PROJECT REPORT ON ABSETISSM

8/8/2019 PROJECT REPORT ON ABSETISSM

1/80

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TRAAB^ ]ÎJKJKL ^BWO^]OK

IKI@ZTJT ( DOK]Ô@ OHINTBK]BBJTAJK

IYRIAI@@ \I]B^ TO@R]JOKT, MBCÎMRK

TRNAJ]]BM ]O R]]ÎFCIKM ]BDCKJDI@ RKJXB^TJ]Z

JK WI^]JI@ HR@HJ@ABK] OHAIT]B^ OH NRTJKBTT IMAJKJT]Î]JOK

#>77:!>799*

TRNAJ]]BM NZÔCJ] FRAI^

A+N+I #JJJ TBABT]B^*

#>77:!>799*

BS]B^KI@ LRJMB JK]^KI@ LRJMB

A~+ îebkmi~ Tjklc, A~+ ^jkfj îki#C^ Cbim *, #@bd}r~b~ ANI*Mbc~imrk

]R@IT JKT]J]R]B OH BKLJKBB^JKL ( AIKILBABK]

#Iww~oxbm nz IJD]B, C^M Ajkjt}~z*

Z O R ^ M B T ] J K I ] J O K H O ^ \ I ] B ^ T O @ R ] J O K T


2/80

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3/80

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4

DB^]JHJDI]B JJ

]cjt jt }o db~}jhz }ci} iho~btijm dikmjmi}b oh ANI oh }cb ]R@IT Jkt}j}r}b oh

}bdckoòlz cixb ti}jthid}o~j`z doaw`b}bm }cb w~oebd} ~bwo~} ok }cb }owjd

IKI@ZTJT ( DOK]Ô@ OH INTBK]BBJTA Jk IYRIAI@@\I]B^ TO@R]JOKT, MBCÎMRK it wb~ }cb ~r`b oh

R]]IÎFCIKM ]BDCKJDI@ RKJXB^TJ]Z, MBCIÎMRK jk

}cb idimbajd tbttjok >773!>797+]cjt ~bwo~} jt ik ir}cbk}jd ~bdo~m oh cjt |o~f,

di~~jbm or} rkmb~ az trwb~xjtjok

]cb wb~ho~aikdb |it ti}jthid}o~z mr~jkl }cb mbxbòwabk} oh }cb w~oebd}+

Jk}b~ki` hidr`}z lrjmb5

Ajtt ^jkfj îki

#T~+@bd}r~b~*

]rìt Jkt}j}r}b Mbc~imrk


4/80

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IDFKO\@BMLABK] JJJ

Hj~t} oh i`` J ia ôcj} Frai~ xb~z ardc }cikfhr` }o }cb R}}~ifcikm

]bdckjdi` Rkjxb~tj}z ho~ o~likjujkl trdc i W~ol~iaabt jkd`rmjkl

A+N+I #|cjdc J cixb dcotbk*+ Hr~}cb~ }cikft }o }cba ho~ bs}bkmjkl cbowwo~}rkj}z }o trnaj} }cjt W~oebd} ^bwo~}+

]cb Kbs} }cikf lobt }o }cb O~likjui}jok kiab`z A/t Iyriai`` \i}b~

To`r}jokt @}m+, #I trntjmji~z Doawikz oh Br~bfi Ho~nbt @}m+* }o i`ò|

ab ho~ w~bwi~jkl }cjt w~oebd} ~bwo~} ok }cbj~ #IKI@ZTJT ( DOK]Ô@

OH INTBK]BBJTA*+ ]cb d~bmj} lobt }o }cb Mj~bd}o~ ikm D+B+O+ oh }cb

O~likjui}jok kiab`z A~+ Xjeiz Frai~ îaik W+ ho~ wb~aj}}jkl }cb

tiab+ Aikz }cikf }o cja ho~ cjt xi`rin`b lrjmikdb ikm trwwo~} ok }cb

trnebd}+ J ia i`to }cikfhr` }o A~+Ncil|i}j W~itim #Ohhjdb~ C+^+*, |cocit w~oxjmbm ò} oh wco}ol~iwct ikm ai}b~ji` ok IKI@ZTJT (

DOK]Ô@ OH INTBK]BBJTA ho~ }cb doawikz+ I`to xb~z }cikft }o

A~+ îebkmi~ Tjklc, #C^ Cbim* |co cit bsiajkbm az W~oebd} ^bwo~}ikm jttrbm }cb db~}jhjdi}b ho~ }cb tiab+

]cikf zor

#ÔCJ] FRAI^*

Z O R ^ M B T ] J K I ] J O K H O ^ \ I ] B ^ T O @ R ] J


5/80

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2

W^BHIDB JX

D`itt~ooa }bidcjkl cb`wt }cb t}rmbk}t nz aifjkl dokdbw}ri`

nitb d`bi~, nr} ok }cb eon }~ijkjkl jt }cb w~id}jdi` |iz, |cjdc

cb`wt }cb t}rmbk}t }o lb} }cb w~id}jdi` fko|`bmlb oh }cb dokdbw}+

Ko~ai``z }cb t}rmbk}t i~b ko} i|i~b oh id}ri` ~byrj~babk} jk

}cb w~id}jdi` hjb`m fbbwjkl jk xjb| }cjt hid}, i tzt}ba oh

jkmrt}~ji` }~ijkjkl jt cit nbbk bt}in`jtcbm }o aifb }cb t}rmbk}t

i|i~b oh id}ri``z mjhhjdr`}jbt }ci} doab jk }cb |iz oh w~id}jdi`

hjb`m, |cjdc jt ko} }irlc} jk }cb dor~tb oh }cbj~ bmrdi}jok+

Jkmrt}~ji` }~ijkjkl i} Iyriai`` \i}b~ To`r}jok @jaj}bm cit

ljxbk ab i l~bi} bswb~jbkdb+ J |it ~byrj~bm }o w~bwi~b i }~ijkjkl

~bwo~} ok }cb }owjd oh I T}rmz oh Intbk}bbjta ok Iyriai``

\i}b~ To`r}jok @jaj}bm+ ]cb Craik ^btor~db mbwi~}abk} oh

}cb ohhjdb cit cb`wbm ab `o} }o w~bwi~b }cjt w~oebd} ~bwo~}+

Z O R ^ M B T ] J K I ] J O K H O ^ \ I ] B ^ T O @ R


6/80

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8

DOK]BK]T X

Db~}jhjdi}b h~oa DoawikzJ

Db~}jhjdi}b h~oa Jk}b~ki` LrjmbJJ

Idfko|`bmlbabk}JJJW~bhidb++JX

Dok}bk}tX

ABIKJKL OH WÔEBD]9!>

DOAWIKZ WÔHJ@B+4!>8

WÔHJ@B

DOAWIKZT XJTJOK DOAWIKZT LOI@ DCI@@BKLBT DO^B XI@RBT \O^F DR@]R^B DOAWIKZT XI@RBT IKM NB@JBHT \B@HI^B ID]JXJ]JBT I\T Wìk} i} Mbc~imrk NÎKMT

INTBK]BBJTA DOK]Ô@ ( IKIZTJT>8!29

ABIKJKL OH INTBK]BBJTA ]ZWBT OH INTBK]BBJTA DIRTBT OH INTBK]BBJTA DI]BLO^JBT OH INTBK]BBJTA ABITR^BT ]O AJKJAJUB INTBK]BBJTA ]CB NÎMHO^M HID]O^

z JAW@BABK]JKL ]CB NÎMHO^M HID]O^ WÎD]JDI@ LRJMB@JKBT HO^ DOK]Ô@@JKL INTBKTB T]I]BABK] OH WÔN@BA ^BXJB\

Z O R ^ M B T ] J K I ] J O K H O ^ \ I ] B ^ T O @ R ] J O K T


7/80

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8/80

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3

Z O R ^ M B T ] J K I ] J O K H O ^ \ I ] B ^ T O @ R


9/80

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:

ABIKJKL OH ]CB WÔEBD]

]cb |o~m w~oebd} cit i l~bi} jawo~}ikdb jk }cb mbxbòwabk} oh }cb kb|

}cjklt o~ jmbi o~ }bdckjyrbt+ ]cb jawo~}ikdb oh }cjt |o~f nbdoabttwbdjhjd ho~ }cb idimbajd wr~wotbt+ \cbk }cb t}rmz jt inor}

aikilbabk} }cbk j} nbdoabt ao~b twbdjhjd+ Bxbk i tjkl`b i`wcinb} oh

}cjt ~bw~btbk}t }cb wcitb oh aikilbabk}+

W!!! ]cjt jaw`jbt ho~ }cb wìkkjkl wìkkjkl ljxbt }cb h~iab|o~f oh

hr}r~b+ Co| |j`` j} }ifb t}bwt jk hr}r~b? J} jt w~bmb}b~ajkbm w~odbmr~b

inor} }cb hr}r~b |o~f+

^!!!! ]cjt jaw`jbt ho~ }cb ^btor~dbt o~ }cb ixijìn`b abikt }c~orlc|cjdc |b |j`` lo cbim+ ^btor~dbt cixb }cbj~ o|k ~o`b jk }cbmbxbòwabk} oh ikz o~likjui}jok+

O!!!! J} jaw`jbt ho~ }cb owb~i}jok o~ }cb bsjt}jkl o~ imow}bm tbyrbk}ji`

w~odbmr~b+

E!!!! ]cjt ljxbt eojk} bhho~} |cjdc mj~bd}`z jkmjdi}bm }o|i~mt }cb

doo~mjki}jok o~ }bia|o~f+

B!!!! J} abikt }o Bhhbd}jxbkbtt bxb~z itwbd} oh }cb w~oebd} tcor`m nbbhhbd}jxb+

D!!!! J} abikt }o Do``bd}+ ]ci} jt }o n~jkl }olb}cb~ i`` }cb ~b`bxik}

}cjklt, |cjdc i~b kbdbtti~z }o aifb ikz w~oebd} bhhbd}jxb+

]!!!! ]cjt jaw`jbt ho~ ]bdckjyrbt |j}cor} i kb| o~ mbxbòwbm

}bdckjyrb ik o~likjui}jok dik} doawb}b jk }cjt cjlc`z dcikljkl

bkxj~okabk}+

To, jh |b |ik} }o doaw`b}b }cb w~oebd} trddbtthr``z |b tcor`m fbbw

i`` }cb abikjklt oh w~oebd} jk or~ ajkm+

Z O R ^ M B T ] J K I ] J O K H O ^ \ I ] B ^ T O @ R ]


10/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

97



11/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

99

\b tci`` idcjbxb l~o|}c nz dok}jkrort`z ohhb~jkl rkjyrb w~omrd}t ikm tb~xjdbt}ci} |or`m ljxb drt}oab~t r}aot} ti}jthid}jok ikm }cb~bnz nb i ~o`b aomb`

W~ohj`b

Dciw}b~ 9

Inor} }cb O~likjui}jok

A/t Iyriai`` \i}b~ To`r}jokt @}m+ jt i aikrhid}r~jkl Mjxjtjok oh

Br~bfi Ho~nbt @jaj}bm+ ]cb Doawikz jt aikrhid}r~b~ oh \i}b~Wr~jhjb~t jk }cb n~ikm kiab oh IYRILRI^M+ ]cb doawikz |ito~jljki``z |it bt}in`jtcbm jk }cb zbi~ 9:37 jk kiab oh I+ W+Jkmrt}~ji` Doawokbk}t W~jxi}b @jaj}bm #IWJD* i} Czmb~inim+ ]cbdoawikz doaabkdbm w~omrd}jok oh \i}b~ Hj`}b~!dra!Wr~jhjb~tjk9:39+

Jk bi~`z 9:34, IWJD nbdiab i |co``z o|kbm trntjmji~z oh Br~bfi

Ho~nbt @jaj}bm, i trntjmji~z oh Ho~nbt Lofif @jaj}bm+ J} nbdiabi mbbabm Wrn`jd @jaj}bm Doawikz jk Mbdbanb~ 9:32+ IWJD, }cb|o~`mt `i~lbt} w~omrdb~ oh RX nitbm \i}b~ Hj`}b~!dra!Wr~jhjb~t,|it ~bdc~jt}bkbm Iyriai`` \i}b~ To`r}jokt @jaj}bm ok >7}c Ai~dc>77>+

9+9 ! Aikrhid}r~jkl Hidj`j}jbt5


Z O R ^ M B T ] J K I ] J O K H O ^ \ I ] B ^ T O @ R ] J


12/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

9>

Iyriai``, dr~~bk}`z, cit }c~bb JTO :7795>777 ( JTO 9=779db~}jhjbm T}i}b!oh!}cb!I~} aikrhid}r~jkl hidj`j}jbt+ \j}c j}t~bljt}b~bm ohhjdb i} Czmb~inim, }cb hj~t} Iyriai`` hid}o~z |it tb}

rw i} Tiki}ckili~, Czmb~inim+ ]cb tbdokm hid}o~z |itbt}in`jtcbm, it i wi~} oh }cb bswiktjok w~ol~iaab, it i wi~} oh}cb bswiktjok w~ol~iaab, jk Ncja}i` kbi~ Kijkj}i` mjt}~jd} jk R}}i~W~imbtc jk 9:3:!:7, }o aikrhid}r~b \i}b~ Hj`}b~!dra!Wr~jhjb~t,\i}b~ Hj`}b~ Di~}~jmlbt, H`bsjn`b Hoom L~imb Wjwbt/]rnbt ikm\i}b~ ]bt}jkl Fj}t+

]o abb} }cb l~o|jkl mbaikm jk }cb ai~fb} ikm }o mbxbòw kb|w~omrd}t jk }cb hjb`m oh |i}b~ wr~jhjdi}jok, Iyriai`` bt}in`jtcbm i

}cj~m hid}o~z i} Noaaitikm~i, Nikliò~b jk 9::

Hr~}cb~ }o di}b~ }cb mbaikm oh bit}b~k ~bljok, okb hid}o~z |itbt}in`jtcbm jk Ablciìzi kbi~ Lo|ci}j jk }cb zbi~ >77> jk }cb

kiab oh Ho~nbt Iyriai`` @}m+ Mrb }o trmmbk hj~b jk Aiz >77=,}cb Czmb~inim hid}o~z |it }o}i``z bscirt}bm cbkdb }cb owb~i}jok|it ko} wottjn`b }cb~b+ ]cb~bho~b, }cb owb~i}jok |it tcjh}bm jk }cbZbi~ >772 }o Nimmj #Kbi~ Dcikmjli~c*+

Ih}b~ trdc kb}|o~f ikm hr~}cb~ mbaikm oh w~omrd}t, j} |it hb`} nz}cb aikilbabk} }o bt}in`jtc okb ao~b hid}o~z jk ko~}cb~k~bljokt+ Doktjmb~jkl }cb tiab, i xb~z crlb hid}o~z jt bt}in`jtcbm

jk @i`]iwwi~ Jkmrt}~ji` I~bi jk Mjt}~jd} Mbc~imrk+ ]cjt hid}o~zdiab jk}o }cb owb~i}jok jk Koxbanb~, >77< jk owb~i}jok+ ]cbhid}o~z nrj`mjkl jt cixjkl inor} 4 id~bt oh ìkm ikm }cb nrj`mjkl jt~bi``z t}i}b oh i~} nrj`}+ ]cb Do~wo~i}b ohhjdb ho~ i`` òdi}jokt j+b+Ncja}i`, Nimmj, Niklò~b, Ablciìzi ikm Ncja}i` jt i`to tcjh}bmh~oa Czmb~inim }o Mbcb~imrk+

9+> ! ]cb o~likjui}jok t}~rd}r~b


13/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

94

]cb o~likjui}jok t}~rd}r~b i} do~wo~i}b `bxb` it |b`` it Mbc~imrkhid}o~z jt abk}jokbm nb`o|5

]cb nomz T}~rd}r~b oh iyriai`` |i}b~

To`r}jokt `}m


14/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

9=

9797

Iyriai`` \i}b~ To`r}jokt @}m, Mbc~imrk ! O~likjti}jok

T}~rd}r~b

Itt} Aikilb~ I/Dt

Itt}+ Aikilb~ !

Ai}b~ji`tE~+ Trwb~!I/D

T~+ Trw T}o~btT~+ Trw+ I Y

A~+ Aikjtc

T~+ Trwb~!I/D

Itt}}+ Aikilb~ ! YI

Kbb~ie F~+ Tci~ai

LB]

Itt}+ T}o~bt

T~+ Bkl Ahl

T~+Al~ Ahl

Itt}+ ! Ahl

Bkljkbb~ !

Aijk}bkikdb

Ohhjdb~ C^

^bdbw}jokjt}

]~ijkbb

LB] ! L~imri}b Bkljkbb~

]~ijkbb

9:9:]o}i`]o}i`

9292KokKok!!Aikilbabk}Aikilbabk}

T}ihhT}ihh

44Aikilbabk} T}ihhAikilbabk} T}ihh

#; Itt}+ Aikilb~*#; Itt}+ Aikilb~*

99Rkj} Cbim ( CbimRkj} Cbim ( Cbim

AhlAhl

Dcjbh Bsbdr}jxb Ohhjdb~XJEIZ FRAI^ ^IAIK W+

Rkj} Cbim

Itt} Ohhjdb~

E~ Trw+ T}o~btT~+ Trw !

Ahl


15/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

92

33

Or ~ W~o m rd }t Or ~ W~o m r d } Or~ W~o m r d } tt

\b w~omrdb i ì~lb kranb~ oh \i}b~ Wr~jhjb~

dra doo`b~# Mb!wo``r}jkl Byrjwabk} * \b i`to w~omrdb i ì~lb ko Xidrra D`bikb~

\b w~omrdb i ì~lb kranb~ oh \i}b~ Wr~jhjb~\b w~omrdb i ì~lb kranb~ oh \i}b~ Wr~jhjb~

dra doo`b~# Mbdra doo`b~# Mb!!wo``r}jkl Byrjwabk} *wo``r}jkl Byrjwabk} * \b i`to w~omrdb i ì~lb ko Xidrra D`bikb~\b i`to w~omrdb i ì~lb ko Xidrra D`bikb~


16/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

98

9+4 ! I ]~idf ^bdo~m oh ]~rt}Iyriai`` cit to`m oxb~4 aj``jok |i}b~ wr~jhjb~t jk Jkmji, ti}jthzjkl }cb

|i}b~ kbbmt oh oxb~ 92 aj``jok wbow`b+ Aot} oh j}t w~omrd}t i~b JTJ

db~}jhjbm+

Nbtjmbt bt}in`jtcjkl i crlb w~btbkdb jk Jkmji, }cb doawikz bswo~}t }o

o}cb~ TII^D dork}~jbt, }cb Ajmm`b Bit} ikm Ih~jdi+ I twbdji``ikmai~f jk j}t cjt}o~z cit nbbk }cb bswo~} oh 987 RX wr~jhjb~t }o }cb

Rkj}bm T}i}bt oh Iab~jdi+

9+= ! ]cb W~omrd}t

::


17/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

9


18/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

93

>77> ti| }cb ìrkdc oh }cb Iyrilri~m j!Koxi, i |i}b~ wr~jhjb~ ho~ }cb

Jk}b~kb} ilb+

Nbtjmbt j}t t`bbf òoft, }cb J!Koxi doabt |j}c i Ajd~o Dok}~o``b~ Tdik

Tzt}ba o~ i ajkj n~ijk }ci} dokt}ik}`z aokj}o~t }cb b`bd}~okjdt oh }cb

wr~jhjb~ ikm mb}bd}t |cbk j} kbbmt i}}bk}jok+ J} cit i w~oxjtjok }o i`b~} }cb

tb~xjdb dbk}~b }c~orlc }cb bsjt}jkl wcokb `jkb+ I }bdckjdjik jt jkho~abm

ikm cb jt tbk} }o jktwbd} }cb tzt}ba, }crt tixjkl no}c }jab ikm bkb~lz+

Xb~z hr}r~jt}jd, }cb j!Koxi cit i ajd~o!dcjw }ci} }b``t jk imxikdb inor}

}cb kbbm }o ~bwìdb }cb tbmjabk} hj`}b~, id}jxi}bm di~nok nòdf o~ RX

ìaw, di``bm }cb Jk}b``jlbkdb Yro}jbk} I`b~} Tzt}ba o~ }cb JYI, }cjt

bkin`bt okb }o di`` i tb~xjdb ~bw~btbk}i}jxb icbim oh tdcbmr`b to }ci} cb

jt ittr~bm oh tihb m~jkfjkl |i}b~ i`` }cb }jab+

]cb Ho~nbt IyrihòMbtjlki, }cb b`blik} RX wr~jhjb~, |it i`to

jk}~omrdbm jk >77>+ ]cb t}z`jtc 4!t}ilb |i}b~ wr~jhjb~ dik nb wìdbm

dokxbkjbk}`z ok }cb dork}b~ o~ aork}bm ok }cb |i``+ Doaw`babk}jkl

}cb ~bhjkbm }it}b ho~ tihb m~jkfjkl |i}b~, }cb Mbtjlki cit i twbdji` mri`

hj`}b~ di~}~jmlb |cjdc ~baoxbt trtwbkmbm jawr~j}jbt, omor~, nid}b~ji ikm

xj~rtbt+

]CB EOR^KBZ ]O\I^MT TRDDBTT#Aj`b T}okbt*

9:3= Jk}~omrdbm }cb hj~t} RX nitbm \i}b~ Wr~jhjb~ jk Jkmji


19/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

9:

Iyrilri~m

9:33 Jk}~omrdbm }cb jk!nrj`} Xo`}ilb t}inj`jub~ }o }jmb oxb~ xo`}ilbh`rd}ri}jokt+

9::> Jk}~omrdbm tj`xb~!jaw~blki}bm di~nok }o dcbdf nid}b~ji`l~o|}c

9::4 Jk}~omrdbm }cb Wo`zw~owz`bkb dikm`b it }cb w~b!hj`}b~ dikm`b

9::= Jk}~omrdbm Iyrilri~m |j}c cjlc hò|!~i}b *4 9/ajk* ho~jkt}j}r}jokt

9::2 @irkdcbm Wraw aomb` ho~ i~bit |j}cor} ~rkkjkl |i}b~

9::2 Jk}~omrdbm Doo`b~!dra!Wr~jhjb~ ho~ jkt}j}r}joki` drt}oab~t

9::8Jk}~omrdbm kb| aomb` |j}c cjlcb~ hò|!~i}b oh 979/ajk ho~

ohhjdbt ikm jkt}j}r}jokt

9::777 Jk}~omrdbm }cb aot} imxikdbm RX |i}b~ wr~jhjb~ |j}cjaw~oxbm hj`}~i}jok, nb}}b~ hò| ikm ik ir}o!h`rtc tzt}ba

Koxi+ I`to hbi}r~bt }cb ajd~odcjw nitbm tzt}ba JYI

Jk}b``jlbk} I`b~} tzt}ba

>779 Jk}~omrdbm ~btjk nitbm wr~jhjb~, Iyriwo|b~ ikm 4!jk!9t}o~ilb wr~jhjb~t ho~ }cb ò|!bkm ai~fb}

>77> @irkdcbm }cb hj~t} RX nitbm |i}b~ wr~jhjb~ |j}c ADT o~ }cbajkj!n~ijk J!Koxi, jk Jkmji+ I`to jk}~omrdbm i kb| t`bbf RXwr~jhjb~ Mbtjlki

>77= Tb}}jkl oh Kb| @odi}jok i} Nimmj

>772 @ikm Wr~dcitbm ho~ Kb| @odi}jok i} Mbc~imrk


20/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

>7

>778 NcooajWooeik i} Mbc~imrk

>77773Mbc~imrk Hid}o~z Imajkjt}~i}jxb`z doaw`b}bm

>77: Eik+ \o~k }cb Lo`mbk Wbidodf I|i~m ho~ Iyrilri~m ]o}i` Tbkti


21/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

>9

9+8! Hjkikdji` T}i}rtOxb~ }cb wit} mbdimb, }cb doawikz cit nbbk l~o|jkl dokt}ik}`z i} i

doaworkmbm ~i}b oh 92"+ Iyriai`` wot}bm i }r~koxb~ oh }cb zbi~>773

oxb~ ^t+>89:3>>72 ìfct ikm }cb kb} w~ohj} ih}b~ }is ^t+94=3:+

Ai~dc 49t}>773+

9+ < ! ]cb Hr}r~bIyriai`` jt mbxbòwjkl kb| |i}b~ to`r}jokt, |cjdc i~b dr~~bk}`z nbjkl

}bt}bm+ ]cbtb jkd`rmb |i}b~ wr~jhjb~t nitbm ok ^bxb~tb Otaotjt

}bdckoòlz+ I`to ok }cb ikxj` i~b i~tbkjd ikm `bim ~baoxi` tzt}bat+

Hjxb!t}ilb wr~jhjb~t jkd`rmjkl co} ikm do`m |i}b~ mjtwbktb~ |j`` i`to nb

jk}~omrdbm took+

]crt, }cb yrbt} ho~ bsdb``bkdb dok}jkrbt+ ]cb wìkt ho~ jk}~omrdjkl kb|

w~omrd}t ikm to`r}jokt ho~ ti}jthzjkl }cb m~jkfjkl |i}b~ kbbmt oh }cb

wbow`b |j`` tbb ~btr`}t jk }cb doajkl mizt+

Br~bfi Ho~nbt @jaj}bm #BH@* jt jk }cb nrtjkbtt ohCbi`}c, Czljbkb ikm

Tbdr~j}z+ BH@ ai~fb}t Xidrra D`bikb~t, \i}b~ Wr~jhjb~t, Ij~

Wr~jhjb~t ikm Tbdr~j}z Tzt}bat+

\i}b~ Wr~jhjb~t i~b aikrhid}r~bm nz j}t 977" o|k trntjmji~z Iyriai``

\i}b~ To`r}jokt @jaj}bm ikm w~odr~bt Xidrra D`bikb~t h~oa HI@

Ho~nbt L~orw+

BH@ jt }cb Itji ì~lbt} w~omrd} tb``jkl Doawikz |j}c ao~b }cik =,277

drt}oab~t twbdji`jt}t+ BH@ ai~fb}t Iyrilri~m n~ikm |i}b~ wr~jhjb~t

i~b |o~`m ì~lbt} moabt}jd RX nitbm wr~jhjb~ tzt}bat+

Drt}oab~t twbdji`jt}t oh or~ Doawikz lo or} ikm abb} jkmjxjmri`drt}oab~t ikm tb`` }cb w~omrd}+ Cbkdb, j} |or`m nb mjhhjdr`} }o jmbk}jhz

ì~lb drt}oab~t it |b cixb ao~b }cik =777 drt}oab~t doajkl jk}o }cb

drt}oab~t `jt} bxb~z zbi~+


22/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

>>

9+3 ! Inor} C ^ W~id}jdbt

A/t Iyriai`` \i}b~ To`r}jokt @}m+, nb`jbxb jk nbt} C ^ W~id}jdb ikm

cixb iww~oxbm C ^ Aikri` ho~ C ^ Wo`jdjbt ikm w~id}jdbt+ ]cb doawikzi`to nb`jbxbt jk Craik Diwj}i` Mbxbòwabk}+ Cbkdb, ~blrì~`z o~likjub

]~ijkjkl W~ol~iaabt+ ]cb Jkmrd}jok Aomr`b ho~ Kb| Eojkbbt jt rkjyrb

okb+ Bxb~z bawòzbb jk }cb l~imb oh Itt}}+ Aikilb~ ikm inoxb jt wr} ho~

inor} 92 mizt rkmb~ jkmrd}jok ikm mbwr}bm }o i`` òdi}jokt ho~ }~ijkjklikm hiaj`ji~jui}jok+ ]cb bawòzbbt nbò| }cb l~imb oh Itt}}+ Aikilb~

i~b wr} rkmb~ o~jbk}i}jok w~ol~iaab jk }cb ~bì}bm ohhjdb o~ hid}o~z

dokdb~kbm+

]cb ho`ò|jkl i~b hb| aieo~ C ^ Wo`jdjbt oh }cb o~likjui}jok

NCi~mtcjw @oik5NCortjkl @oik5N]|o!\cbb`b~5NDi~ #Hor~ \cbb`b~* @oik5NWo`jdz ok Hjkikdji` Ittjt}ikdb }o Bawòzbbt ho~ Cjlcb~ Bmrdi}jok5NO|k Zor~ Doawr}b~ Tdcbab5NO|k Zor~ Di~ Tdcbab ho~ Aikilbabk} T}ihh5NTdcbab ho~ w~oxjtjok oh Hr~kj}r~b / Byrjwabk} }o Aikiljkl T}ihh5N@ikm @jkb ]b`bwcokb Bswbktbt ^bjanr~tbabk}5NWo`jdz ok Aonj`b Wcokb ^bjanr~tbabk}5NL~orw Abmjd @jia Wo`jdz5NCo`jmizjkl Hidj`j}jbtNBr~o \cju ^bdolkj}jok ho~ ]ow Idimbajd Wb~ho~ab~t iaokl

Dcj`m~bk oh Iyri dciawt5


23/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

>4

Onebd}jxbt5!z ]o ~b|i~m or}t}ikmjkl idimbajd wb~ho~aikdb nz dcj`m~bk oh Iyri

dciawt+

z

]o d~bi}b i hbb`jkl oh nbòkljkl / to`jmi~j}z iaoklt} i`` bawòzbbt}o|i~mt }cb o~likjui}jok+

z ]o lbkb~i}b i hbb`jkl oh jkxo`xbabk} |j}c }cb bk}j~b hiaj`z oh }cbIyri dciaw+

B`jljnj`j}z5 Dcj`m~bk oh i`` Wb~aikbk} bawòzbbt jk Iyriai``+

Lrjmb`jkbt5

z ]cb i|i~m |j`` nb iww`jdin`b }o dcj`m~bk oh bawòzbbt t}rmzjkl jkDìtt J }o Dìtt SJJ+

z ]cb dcj`m tcor`m cixb tbdr~bm i ajkjara tdo~b oh 37" jk }cbhjki` bsiajki}jok dokmrd}bm nz i ~bdolkjubm tdcoo` / do``blb /

rkjxb~tj}z+

z ]cb jkt}j}r}jok dokmrd}jkl }cb bsiajki}jok tcor`m nb ik Jkmjikbt}in`jtcabk}+

z ]cb i|i~m |j`` ko} nb iww`jdin`b }o dcj`m~bk oh bawòzbbtwr~trjkl bmrdi}joki` dor~tbt }c~orlc do~~btwokmbkdb+

z ]cb i|i~m jt ~bt}~jd}bm }o > dcj`m~bk wb~ bawòzbb+

W~odbmr~b5 Ik Bawòzbb |cotb dcj`m hr`hj``t }cb inoxb d~j}b~ji tcor`m

ho`ò| }cb w~odbmr~b it or}`jkbm nbò|

z Aifb i ho~ai` iww`jdi}jok }o }cb COM Craik ^btor~dbt }c~orlc}cb Rkj} Cbim / Hrkd}joki` Cbim it }cb ditb aiznb+

z ]cb ai~f tcbb} o~ ~bwo~} di~m jk o~jljki` }olb}cb~ |j}c i dowz tcor`middoawikz }cb iww`jdi}jok+ Jk ditb }cb o~jljki` cit nbbk trnaj}}bm }o

}cb do``blb / jkt}j}r}b ho~ imajttjok, i wco}odowz oh }cb tiab, mr`z

i}}bt}bm nz }cb w~jkdjwi` oh }cb bmrdi}joki` bt}in`jtcabk} mbdì~jkl

}cb ~btr`}t, tcor`m iddoawikz }cb iww`jdi}jok+


24/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

>=

z ]cb COM Craik ^btor~dbt |j`` xb~jhz }cb dowz oh }cb ai~f tcbb} /~bwo~} di~mt ilijkt} }cb o~jljki` ikm mr`z i}}bt} j} it nbjkl i }~rb dowz+

z ]cb iww`jdi}jok iòkl |j}c }cb dowz oh }cb ~bwo~} / ai~f tcbb} |j``

}cbk nb ho~|i~mbm }o }cb Do~wo~i}b C^ mbwi~}abk}+

z Jk ditb ik iww`jdi}jok abb}t i`` }cb d~j}b~ji ìjm mo|k, }cb Do~wo~i}bC^ mbwi~}abk} |j`` i~~iklb }o ~b`bitb }cb i|i~m }olb}cb~ |j}c i

dokl~i}rì}o~z `b}}b~ tjlkbm nz DBO+

I|i~m5

]cb doawikz |j`` mjt}~jnr}b }cb ho`ò|jkl Ditc I|i~mt ho~ab~j}o~jort idimbajd wb~ho~aikdb5

Dìtt Iaork}

9 ! : ^t+ 9,777/!

97 ^t+ 4,777/!

99 ^t+ 9,777/!

9> ^t+ 2,777/!

z ]cb i|i~m |j`` ko} nb iww`jdin`b jk ditb oh trww`babk}i~z/ ajm!}b~absiajki}jokt+

z ]cb T}rmbk}t |co cixb nbbk mbtjlki}bm it Br~o \cju bidc zbi~ |j``~bdbjxb ik i|i~m it mb}ij`bm inoxb iòkl |j}c i dokl~i}rì}o~z `b}}b~

tjlkbm nz }cb Mj~bd}o~ ikm DBO+

NBr~o Lbkjb5


25/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

>2

I`` bawòzbbt id~ott i`` hid}o~jbt i~b bk}j}`bm }o }cb ho`ò|jkl nbkbhj}t5

Odditjok Ababk}o ^btwoktjnj`j}z

Ok \bmmjklIkkjxb~ti~z

L~bb}jkl Di~m (Difb

Hrkd}joki` Cbim /hid}o~z C^

Ok Nj~}cmizL~bb}jkl Di~m (

Difb

Hrkd}joki` Cbim /

hid}o~z C^

Ok \bmmjkl MizLjh} Iyrilri~m }o

}cb dorw`b

Hrkd}joki` Cbim /

hid}o~z C^

] I ^r`bt b}d+

9+ : ! @jt} oh Noi~m oh Mj~bd}o~t

9!A~+ T+ @ Lofìkbz Dcij~aik,>!A~+ W E ^bmmz Mj~bd}o~4!A~+ I X Tr~btc Mj~bd}o~

=!A~+ E K Jdcciwo~ji Mj~bd}o~2!A~+ Xjeiz Frai~ îaik W+ Mj~bd}o~ ( D+B+O+

P


26/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

>8

9+97 ! ]cb aikrhid}r~jkl òdi}jokt ikm }cbj~ imm~bttbt

T`+Ko+ @odi}jok Imm~btt ]b`bwcokb

Kranb~

9Mb`cjOhhjdb

I 2< /=, JJkm Hòo~,Ofcì Jkmrt}~ji` I~bi,Wcitb JJ, Kb| Mb`cj 997 7>7

79947339=8 Mbc~imrk@i`]iwwi~ Jkmrt}~jiÌ~bi, Aie~j L~ik},Mbc~imrk >=3 9=7

7942>=::989

4 Ncja}i`Cj`}~ok B`bd}~okjdDoaw`bs, Ai``j}i`,Njab}i` #Kijkj}i`* >84948

72:=>>=>=9!9>>, BWJW Wcitb J,

Eci~aie~j, Nimmj, Mjt}}+!Toìk #C+W+* 972

79 923

737>>849777

8 Ablciìzi:}c Aj`b L T ôim, Xj``+!Ni~jmri, Mjt}}+ ^j!ncoj,W+O+ Iab~jlol,Ablciìzi 4

7489>3:2922!2


28/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

>3

^BITOKT ]O DCOOTB ]CB WÔEBD]

\cbk J eojkbm }cb }~ijkjkl i} IYRIAI@@ \I]B^ TO@R]JOKT

@]M+J |it i`ò}}bm }cb w~oebd} oh INTBK]BBJTA+ Jkj}ji``z j}

iwwbi~bm }o ab yrj}b i tjaw`b w~oebd}, nr} it J t}i~}bm |o~fjkl ok j} ok`z

}cbk J rkmb~t}oom j}t ~bi` tjlkjhjdikdb+

J} jt oh}bk bitjb~ ho~ }cb o~likjui}jokt }o aifb i~~iklbabk} }o doxb~

t}ihh, |co i~b lojkl }o nb ohh ho~ òkl wb~jomt+ Co|bxb~, bawòzbbt

}ifjkl omm mizt ohh cb~b ikm }cb~b i~b ao~b w~on`bai}jd, dik cixb ik

jaabmji}b jawid}+

Jh ~baijk rkdcbdfbm, }cjt }zwb oh intbkdb dik tbkm or} }cb |~okl tjlki`t

}o do``bilrbt |co, jk toab eont, i~b `jfb`z }o cixb }o doxb~ ho~ }cotb

intbk}+ Jh bawòzb~t hij` }o }ifb id}jok, i nrlljkt }r~k abk}i`j}z aiz

bab~lb+ H~byrbk} intbkdb aiz cixb tb~jort ~bwb~drttjokt |cb~b t}ihh

i~b bawòzbm jk drt}oab~!hidjkl ~o`bt o~ bawòzbm ok w~omrd}jok `jkbt+

]cb jawid} oh intbkdb aiz nb aot} mj~bd}`z hb`} ikm }cb kbbm }o i~~iklb

doxb~ i} tco~} ko}jdb aiz nb wi~iaork}+

>+9Abikjkl5


29/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

>:

Bawòzbbt w~btbkdb i} }cb |o~f wìdb mr~jkl }cb tdcbmr`b }jab jt

cjlc`z bttbk}ji` ho~ }cb taoo}c ~rkkjkl oh }cb w~omrd}jok w~odbtt jk

wi~}jdrì~ ikm }cb o~likjui}jok jk lbkb~i`+ Mbtwj}b }cb tjlkjhjdikdb oh

w~btbkdb, bawòzbbt toab}jab hij` }o ~bwo~} }o }cb |o~f wìdb mr~jkl }cb

tdcbmr`bm }jab, |cjdc jt fko|k it Intbk}bbjta+

Iddo~mjkl }o WJDOI^T IKM AIZB^T5 Rkbswbd}bm intbkdb

mjt}r~nt }cb bhhjdjbkdz oh }cb l~orw it }cb eont i~b jk}b~ dokkbd}bm, jh okb

tjkl`b aik ~baijkt intbk} |j}cor} w~jo~ ko}jdb }cb |co`b owb~i}jok

w~odbtt jt mjt}~jnr}bm+ ]cjt Intbk}bbjta ~btr`}t jk w~omrd}jok òttbt

nbdirtb, mrb }o Intbk}bbjta, |o~fb~t dot} jkd~bitbt ikm }crt bhhjdjbkdz

oh owb~i}jokt jt ihhbd}bm+

Hbi}r~bt oh Intbk}bbjta5

^btbi~dc T}rmjbt rkmb~}ifbk nz mjhhb~bk} ir}co~t ~bxbi` }cb

ho`ò|jkl hbi}r~bt oh Intbk}bbjta

j+ ]cb ~i}b oh Intbk}bbjta jt }cb ò|bt} ok wiz miz6 j} jkd~bitbt

doktjmb~in`z ok }cb mizt ho`ò|jkl }cb wizabk} oh |ilbt ikm

nokrt+

jj+ Intbk}bbjta jt lbkb~i``z cjlc iaokl }cb |o~fb~t nbò| >2 zbi~t

oh ilb ikm }cotb inoxb =7 zbi~t oh ilb+

jjj+ ]cb ~i}b oh Intbk}bbjta xi~jbt h~oa mbwi~}abk} }o mbwi~}abk}

|j}cjk ik o~likjui}jok+

jx+ Intbk}bbjta jk }~imj}joki` jkmrt}~jbt jt tbitoki` jk dci~id}b~+

>+>]zwbt oh Intbk}bbjta


30/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

47

Intbk}bbjta jt oh hor~ }zwbt xju+

9+Ir}co~jubm Intbk}bbjta+

>+Rkir}co~jubm Intbk}bbjta+

4+\j``hr` Intbk}bbjta+

=+Intbk}bbjta dirtbm nz dj~drat}ikdbt nbzokm okbt dok}~o`+

9*Ir}co~jubm Intbk}bbjta

Jh ik bawòzbb intbk}t cjatb`h h~oa |o~f nz }ifjkl wb~ajttjok

h~oa trwb~jo~ ikm iww`zjkl ho~ `bixb, trdc Intbk}bbjta jt di``bm

ir}co~jubm Intbk}bbjta+

>* Rkir}co~jubm Intbk}bbjta

Jh ikz bawòzbb intbk}t cjatb`h h~oa |o~f |j}cor} jkho~ajkl o~

}ifjkl wb~ajttjok ikm |j}cor} iww`zjkl ho~ `bixb, trdc

intbk}bbjta jt di``bm Rkir}co~jubm Intbk}bbjta+

4* \j``hr` Intbk}bbjta

Jh ikz bawòzbb intbk}t cjatb`h h~oa mr}z |j``hr``z, trdc

Intbk}bbjta jt di``bm \j``hr` Intbk}bbjta+

=* Intbk}bbjta dirtbm nz dj~drat}ikdbt nbzokm okbt dok}~o`

Jh ikz bawòzbb intbk} cjatb`h h~oa mr}z o|jkl }o }cb

dj~drat}ikdbt nbzokm cjt dok}~o` `jfb jkxo`xbabk} jk iddjmbk}t

#o~* trmmbk tjdfkbtt, trdc intbk}bbjta jt di``bm Intbk}bbjta

dirtbm nz dj~drat}ikdbt nbzokm okbt dok}~o`+

Di`drì}jokt oh Intbk}bbjta ~i}b5


31/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

49

Intbk}bbjta dik nb di`drì}bm |j}c }cb cb`w oh }cb ho`ò|jkl

ho~arì+

Intbk}bbjta ~i}b 1 + Ko oh Aokmizt òt} s 977 +

Ko oh Aokmizt tdcbmr`bm }o |o~f

Intbk}bbjta ~i}b dik nb di`drì}bm ho~ mjhhb~bk} bawòzbbt ikm ho~

mjhhb~bk} }jab wb~jomt `jfb aok}c ( zbi~+

]cb h~byrbkdz ~i}b ~bh`bd}t }cb jkdjmbkdb oh intbkdb ikm jt rtri``z

bsw~bttbm it }cb ko oh tbwi~i}b intbkdb jk i ljxbk wb~jom, j~~btwbd}jxb

oh intbkdb+ ]cb h~byrbkdz ~i}b ~bw~btbk}t }cb ixb~ilb ko oh intbkdb

wb~ |o~fb~ jk i ljxbk wb~jom+

H~byrbkdz ~i}b1 }cb ko oh }jabt jk |cjdc }cb `bixb |it ixij`bm S 977

]o}i` ko oh Aokmizt tdcbmr`bt }o |o~f

Tbxb~j}z ~i}b5

Tbxb~j}z ~i}b jt }cb ixb~ilb `bkl}c oh }jab òt} wb~ intbkdb ikm jt

di`drì}bm nz rtjkl }cb ho`ò|jkl+

Tbxb~j}z ~i}b 1 ]o}i` ko oh mizt intbk} mr~jkl i wb~jom S 977

]o}i` ko oh }jabt intbk} mr~jkl }ci} wb~jom

I cjlc tbxb~j}z ~i}b jkmjdi}bt }ci} }cb bawòzbb jt intbk} ho~

òklb~ mr~i}jok bidc }jab+ Cjlc h~byrbkdz ikm tbxb~j}z ~i}bt jkmjdi}bt

}ci} }cb bawòzbb jt intbk} ao~b h~byrbk}`z ikm ho~ òklb~ mr~i}jokt

bidc }jab ~btr`}jkl jk cjlc Intbk}bbjta bxbk jk into`r}b }b~at+

ONEBD]JXBT OH ]CB T]RMZ


32/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

4>

]cb T}rmz ijat i} ittbttjkl }cb intbk}bbjta jk |o~fb~t+

]o dokmrd} i mb}ij`bm t}rmz ok Intbk}bbjta oh IT\@+

]o jmbk}jhz }cb xi~jort }ci} `bim }o Intbk}bbjta+

]o jmbk}jhz }cb xi~jin`bt }ci} ~bmrdbt }cb ~i}b oh Intbk}bbjta

]o hjkm or} }cb ~i}b oh Intbk}bbjta jk IT\@+

]o hjkm or} dirtbt oh Intbk}bbjta ( trllbt} ~babmjbt }o

~bmrdb j}+

>+4 Dirtbt oh Intbk}bbjta

]cb ho``o|jkl i~b }cb lbkb~i` dirtbt oh }cb Intbk}bbjta

9+Ai`imert}abk} |j}c }cb |o~fjkl dokmj}jokt5


33/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

44

Jh }cb |o~fjkl dokmj}jokt oh }cb doawikz i~b woo~, }cb

|o~fb~t dikko} imert} }cbatb`xbt |j}c }cb doawikzt |o~fjkl

dokmj}jokt+ ]cbk }cbz w~bhb~ }o t}iz i|iz h~oa }cb doawikz+

>+Todji` ikm ~b`jljort db~baokjbt5

Todji` ( ~b`jljort hrkd}jokt mjxb~} }cb |o~fb~t i}}bk}jok h~oa

}cb |o~f+

4+Rkti}jthid}o~z cortjkl

Dokmj}jokt i} }cb |o~fjkl wìdb+

=+Jkmrt}~ji` cortjkl

]cb jkmrt}~ji` hrlrb doawb`t |o~fb~t }o ~baijk or}tjmb }cb

|o~f wìdb+

2+Rkcbi`}cz |o~fjkl dokmj}jokt

]cb woo~ ikm jk}o`b~in`b |o~fjkl dokmj}jokt jk }cb hid}o~jbt j~~j}i}b

}cb |o~fjkl bsdbtt cbi}, kojtb, bj}cb~ }oo ardc o~ }oo ò|

`jlc}jkl, woo~ xbk}jì}jok, mrt}, taofb dirtb woo~ cbi`}c oh }cb

|o~fb~t+ ]cjt hid}o~z dirtbt }cb |o~fb~t }o nb intbk}+

8+Woo~ |b`hi~b hidj`j}jbt

]corlc i ko oh `bljtì}jok dokdb~kjkl |b`hi~b hidj`j}jbt i~b

bkid}bm, aikz o~likjui}jokt hij` }o w~oxjmb |b`hi~b hidj`j}jbt+ ]cjt

jt bj}cb~ mrb }o }cb woo~ hjkikdji` wotj}jok oh }cb doawikjbt #o~*

mrb }o }cb bswòj}i}jxb i}}j}rmb oh }cb bawòzt+ ]cb |b`hi~b

hidj`j}jbt jkd`rmbt woo~ tikj}i}jok, |itcjkl, ni}cjkl hj~t} ijm

iww`jikdbt, ianrìkdb, ~bt}~ooat m~jkfjkl |i}b~, dik}bbk, tcb`}b~,


34/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

4=

d~dcbt b}d++ ]cb mjtti}jthjbm |o~fb~ |j}c }cbtb hidj`j}jbt w~bhb~t }o

nb i|iz h~oa }cb |o~fw`idb+


35/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

42

]cb jkimbyri}b `bixb hidj`j}jbt w~oxjmbm nz }cb bawòzb~ ho~dbt

cja }o mbwbkm ok BTJ `bixb |cjdc i`ò|t }cb |o~fb~t }o nb i|iz

h~oa }cb |o~f ho~28 mizt jk i zbi~ ok ci`h wiz+

9>+ @o| `bxb` oh |ilbt

\ilbt jk toab o~likjui}jokt i~b xb~z woo~ ikm }cbz i~b yrj}b

jkimbyri}b }o abb} }cb nitjd kbbmt oh }cb bawòzbbt+ ]cb~bho~b,

bawòzb~t lo ho~ o}cb~ bawòzabk} mr~jkl }cbj~ nrtz tbitokt ikm

bi~k ao~b aokbz+ Hr~}cb~, toab bawòzbbt }ifb rw wi~} }jab eont+

]crt }cb bawòzbbt ~bto~} }o aook`jlc}jkl ikm intbk} }cbatb`xbt

h~oa }cb |o~f+

>+= Di}blo~jbt oh Intbk}bbjta

Dc~okjd intbk}bbjta }o hjxb di}blo~jbt xju+

9*Bk}~bw~bkbr~t

>*T}i}rt tbbfb~t

4*Bwjdr~bikt

=*Hiaj`z!o~jbk}bm ikm

2*]cb tjdf ikm }cb o`m+

9* Bk}~bw~bkbr~t

]cbtb dìttbt oh intbk}bbjta doktjmb~ }ci} }cbj~ eont i~b xb~z

tai`` ho~ }cbj~ }o}i` jk}b~bt} ikm wb~toki` loi`t+ ]cbz bklilb

}cbatb`xbt jk o}cb~ todji` ikm bdokoajd id}jxj}jbt }o hr`hj`` }cbj~

loi`t+

>* ]cb t}i}rt tbbfb~t


36/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

48

]cjt }zwb wh Intbk}bbt bkeoz o~ wb~dbjxb i cjlcb~ itd~jnbm todji`

t}i}rt ikm i~b fbbk ok aijk}ijkjkl j}+

4* ]cb bwjdr~bikt

]cb d`ittbt oh intbk}bbt mo ko} `jfb }o }ifb rw }cb eont |cjdc

mbaikm jkj}ji}jxb ~btwoktjnj`j}jbt, mjtdjw`jkb ikm mjtdoaho~} }cbz

|jtc }o cixb aokbz, wo|b~, ikm t}i}rt nr} i~b rk|j``jkl }o |o~f

ho~ }cbj~ idcjbxbabk}+

=* Hiaj`z!o~jbk}bm

]cbtb }zwbt oh intbk}bbt i~b oh}bk jmbk}jhjbm |j}c }cb hiaj`z

id}jxj}jbt+

2* ]cb tjdf ikm o`m

]cbtb di}blo~jbt oh intbk}bbt i~b aot}`z rkcbi`}cz, |j}c i |bif

dokt}j}r}jok o~ o`m wbow`b+


37/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

4+2 Abitr~bt }o ajkjajub Intbk}bbjta

Intbk}bbjta ihhbd}t }cb o~likjui}jok h~oa ar`}jw`b ikl`bt+ J}

tbxb~b`z ihhbd}t }cb w~omrd}jok w~odbtt ikm }cb nrtjkbtt w~odbtt+ ]cb

bhhbd} oh rkir}co~jubm intbk}bbjta jt ao~b doawi~bm o}cb~ }zwbt oh

intbk}bbjta+ Co|bxb~, j} |or`m nb mjhhjdr`} }o doaw`b}b`z ixojm

intbk}bbjta+ ]cb aikilbabk} dik ajkjajub intbk}bbjta+ ]cb

ho`ò|jkl abitr~bt i~b rtbhr` jk dok}~o``jkl o~ ajkjajujkl

intbk}bbjta+

9* Tb`bd}jkl }cb bawòzbbt nz }bt}jkl }cba }co~orlc`z ~bli~mjkl }cbj~

itwj~i}jokt xi`rb tzt}bat, ~btwoktjnj`j}z ikm tbktj}jxbkbtt+

>* Imow}jkl i craikjt}jd iww~oidc jk mbi`jkl |j}c }cb wb~toki`

w~on`bat oh bawòzbbt+

4* Ho`ò|jkl o~ w~oid}jxb iww~oidc jk jmbk}jhzjkl ikm ~bm~bttjkl

bawòzbb l~jbxikdbt+

=* W~oxjmjkl czljbkjd |o~fjkl dokmj}jokt+

2* W~oxjmjkl |b`hi~b abitr~bt ikm h~jklb nbkbhj}t, niìkdjkl }cb kbbm

ho~ }cb bawòzbb ikm }cb inj`j}z oh }cb o~likjui}jok+

8* W~oxjmjkl cjlc |ilbt ikm i`ò|ikdbt nitbm ok }cb o~likjui}joki`

hjkikdji` wotj}jokt+


38/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

43

97* W~oxjmjkl do~mji` craik ~bì}jokt ( Jkmrt}~ji` ~bì}jokt+

99* Bmrdi}jkl }cb |o~fb~t+

9>* Dorktb`jkl }cb |o~fb~t inor} }cbj~ di~~jb~, jkdoab ( bswbkmj}r~b

cinj}t ( dr`}r~b+

94* H~bb hò| oh jkho~ai}jok, bsdcikljkl oh jmbit w~on`bat b}d+++ N/|

trno~mjki}b ( trwb~jo~+

9=* L~ik}jkl `bixb ikm hjkikdji` ittjt}ikdb `jnb~i``z jk ditb oh tjdfkbtt

oh bawòzbb ( cjt hiaj`z abanb~t+

92*Ohhb~jkl i}}bkmikdb nokrt ( jkmrdbabk}t+

98*W~oxjmjkl bs}bktjxb }~ijkjkl, bkdor~ilbabk}, twbdji` i`ò|ikdb jk

ditc ho~ }bdckoòljdi` imxikdbabk}t+

>+8 Lrjmb`jkbt ho~ Intbk}bbjta Dok}~o`


39/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

4:

Intbk}bbjta jt i mjtbitb }ci} iwwbi~t |cbkbxb~ i doawikz hij`t }o

jkodrì}b j}tb`h }c~orlc }cb rtb oh torkm aikilbabk} w~id}jdbt+ ]o dr~b

bsdbttjxb intbk}bbjta, okb cit }o fko| }cb bsid} dirtbt ikm }cbk

bsiajkb }cb ixijìn`b, |o~fin`b ikm w~oxbk to`r}jokt }o iww`z ilijkt}

}cotb dirtbt+

]o bani~f rwok i trddbtthr` intbk}bbjta ~bmrd}jok w~ol~ia, zor kbbm

}o aifb tr~b zor cixb toab nitjd jkho~ai}jok ikm hid}t inor}

intbk}bbjta jk zor~ doawikz+ Doktjmb~ }cb ho`ò|jkl hor~ yrbt}jokt,

|cjdc tcor`m cb`w zor hr~}cb~ hodrt zor~ jmbit ikm wr} i wìk jk}o

id}jok+

9 \cz jt zor~ w~btbk} intbk}bbjta wo`jdz jkbhhbd}jxb?

Intbk}bbjta wo`jdjbt xi~z jk bhhbd}jxbkbtt+ Aot} jkbhhbd}jxb wo`jdjbt J

cixb ~bxjb|bm cixb i doaaok mbkoajki}o~5 ]cbz i`ò| .bsdrtbm.

intbkdbt, |cb~bit }cotb }ci} mo |o~f i~b .ko hir`}. wo`jdjbt+

>\cb~b ikm |cbk jt bsdbttjxb intbk}bbjta oddr~~jkl?

Krab~ort t}rmjbt cixb dokd`rmbm }ci} rkmb~ }~ijkbm trwb~xjto~t i~b okb

oh }cb aijk dirtbt oh intbk}bbjta+ ]cb~bho~b, ikz doawikz

bswb~jbkdjkl intbk}bbjta oh l~bi}b~ }cik 4 wb~dbk} tcor`m doktjmb~

trwb~xjto~t it i wo}bk}ji` dok}~jnr}o~ }o }cb w~on`ba+

Ljxbk }ci} }cjt aiz nb }cb ditb, zor hj~t} tcor`m dcbdf }cb wb~dbk}ilb oh

bawòzbb intbk}bbjta nz trwb~xjto~ }o tbb jh j} jt dokdbk}~i}bm i~orkm


40/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

=7

okb o~ }|o trwb~xjto~t+ Jh j} jt, zorxb nblrk }o rkdoxb~ }cb onxjort!!

rkmb~}~ijkbm trwb~xjto~t+ Jh, co|bxb~, zor~ ~btbi~dc ~bxbi`t }ci} }cb ~i}b

oh intbk}bbjta jt iàot} byri``z mjt}~jnr}bm }c~orlcor} zor~ hid}o~z,

zor |j`` kbbm }o jkxbt}jli}b o}cb~ wottjn`b dirtbt+

4I |ci} i~b }cb ~bi` dirtbt ho~ intbkdbt?

Wbow`b!o~jbk}bm doawikjbt i~b xb~z tbktj}jxb }o bawòzbb owjkjokt+

]cbz oh}bk bklilb jk ho~ai` ajkj!t}rmjbt }o to`jdj} ikokzaort

bawòzbb owjkjokt ok }owjdt oh ar}ri` jk}b~bt}, }cbtb dokhjmbk}ji`

|o~fb~ tr~xbzt doaaok`z itf ho~ bawòzbb owjkjok ~bli~mjkl cjlcb~!

}cik!ko~ai` intbk}bbjta+

Jk o}cb~ |o~mt, bawòzbbt ~bxbi`bm }ci} ~bwb}j}jxb, no~jkl eont dorw`bm

|j}c rkdi~jkl trwb~xjto~t ikm/o~ wcztjdi``z rkw`bitik} |o~fwìdbt `bm

}cba }o aifb rw bsdrtbt ho~ ko} doajkl }o |o~f, trdc it dìjajkl }o nbtjdf+

Okb |iz }o mb}b~ajkb }cb dirtbt oh intbk}bbjta jt }o yrbt}jok zor~

trwb~xjto~t inor} }cbj~ bawòzbbt bsdbttjxb intbk}bbjta, jkd`rmjkl

|ci} dirtbt j} ikm co| }o ~bmrdb j}+

@OTTMRB ]O INTBK]BBJTA


41/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

=9

Intbk}bbjta ikm mjtinj`j}z dokt}j}r}b }cb aot} jawo~}ik} dirtbt oh |o~f

mjtdok}jkrj}z+ ]cb doktbyrbkdbt i~b bko~aort+ Jk immj}jok }o òtt oh

w~omrd}jxj}z jk dokkbd}jok |j}c }cb mr~i}jok oh }cb intbkdb, }cb òkl!

}b~a doktbyrbkdbt i~b hi~!~bidcjkl, no}c ho~ }cb bawòzb~ ikm ho~ }cb

bawòzbb+ ]cb w~omrd}jok oh }cb bawòzbb cit }o nb }ifbk oxb~ nz

o}cb~t, |cj`t} }cb hjkikdji` doktbyrbkdbt oh }cb |o~fb~t intbk}bbjta

i~b ho~ aikz zbi~t }o }cb dci~lb oh }cb bawòzb~+

]cb~b jt ik jkd~bitjkl kbbm ho~ `jaj}i}jok ikm w~bxbk}jok oh }cb m~ow!or},

ikm ho~ lijkjkl i d`bi~ jktjlc} jk}o ikm dok}~o` oxb~ }cb hjkikdji`

doktbyrbkdbt+

INTBK]BBJTA Î]B


42/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

=>

Ko~ai``z, }cb ~i}b oh intbk}bbjta jt di`drì}bm nz mjxjmjkl }cb kranb~

oh |o~fjkl mizt òt} }c~orlc intbkdb jk ikz ljxbk wb~jom nz }cb }o}i`kranb~ oh ixijìn`b |o~fjkl mizt jk }ci} tiab wb~jom, it ho`ò|t5

Intbk}bbjta î}b 1 Kranb~ oh òt} |o~fjkl mizt mrb }o intbkdb

/#Kranb~ oh }bia abanb~t* s #Kranb~ oh \o~fmizt* s 977+

Ho~ Bsiaw`b5

i+ Ixb~ilb kranb~ oh bawòzbbt jk |o~f ho~db

>>2

n+ Kranb~ oh ixijìn`b |o~fmizt mr~jkl wb~jom >7

d+ ]o}i` kranb~ oh ixijìn`b |o~fmizt #i s n* >,777

m+ ]o}i` kranb~ oh òt} mizt mrb }o intbkdbt mr~jkl }cb wb~jom:4

b+ Intbk}bbjta wb~dbk} #m Vmjxjmbm nzQ d* s 977 =+82"

Tjkdb intbk}bbjta jt i aieo~ ni~oab}b~ oh bawòzbb ao~i`b,

intbk}bbjta inoxb 2 wb~dbk} cit }o nb doktjmb~bm it xb~z tb~jort #id~ott

aot} jkmrt}~jbt 4 wb~dbk} jt doktjmb~bm t}ikmi~m*+

Jh zor hjkm }ci} zor~ trwb~xjto~t cbtj}i}b }o w~oxjmb abikjklhr` ikt|b~t

}o zor~ yrbt}jokt, }cbk zor~b ok }cb ~jlc} }~idf }o|i~m i to`r}jok+ Itf

zor~tb`h, .Co| ardc ho~ai` }~ijkjkl cixb J ljxbk az trwb~xjto~t jk }cb

i~bit oh intbk}bbjta ~bmrd}jok ikm craik ~btor~dbt tfj``t?. Jh zor~

ikt|b~ jt kokb o~ xb~z `j}}`b, zor~ to`r}jok dik} nb hi~ nbcjkm+ ]cb hid}

oh }cb ai}}b~ jt, zor dikko} itf i wb~tok }o mo i eon cb o~ tcb cit kbxb~

nbbk }~ijkbm }o mo+

4+ ]cb N~imho~m Hid}o~ ( Intbk}bbjta


43/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

=4

]cb N~imho~m Hid}o~ jt i Craik ^btor~dbt }oo` rtbm nz aikz

o~likjui}jokt }o abitr~b ikm jmbk}jhz i~bit oh intbk}bbjta+ ]cb }cbo~z

jt }ci} tco~}, h~byrbk} ikm rkwìkkbm intbkdbt i~b ao~b mjt~rw}jxb }cik

òklb~ intbkdbt+

J} jt nitbm ok }cb hid} }ci} j} jt ko~ai``z bitjb~ }o aifb i~~iklbabk}t }o

doxb~ ho~ t}ihht |co i~b lojkl }o nb ohh ho~ òkl wb~jomt, ikm |cjdc i~b

ao~b `jfb`z }o nb trhhb~jkl h~oa i lbkrjkb j``kbtt+

Co|bxb~, bawòzbbt }ifjkl omm rkwìkkbm mizt ohh cb~b ikm }cb~b

id}ri``z dirtb ao~b mjt~rw}jok }o }cb nrtjkbtt+ Jh }cjt wi}}b~k jt ~bwbi}bm

~blrì~`z, }cb bawòzbb |j`` cixb i cjlc N~imho~m Hid}o~ tdo~b6 |cjdc

aiz ~ijtb yrbt}jokt inor} co| lbkrjkb }cb j``kbtt id}ri``z jt+

]cb ho~arì ho~ }cb N~imho~m Hid}o~ jt5

B s B s M 1 N~imho~m Hid}o~ Tdo~b

\cb~b B jt }cb kranb~ oh bwjtombt oh intbkdb ikm M jt }cb }o}i` kranb~

oh mizt intbk} jk i ~o``jkl 2> |bbf wb~jom+

To, ho~ bawòzbbt |j}c i }o}i` oh 97 mizt intbkdb jk okb zbi~, }cb

N~imho~m Hid}o~ tdo~b dik xi~z bko~aort`z, mbwbkmjkl ok }cb kranb~ oh

bwjtombt oh intbkdb jkxo`xbm+ Ho~ bsiaw`b5

Okb intbkdb bwjtomb oh 97 mizt jt 97 wojk}t #j+b+ 9 s 9 s 97*

Hjxb intbkdb bwjtombt oh }|o mizt bidc jt >27 wojk}t #j+b+ 2 s 2 s 97*

]bk intbkdb bwjtombt oh okb miz bidc jt 9,777 wojk}t #j+b+ 97 s 97 s 97*


44/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

==

Co| mo o~likjui}jokt rtb }cb N~imho~m Hid}o~?

]cb~b i~b ko tb} ~r`bt ho~ rtjkl }cb N~imho~m Hid}o~6 j} jt mo|k }o bidc

o~likjui}jok }o mb}b~ajkb }cb |izt jk |cjdc j} rtbt }cb tdo~b+

Co|bxb~, rtbm bhhbd}jxb`z, }cb N~imho~m Hid}o~ dik ~bmrdb intbk}bbjta

m~iai}jdi``z, tb~xjkl it i mb}b~~bk} ikm i ab}com ho~ }idf`jkl wb~tjt}bk}

intbk}bbjta+

T}rmjbt cixb tco|k }ci} nz bmrdi}jkl t}ihh inor} }cb N~imho~m Hid}o~,

ikm }cbk tco|jkl }cba }cbj~ tdo~b ok i ~blrì~ nitjt, intbk}bbjta dik nb

~bmrdbm nz oxb~ >7"+ ]cjt jt ì~lb`z mo|k }o t}ihh rkmb~t}ikmjkl }ci}

}ifjkl }cb omm miz ohh cb~b ikm }cb~b |j`` yrjdf`z ar`}jw`z }cbj~

N~imho~m Hid}o~ tdo~b+ ]cb N~imho~m Hid}o~ wìdbt i xi`rb ok }cb

intbkdb |cjdc ik bawòzbb dik d`bi~`z tbb+ \cb~b }cb intbkdb jt ko}

into`r}b`z kbdbtti~z, }cjt dik tb~xb }o mb}b~ intbk}bbjta+

\cbk }cjt jt rtbm jk dokerkd}jok |j}c i wojk}t tzt}ba }cb N~imho~m

Hid}o~ dik nb bhhbd}jxb`z r}j`jubm }o mb}b~ rkkbdbtti~z intbk}bbjta+

Ho~ bsiaw`b }cb N~imho~m Hid}o~ dik nb r}j`jubm nz d~bi}jkl }~jllb~t

|cb~bnz db~}ijk id}jokt i~b }ifbk |cbk ik bawòzbbt N~imho~m tdo~b

~bidcbt i db~}ijk wojk}+ Ho~ bsiaw`b, }cb RF W~jtok Tb~xjdb cit rtbm }cb

ho`ò|jkl }~jllb~t5

z29 wojk}t xb~ni` |i~kjkl+

z>79 wojk}t |~j}}bk |i~kjkl


45/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

=2

z=79 wojk}t hjki` |i~kjkl

z879 wojk}t mjtajtti`

Tb}}jkl }cbtb }~jllb~t jt bk}j~b`z mbwbkmbk} ok }cb o~likjui}jok rtjkl }cb

N~imho~m Hid}o~+ J} jt rtri``z imxjtin`b }o rtb }cb N~imho~m Hid}o~ it okb

oh i kranb~ oh intbkdb wo`jdjbt+ Co|bxb~, tb}}jkl }cbtb }~jllb~t ikm

aifjkl t}ihh i|i~b oh }cba, jk immj}jok }o }ifjkl id}jok, ~btr`}bm jk }cb

W~jtok Tb~xjdb ~bmrdjkl intbk}bbjta nz 93"+

Nz jaw`babk}jkl aikmi}o~z w~odbmr~bt ho~ }idf`jkl intbk}bbjta id~ott

ik o~likjui}jok `bm nz }cb N~imho~m Hid}o~, ik o~likjui}jok dik ~baoxb

}cb wo}bk}ji` ho~ mjhhb~bkdbt id~ott }biat ikm aikilbabk} ikm ~baoxb

}cb mjhhjdr`}jbt ikm ~b`rd}ikdb }ci} `jkb aikilb~t oh}bk hidb |cbk cixjkl

}o mjtdjw`jkb i dòtb t}ihh abanb~+

]cb N~imho~m Hid}o~ dik w~oxjmb o~likjui}jokt |j}c i }|o w~oklbm

ab}com ho~ }idf`jkl intbkdb5 w~oid}jxb`z mb}b~~jkl intbkdb jk }cb hj~t}

wìdb ikm r}j`jujkl i tb} w~odbmr~b }o jmbk}jhz ikm }idf`b wb~tjt}bk}

intbk}bbjta+

4+9Jaw`babk}jkl }cb N~imho~m Hid}o~

Di`drì}jkl }cb N~imho~m Hid}o~ ho~ okb abanb~ oh t}ihh oxb~ i ljxbk

wb~jom jt ko} i mjhhjdr`} w~owotj}jok+ Co|bxb~, di`drì}jkl }cb N~imho~m

Hid}o~ oxb~ i ~o``jkl 2> |bbf wb~jom, id~ott ar`}jw`b }biat ikm


46/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

=8

òdi}jokt ikm doktjmb~jkl mjhhb~bk} }zwbt oh intbkdb jt i xb~z mjhhjdr`}

}itf+

It i ~btr`} oh }cb bswokbk}ji` ki}r~b oh }cb ho~arì vB s B s Mq, bxbk

}cb t`jlc}bt} ajt}ifbt jk di`drì}jok dik ~btr`} jk i |jmb xi~jikdb oh ik

bawòzbbt N~imho~m Hid}o~ tdo~b+

Ho~ bsiaw`b5

Ho~ ik bawòzbb |co cit cim 97 mizt ohh jk i zbi~ jk }o}i`, ok }|o

tbwi~i}b odditjokt5

> S > S 97 1 =7 v|cjdc mobt ko} }~jllb~ i |i~kjkl hb|b~ }cik 27q

Co|bxb~, jh }cbj~ intbkdb jt bj}cb~ ko} ~bdo~mbm do~~bd}`z, o~ jt

di`drì}bm |~okl nz ert} okb miz5

4 S 4 S 971 :7 v|cjdc mobt }~jllb~ i |i~kjkl oxb~27q

Zor dik tbb }ci} }cbj~ tdo~b jt ao~b }cik morn`b, mbtwj}b }cb tai``

ajt}ifb+ Lb}}jkl }cb ho~arì }cb |~okl |iz ~orkm dik cixb bxbk ao~b

tjlkjhjdik} ~btr`}t5

97 S 97 S > 1 >77 v|cjdc |or`m }~jllb~ mjtdjw`jki~z w~odbbmjklt oxb~

>77q

Jh ik o~likjui}jok |ik}t }o }idf`b intbk}bbjta bhhbd}jxb`z, rtjkl }cb

N~imho~m Hid}o~, jkd`rmjkl rtjkl ik bawòzbbt N~imho~m Hid}o~ tdo~b jk

wo}bk}ji` mjtdjw`jki~z w~odbbmjklt, }cbk }cb w~odbtt ho~ di`drì}jkl }cb


47/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

=


48/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

=3

doaw~bcbktjxb iww~oidc }o ~bmrdjkl intbk}bbjta jttrb+ Cb~b toab

w~id}jdi` ab}com bswìjkbm5

9+ Aifb zor~ intbkdbt wo`jdz |o~f or}+ Zor cixb }o iww`z o}cb~ tzt}ba

}o aifb tr~b zor~ intbk}bbjta ~r`b ikm ~blrì}jok jaw`babk}bm |b` }o

i`` bawòzbb+ Trdc it5

z Wr} intbk}bbjta ~i}b it i t}ikmi~m onebd}jxb }o |o~f }o|i~mt+ J}t ko}

bkorlc jh zor ert} aifb i t}i}babk} trdc it, .~bmrdjkl intbkdb jk}o

ajkjara.+ Wr} }cba it wi~} oh }cb wb~ho~aikdb iww~ijti` tzt}ba ikm

ljxb i }i~lb} |j}c kranb~+ Oh dor~tb, zor t}j`` cixb }o ljxb }o`b~ikdb

ho~ }cba ho~ lb}}jkl tjdf, cixjkl ninjbt o~ jk d~jtjt tj}ri}jok+ \j}c

}cotb doktjmb~i}jok, zor dik ljxb intbkdb ~i}b trdc it 4+2"

z ]~ijk aikilb~t inor} dot} oh intbk}bbjta, co| }o dok}~o` j} ikm co|

}o dokmrd}jkl dorktb`jkl tbttjok |j}c }cbj~ trno~mjki}b+

z Aifb immj}joki` ~blrì}jok }o ~bmrdb wiz ok }cbj~ intbkdb miz ikm

doaarkjdi}b }o }cba co| ardc }ci} }cbz cixb òt} aokbz+ J} |j``

w~bxbk} }cba }o bs}bkm }cbj~ intbkdb ikz òklb~ }cik kbdbtti~z+ Nr}

zor cixb }o dcbdf }cb òdi` `bli` ~blrì}jok ikm wo`jdz nbho~b iww`z

}cjt ab}com+

z Aifb tzt}ba }o ~bdo~mt }cb bawòzbb intbkdb+ Toabmiz zor |j``

kbbm j} }o hjkm intbkdb wi}}b~k, rk~bitokin`b intbkdb bsdrtb o~

ikz}cjkl b`tb it t}~okl hid}t ho~ ljxb doktbyrbkdbt o~ `bli` id}jokt+

z Ljxb iww~bdji}jok }o }cb i}}bkmikdb+ Zor dik aifb tjaw`b

db`bn~i}jok ert} }o w~okorkdb |co }cb nbt} bawòzbb jk i}}bkmikdb+

@b} i`` abanb~ oh }cb }bia }o dcootb }cb |jkkb~+


49/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

=:

z D~bi}b todji` wrkjtcabk} }o }cb intbk}bbjta+ Zor dik aifb j} nz

ljxjkl ~b|i~m ho~ }bia |co cit bsdb``bk} abanb~ i}}bkmikdb+ J} |j``

aifb o}cb~ abanb~ ljxb w~bttr~b }o bawòzbb |co cit nim

i}}bkmikdb ~bdo~m+

z Aifb intbkdb wo`jdz i`jlk |j}c o}cb~ wo`jdz, btwbdji``z ho~ wo`jdz

~bì}bm }o }cb bawòzbb nbkbhj}+ Trdc it zor dik aifb ~blrì}jok }o

mo ko} ljxb òik ho~ ikzokb |j}c woo~ i}}bkmikdb+

>+ Aifb tr~b zor~ ~bd~rj}abk} ikm tb`bd}jok w~odbmr~b doktjmb~ intbkdb

jttrb, trdc it5

z ]cb ~bd~rj}b~ tcor`m wr} abmjdi` ikm cbi`}c dokmj}jok oh dikmjmi}b it

okb oh w~jo~j}z+

z Aifb tr~b }ci} dikmjmi}b cit wotj}jxb i}}j}rmb inor} i}}bkmikdb

jawo~}ikdb

z J}t xb~z jawo~}ik} }o dork} ko} ok`z doawb}bkdz hj}, nr} zor cixb }o

doktjmb~ eon hj}+ J} jkd`rmbt }cb doawi}jnj`j}z oh dikmjmi}b jk}b~bt}

ikm wb~toki`j}z |j}c ki}r~b oh }cb eon+ Jh }cb~b jt ko dcbajt}~z, }cb~b

jt ko ao}jxi}jok i`to+ Bawòzbb |j}c ò| ao}jxi}jok }o |o~f }bkmt

}o cjlc jk intbk}bbjta ~i}b

4+ Tjkdb toab intbk}bbjta i~b ~bì}bm }o }cb eon w~on`ba, zor dik rtb

toab ab}com }o jmbk}jhz }cb do~b w~on`ba it J mbtd~jnb jk az ho~ab~

|~j}jkl inor} Co| }o Cikm`b Woo~ Wb~ho~ab~, nbho~b zor iww`z toab

to`r}jokt+ Nr} cb~b toab immj}joki` lrjmb`jkb }o nb doktjmb~bm5


50/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

27

z Aifb h`bsjn`b |o~fjkl }jab i~~iklbabk}+ Trdc it, jh bawòzbb

dikko} lo ok Aokmiz ho~ moabt}jd mbaikmt, }cbz dik ~bwìdb }cba

|j}c Ti}r~miz+ O~ jh cb/tcb i}}bkm ci`h miz, cb/tcb dik trnt}j}r}b j}

|j}c immj}joki` |o~fjkl cor~t }oao~~o|

z Aifb eon jk}b~bt}jkl+ Zor dik bkì~lb ~btwoktjnj`j}z, bkcikdb }cb

ki}r~b oh eon o~ aifb j} dci``bkljkl }o zor~ trno~mjki}b+ Mok} ho~lb}

}o ljxb immj}joki` trwwo~} trdc it }~ijkjkl ikm doidcjkl+

2+ T]I]BABK] OH WÔN@BA

T}rmz oh Intbk}bbjta iaokl Jkmrt}~ji` \o~fb~ jt ko} ok`z h~oa

xjb| wojk} oh nr} j} jt jawo~}ik} h~oa }cb xjb| wojk} oh ao~i` oh

bawòzbbt+ Bxbk }corlc }cb bhhbd} oh }cb loom ao~i`b oh bawòzbbt,

aiz ko} nb di`drì}bm jk }b~at oh dot}t, nr} j} tcor`m nb tijm }ci}, j} jt

jawo~}ik} }cik dot}+

]cb~b jt i d`bi~ ~bì}joktcjw nb}|bbk cjlc intbk}bbjta ikm

bawòzbbt ao~i`, nbdirtb j} dik bitj`z }~idbm }ci} }cbtb mbwi~}abk}

cixjkl cjlc ~i}b oh intbk}bbjta cixb ò| ao~i`b+

]cb~b jt i d`bi~ ~bì}joktcjw nb}|bbk bawòzbbt i}}j}rmb (

intbk}bbjta+ ]cbz i~b ~bì}bm }o bidc o}cb~+ To bawòzbbt i}}j}rmb (

ao~i`b i~b }cb jawo~}ik} hid}o~t+ @ino~t jt Craik Hid}o~, }cb~bho~b

doktjmb~i}jok tci`` i`to nb }ifbk jk}o iddork} jk }cb mjtdrttjok oh

w~on`ba dokkbd}bm jk }cb intbk}bbjta cit nbbk dok}jkrort }o nb okb oh

}cb aieo~ ìno~t w~on`ba jk Jkmjik Jkmrt}~jbt+


51/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

29

It Ko |o~f Ko wiz jt rtri``z }cb lbkb~i` ~r`b, }cb òtt }o

|o~fb~t intbk}bbjta jt yrj}b onxjort |cbk }cb |o~fb~t hij` }o i}}bkm }o

}cb ~blrì~ |o~f, }cb~b jkdoab jt ~bmrdbm ikm }cb |o~fb~t nbdoab t}j``

woo~b~+ Cbkdb, Cbi`}c ikm bhhjdjbkdz oh }cb |o~fb~ jt ihhbd}bm nz }cb

j~~blrì~j}z oh }cb |o~fb~t i}}bkmikdb+

]cb òtt oh bawòzbbt ikm jkmrt}~z jt mrb }o intbk}bbjta jt t}j``

l~bi}b~ ikm no}c bhhjdjbkdz ikm mjtdjw`jkb trhhb~ }cb aijk}bkikdb oh

immj}joki` |o~fb~t `bimt }o tb~jort jaw`jdi}jokt+

]crt }cb inoxb mjtdrttjokt tco| co| }cb w~on`ba oh intbk}bbjta

jt xb~z jawo~}ik} }o }cb o~likjui}jok+ To, J cixb tb`bd}bm }cjt w~on`ba oh

t}rmz+

8+ ^BXJB\

]cbo~b}jdi` nidfl~orkm oh }cb ]owjd5

Intbk}bbjta cit nbbk xi~jort`z mbhjkbm nz }cb Ir}co~j}jbt h~oa

}jab }o }jab+ ]crt }cb }b~a Intbk}bbjta ~bhb~t }o }cb |o~fb~t intbkdb

h~oa cjt ~blrì~ }itf, |cbk cb jt tdcbmr`bm }o |o~f+ Ikz bawòzbbt

t}iz i|iz h~oa |o~f jh cb cit }ifbk `bixb }o |cjdc cb jt bk}j}`bm o~ ok


52/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

2>

}cb l~orkmt oh tjdfkbtt o~ toab iddjmbk} |j}cor} ikz w~bxjort tikd}jok

oh `bixb+

Kbxb~}cb`btt rtri``z, jkxo`rk}i~z ìz ohh, ìdf oh |o~f, ir}co~jubm

`bixb o~ xidi}jok wb~jom oh |o~f t}owwilb i~b ko} dork}bm it intbkdb+

T}~jfbt, òdf or}t ikm ì}b i}}bkmikdb i~b }~bi}bm it intbkdb+


53/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

24

^BTBI^DC

AB]COMO@OLZ


54/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

2=

^btbi~dc ab}comoòlz jt i |iz }o tzt}bai}jdi``z to`xb }cb ~btbi~dc w~on`ba+ J}

mbi`t |j}c }cb onebd}jxb oh i ~btbi~dc t}rmz, }cb ab}com oh mbhjkjkl }cb ~btbi~dc

w~on`ba, }cb }zwb oh czwo}cbtjt ho~arì}bm, }cb }zwb oh mi}i do``bd}bm, ab}com

rtbm ho~ mi}i do``bd}jkl ikm iki`zujkl }cb mi}i b}d+ ]cb ab}comoòlz jkd`rmbt

do``bd}jok oh w~jai~z ikm tbdokmi~z mi}i+

2+9 ]ZWB OH ^BTBI^DC

MBTD^JW]JXB ^BTBI^DC

]cb t}rmz ho`ò|t mbtd~jw}jxb ~btbi~dc ab}com+ Mbtd~jw}jxb t}rmjbt ijat i}

wo~}~izjkl iddr~i}b`z }cb dci~id}b~jt}jdt oh i wi~}jdrì~ l~orw o~ tj}ri}jok+

Mbtd~jw}jxb ~btbi~dc jt dokdb~kbm |j}c mbtd~jnjkl }cb dci~id}b~jt}jdt oh i

wi~}jdrì~ jkmjxjmri` o~ i l~orw+ Cb~b }cb ~btbi~dcb~ i}}baw}t }o w~btbk} }cb

bsjt}jkl hid}t nz do``bd}jkl mi}i+

2+> ^BTBI^DC MBTJLK

Jk }cjt w~oebd} mbtd~jw}jxb ~btbi~dc mbtjlk jt rtbm nbdirtb }cb wr~wotb jt

mbhjkj}b+ Tiaw`jkl }bdckjyrb rtbm jk }cjt t}rmz jt îkmoa tiaw`jkl+ ]cbtb

mbtjlkt }~z }o hjkm or} }cb iddr~i}b ~btr`}+ ]cbtb mbtjlkt i~b ixijìn`b }o ~bmrdb

}cb njit jk }cb mi}i do``bd}jok w~odbtt, ajkjajub }cb bswbkmj}r~b ( jkd~bitb

bhhjdjbkdz jk w~bmjd}jok+ ]cbtb mbdjtjokt i~b lrjmbm nz jkj}ji` czwo}cbtjt ikm i~b

mbxbòwbm }o mb}b~ajkb }cb h~byrbkdz |j}c |cjdc toab}cjkl oddr~t o~ co| }|o

xi~jin`bt xi~z }olb}cb~+


55/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

22

YRBT]JOKKIJ^B

Ilb+ TbsMbwi~}abk}++

9*Hiaj`z Abanb~t

i*9 }o > # * n*4 }o 2 # * d*2 }o < # * m* inoxb < # *>*Bmrdi}joki` Yri`jhjdi}jok

i*J``j}b~i}b # * n* Nb`o| 97}c # *

d* ]bdckjdi` # * m* L~imri}b # * b* Wot} L~imri}b

4*Co| oh}bk zor ~baijk intbk} jk i aok}c?

#i* Kj` #n* Okdb #d*]|jdb #m* ]|jdb

=*I~b zor d`bi~ inor} zor~ |o~f / eon ~btwoktjnj`j}jbt?

#i* \b`` d`bi~ #n* Loom #d* Hij~`z d`bik #m* Mok} fko|

2*I~b zor ti}jthjbm |j}c zor~ |o~f?

#i* \b`` ti}jthjbm #n* Loom #d* Hij~ #m* Ko} ti}jthjbm

8*Co| i~b zor~ ~b`i}jokt |j}c zor~ trwb~jo~t / do!|o~fb~t?

#i* Bsdb``bk} #n* Loom #d* Hij~ #m* Woo~

* Co| mo zor doab }o }cb hid}o~z?

i* Nz nrt # * n* Nz dzd`b # * d* Nz tdoo}b~ # * m* nz |i`f # *

94* Mjm zor immjd} }o ikz nim cinj}t `jfb?


56/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

28

i* I`doco` # * n* taofjkl # * d* Lian`jkl # * m* Ko}cjkl # *

9=* Mo zor cixb ikz o}cb~t tor~dbt oh jkdoab?

i* Il~jdr }r~b # * n* Nrtjkbtt # * d* Ko}cjkl # *

92* Mo zor cixb loom ~b`i}joktcjw |j}c zor~ cjlcb~ ir}co~j}jbt?

i* Zbt # * n* Ko # * d* Ai~ljki` # *

98* Mo zor intbk} nbdirtb oh nim |o~fjkl dokmj}jokt?

i* Zbt # * n* Ko # * d* Toab}jabt # *

9


57/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

2


58/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

23

^BTBI^DC JKT]^RABK]5!

ONEBD]JXB5 !

Tr~xbz ho~ i t}rmz ohNBKDCAI^F}cb baw`ozbbt nbcixjo~, tfj``t(

dirtbt oh intbk}+

Nbkdcai~ft jt ik jkt}~rabk} mbtjlkbm }o abitr~b

jawo~}ik} hid}o~t jk nbjkl i trddbtthr` aikilb~

J}bat abitr~bm i~b nitbm ok ~btbi~dc }ci} bsiajkbt }cb `bttokt

bsbdr}jxbt `bi~k i} d~j}jdi` bxbk}t jk }cbj~ di~bb~t+

]cjt jkd`rmbt j}bat }ci} abitr~b aikilb~t tfj``t jk mbi`jkl |j}c

trno~mjki}bt, idyrj~jkl ~btor~dbt, ikm d~bi}jkl i w~omrd}jxb |o~f

d`jai}b+


59/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

2:

@jaj}i}jokt oh }cb t}rmz5

z Yrbt}jokkij~b rtbm ho~ mi}i do``bd}jok i~b trnebd} }o b~~o~t+

z Tiaw`b }ifbk |it tai``+ \b dikko} lbkb~i`jub }cb hjkmjklt ho~

}cb |co`b doawikz o~ }cb jkmrt}~z+

z J dor`m ko} lb} }cb owwo~}rkj}z }o lo ho~ bidc ( bxb~z mb}ij` ok

az o|k it J |it ko} }cb wi~} oh }cb o~likjui}jok+

z Rk|j``jklkbtt }o ~btwokm nz }ow aikilbabk} ohhjdji`t o|jkl

}o }cbj~ nrtz tdcbmr`b+

z Jkinj`j}z oh toab oh }cb baw`ozbbt }o ikt|b~ it }cbz dor`m ko}

rkmb~t}ikm }cb yrbt}jokt itfbm+


60/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

87

Y+95 ILB OH BAW@OZBBT?

]in`b 9

Wi~iab}b~t Ko5 oh ^btwokmbk}t Wb~dbk}ilb#"*

>7!>2 2!47+

z 9=" baw`ozbbt ilb i~b nb}|bbk 47!42+


61/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

89

Y+>5 AI@B O^ HBAI@B?


AI@B 88 88

HBAI@B 4= 4=

]o}i` 977 977

Mi}i Jk}b~w~b}i}jok5

z 88" baw`ozbbt i~b AI@B+

z 4=" baw`ozbbt i~b HBAI@B+

AI@B, >, 88

HBAI@B >2!

47, >, 4=AI@B

HBAI@B >2!47


62/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

8>

Y+45 HIAJ@Z ABANB^T?


9 ]O > 2 2

4 ]O 2 87 87

2 ]O < 4> 4>

INOXB < 4 4

]o}i` 977 977


z 2" bawòzbbt cixb 9 }o > hiaj`z abanb~t+

z 87" bawòzbbt cixb 4 }o 2 hiaj`z abanb~t+

z 4>" bawòzbbt cixb 2 }o < hiaj`z abanb~t+

z


63/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

84

Y+=5 BMRDI]JOK OH BAW@OZBBT?


97}c ]o 9>}c 43 43

J@@]BÎ]B 9 9

]BDCKJDI@ 4= 4=

LÎMRI]B >= >=

WOT] LÎMRI]B 4 4

]o}i` 977 977


z 43" oh bawòzbbt cixb yri`jhjdi}jok nb}|bbk 97}c ]o 9>}c+

z

9" oh bawòzbbt cixb J@@]B^Î]B+z 4=" oh bawòzbbt cixb ]BDCKJDI@ MJW@OAI+

z >=" oh bawòzbbt i~b LÎMRDI]BM+

z 4" oh bawòzbbt i~b WOT] LÎMRDI]BM+

97}c ]O 9>}c, >, 43

J@@]BÎ]B, >, 9

]BDCKJDI@, >, 4=

LÎMRI]B, >, >=

WOT] LÎMRI]B, >, 4

97}c ]O 9>}c

J@@]BÎ]B

]BDCKJDI@

LÎMRI]B

WOT] LÎMRI]B


64/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

8=

Y+25 CO\ OH]BK ZOR ^BAIJK INTBK] JK I AOK]C?


KJ@ 9: 9:

OKDB >9 >9

]\JDB 22 22

]C^BB 2 2

]O]I@ 977 977


z 9:" oh bawòzbbt cixb KJ@ intbk} ~i}bt+

z >9" oh bawòzbbt cixb intbk} okdb jk i aok}c+

z 22" oh bawòzbbt cixb }|jdb intbk} jk i aok}c+

z 2" oh bawòzbbt cixb }c~bb intbk} jk i aok}c+

+

KJ@, >, 9:OKDB, >, >9

]\JDB, >, 22

]C^BB, >, 2

KJ@

OKDB

]\JDB

]C^BB


65/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

82

Y+85 I^B ZOR D@BI^ INOR] ZOR^ \O^F/EON ^BTWOTJNJ]JBT?

Wi~iab}b~t Ko5 oh ^btwokmbk}t Wb~dbk}ilb #"*

\B@@ 97 97

LOOM

HIJ^ 93 93

MOK] FKO\ 7 7

]O]I@ 977 977


z 97" oh bawòzbbt i~b |b`` fko|k inor} eon ~btwoktjnj`j}jbt+

z " oh bawòzbbt i~b loom fko|k inor} eon ~btwoktjnj`j}jbt+

z 93" oh bawòzbbt i~b hij~ fko|k inor} eon ~btwoktjnj`j}jbt+

\B@@, >, 97

LOOM, >,

HIJ^, >, 93

MOK] FKO\, >, 7

\B@@

LOOM

HIJ^

MOK] FKO\


66/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

88

Y+


67/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

8=" oh bawòzbbt cixb loom ~bì}jok |j}c }cbj~ trwb~jo~t+

z

93" oh bawòzbbt cixb hij~ ~bì}jok |j}c }cbj~ trwb~jo~t+z Kokb oh bawòzbbt cixb woo~ ~bì}jok |j}c }cbj~ trwb~jo~t+

BSDB@@BK], >, 23

LOOM, >, >=

HIJ^, >, 93

WOO^, >, 7

BSDB@@BK]

LOOM

HIJ^

WOO^


68/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

83

Y+:5ZOR^ TRWB^JO^T NBCIXJOR^ ]O\I^MT ZOR^ WÔN@BAT?


BSDB@@BK] 28 28

LOOM >= >=

HIJ^ >7 >7

WOO^ 7 7

]O]I@ 977 977


z 28" oh bawòzbbt cixb bsdb``bk} ~btwoktb h~oa trwb~jo~t }o|i~mt }cbj~

w~on`bat+

z >=" oh bawòzbbt cixb loom ~btwoktb h~oa trwb~jo~t }o|i~mt }cbj~

w~on`bat+

z >7" oh bawòzbbt cixb hij~ ~btwoktb h~oa trwb~jo~t }o|i~mt }cbj~ w~on`bat+

z Kokb oh bawòzbbt cixb woo~ ~btwoktb h~oa trwb~jo~t }o|i~mt }cbj~

w~on`bat+

BSDB@@BK], >, 28

LOOM, >, >=

HIJ^, >, >7

WOO^, >, 7

BSDB@@BK]

LOOM

HIJ^

WOO^


69/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

8:

Y+975MO ZOR JKHOÂ ZOR TRWB^JO^ INOR] ZOR^ INTBKDB ]O

]CB MR]Z ?


^BI^@Z 7 7

TOAB]JABT 97 97

I@\IZT 3: 3:KBXB^ 9 9

]O]I@ 977 977


z Kokb oh bawòzbbt cixb jkho~abm }o }cbj~ trwb~jo~t ho~ intbkdb+

z 97" oh bawòzbbt cixb toab}jabt jkho~abm }o }cbj~ trwb~jo~t ho~ intbkdb+

z 3:" oh bawòzbbt cixb i`|izt jkho~abm }o }cbj~ trwb~jo~t ho~ intbkdb

z 9" oh bawòzbbt cixb kbxb~ jkho~abm }o }cbj~ trwb~jo~t ho~ intbkdb+

^BI^@Z, >, 7

TOAB]JABT, >, 97

I@\IZT, >, 3:

KBXB^, >, 9

^BI^@Z

TOAB]JABT

I@\IZT

KBXB^


70/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B


71/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

5CO\ MO ZOR DOAB ]O ]CB HID]O^Z ?


NZ NRT 2> 2>

NZ DZD@B : :

NZ TDOO]B^ O^ NJFB >: >:

NZ \I@F 97 97

]O]I@ 977 977


z 2>" oh bawòzbbt i~b doab }o }cb hid}o~z nz NRT+

z :" oh bawòzbbt i~b doab }o }cb hid}o~z nz DZD@B+

z >:" oh bawòzbbt i~b doab }o }cb hid}o~z nz TDOO]B^ o~ NJFB+

z 97" oh bawòzbbt i~b doab }o }cb hid}o~z nz |i`f+

NZ NRT, >, 2>

NZ DZD@B, >, :

NZ TDOO]B^ O^

NJFB, >, >:

NZ \I@F, >, 97

NZ NRT

NZ DZD@B

NZ TDOO]B^ O^

NJFBNZ \I@F


72/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

Y+945 MJM ZOR IMMJD] IKZ FJKM OH NIM CINJ]T?


I@DOCO@ < , 4 I@\IZT, >, >

KBXB^

TOAB]JABT

I@\IZT


77/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

" intbk} mrb }o nim |o~fjkl dokmj}jokt+

J} cit nbbk horkm }ci} 33" oh }cb ~btwokmbk}t cixb ik owjkjok }ci} Wb~to

W~on`bat cixb ko jawid} ok }cb bawòzbb intbk}bbjta+

3:" oh }cb bawòzbbt cixb loom ~bì}jokt |j}c }cbj~ trwb~jo~t+

Aot} oh |o~fb~t tiz, }cbz mok} cixb ~byrj~bm twidb }o mo }cbj~ eon+


78/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B


79/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B


80/80

]R@It JKT]R]R]B

NJN@JOL^IWCZc}}w5//|||+|jfjwbmji+doa/c}}w5//|||+dj}bc~+jkc}}w5//|||+lool`b+doa

c}}w5//|||+iyriai``|i}b~to`r}jokt+do+jk

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