTH, AND SOUTHERN RAILROADS FEWER RAILROADS AND CANALS IN SOUTH, AND SOUTHERN RAILROADS MOSTLY MOSTLY SHORT LINESMOSTLY MOSTLY SHORT LINES

SOIL DEPLETION: SOUTH NEEDED NEW COTTON LAND, SOIL DEPLETION: SOUTH NEEDED NEW COTTON LAND, NEEDED TO EXPAND (BUT THAT WAS NOT OUT OF THE NEEDED TO EXPAND (BUT THAT WAS NOT OUT OF THE QUESTION – TEXAS FIRST, THEN CUBA AND SOUTH AMERICA QUESTION – TEXAS FIRST, THEN CUBA AND SOUTH AMERICA BECKONED!)BECKONED!)

> 75% OF SOUTHERNERS DID NOT OWN SLAVES!> 75% OF SOUTHERNERS DID NOT OWN SLAVES!

SLAVEOWERS IN THE SOUTH, 1850SLAVEOWERS IN THE SOUTH, 1850

JOHN C. CALHOUN’S PLANTATION HOME, FORT HILL, S.C. – JOHN C. CALHOUN’S PLANTATION HOME, FORT HILL, S.C. – AND THE HOME OF A YEOMAN FARMERAND THE HOME OF A YEOMAN FARMER

THE YEOMAN FARMER MIGHT OWN A FEW THE YEOMAN FARMER MIGHT OWN A FEW SLAVES, BUT WOULD WORK ALONGSIDE THEM. SLAVES, BUT WOULD WORK ALONGSIDE THEM. JOHN C. AND HIS CLASS DID NOT!JOHN C. AND HIS CLASS DID NOT!

YEOMAN FARMER CLASS IDENTIFIED WITH YEOMAN FARMER CLASS IDENTIFIED WITH PLANTER CLASSPLANTER CLASS

POOR WHITES – MOUNTAIN PEOPLEPOOR WHITES – MOUNTAIN PEOPLE• HATED PLANTERS• HATED BLACKS• HATED EVERYBODY

SOUTHERN SOCIETY (1850)SOUTHERN SOCIETY (1850)SOUTHERN SOCIETY (1850)SOUTHERN SOCIETY (1850)

“SLAVOCRACY”[PLANTATION OWNERS]

THE “PLAIN FOLK”THE “PLAIN FOLK”[WHITE YEOMAN FARMERS,[WHITE YEOMAN FARMERS,

POOR WHITES]POOR WHITES]

6,000,0006,000,000

BLACK FREEMENBLACK FREEMEN

BLACK SLAVESBLACK SLAVES3,200,0003,200,000

250,000250,000

TOTAL U.S. POPULATION --> 23,000,000TOTAL U.S. POPULATION --> 23,000,000[9,250,000 IN THE SOUTH = <40%][9,250,000 IN THE SOUTH = <40%]

SOME SOUTHERN SOME SOUTHERN STATES (LIKE STATES (LIKE MISSOURI) DID NOT MISSOURI) DID NOT ALLOW FREE BLACKS ALLOW FREE BLACKS TO RESIDE THERETO RESIDE THERE

SOME PROHIBITED SOME PROHIBITED SLAVEOWNERS FROM SLAVEOWNERS FROM EMANCIPATING EMANCIPATING SLAVES SLAVES

RESTRICTIONS LIKE RESTRICTIONS LIKE THIS BECAME MORE THIS BECAME MORE COMMON AFTER NAT COMMON AFTER NAT TURNER’S REBELLIONTURNER’S REBELLION

WHICH STATES HAD THE LARGEST PERCENTAGE OF FREE WHICH STATES HAD THE LARGEST PERCENTAGE OF FREE AFRICAN-AMERICANS? WHY?AFRICAN-AMERICANS? WHY?

SLAVE LIFESLAVE LIFE

MUCH OF WHAT PEOPLE “KNOW” ABOUT SLAVERY MUCH OF WHAT PEOPLE “KNOW” ABOUT SLAVERY (INCLUDING SOME AUTHORS OF SOME TEXTBOOKS) IS (INCLUDING SOME AUTHORS OF SOME TEXTBOOKS) IS MYTHS SPREAD BY ABOLITIONISTS MYTHS SPREAD BY ABOLITIONISTS

THE MYTHS GAINED CURRENCY BECAUSE THE SOUTH THE MYTHS GAINED CURRENCY BECAUSE THE SOUTH LOST THE CIVIL WAR, AND HISTORY IS WRITTEN BY LOST THE CIVIL WAR, AND HISTORY IS WRITTEN BY WINNERS, NOT LOSERSWINNERS, NOT LOSERS

SOME MYTHS AND FACTS ABOUT SLAVE LIFESOME MYTHS AND FACTS ABOUT SLAVE LIFE

MYTH – SLAVEOWNERS/ WHITE OVERSEERS ROUTINELY MYTH – SLAVEOWNERS/ WHITE OVERSEERS ROUTINELY KILLED, WHIPPED, MAIMED, STARVED SLAVESKILLED, WHIPPED, MAIMED, STARVED SLAVES

FACT: SLAVES WERE EXPENSIVE, VALUABLE LIVESTOCK. FACT: SLAVES WERE EXPENSIVE, VALUABLE LIVESTOCK. SLAVEOWNERS WANTED SLAVES TO BE ALIVE, HEALTHY, SLAVEOWNERS WANTED SLAVES TO BE ALIVE, HEALTHY, WITH NO INCENTIVES TO ESCAPEWITH NO INCENTIVES TO ESCAPE

PUNISHMENTS FOR ESCAPE ATTEMPTS WERE SEVERE (SEE PUNISHMENTS FOR ESCAPE ATTEMPTS WERE SEVERE (SEE NEXT SLIDE) – BUT OTHERWISE SEVERE PUNISHMENTS WERE NEXT SLIDE) – BUT OTHERWISE SEVERE PUNISHMENTS WERE RARE RARE N.B. THAT WHIPPING WASN’T CONSIDERED TOO SEVERE N.B. THAT WHIPPING WASN’T CONSIDERED TOO SEVERE FOR WHITE SAILORS, LABORERS, ETC.FOR WHITE SAILORS, LABORERS, ETC.

SLAVES WERE SLAVES WERE EXPENSIVEEXPENSIVE

SLAVEOWNERS SLAVEOWNERS HAD NO INCENTIVE HAD NO INCENTIVE TO KILL, MAIM, TO KILL, MAIM, STARVE THEM & STARVE THEM & EVERY INCENTIVE EVERY INCENTIVE TO KEEP THEM TO KEEP THEM HEALTHY AND AS HEALTHY AND AS HAPPY AS POSSIBLE HAPPY AS POSSIBLE (BUT ALMOST (BUT ALMOST NOBODY IS HAPPY NOBODY IS HAPPY TO BE A SLAVE!)TO BE A SLAVE!)

SLAVE COLLAR AND MUZZLE, LEG SLAVE COLLAR AND MUZZLE, LEG IRONS, SCARS FROM SEVERE IRONS, SCARS FROM SEVERE WHIPPINGWHIPPING

PENALTIES FOR ESCAPE WERE HARSHPENALTIES FOR ESCAPE WERE HARSH

AFRICANS NEVER GAVE IN TO SLAVERY! CONSTANT ESCAPE AFRICANS NEVER GAVE IN TO SLAVERY! CONSTANT ESCAPE ATTEMPTS, CONSTANT REBELLIONSATTEMPTS, CONSTANT REBELLIONS

THE DIET AND CLOTHING OF SLAVES COMPARED FAVORABLY THE DIET AND CLOTHING OF SLAVES COMPARED FAVORABLY TO THOSE OF NORTHERN INDUSTRIAL WORKERSTO THOSE OF NORTHERN INDUSTRIAL WORKERS

MOST SLAVE FAMILIES RECEIVED ALLOTMENTS OF PORK AND MOST SLAVE FAMILIES RECEIVED ALLOTMENTS OF PORK AND CORN, AND HAD PLOTS OF LAND WHICH THEY WERE ALLOWED TO CORN, AND HAD PLOTS OF LAND WHICH THEY WERE ALLOWED TO GROW VEGETABLES, KEEP CHICKENS, ETC.GROW VEGETABLES, KEEP CHICKENS, ETC.

MYTH: AFTER THE SLAVE TRADE WAS BANNED IN 1808, “OLD MYTH: AFTER THE SLAVE TRADE WAS BANNED IN 1808, “OLD SOUTH” STATES (CHESAPEAKE) BRED SLAVES FOR SALE TO “NEW SOUTH” STATES (CHESAPEAKE) BRED SLAVES FOR SALE TO “NEW SOUTH” (COTTON BELT )STATES.SOUTH” (COTTON BELT )STATES.

FACT: THERE IS NO EVIDENCE FOR THIS. EVIDENCE AGAINST FACT: THERE IS NO EVIDENCE FOR THIS. EVIDENCE AGAINST THIS MYTH: THIS MYTH: PRICES FOR FEMALE SLAVES OF CHILDBEARING AGE WERE PRICES FOR FEMALE SLAVES OF CHILDBEARING AGE WERE HIGHER IN THE NEW SOUTH THAN THE OLD SOUTH. HIGHER IN THE NEW SOUTH THAN THE OLD SOUTH. MORE SLAVES WERE BORN IN THE NEW SOUTH THAN THE OLD MORE SLAVES WERE BORN IN THE NEW SOUTH THAN THE OLD SOUTHSOUTH NOT PROFITABLE TO SELL SLAVES FROM OLD TO NEW SOUTHNOT PROFITABLE TO SELL SLAVES FROM OLD TO NEW SOUTH

MYTH: SLAVEOWNERS FREQUENTLY SPLIT UP SLAVE FAMILIES BY SELLING THEM SEPARATELY

FACT: THIS WAS RARE. SLAVEOWNERS ENCOURAGED SLAVE FAMILY UNITY:

HAVING A FAMILY DISCOURAGED ESCAPE

FAMILIES WERE BASIC SOURCE OF SOCIALIZATION, RAISING AND TRAIING OF SLAVE CHILDRENM FOOD DISTRIBUTION AND PRODUCTION – AND “HAPPY” SLAVES WERE MORE PRODUCTIVE

NOT A MYTH – SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF SLAVES (REMEMBER JEFFERSON AND SALLY HEMINGS, HALF-SISTER OF HIS WIFE)

MOST SLAVES ON MOST SLAVES ON PLANTATIONS LIVED IN PLANTATIONS LIVED IN SINGLE-FAMILY CABINS SINGLE-FAMILY CABINS (WITH LAND TO FARM ON)(WITH LAND TO FARM ON)

THIS SERVED INTEREST OF THIS SERVED INTEREST OF PLANTATION OWNERS – BUT PLANTATION OWNERS – BUT ALSO MADE FAMILIES THE ALSO MADE FAMILIES THE CORE OF AFRICAN-CORE OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN LIFE –AMERICAN LIFE –SOURCE OF SOURCE OF PROTECTION, SUPPORT, KNOWLEDGE, AND CULTURAL IDENTITY.

A SLAVE FAMILY OUTSIDE OF ITS A SLAVE FAMILY OUTSIDE OF ITS CABINCABIN

MYTH: “THE SECOND TRIANGULAR TRADE: - THE MYTH: “THE SECOND TRIANGULAR TRADE: - THE MOVEMENT OF OVER 1 MILLION SLAVES WESTWARD (OLD MOVEMENT OF OVER 1 MILLION SLAVES WESTWARD (OLD TO NEW SOUTH) SPLIT UP SLAVE FAMILIES:TO NEW SOUTH) SPLIT UP SLAVE FAMILIES:

SEE ABOVE – SLAVEOWNERS HAD NO INCENTIVE TO SPLIT SEE ABOVE – SLAVEOWNERS HAD NO INCENTIVE TO SPLIT NUCLEAR FAMILIES (EXTENDED FAMILIES MAY HAVE BEEN NUCLEAR FAMILIES (EXTENDED FAMILIES MAY HAVE BEEN SPLIT, THOUGH) SPLIT, THOUGH)

MOST WHITES WHO MOVED WEST MOVED LOCK, STOCK MOST WHITES WHO MOVED WEST MOVED LOCK, STOCK AND BARREL, TAKING THEIR SLAVES WITH THEM AND BARREL, TAKING THEIR SLAVES WITH THEM

N.B. – MOVEMENT OF SLAVES WAS INVOLUNTARYN.B. – MOVEMENT OF SLAVES WAS INVOLUNTARY

SLAVE SOCIETYSLAVE SOCIETY

FAMILY-BASED (SEE ABOVE) FAMILY-BASED (SEE ABOVE)

IMPORTATION OF SLAVES BANNED 1808 IMPORTATION OF SLAVES BANNED 1808 BY 1850 OVER 85% BY 1850 OVER 85% OF SLAVES WERE BORN IN THE U.S., HAD NO EXPERIENCE OF OF SLAVES WERE BORN IN THE U.S., HAD NO EXPERIENCE OF AFRICAAFRICA

VESTIGES OF AFRICAN CULTURE, RELIGION MERGED WITH VESTIGES OF AFRICAN CULTURE, RELIGION MERGED WITH EUROPEAN CULTURE IMPOSED ON SLAVES EUROPEAN CULTURE IMPOSED ON SLAVES SOME ISOLATED INSTANCES OF AFRICAN-ENGLISH DIALECTS SOME ISOLATED INSTANCES OF AFRICAN-ENGLISH DIALECTS (E.G. GULLAH IN CAROLINA BARRIER ISLANDS)(E.G. GULLAH IN CAROLINA BARRIER ISLANDS)

RELIGION – CHRISTIANITY – MOSTLY BAPTIST (LIKE MOST RELIGION – CHRISTIANITY – MOSTLY BAPTIST (LIKE MOST SOUTHERN WHITES)SOUTHERN WHITES)

GOSPEL PREACHING – CALL AND RESPONSE (GOSPEL PREACHING – CALL AND RESPONSE ( RAP AND RAP AND HIP-HOP)HIP-HOP)

““STEPIN FETCHIT” (LINCOLN PERRY) “THE LAZIEST MAN ON STEPIN FETCHIT” (LINCOLN PERRY) “THE LAZIEST MAN ON EARTH” - FROM “THE BIG TIME” 1945EARTH” - FROM “THE BIG TIME” 1945

OUT ON YOUTUBEOUT ON YOUTUBE

MUSIC – SLAVE SPIRITUALSMUSIC – SLAVE SPIRITUALS

-- RAGTIME, BLUES, JAZZ, ROCK N’ ROLL, ROCK . . .RAGTIME, BLUES, JAZZ, ROCK N’ ROLL, ROCK . . .

LOUIS ARMSTRONG – LOUIS ARMSTRONG – “SATCHMO”“SATCHMO”

“GO DOWN MOSES”

RAGTIME --SCOTT JOPLIN, “THE SILVER SWAN” (PIANIST = RAGTIME --SCOTT JOPLIN, “THE SILVER SWAN” (PIANIST = MAX MORATH) MAX MORATH)

B.B. KINGB.B. KING

BLUES – B.B. KING, “THE THRILL IS GONE”BLUES – B.B. KING, “THE THRILL IS GONE”

THE LEGACY OF SLAVERY INCLUDED THE MYTH OF AFRICAN THE LEGACY OF SLAVERY INCLUDED THE MYTH OF AFRICAN INFERIORITY (WHICH PERSISTS TO SOME EXTENT TODAY)INFERIORITY (WHICH PERSISTS TO SOME EXTENT TODAY)

JUSTIFICATIONS FOR SLAVERY:JUSTIFICATIONS FOR SLAVERY:

BIBLICAL: ANCIENT CURSE UPON HAMBIBLICAL: ANCIENT CURSE UPON HAM

HISTORICAL : ALL GREAT CIVILIZATIONS PARTICIPATED IN SLAVERYHISTORICAL : ALL GREAT CIVILIZATIONS PARTICIPATED IN SLAVERY

LEGAL: THE U.S. CONSTITUTION PROTECTED SLAVERY W/O THE LEGAL: THE U.S. CONSTITUTION PROTECTED SLAVERY W/O THE WORD “SLAVERY”WORD “SLAVERY”

RACIST: MULTIPLE THEORIES REGARDING INFERIORITY OF THE RACIST: MULTIPLE THEORIES REGARDING INFERIORITY OF THE BLACK RACEBLACK RACE

SOCIOLOGICAL: THE BLACK RACE AS SOCIETAL “CHILDREN” WHO SOCIOLOGICAL: THE BLACK RACE AS SOCIETAL “CHILDREN” WHO NEEDED PATERNALISTIC GUIDANCENEEDED PATERNALISTIC GUIDANCE

SOUTHERN PRO-SLAVERY PROPAGANDASOUTHERN PRO-SLAVERY PROPAGANDASOUTHERN PRO-SLAVERY PROPAGANDASOUTHERN PRO-SLAVERY PROPAGANDA

SLAVE PERSONALITY STEREOTYPESSLAVE PERSONALITY STEREOTYPES

• NAT TURNER-REBELLIOUS, SURLY, HOSTILE, MURDEROUSNAT TURNER-REBELLIOUS, SURLY, HOSTILE, MURDEROUS

• SEXUAL BEASTS – BLACK MEN AS DANGER TO “FLOWER OF SEXUAL BEASTS – BLACK MEN AS DANGER TO “FLOWER OF SOUTHERN WOMANHOOD”SOUTHERN WOMANHOOD”

• GOOD, CONTENT SLAVES: MAMMY AND UNCLEGOOD, CONTENT SLAVES: MAMMY AND UNCLE

• HAPPY-GO LUCKY, DOCILE, SIMPLE, CHILDLIKE -- SAMBO

SAMBO IN THE 20SAMBO IN THE 20THTH CENTURY CENTURY

PC EDITIONS -2000-03PC EDITIONS -2000-03

JOEL CHANDLER HARRIS, JOEL CHANDLER HARRIS, THE COMPLETE TALES OF UNCLE THE COMPLETE TALES OF UNCLE REMUSREMUS (1881) -- “OLD UNCLE” SLAVE STEREOTYPE) – (1881) -- “OLD UNCLE” SLAVE STEREOTYPE) – CHANDLER INTENDED IT AS “A WONDERFUL DEFENSE OF CHANDLER INTENDED IT AS “A WONDERFUL DEFENSE OF SLAVERY” SLAVERY”

THE DISNEY VERSION: “SONG OF THE SOUTH” (1946)

JAMES BASKETT AS UNCLE JAMES BASKETT AS UNCLE REMUSREMUS

““MAMMY” – IN THE MOVIES AND IN REALITYMAMMY” – IN THE MOVIES AND IN REALITY

MORE STEREOTYPES

““NEGROS LOVE WATERMELON” STEREOTYPE – DOWN TO THE NEGROS LOVE WATERMELON” STEREOTYPE – DOWN TO THE PRESENT DAYPRESENT DAY