Respiratory System Chapter 13
Dec 17, 2015
Respiratory System
Chapter 13
Upper Respiratory Tract
Lower Respiratory Tract
Nose
Air enters the nose by passing through the external nares or nostrils
The interior of the nose consists of the nasal cavity, divided by a midline nasal septum
Nose
Mucus lines the interior of the respiratory tract Moistens the air Traps incoming bacteria and other debris Consists of water, salts, and glycoprotein (mucin)
Cilia helps move the contaminated mucus towards the pharynx (throat) to be swallowed and digested by stomach juices
Hair prevents some debris from entering the trachea
Nose
Cold temperatures cause cilia to become sluggish, allowing mucus to accumulate in the nasal cavity and to dribble outward through the nostrils
Nose
Conchae – the three uneven mucosa covered lobes that consist of the nasal cavity
Superior
Nose
The conchae traps and prevent inhaled particles from reaching the lungs
Blood vessels in the nasal cavity warms the surrounding air
Superior
Nose
Palate – the structure that separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity Hard palate – supported by bone Soft palate – not supported by bone; posterior
part
Nose
Paranasal sinuses Lighten the skull Act as resonance chambers (amplifies sound) for speech Produce mucus which drains into the nasal cavities
Four sinuses Frontal Ethmoid Sphenoid Maxillary
Nose
The suctioning effect created by nose blowing helps to drain the sinuses
The nasolacrimal ducts, which drain tears from the eyes, also empty into the nasal cavities
The Boy Who Cries Blood http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/video?id=8460654
Pharynx
The pharynx (throat) is a passageway for food and air
The pharynx is divided into three regions Nasopharynx - the passage that connects the
nasal cavity to the top of the throat Oropharynx –the part of the pharynx between the
soft palate and the epiglottis Larynopharynx –the lowest portion of the pharynx;
near the larynx
Pharynx
Tonsils – trap and remove any bacteria or other pathogens entering the throat
Tonsillitis – a condition when tonsils become congested with bacteria and become red, swollen, and sore
Tonsil stones
Pharynx
Three types of tonsils Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) – located
high in the nasopharynx Palatine tonsils – located in the oropharynx
at the end of the soft palate Lingual tonsils – located at the base of the
tongue
Pharyngeal tonsil
Palatine tonsil
Lingual tonsil
Larynx
Larynx – voice box Thyroid cartilage – the
largest of the hyaline cartilage (Adam’s apple)
One theory of “Adam’s apple”: Adam ate a piece of the forbidden fruit that got stuck in his throat
Larynx
Epiglottis – protects the superior opening of the larynx When food is swallowed, the larynx is pulled
upward and the epiglottis blocks the larynx Food enters the esophagus and not the larynx
Breathing stops when swallowing occurs
Larynx
Larynx
Vocal cords (or vocal folds) – part of the mucous membrane of the larynx forms a pair of folds
Glottis – the slit-like passageway between the vocal cords
Glottis
Larynx
Laryngeal Video·stro·bos·co·py Endoscopy performed with an intermittent
(occurring at irregular intervals) light at a frequency that approximates the frequency of movement of the object visualized so that it appears to be motionless; useful in analyzing vocal fold structure and motion.
Trachea
Trachea – (windpipe) Lined with cilia The cilia propel contaminated mucus away from
the lungs to the throat where it can be swallowed or spat out
The trachea is rigid because its walls are reinforced with C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage The unprotected area of the trachea is adjacent to
the esophagus
Trachea
Smoking inhibits ciliary activity and destroys the cilia
Without these cilia, coughing is the only means of preventing mucus from accumulating in the lungs
Non-smoker Smoker (10+ years)
Heimlich maneuver Should ask for
permission before performing on an individual…
Primary Bronchi
Primary bronchi – formed by the division of the trachea
The right primary bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than the left
The air is warm, cleansed of most impurities, and well humidified when it reaches the bronchi
Lungs
Composition of lungs Primary bronchus Secondary bronchus Tertiary bronchus Bronchiole Terminal bronchiole Alveoli Alveolus – air sac; gas exchange occurs here
Oxygen and carbon dioxide undergo diffusion The exterior of alveoli are covered with capillaries
Lungs
Right lung Superior lobe Middle lobe Inferior lobe
The right side is larger than the left side
Left lung Superior lobe Inferior lobe
Cardiac notch - a depression where the heart sits
Apex – the narrow portion of the lung
Base – the broad portion of the lung
Apex
Base
Cardiac notch
Lungs
Visceral pleura – the membrane that lies against the lungs
Parietal pleura – the membrane that lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
The membranes secrete pleural fluid which reduces friction of the lungs and the thorax wall during breathing
Mechanics of Breathing
Ventilation Mechanical process of pulling air in and out using
muscles and pressure Respiration
Chemical inflation & deflation of lungs and cellular respiration in each cell
Mechanics of Breathing
Inspiration (or inhalation) – air flows into the lungs The diaphragm contracts (moves down) allowing
air to enter the lungs Expiration (or exhalation) – air leaves the
lungs The diaphragm relaxes (moves up) forcing air out
of the lungs