Top Banner
The Returning Point: Proudhon’s Three Crises Jesse Cohn
60

Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Jul 03, 2015

Download

Documents

professor0

17th Annual Charles F. Fraker Conference (The Turning Point: Crisis and Disaster), Ann Arbor
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Page 1: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

The Returning Point:Proudhon’s Three Crises

Jesse Cohn

Page 2: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

Gustave Courbet, Proudhon et ses enfants (1865)

Page 3: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

THREE CRISES

1. Aesthetic crisis (1865)

2. Financial crisis (1847-48)

3. Political crisis (1851)

Page 4: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

1. Aesthetic crisis (1865)

Page 5: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Gustave Courbet, Le Retour de la Conférence (1863)

[reproduction – original destroyed]

Page 6: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Daguerrotype, 1845

Page 7: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

“l’industrie photographique […], faisant irruption dans l’art, en devient la plus mortelle ennemie.”

— Charles Baudelaire, 1859Charles Baudelaire (ca. 1863)

Page 8: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

“l’œuvre d’art est déterminée par un ensemble qui est l’état général de l’esprit et des mœurs.”

— Hyppolite Taine, 1864 Hyppolite Taine (1828-1893)

Page 9: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Alphonse Allais, Première communion de jeunes filles chlorotiques par un temps de neige (1883)

Page 10: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Kasimir Malevich, White Square on White (1918)

Page 11: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

“Évidemment la peinture était morte. […] L’Art moderne est-il autre chose qu’un jeu de la mémoire?”

— Paul Chenavard, 1853 Paul Chenavard (1808-1895)

Page 12: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Jacques-Louis David, Le Serment des Horaces (1784)

Page 13: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3
Page 14: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Andy Warhol, Marilyn Monroe (1967)

Page 15: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

2. Financial crisis (1847-48)

Page 16: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Capitalism in crisis: 1847-48

• Speculative bubble

• Bank failures

• Run on gold

• One in three dependent on charity

• Unemployment near 17%

Page 17: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Economic crisis – a general model Proudhon: What Is Property? (1840)

• Strong economic activity: low unemployment, labor scarce, wages rise

• Capitalists invest in machinery to increase productivity

• Overproduction sends prices lower

• Demand for labor slackens; unemployment rises, wages fall

• Unemployment and falling wages slacken demand for products

• Investors withdraw capital

. . . etc.

Page 18: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Economic crisis – circulation model Proudhon: Programme révolutionnaire (1848)

“Le travail est suspendu, les ateliers sont fermés, les magasins restent pleins, le débouché n’appelle plus le produit, le capital fuit, le numéraire se cache, le commerce tombe, l’impôt ne rentre plus, l’État approche de la banqueroute, l’ouvrier à jeun se tord dans le désespoir; en un mot, la CIRCULATION est nulle : voilà la crise.”

Page 19: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Economic crisis – circulation model Proudhon: Programme révolutionnaire (1848)

“Ne remontons pas la chaîne sans fin des causes et des effets; considérons le fait en lui-même et disons : La cause du mal, c’est le mal. La cause de la crise, c’est la crise.”

Page 20: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

3. Political crisis (1851)

Page 21: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Coup d’état: Dec. 2, 1851

Page 22: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Coup d’état: Dec. 2, 1851

Page 23: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Coup d’état: Dec. 2, 1851

Page 24: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Coup d’état: Dec. 2, 1851

Page 25: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3
Page 26: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

General form of the crisis

Aesthetic Financial Political

Modern

Disappearance of art’s goal

(representation of reality)

Circulation blocked; exchange

impossible

Democracy produces autocracy

Page 27: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

General form of the crisis

Aesthetic Financial Political

Modern

Disappearance of art’s goal

(representation of reality)

Circulation blocked; exchange

impossible

Democracy produces autocracy

Postmodern

Disappearance of art’s goal

(self-purification)

Liquidity absent;

exchange impossible

Elitism appears as populism

Page 28: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

General form of the crisis

Aesthetic Financial Political

Art deprived of object

Money deprived of function

Democracy deprived of

content

Page 29: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

General form of the crisis

Aesthetic Financial Political

Art deprived of object

Money deprived of function

Democracy deprived of

content

Loss of meaning Loss of value Loss of power

Page 30: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

General form of the crisis

Aesthetic Financial Political

Art deprived of object

Money deprived of function

Democracy deprived of

content

Loss of meaning Loss of value Loss of power

Art no longer represents

anything outside itself

Money no longer represents

anything outside itself

Government no longer represents anything outside

itself

Page 31: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

General form of the crisis

Aesthetic Financial Political

Signifiers decline away from signifieds

Page 32: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

General form of the crisis

Aesthetic Financial Political

Signifiers decline away from signifieds

Representations become autonomous

Page 33: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

General form of the crisis

Aesthetic Financial Political

Signifiers decline away from signifieds

Representations become autonomous

Alienation of powers; loss of human autonomy

Page 34: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Crises

• “La critique de l’art n’est l’extension de la critique de l’Etat et de la religion : dans tous les cas, c’est la puissance de création sociale qui est confisquée à la société, mouvement de confiscation à la faveur duquel se dégage une caste parasitaire qui s’ en attribue le contrôle, et finit par utiliser cette puissance contre la société, c’est-à-dire contre elle-même.”

— Alain Pessin

Page 35: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Crises

• “Comme l’Etat, comme la religion, l’art, révélateur incomparable de la dynamique vitale elle-même, échappe à la vie commune pour se figer en des institutions négatrices de la vie. Il est aisé d’en conclure que la destruction de l’art institué constitue le préalable à la libération de l’art, c’est-à-dire à sa resocialisation, sa revitalisation par la spontanéité collective.”

— Alain Pessin

Page 36: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Proudhon’s response

Aesthetic

Re-situate art within its social context

social art

Page 37: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Proudhon’s response

Page 38: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Proudhon’s response

Page 39: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Proudhon’s response

Financial

Producers circulate use-values directly among themselves

mutualism

Page 40: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Direct exchange

chairs

wine

Paris

makes chairsneeds wine

Bordeaux

needs chairsmakes wine

Page 41: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Direct exchange impossible

??

??

Paris

makes chairsneeds wine

Bordeaux

needs calicomakes wine

Page 42: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Paris

makes chairsneeds wine

Bordeaux

needs calicomakes wine

makes caliconeeds chairs

Mulhouse

Indirect exchange – via money

$$ch

airs

Page 43: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Paris

makes chairsneeds wine

Bordeaux

needs calicomakes wine

makes caliconeeds chairs

Mulhouse

Indirect exchange – via money

$$

wine

Page 44: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Paris

makes chairsneeds wine

Bordeaux

needs calicomakes wine

makes caliconeeds chairs

Mulhouse

Indirect exchange – via money

$$

calico

Page 45: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Paris

makes chairsneeds wine

Bordeaux

needs calicomakes wine

makes caliconeeds chairs

Mulhouse

Indirect exchange – via money

$$ $$

$$

calicoch

airs

wine

Page 46: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Paris

makes chairsneeds wine

Bordeaux

needs calicomakes wine

makes caliconeeds chairs

Mulhouse

Indirect exchange via money impossible

$$ $$

$$

calicoch

airs

wine

Page 47: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Paris

makes chairsneeds wine

Bordeaux

needs calicomakes wine

makes caliconeeds chairs

Mulhouse

Indirect exchange – moneyless

calico

wine

chairs

Page 48: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Paris

makes chairsneeds wine

Bordeaux

needs calicomakes wine

makes caliconeeds chairs

Mulhouse

chairs

calico

wine

Indirect exchange – moneyless

BANQUE DU PEUPLE

Page 49: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3
Page 50: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3
Page 51: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Proudhon’s response

Political

Replace the constituted with

constituent power

anarchy

Page 52: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Proudhon’s response

Page 53: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Proudhon’s response

Aesthetic Financial Political

Re-situate art within its social context

Producers circulate use-values directly among themselves

Replace the constituted with

constituent power

social art mutualism anarchy

Page 54: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Proudhon’s response

Aesthetic Financial Political

Return alienated powers

to their source in life

Page 55: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Representing crises: Benjamin with Proudhon

Page 56: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Representing crises: Benjamin with Proudhon

“The tradition of the oppressed teaches us that the ‘state of emergency’ in which we live is not the exception but the rule.”

Page 57: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Representing crises: Benjamin with Proudhon

“That things are ‘status quo’ is the catastrophe.”

Page 58: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Representing crises: Benjamin with Proudhon

Page 59: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Representing crises: Benjamin with Proudhon

“Nous ne pouvons vivre dans cette barbarie; il faut nous en relever à tout prix […] Ce sont d’autres moyens à employer, d’autres formes à créer, d’autres agencements à imaginer.”

Page 60: Proudhon’s Three Crises V3

Representing crises: Benjamin with Proudhon

“There are other means to employ, other forms to create, other arrangements to imagine.”

“That things are ‘status quo’ is the catastrophe.”

“The tradition of the oppressed teaches us that the ‘state of emergency’ in which we live is not the exception but the rule.”