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DETAIL PROJECT REPORT ON PILOT PROJECT FOR

DEVELOPMENT OF WADI UNDER TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT

FUND IN THE AMB BLOCK OF DISTRICT UNA (HP)

Submitted To

NATIONAL BANK FOR AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT,

REGIONAL OFFICE, SHIMLA, HIMACHAL PRADESH

by

ANKUR WELFARE ASSOCIATION

V&PO GAGRET,

UNA(HP)- 177201

Ph. 09816199120

E-Mail – [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

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Content

SNO. PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

1. Executive summery 4

2. The Agrarian scenario of the District Una 6

3. Scenario of Crop Cultivation in the Region 10

4. Objectives of the program 11

5. Profile of the area.

6. PIA-Ankur Welfare Association. 18

7. Wadi components

8. Dairy Development

9. Cost estimates for wadi and dairy development.

10. Soil Conservation measures.

11. Water Resource Development

12. Training and capacity development

13. Health

14. Women development

15. Cost estimates

16. Illustrative budget for 5 years

17. Marketing and processing

18. Project implementation schedule.

19. Partnership with other institutions,

20. Project Risk

Annexure

1 Performa Annexure-VI(A0 (a0 and (b)

2 Performa Annexure-VI9B0

3 Performa Annexure-VI(C)

4 Performa Annexure-VI(d)

5 Performa Annexure-VI(E)

6 Detail of Dairy beneficiaries.

7 Estimates for irrigation supply

8 Detail and treatment wise list of beneficiaries.

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9 Cost and production analysis for 10 yeas

10 Detail of soil samples collected.

11 Package of practices for Mango

12 Package of Practices Citrus.

13 Consolidated budget for 5 years.

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Executive Summary

1. Indiscriminate exploitation of forest resources and poor crop and animal

production practices have to low productivity and degradation of

agricultural land and depletion of forest resources, the main support

system of tribes. As a result of low income and shortage of food, majority

of the tribal’s migrate to nearby towns for sustenance. NABARD is closely

associated with BAIF and its sister organizations in implementation of

KFW assisted WADI projects in Gujarat and Maharashtra. In view of the

success of the approach adopted under the 'WADI' model and its overall

impact on poverty alleviation among the targeted tribal families on a

sustainable basis, NABARD with grant assistant out of it tribal

development found has taken a major initiative to replicate the Gujarat

wadi model in various state. In Himachal Pradesh this is first pilot project

has been sanction by the NABARD.

2. The proposed project area in Una district has been selected in consultation

with the District/Block level officials, NGO, Banks, etc. One cluster

consisting of 220 families spread over 4 villages in Amb block of Una

district has been selected for the project. Discussions were held with the

district & block officials, Banks etc to collect relevant data on various

areas related to the project, Besides the above field visit to the project

area/ selected villages was undertaken for interacting with the selected

local tribal population to ascertain their present status, understand

various issues/ concerns and generally discuss their inclination/

acceptability for the proposed project, During the field visit, basic data on

cropping pattern, land utilization, water resources, infrastructure,

education, health, credit flow, cost of cultivation, area under horticulture

crops, availability and supply of planting material, etc. were collected and

based thereon, the project proposal has been prepared.

3. The core interventions of the programme will be establishment of orchard of

the selected fruit crops as a foundation economic activity and utilization of

border of the orchard for planting of multi purpose forestry and

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economical species to meet the fodder, firewood and timber requirements

of tribal people there by reducing their dependency on forests for land less

families equal amount will be spend for NTFP processing and working

activities to provide them sustainable livelihood & separate report. The

broad components of the project for supporting various interventions and

financial support would be as given below: -

S.

No. Component Financial Support

1. Wadi establishment and maintenance Grant (100%)

2. Soil & water conservation measures Grant (100%)

3. Buildings, equipments, vehicles Grant (100%)

4. Operations & maintenance including project staff, training, women development etc.

Grant (100%)

5. Health components Grant (100%)

6. Women Empowement SHGs, micro Finance, Cooperatives etc.

Grant (100%)

4. The support from the project to landless families will be to the extent of

development of WADI in maximum of one acre per family or equivalent

cost.

5. The project envisages supporting the selected families in 1 batch of 150

families in one go over a period of 5 years each. It is expected that the

project would not only help to bring the targeted families above the poverty

line, but will also spread the concept of 'Wadi' to other tribal areas of the

state

The total fund requirement under the project works out to Rs. 9869426

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Chapter-I

1.0 The Agrarian Scenario of Una District.

The present Una district until 1st Nov., 1966 was one of the Tehsil of the

Hoshiarpur district of Punjab. Consequent upon reorganization of Punjab all the hill

areas including Una Tehsil was transferred to Himachal Pradesh. Ever since, until

September, 1972 it continued to remain as Tehsil of Kangra district. On the 1st

September, 1972 the Himachal Pradesh Govt. reorganized the then Kangra district

into three districts namely Una, Hamirpur and Kangra. Una district consists of two

Sub-Divisions (Una and Amb), three Tehsil (Bangana, Amb and Una) and two Sub-

Tehsil (Haroli and Bharwain) and is having five development blocks, Una, Bangana,

Gagret, Amb and Haroli.

Una has distinct agro-climatic environment as compared to the other parts of the

state. The district is surrounded by Punjab state on one side. The district is spread

over 1549 lakh sq. km comprising of 4 Tehsil, 5 development blocks and 793 villages

having 447967 human population (Table 1) The population density of the district is

291 persons/sq. km and rural populace constitute the major chunk (about 90%).

1.2 Selected Demographic indicators of the district

Sl.

No.

Districts Area(Ha) Population (000) No. of

Tehsil

No. of

Blocks

No. of

villages

Population

Density/

sq km.

Total Rural

1 Una 154893 447967 408545 4 5 793 291

Agriculture and animal husbandry are the main vocations of the people of the district.

Land utilization pattern of the district shows that in the district about 20 %,( 40492

ha) of the total geographical area is under cultivation. The land use pattern shows

that net sown area is about 37664 hectare. About 18153 hectare is under forest

cover.

1.3 Land use pattern of the Una district (Hectare)

Total Geographical area of the district 154893

Forest Land 18153

Area not under cultivation 51077

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Permanent pasture and grazing land 12589

Land under misc. tree crops 6980

Cultivable waste land 5278

Current fallow 2828

Other fallow 2450

Net sown area 37664

Total or cross cropped area 73053

Area cultivated more than once 40492

Cropping intensity (CCA /NSA) 193.00

Out of the total irrigated area of 8868 ha against the potential of 14304

hectare, 7268 hectare is covered by tube well irrigation and 1600 hectare is covered

by other sources like Kuhal and private well.

1.4 Area covered under Irrigation facilities (in hectare)

Total area available for irrigation 16845

Irrigation potential created 14304

Net irrigated areas (at least once) 8868

Area irrigated by canal 0

Area irrigated by wells 7268

Area irrigated by tanks 0

Irrigation by other sources 1600

Irrigation potential utilized (gross irrigated area) 16179

Status of water sources available in the Una district.

District Tube wells Government tub wells for domestic use

For irrigation purpose

Kuhal irrigation

Lift irrigation

Una 1131 1062 182 129 km 29

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1.5 Land holding pattern in the Una District

DISTRIBUTION OF LAND HOLDING

Classification of

Holding

Holding Area

Nos. % to

Total Ha. % to

Total

0— 1 Ha 42571 59 17573 21

>I to —2 Ha 17674 25 16926 20

>2 Ha 11079 16 49924 59

Total 71324 100 84624 100

The above table shows the land distribution percentage among the farm

households. There are sizeable number of farmers (59%) who own less than one

hectare of land and there percentage share in the total land is only 21%. On the

other hand, there are 16% farmers who own more than 2 hectare of land and

possess 59% of the total land available. So there is a big difference in land holding

size. Most of the farmers are marginal farmers and their land use pattern also reflect

that they have to put all their efforts on these small land wherein there is high cost of

production because mechanical inputs are not possible in small holdings.

1.6 Live stock holding in the district.

The other major allied occupation of the rural population is animal husbandry. The

table below indicates the number of animals in the district.

Category of animal Male Female

Cattle - Cross bred 3445 9070

Cattle - Indigenous. 20616 9826

Buffaloes 521 69911

Sheep - Cross bred 121 1767

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Sheep • Indigenous 0 0

Goat 773 20857

Pig - Cross bred 19 120

Pig – Indigenous 0 0

Horse/Donkey/Camel 237 105

Poultry – improved 410 48883

Poultry – Indigenous 1060 20065

Sources-2008 Livestock Census. 1.7 Major Soil Types, climate conditions & rain fall pattern in the district.

The major soil types prevailing in the region are clay loam and loam and

sandy loam. Besides the above soil types, in all the districts mono-cropping system

prevails. The major crops taken in the region are Potato, Pulses, Wheat, Maize,

Vegetables. More objectively, the major cropping sequences prevailing in different

production situations in Una are depicted below. The prevailing cropping pattern of

the region shows that Wheat and Maize crops dominate the scene.

Cropping pattern

SNo. Production Season

Crops

1 Rabi Wheat, Vegetables,

2 Kharif Maize, Pulses, Vegetables

Climatic Pattern

Climatic zone Sub Mountain Low Hills Sub

Topical

Climate Tropical

Soil Type Entisols and Inceptisols

Rainfall Pattern

Rainfall

[in mm]

Year 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10

Normal 1231 1231 1231

Actual 1210 1104 1025

Variation from Normal 21 127 206

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1.8 Scenario of Fruit Production in the District.

Total 85667 hectare of land is utilized for forestry or gardening. The climate

and soil type of the area gives rich hops to the local farmers to grow Citrus. The local

variety of mango is very suitable for pickles and it is in great demand in the neighbor

states. Now the progressive farmers are growing good variety of mango like Duseri,

Langera. The local market gives them enough opportunity to produce these fruits in

their garden. The state government also supports the grower with fixing Minimum

Support price (MSP) yearly and also buys produce directly from the market.

1.9 Inputs supply for crops production programme:

.

Every year agriculture department through their extension offices supply fruit

plants to the local farmers at very cheaper rates. These plants are not only cheaper

but good in variety. The Swan Channelization program of the IPH department also

providing fruit plant and also helping the farmers to establish garden in their waste

land.

Horticulture department and Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) Una are creating

awareness regarding soil testing, soil health card, cropping pattern, and land

reclamation, judicious use of fertilizers, seeds, pesticides, and technical awareness

to the farmers. In addition to this, a large number of inputs like fertilizers, pesticides;

seeds are also provided to the farmers by these departments and Primary

Agricultural Credit Societies (PACs). There are two soil testing laboratories in the

district besides facility of mobile van to test soil from HPKVV, Palampur are also

available. In addition to this PACs, Banks in the area are also providing loans to

farmers for agriculture purpose. The state also provides for the crops insurance at

reasonable premium.

Sr. No. Department / Banks/ PACS Inputs availability

1 Horticulture Department, Una

Fertilizers / Plants/ Seeds/ Soil

testing/ micronutrients/

weedicides and Fungicides,

Technical inputs

2 Krishi Vigyan Kendera, Una

Technical inputs, quality

planting material, Soil Health

testing, Agriculture advisory

3 IFFCO, DF&CS KCC, Supply of fertilizers

4

Punjab National Bank, Kangra

Central Cooperative Bank

(KCCB), Local Thrift and

Credit Societies.

KCC, crop loans

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Chapter 2

Objectives

2.1. Broad objective Develop sustainable livelihood opportunities for participating tribal communities

through remunerative self-employment to prevent migration.

2.1.1 Specific objectives

i. Effective utilization of available land, water and manpower resources of

selected tribal families through participatory approach.

ii. Implementation of environmentally friendly income generating activities.

iii. Development through people's organizations.

iv. Participation by women in development process and their empowerment.

v. Improve the health, sanitation and access to drinking water.

vi. Demonstrative merits of a wadi model for replicating the same by various

developmental agencies and also adoption of technology by the other farmers

in the project area.

2.2. Project Interventions

2.2.1 The core interventions of the program will be:

Establishment of orchard of the selected fruit crops as a core economic

activity.

Utilization of border of the orchard (fencing) for planting of multi purpose

forestry and economical species to meet the fodder, firewood and timber

requirement of tribal families thereby reducing their dependency on forest.

Adoption of in situ soil conservation measures to arrest further degradation

of soil and shaping of the land to make it suitable for establishment of

orchard.

Development of water resources individually or on community basis to

provide protective irrigation for fruit plants. The emphasis is on dry land

horticulture providing irrigation during the critical period by adopting the

time-tested water saving pitcher irrigation.

Adoption of improved farming techniques by capacity building of the

participation farmers through technology interventions, training, exposure

visit etc. to improve the crop productivity, production and quality of the

produce.

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Promotion of improved farming techniques, by capacity building of the

participating farmers through technology interventions, training, exposure

visit etc. to improve the crop productivity, production and quality of the

produce.

Promoting of community health by educating the community on basic

hygiene, nutritional aspects of food, primary treatment of minor aliments

and herbal and kitchen gardens in the back yards.

Drudgery reduction measures especially for women by supporting activities,

which will not only reduce the drudgery but also save the time to perform

the routine house hold activities so that they can concentrate more on the

wadi and other economic activities.

2.2.2 Other interventions to be promoted under the program for further

diversification of the activities.

Income generation activities like animal husbandry (backyard poultry,

piggery), non-farm activities to be promoted through Self Help Groups (SHG)

for the wadi families and other land less families.

Microfinance by linking the SHGs to the local banks for expanding income

generation activities and meeting expenses related to marriages, education

and health etc.

Promotion of village institutions, processing through cooperatives and

promotion of the products of the project under common brand for

marketing.

2.2.3 The broad components of the project for supporting interventions and

financial support is as given below (table: 1 )

Table : 1: Financial Supports

S.No. Component Financial support 1. Wadi establishment and maintenance 100% Grant

2. Soil & water conservation measures Grant (100%)

3. Buildings, equipments, vehicles Grant (100%)

4. Operations & maintenance including project staff, training, women development etc.

Grant (100%)

5. Health components Grant (100%)

6. SHGs, micro Finance, Cooperatives etc. Grant (100%)

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2.3 Criteria for selection of villages

Villages having predominant tribal population will be covered

under the program.

Preference will be given to village where percentage of tribal

population is more than 50%.

The physical, ecological and socio-economic characteristics of the

area vis-à-vis their suitability for wadi program will be taken into

account while selecting the area.

Those villages with a known history of coming together for common

causes and villages that have shown concern for resource

conservation will be given priority.

The cluster approach will be adopted while identifying the villages,

so that about 10% of the families could be land less for supporting

under the project.

2.4 Profile of the Area selected for wadi development.

The selected cluster of 4 villages namely Dhargujran, Basuni,

Suhin and Aloh situated in a block Amb of district Una. The Dhargujran and

Basuni are located 45 kilometer away from the main Una -Dharamsala state

highway, and Aloh & Suhin are on the main highway. Community and

population wise these villages are dominated by the Gujjar(ST) community

and there main occupation is only animal husbandry.

2.5 Total area and present practices of cultivation.

Village Total Area(Hec) Under Cultivation

Barren

1 Dhar Gujjaran 82 13 29

2 Basuni 41 14 27

3 Aloh 38 12 26

4 Suhin 105 26 79

176 65

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2.6 Geographical location of the selected cluster of 4 villages

2.6 The population profile of these areas is as under:-

1. A-Tribal Population in the project area and their break up ALOH

SN Name of tribe No. families Population Major occupation

1 Gujjar ST- 58 348 Major occupation

Other communities SC- 15

OBC-13

GEN -7

86

67

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Dairy, Agriculture

% of tribal population 81/58=70% 535/348=70%

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2 Tribal Population in the project area and their break up - SUHIN


1 Gujjar ST- 53 347 Major occupation


OBC- 7

GEN - 31

79

32

154

Dairy, Agriculture

% of tribal population 106/53=50% 612/347=54%

3. Tribal Population in the project area and their break up DHAR GUJJRAN


1 Gujjar ST- 62 372 Dairy, Agriculture

Other communities SC- -0

GEN -0

0

0

Dairy, Agriculture

% of tribal population 100% 372

4. Tribal Population in the project area and their break up BASUNI,


1 Gujjar ST- 38 222 Dairy, Agriculture


GEN 16

0

80

Dairy, Agriculture

% of tribal population 90% 302

2.7. Fruits and other commercial plants available for wadi development.

SN Plants Variety

1 Mangoes Local and Dusheri Variety

2 Lemon Local and Kagzi

3 Ber Local

4 Wild lemon Local

5 Harar Hybrid

6 Behar Hybrid

7 Ambla Hybrid

8 Guava Hybrid

9 Orange Kinoo

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2.7 Soil Health of the proposed cluster.

As per proposal soil health of the proposed cluster per also got

examined at the soil testing of Agriculture department. As per proposal 8

samples covering 25 hectare each were collected and sent for soil health

examination. The report is as under;-

SN Name of the land owner

Village Separates Water holding

capacity

Ph N P K

1 BADARDIN SUHIN MEDIUM General 7.3 L M M

2 SATTARDIN ALOH MEDIUM General 7.8 L L L

3 HUSAN

MOHAMMED

ALOH MEDIUM General 7.4 L M L

4 RAM PARKASH SUHIN MEDIUM General 7.7 L M M

5 FATEH

MOHAMMED

BASUNI MEDIUM General 7.7 L L L

6 LIKE MOHAMMED BASUNI MEDIUM General 7.5 L M L

7 NIYAMAT ALI DHAR MEDIUM General 7.0 L M L

8 NIYAZ DIN DHAR MEDIUM General 7.6 L L M

The nitrogen, phosphorus and other major nutrient condition in the soil

shows that this cluster has good potential for orchard growing.

2.8 Criteria for Selection of Participants

The support from the project will be to the extent of development of

maximum one acre per family or equivalent cost.

The participating families should be agreeable to work together

with other families in groups and also provide family labour

required for completion of core activity.

Further, they should be agreeable to adopt the project discipline.

The tribal participants should commit themselves to make periodic,

regular contributions to create a common village fund and to

constitute, at the village level a representative body for managing

the program and maintaining all the valuable assets created and

generated by the project.

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The families will have to sign a letter of Consent (Appendix 1) for

participating in the wadi project and accepting its various terms

and conditions.

2.7 No. of wadis to be Support Under the project, it is proposed to cover about 150 wadis spread over 4

villages. All the identified villages are within a radius of 10 kms from the

block Headquarters, i.e. AMB. It will be treated as one cluster only for the

sake of convenience of supervision and monitoring. The Project

implementing Agency will have freedom to choose the villages and families in

the phases based on the selection criteria indicated above.

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Chapter-3 3 Project Implementing Agency (PIA): Ankur Welfare Association- Gagret. The development agency in such a scenario is an enabling rather than a delivery

agency. It neither directs, nor delivers, mainly facilitates. It may demonstrate new

ideas, promote new approaches, mobilize the community, experiment jointly with the

community, demystify concepts and technologies, and mediate to bring about

collaboration within and outside the community, and impart skills and foster

conditions for reflection and learning. Ankur Welfare Association Gagret is working

in the field of Rural Development in general and women empowerment and health

improvement in particular through collaboration with Government since last 17 years

The main projects handled or being handled by the agency are;

Watershed development programme

Village development plan.

Micro banking institution.

Farmers club.

Financial literacy.

Small Entrepreneurship development program.

Health.

Advocacy.

Livelihood generation.

Training &Capacity development.

The main objective of the NGO is to contribute to poverty alleviation programmes

through communities’ participation. The key strategy is in this collaborative

approach is to mobilize community participation; building leadership and

entrepreneurial skills. Since the gravity of poverty alleviation tasks are enormous and

government was found not to be in a position to address it very effectively, Ankur

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Welfare Association. GAGRET with its limited resources preferred to deal with it in

following manners:

Directly working with community.

Collaboration with the Government.

Collaboration with line departments.

HEALTH institutions.

Support to other local organizations.

3.2 Technical Human Resource Available with the organization.

SN Name Qualification Post

1 Deepak Kumar M Sc (Eco & Env) Chief functionary

2 Manisha Sharma MBA Project Coordinator

3 O.S. Koundal B. Sc Agriculture Agri. Specialist

4 Chaner kanta M.A. B. Ed Filed Worker

5 Rakesh Chander BA Filed Worker

6 Abinash BA. B. Ed. Filed Worker

7 Neeraj Bala ANM Health Worker

8 Nisha Rani ANM Health Worker

9 Sunil Kumar Sr. Sec. Filed Worker

10 Salim Mohammed Sr. Sec Filed Worker

11 Ramman Kumar Sr. Sec Filed Worker

12 Madhu Rani Sr. Sec Filed Worker

13 Sonika Devi Sr. Sec Filed Worker

14 Khem Raj Sr. Sec Filed Worker

15 Parveen Kumari Sr. Sec Filed Worker

16 Vinod Jariyal Sr. Sec Filed Worker

17 Kapil Parmar Sr. Sec Filed Worker

In addition to these technical trained personnel there are a large

number of field workers working in the field as field investigators.

3.3 Technical know how collaboration.

Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Una, a premier wing of ICAR working

for the farmers in the district has kindly consented to provide Technical know

how, Training and Capacity building, Soil Testing Facilities and other out

reach services in the cluster. The agency has a team of four scientists having

specialization in various fields. Further, Agriculture Department would also be

roped in as a member of cluster development agency for additional inputs for

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improving the productivity of the lead crops as also for synergisation of the

different schemes being implemented in the district.

3.4 The Cluster Development Agency.

With the regular interaction with the local farmers, following members have

been nominated by the majority for the Cluster Development Agency. The

names are:-

S.No Name

1 DDM, NABARD, UNA(HP)

2 In--charge KVK/ his representative, Una(HP)

3 Dy. Director, Horticulture Department / Representative, Una

4 Block Development Officer, Amb

5 Niyamat Ali Dhar Gujjrani

6 Bhag Singh Basuni

7 Rukam Din, Suhin

8 Jaan Mohammed, Aloh

9 O.S.Koundal

3.5 The Village level implementing agencies

Farmer Club. : Presently there are 7 farmers club are actively working

in the cluster. These are

1. Dhar gujjran Farmers Club

2. Basuni Farmers Club.

3. Aloh Farmers Club.

4. Suhin Farmers Club.

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Chapter-4

Wadi & Dairy Component

4.1 Wadi Size & development.

The Schedule tribes of Una district includes Gujjars which have been actively

involved in livestock rearing. These tribal’s have adequate wasteland which is

presently being used as grassland for meeting the dry fodder as well as the pasture

requirements. An important aspect of these families is that they are not nomadic and

earn their livelihood from agriculture and sale of milk. Agriculture is mainly

dependent on rainfall. Wheat and Maize are the two main crops of the area.

However, some of the families have ventured into lift irrigation from adjoining check

dam which have all the year around water for meeting the irrigation requirements of

the crops. Hence, in order to provide alternative source of income to these families it

was thought to bring them under folds of horticulture development through ‘ Wadi’

programme.

For each target family, one acre or half acre of waste or uncultivated land as per

availability with the beneficiaries, will be taken up for developing an orchard (Wadi).

The slope of this land varies from 3- 15% with sparse to dense bush/ tree cover. The

tree cover mainly comprises of khair, Pinus, Kachnar, etc. whereas bush comprise of

lantana, morass spp. For wadi purpose wasteland having slope in the range of 3-

15% with sparse tree / bush cover has been identified. Based on the baseline survey

of the proposed programme families it is gathered that 138.5 acre of land covering

150 families can be covered for development of ‘Wadi’s’.

Table 1: Village wise no of wadi proposed to be developed

S.No Village No. of

Wadi

Total

Area(Acre)

Water source

1 Dhar Gujjaran 62 62 Lift Irrigation

2 Basuni 47 47 Lift Irrigation

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3 Suhin 18 12.5 Portable Pump Irrigation

4 Aloh 23 17 Portable Pump Irrigation

Total 150 138.5

During the course of baseline survey, 8 soil samples from proposed wadi sites from

4 villages were collected and analyzed for suitability of the soil for supporting the

horticulture development programme (enclosed). The soil test confirms that the land

is suitable for wadi development.

It is also proposed to promote inter cultivation of green fodder in the wadi until the

plants have attained a good height. It would help the families in getting green fodder

and also help in maintaining moisture & fertility soil.

4.2 Selection of Horticultural crops

Based on discussions with the villagers, Mango & Citrus have been identified as

suitable horticultural crops to the proposed project area. The same have been

corroborated by the Horticulture department considering the following aspects.

Suitability of the agro – climatic conditions of the project area

Mango and Citrus are leading fruit crops cultivated in the district, hence

forward and backward linkages are available.

Mango and Citrus are hardy crops and can survive and perform better under

dry land conditions.

Mango and citrus have got huge demand in the area as table fruit as also for

meeting the requirements of 6 food processing industries in the district which

are into manufacture of Jam, Jelly, juices & Pickles. Hence, marketing of the

produce will not be a problem.

Mango, Citrus offer scope for village level processing into various products

thereby creating scope for setting up of processing units and generation of

local employment.

The Horticulture Department in the district / Horticulture Regional Station

Jach, Jasur, District Kangra are capable of providing necessary planting

23

material as well as extension support. In addition, planting materials can be

sourced from nurseries in Sarahanpur, UP.

4.3 Boundary plantation plants

Majority of the wadi land holdings are continuous without any mutations which are in

the name of the forefathers. As a practice in the area and of the community (i.e.

Muslim), the land is being earmarked to each of the nuclear family and so on. Hence,

there are clusters in each village wherein there would be 5-8 wadi’s. Creation of

boundary fencing of plants in each of such cluster wadi’s will not be practically

possible. Hence, boundary plantation has been proposed in only those wadi which

are segregated. In addition, boundary plantation of fodder tree species is being

proposed under the project to provide green fodder by way of lopping to the animals.

4.4 Crop Combination

As indicated above in between the Mango & Citrus plantation, it is proposed to

cultivate green fodders such as Berseem, Guinea Grass, etc. on the crescent farm

bunds proposed under soil conservation measures. These being leguminous plant

will enrich the soil and irrigation for the horticulture plant will also meet the water

requirements of these plants.

Standard practices and varieties recommended for each of the proposed horticultural

crop in the area are

Crop- 1 Mango

Varieties Dusheri

Plantation Period July-August

Plantation Density 10X10 m

Pit Size 1x1X1 meter

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Plants Selection Plants developed in the nursery through

Vanier Grafting or purchase from

horticulture Department.

Raising Wadi One Acre

Requirement for one acre 40 Mango

Mortality 10% 4

Table 2 -Cost of Mango Wadi (one acre)

Particulars 1st Year 1st Yr

2nd

Yr

3rd

Yr 4th Yr 5th Yr. Total

Unit Qty. Rate Amt. Amt. Amt. Amt. Amt. Amt.

A. Material No.

Grafts of mango crop No. 40 50 2000 200

2200

Boarder Plants No. 50 20 1000

1000

Fertilizers & Manures

0

N Kg 4 10.00 40 80 120 160 200 600

P Kg 2 15.00 30 60 90 120 150 450

K Kg 4 10.00 40 80 120 160 200 600

Compost Kg 200 6.00 1200 2400 3600 4800 6000 18000

Plant Protection Chemicals Liters 0.1 400.00 40 80 120 160 200 600

B. Labour

Ploughing/Land Clearing Day 2 115 230 0 0 0 0 230

Digging Pits No. 40 25 1000 0 0 0 0 1000

Filling of Pits No. 40 5 200 0 0 0 0 200

Pruning (once in a year) Man day 1 115 115 115 115 115 115 575

Spraying @ 3 / year Man day 3 115 345 345 345 345 345 1725

Irrigation Man day 2 115 230 230 230 230 230 1150

Total cost per wadi

6470 3590 4740 6090 7440 28330

A total of 33 Wadi covering a total area of 33 acres are proposed to be set up for

Mango crop in the identified area. The recommended of practices for cultivation of

mango are given in Appendix-2

Crop- Citrus

25

Varieties Kagzi Nimboo

Plantation Period July-August

Plantation Density 5X5 Meter

Pit Size 0.70x 0.70X 0.70 meter

Plants Selection Plants developed in the nursery through Vanier Grafting or purchase from Horticulture department.

Raising Wadi One or half Acre Density of plants 80 Wastage 10% 8

Table 3: -Cost of Citrus Wadi (one acre)

Crop 2 Citrus

Spacing 5x5

Density 80

Sweet lime, Lemon, Acid Lime

Variety

Particulars 1st Year 1st Yrs

2nd

Yr

3rd

Yr 4th Yr 5th Yr. Total

Unit Qty. Rate Amt.

Amt.

Amt.

Amt. Amt. Amt.

A. Material No.

Plant cost No. 80 40 3200 320 3520

Border Plants No. 50 20 1000 1000

Fertilizers & Manures 0

N Kg 4 10.00 40 80 120 160 200 600

P Kg 2 15.00 30 60 90 120 150 450

K Kg 4 10.00 40 80 120 160 200 600

Manure Kg 160 6.00 960 1920 2880 4800 5400 15960

Plant Protection Chemicals 50 ml/lt 0.1 400.00 40 80 120 160 200 600

B. Labour

Ploughing/Land Clearing Day 2 115 230 0 0 0 0 230

Digging Pits No. 80 20 1600 0 0 0 0 1600

Filling of Pits No. 80 4 320 0 0 0 0 320

Pruning once in a year No. 1 115 115 115 115 115 115 575

26

Spraying @ 3 in a year No. 3 115 345 345 345 345 345 1725

Irrigation (Average in 5 yrs) No. 2 115 230 230 230 230 230 1150

Total cost per wadi 8430 3430 4220 6290 7040 28330

A total of 150 wadi’s, of which 23 wadi’s of 0.5 acre and 94 Wadi’s of 1 acre covering

an area of 138.50 acre are proposed under the project. The recommended of

practices for cultivation of citrus are given in Appendix-3

4.5 Source for the supply of wadi material.

i. Department of Horticulture Nursery at Saloh, Una for citrus plants.

ii. Y.S.Parmar Horticulture University, Solan / Regional Horticultural

Station Jach, Jasur for mango plants.

iii. Private Nurseries at Sarahanpur, UP for Mango

iv. Department of Forest (HP) Bharwain for forestry plants.

4.6 Requirement and Supply of planting material with 10% plant Wastage

The planting material requirement of each crop has been worked out taking into

consideration 10% mortality based on the planting programme as indicated above.

Average farm gate cost of quality grafts is considered at Rs. 50/- for the Mango and

Rs. 40/- for Lemon. The digging labor cost for pit is approximately Rs. 25/- & 20/- per

plant respectively.

4.7 Dairy farming for Tribal families.

Out of total 220 tribal families which have been surveyed, there are only 150 families

who have sufficient wasteland land to develop wadi. In addition, there are 70 families

which have not got sufficient waste land to support wadi programme for augmenting

their livelihood. However, from a social mobilization as also a measure of conflict

resolution, it is proposed that these families would be supported for dairy farming

under the programme. Though these families’ rear livestock which are mostly non

descript buffaloes. Providing quality germ plasma to these animals under the project

will improve the progeny of the livestock as also will increase the income by way of

sale of milk and breeding animals. The ST families are traditional live stock owners

hence it is proposed to provide two animals as support to their families, who do not

have land for wadi development. Under this intervention, an amount equal to the cost

of wadi i.e. 29000/- shall be given for the purchase of two animals as a grant. As per

proposal grant under TDF will be synergized with GoI Dairy Entrepreneurship

27

Development Scheme so that they can avail facility of 33% subsidy. It is also

proposed to organize the dairy farmers into a cooperative society for better income

and developing their own processing and vermin compost units.

Table 4 :-Dairy farming cost sharing estimates per families.

S.no Particulars Total Cost Cost

sharing

1st year

1 Cost for two animals 58000.00

2 Margin money from farmer 5800.00

3 TDF Support 29000.00

4 Bank Loan (40%) 23200.00

5 Subsidy under DEDS @ 33% 19140.00

6 Total Farmer Contribution

(incl. margin money & loan amt.

excluding subsidy)

9860.00

28

Chapter-5

Soil Conservation

5.1 Soil and water conservation activities are vital for the establishment of

orchards. The topography of proposed project area is undulating and with non

descript vegetation. Looking towards these circumstances it becomes necessary to

undertake soil and water conservation activities each wadi.

5.2 Soil Conservation Works (SCW)

The general topography of the lands in the project area is undulating with slope

between 5 to 15%. During the project planning, an exercise was undertaken to adopt

the usual soil conservation measures i.e. Farm Bunds, Contour Bunds, Continuous

Contour Trenches, Gully plug, etc. The cost estimation worked out to be more than

10000/ acre. However, keeping in view the limitation in the cost as also adequate

natural grass cover on these wasteland since these lands are being used as a

source of local dry fodder as also for pasture alternative in situ soil and moisture

conservation treatment has been proposed.

5.3 Crescent Farm Bunds

As indicated earlier, the plant would be raised in pit of stipulated size depending

upon the plant species. It is proposed to provide for “U” shaped Farm bund around

each plant (Crescent Farm Bund - CFB). CFB will be placed across the slope of the

plant pit and would be having an average size of 3m. This will help in reduction of

soil erosion from the pit as also act a moisture conservation structure. The CFB will

also help in increased retention of irrigated water given during regular irrigation of the

plants. The area on the bund as also on the side towards the plant would be used for

cultivation of green fodder.

The size and cost estimates per wadi for formation of CFB is given below

Table 5: Estimates for Soil Conservation Works through Crescent Farm Bund

29

Sr.

No.

Particulars Specifications Amt

Required/

acre

1 Base width of bund (m) 0.60

2 Top width of bund (m) 0.30

3 Height of bund (m) 0.30

4 Cross section of bund (sq.m) 0.18

6 Length of the CBF (rm) 3 meter

7 Total earth work (cu. m) 0.54

8 Earth work rate (Rs. 62/- cum)

62/- 33.48

5.4 The total estimated cost to be covered in the 150 wadi is as per table given

below:

Table 6: Estimation of soil conservation works

S.No Treatment Plant No. of plants Crossection

Total EW (cum)

Rate (Rs.)

Total cost (Rs.)

1 Crescent FB Mango 1320 0.18 712.8 62.00 44193.60

Lemon 8440 0.18 4557.6 62.00 282571.20

Total for the Project 326764.80

Cost per wadi

2178.43

30

Chapter-6

Water Resources Development

Due to scarcity of irrigation sources, focus will be on providing infrastructure for

protective irrigation to the plants in initial years. To provide protective irrigation to the

plants, provision of water lifting is required from near by sources. Of the four

identified villages, 2 are having many water storage structures around the selected

wadis, where the rain water is stored by Check Dams (CD) and available through out

the year. These CDs would be in the range of 300-350 m of the respective wadi

clusters (4). The vertical head of these wadi’s would be around 50-70 m. Power

supply is available in these water source areas. Hence, in these clusters (4), four

electricity operated pump set having 2 HP power have been proposed for providing

lift irrigation. In addition, portable folding PVC pipe of 1.5 inch dia has been proposed

for lifting water to the highest elevation to form a delivery point. The water from this

delivery tank will be then sources through gravity by flexible pipes of 1 inch dia.

In other two villages, the water source is perinea river stream i.e. choe. This river

stream is away from the wadi and the vertical head would be around 100m with wadi

located about 500-600m away from the source. There is no electricity source at this

lift point. Hence, it would not be possible for installing fixed pump set for lifting as the

site is located away from the inhabitation. Keeping in view the topography and

demography, a portable pumpset of 3 HP motor has been proposed under the

project. This will meet the water requirement of the plants.

Table 7: Irrigation measures proposed in TDF villages.

S.No Village Source of irrigation No of wadi

1 Dhar gujjran Electric pump Lift Irrigation 62

2 Basuni Electric pump Lift Irrigation 47

3 Suhin Portable Diesel Pump Irrigation 18

4 Aloh Portable Diesel Pump Irrigation 23

150

31

It is estimated to provide 10 litres of water per plant per week in the first year and

thereafter reduction in irrigation frequency. The cost estimates depending upon the

fuel used are presented in the tables below:

Table 8 : Cost estimate for irrigation (electricity and Diesel)

Wadi Development Programme -Una District Cost Estimates for irrigation supply

S.No Particulars RATE/P No./m 1st Years 2nd year 3rd year 4th year 5th year Total

1 Usha/Crompton / Kirlosker 2hp 53 meter head mono block single phase electric pump.

8000 4 32000

32000

2 Accessories

A Hose Pipe 1.5 ", Nosle reducer, etc 700 4 2800 700 1050 1400 2800 8750

B 1' Plastic Pipe pipe base to main point 300 meter per point with provision for bear and tear.

50 1200 60000

60000

C Flexible Pipe 500 meter for each point 30 2000 60000 3000 3000 3000 3000 72000

D Electric wire 4mm( copper ) 30 800 24000 3000 3000 3000 3000 36000

E Switch Board for motor with MCB fitting 1000 4 4000 1000 1000 1000 1000 8000

F Service and maintenance 500 4 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 15000

3 Electric Consumption : Irrigation@ Weekly For 4 points

Total discharge 4000 liters/hrs

Electricty per hectare=10 units

Rates=2/- units /hectare=10*2=20

Cost per year 45344 34008 22672 11336 11336 124696

Sub-total 230144 44208 33722 23236 25136 356446

4 Portable Pump irrigation

Cost of usha portable motor 1 20000 20000 20000

Accessories 1 5000 5000 5000

Portable pipe 500 40 20000 20000

Repair and maintenance 1 500 500 500 500 500 500 2500

Diesel Expenses 82836 62127 41418 20709 20709 227799

Sub-total 128,336

62,627

41,918 21,209 21,209 275,299

Total 358480 106835 75640 44445 46345 631745

32

Cost of electricity

Yr. Year wise requirement of water units/h rate Area(hec)

cost/h weeks Cost

1 Units /hours /hectare/ 52week 20 1

43.60

872 52 45344

2 Units /hours /hectare/39 week 20 1

43.60

872 39 34008


43.60

872 26 22672


43.60

872 13 11336


43.60

872 13 11336

Total 124696

Diesel pump irrigation

1 Pump out put 4000 lt/hrs

2 8000 lts /hectare /week

Yr Total area 4 hectare Diesel

rate/lt

Area(H Cost/h Weeks Cost

1st Diesel Consumption=.600ml/hrs=1.200 ml/hec

1.20 45.00

29.50

1,593.00 52.00 82836

2nd

Diesel Consumption=1.200ml/hec

1.20 45.00

29.50

1,593.00 39.00 62127

3rd


1.20 45.00

29.50

1,593.00 26.00 41418

4th


1.20 45.00

29.50

1,593.00 13.00 20709

5th


1.20 45.00

29.50

1,593.00 13.00 20709

227,799

33

Chapter-7

Training and Capacity Building

7 A number of interventions are planned for capacity building and imparting

training for skill development with a view to aid the effective implementation of

wadi project in the district. The interventions planned are:

7.1 Program promotion and community mobilization.

NGO is already working with the villagers for the promotion of the Tribal

Development programme. Consequent to the sanction of the project, it is

proposed to discuss the project components and proposed schedule of

implementation with each village by the PIA along with the DDM. It is

proposed to conduct one such camp in each village at the start of the program

with the cost of Rs. 2500/- per camp. District Horticulture Department,

Agriculture Department, IPH department, etc. will be invited to the camps so

as to develop a confidence level as also to seek synergies of different

activities for better and effective implementation of the programme.

7.2 Exposure visit to existing WADI areas

About 10% representatives of the total participating families, i.e. a total of 30

participants will be taken far exposure to an existing WADI project being

implemented in other states for providing exposure to participants, so that

they can get an insight and understanding about the project as a whole and its

components, practices, their role and responsibilities, etc. The visits will be

organized before taking up the project in the villages. 30 farmers from 4

identified villages will be taken for exposure visit in two phases 15 per batch.

The entire cost of travel, stay, etc. @ Rs. 5000/- per farmers will be met out of

the project cost. Any excess expenditure cost would be borne by NGO/

participants. The exposure visit will be use full for experience sharing and

provide better insight to the wadis’ farmers.

7.3. Training and orientation to the PIA staff.

The PIA staff will be provided with inputs like planting, after care of the plants,

developing nursery through the regional horticulture center, Jach, / HPKVV,

34

Palam Pur. In addition to this PIA staff will also be provided with training on

scientific animal management and dairy processing. It is proposed to provide

such training in the start and orientation in the 3rd year of program. These

training programs shall be of 3 to 5 days duration and of residential nature.

Hence it is decided to put the cost PIA training and capacity building in the

budget.

7.4 Training to farmers and demonstration of new cropping practices

The farmers will be provided on-field inputs on proper aftercare of fruit plants.

The cost will be mainly on the technical experts who will interact with the

farmers and demonstrate the ways of doing things as also educate them on

the need, importance, periodicity, etc of aftercare. Services of 2 experts will

be taken for the purpose. It is proposes to provide one training in each

villages for the 1st two years. For this purpose budget for 8 such training

@5000/- per training is kept in the budget.

7.5 Capacity building on Animal Husbandry

Around 70 ST families are going to be benefitted under this program and they

are promoted for dairy farming for their livelihood. So the need to provided

input on animal husbandry for better up keep of the animal is felt. It is

proposed to provide such training every year. In the villages where dairy

farming is being promoted, there is no Travis to handle the animals for

examination. The same will be provided in the programme budget. It would be

permanent asset for the villagers.

7.6 Training in Farm produce processing.

In the fourth year of plantation, the plants will start bearing fruits. Inured to

handle surplus crop as also to provide value addition it is proposed to provide

training to the stake holders in processing of the fruits into various forms.

These training will be provided in the fourth and fifth year of the program.

7.7 Detail of budget for training and capacity building is illustrated in the

table given below.

35

Table 12 : Cost of Capacity Building and Training

Sr.

No.

Particulars Cost 1st yr 2nd

year

3rd

year

4th

year

5th

year

Total

cost

1 Programme

promotion /

Mobilization

4 Program @

Rs. 2500/- per

Program

10000 10000

2 Exposure visits to

WADI project

areas for 30

farmers

@ Rs. 5000/-

per

participant

150000 -- -- 150000

3 Training &

orientation of PIA

staff on wadi

management

Rs. 5000/-

per training

20000 -- 20000 40000

4 Farmers training,

demonstrations,

etc.

@ Rs. 5000

per program

20000 20000 40000

5 Live stock health

camp.

1 in a

year@10000/-

camp.

10000

10000 10000 10000 10000 62000

Cost of Travis

(2)

15000 15000

6 Training in farm

products

processing

@ 5000/- per

training in the

last year of

the program

10000 10000

Total 220000 30000 30000 10000 20000 312000

36

Chapter - 8

Health and women Empowerment.

8 Health.

The major issues related to the health of the community is addressed by the health

department but still there are certain aspect of health where such education and

treatment is not given to the women at large. Being a muslim community, the women

in the identified villages are reclusive and not forthcoming in interaction with

outsiders. There are so many infection that the women carry but do not disclose due

lack of awareness and social taboo. The PIA would be create linkages with these

women through formation of SHGs and develop a social rapport and embark upon

confidence building exercise. Keeping in view the issues and problems among the

women in the villages it is proposed to conduct health check camp and provide

medicine to the women and adolescent girls in the villages under this programme.

The major components of the health programmers’ would be:

i. Mother and Child immunization.

ii. Post Natal care.

iii. Reproductive track infection treatment & Nutrition and Health

education.

iv. Adolescent hygiene and health.

All these health component shall be addressed in a single camps organized on

quarterly basis in each village.

Table 13 : Cost Estimated of Women Health Component.

Description Cost

per

Unit

1st yr 2nd

yr

3rd yr 4th yr 5th yr Total

Health Awareness & examination program on A. immunization B. Mother Health. C. RTI Medical Examination. D. Adolescent Hygiene &

Health 3 camp in a year in each village. Total 12 camps

3000

36000

36000

36000

36000

36000

180000

Total 180000

37

Chapter-8

8.1 Women Empowerment Development.

Empowerment of women will be crucial for their committed involvement in the project

implementation. The component is aimed at empowerment, income generation,

sanitation, drudgery reduction. The activities planned under the program are:

i. Group formation through SHPI program

ii. Training inputs under the program.

iii. Income generation activities.

8.2 Income Generation Activities (IGA)

In the program villages women with be provided with an opportunity to supplement

existing income levels and the chance to lead a better life by fulfilling basic

requirements of food, education and health. Income generation activities will be

undertaken both at group and individual levels. The selection of IGA will be such that

it will synergise the project activities such as vermi-compost, nursery raising,

vegetable production, fisheries, dairy etc. Milk societies and nursery raising would be

taken up as group activity. Vermi compost will be taken up by taking benefit of

existing scheme promoted by the Block Development Department and DRDA.

Table 14:- Cost estimates for women development

Description No. of

camps

Cost per

Unit

Year wise Expenditure

1st

year

2nd

year

3rd

year

4th

year

5th

year

Total

Milk collection societies Formation.

2 Rs.20000/- 20000 20000 40000

Nursery Raising Training. 2 Rs.10000/- 10000 10000 20000

Vermin Compost Training 4 Rs.5,000/- 20000 20000

Income generation trainings – Food Processing, Preservation, Packing and storage

5 Through DRDA, SDP

Total 80000

38

Chapter –9

Cost Estimates

The abstract of the cost estimated for funding the program for the period of 5 years is

given below. The fund requirement for the various components of the proposed

project is as under.

Table 15: Abstract of funding of the TDF program for 220 families.

Summary of cost estimates and funding

S.No Programme component Year 1 Year 2 Year3 Year 4 Year 5 Total

1 Horticulture, SMC and WRD and maintenance

a Plantation 1073335 459235 580530 843465 967140 3923705

b Soil conservation 326765 326764.8

c water Resource Development 358480 106835 75640 44445 46345 631745

2 Dairy Development 4060000 0 0 0 0 4060000

3 Health 36000 36000 36000 36000 36000 180000

4 Animal Health 8000 8000 8000 8000 8000 40000

5 Women Development 0 40000 40000 0 0 80000

6 Training and Capacity Building 202000 50000 10000 30000 20000 312000

7 Sub-total 6064579.8 700070 750170 961910 1077485 9554214.8

8 Project management Cost 380400 380400 380400 380400 380400 1902000

9 Sub-total (7+8) 6444980 1080470 1130570 1342310 1457885 11456215

10 Contigencies@5% 303228.99 35003.5 37508.5 48095.5 53874.25 477710.74

11 Total Project Out lay 6748209 1115473.5 1168078.5 1390405.5 1511759.25 11933925.54

12 Bank Loan 284200 284200

13 Family contribution 440500 440500

14 Subsidy 1339800 1339800

Total Project grants 4683709 1115474 1168079 1390406 1511759 9869426

Average cost per acre of wadi and one dairy works out to Rs.44861/- per families.

mailto:Contigencies@5%25

39

10. Marketing and Processing

10.11 Mango

6.1.1 Under the project, production of about 1000 MT of fresh fruit is

expected on stabilization of yield i.e. after 10 years of planting. In order to

realize higher returns for the farmers, proper and timely marketing of

produce is very critical. Keeping in view the demand of local market and

markets outside the State, the variety of Dasheri has been identified.

6.1.2 Looking at the present demand in the local and neighboring markets,

there will be no difficulty in marketing of produce. However, if felt necessary,

the wadi farmers will be encouraged to form cooperative societies to take up

the marketing of their product to get better returns. Apart from marketing of

the fresh fruits, the societies will be encouraged to set up processing units

for processing of mango pulp and other products.

10.2 Lemon

10.3Lemon Syrup: - Ripe fruits are selected. After washing, peel and cut

into halves. With the manual extractor the juice is separated from the skin

and pips. Dissolve sugar (60% by weight) in clean water, boil for five

minutes, stirring all the time; then filter the impurities from the sugar

solution. Add the lemon juice and boil for two minutes. Move from the heat

and fill the bottle while hot. Cooling, cleaning and labeling are the last

operations before storage.

10.2.3 Lemon Preserve (Sour):- Blanch lemons for fifteen minutes and

repeat this three times. Soak in boiled water for one day. The following day,

drain off the water and dry in the sun dryer.

10.2.4 Lemon Preserve (Sweet):- Soak the lemons in the boiled water and

drain off after 12 hours, repeat twice a day for three days. The following day,

blanch and cut into quarters, soak in 5% salt solution for five days and

drain. 100% by wt of sugar are melted, filtered, and then mixed with the

lemon quarters for one night. The next day, lemon quarters are removed

from the sugar solution and then the sugar solution is boiled on low,

medium heat until the volume becomes half. The lemon is mixed with the

syrup and placed on a low fire until all the water boils out. Move from the

heat and cool down before packing.

10.2.5 Lemon Pickle :- Blanch the lemon for fifteen minutes and

repeat this three times. Soak in the boiled water for one day. The following

day, drain off the water and dry in the sun dryer. Roast the mustard seeds

40

and grind. Cook the edible oil and cool down. The dried lemon is mixed with

the sliced ginger, small piece of garlic, chili and spices. The product is cooled

down before packing

10.2.6 Packing / processing units

In view of the above, no provision is made for processing of wadi produce

under the project. However, if felt necessary, processing of fruits into high

value consumer products could be planned by formation of apex cooperative

federation after wadis start yielding substantial quantities of fruits.

41

11. Project Implementation Schedule.

The project implementation will have four phases such as:

Phase-I - Preparatory phase

Base line and selection of area.

Formal agreement with PIA

Mobilization/recruitment of staff and deployment

Baseline survey

Soil Testing

Phase-II – Final Planning

Detailed plan of operations

Program awareness campaign

Planning and design

Tendering and awarding contracts

Identification of wadi farmers

Phase-III – Implementation

Setting up of Offices

Formation of wadi groups

Water resource development

Capacity building of staff, wadi participants

Wadi implementation

Soil and water conservation

Health promotion scheme

Formation of processing cooperatives

Phase-IV – Monitoring and Impact Evaluation.

The project implementation schedule is based on the project components

and phasing of the implementation.

42

Project Implementing Agency (PIA)

12. Administrative Set up and People’s

organization

Administrative set up

The project will have an administrative/project implementing set-up

exclusively for planning and implementation of project during the nine years

of the project period. The set up envisaged in the project include:

i. Management Team & implementation team will consist of a Program

Coordinator, Program specialists, Accountant & Ground Staff. The

team will be located at Dhar Gujjaran. The team will consist of a

project coordinator, subject matter specialists, accounts and audit

staff. As exclusive office will be set up by the ANKUR for

implementation of Project. The project proposes to support the entire

establishment and other administrative expenditure of the

implementation team.

ii. Field Staff: One field guide will cater to 100 wadi farmers and one field

supervisor will oversee/monitor the area covered by 2 field guides.

There will be teams of Agri. Assistants, health inspectors, community

worked and accountant. The project supports the entire establishment

and other administrative expenditure of the field staff / teams.

iii. Community Support Team: The community support team will

basically consist of field guides, health guides and barefoot

accountants. It is proposed that for every 50 wadis there will be one

field guide, for every 3-4 villages there will be one health guide and for

every 50 wadis there will be one barefoot community mobilizer. The

nominal salary of the community support team is met from the

project.

Peoples Organizational set up

The suggested peoples organizational set up for implementation of the

project is given below:

i. Wadi Participant Groups: The core activity will be a family based

program and will be undertaken by the individual tribal family. For

better planning, execution and management, the individual project

43

participant will come together as small groups of about 10 members

each.

ii. Village Planning Committee: These participant groups in turn will

form village level organization, Village Planning Committee.(VPC), for

better coordination with the help / facilitation by the RSS. The VPC

will be formed once the stability in operations of the PGs are reached

and when coordinated actions at the village level will be felt

necessary. The VPC consists of persons nominated by a consensus by

the programme participants. For every 10 participants (one PG), one

member will be nominated for the VPC. It should have due

representation of women (minimum30%). This body actually “owns”

the project and is responsible for the planning, implementation,

monitoring and maintenance of the project.

iii. Cooperative Societies: The village level organizations will federate

and form a cooperative at the cluster level. This cooperative will take

shape once the base level institutions have fully stabilized and

become functional. Each cooperative will be instrumental in providing

technical assistance to the project in inputs procurement, marketing

of produce and necessary guidance to VPC for effective management

of the program.

iv. Apex Co Operative Federation: All the Cooperative societies of the

project area will be federated into an apex cooperative body mainly to

take care of the processing, brand promotion and marketing of the

produce. From the project, The support will be extended for product

development, brand creation and promotion, support for the initial

stabilization period.

44

Chapter-13

13 Partnership with Institutions

Under the project, the following institutions have been identified for

partnership in implementation of the project (Table 31).

Table Partnership with Institutions

Sr. No.

Organization Role of organization in the project

1 ANKUR WELFARE ASSOCIATION, GAGRET

o Implementing Agency

2 Agriculture (Horticulture) Department, Govt. of

Himachal Una.

o Technical advise on production technology of Mango, Cashew

and Agro forestry o Training support to the project

staff and wadi farmers

o Supply of planting material

3 Krishi Vigyan Kendera, UNA

o Technical advise on production and processing of Mango and Cashew

o Training support to the project staff and wadi farmers

o Supply of planting material

4 National Bank for

agriculture and Rural Development

o Providing funds

o Monitoring of the project o Overall guidance

5 State Govt. Departments

like Co operative, Animal husbandry, health, horticulture, agriculture,

forestry.

o Extension service

o Support the wadi farmers through their scheme

o

45

Chapter-14

14. Project Risks

Spurious planting material: Mango, lemon, Ambla have gestation of

about 4 to 5 years and performance of the plants is known only after

the gestation. Hence greater care is required to ensure supply of

quality planting material of the selected varieties to realize the benefits

of wadi. The success of the project is directly correlated to the

successful establishment of wadi.

Non adoption of Package of practices: Non adoption of proper

practices may retard the growth of the plants resulting in delayed

yield and reduced production from the wadi.

Prolonged drought during initial two to three years of

establishment of wadi : Drought for two or more years continuously

during the wadi establishment phase may lead to large scale mortality

of the fruit plants.

Outbreak of pest and diseases: Though there is no previous history

of pest and disease attack, the outbreak of disease may affect the

production and income of the wadi.

Perish ability: Mango is perishable in nature and the post harvest

losses would be very high. If harvesting standards and post harvest

management techniques are not adopted.

High price fluctuation: Fluctuation in the price may affect the

income generation of the wadi.

Conflicts in people’s organizations: Conflicts among the members of

the people’s organization after PIA with draws from the project may

affect the sustainability of the project.

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Summary and Conclusion

Poverty is closely linked to a degraded environment and this is true with the

tribes of Una district. Indiscriminate exploitation of forest resources and

poor crop and animal production practices have led to low productivity,

degradation of agricultural land and depletion of forest resources. As a

result of low income and shortage of food, majority of the tribes migrate to

nearby towns for sustenance.

The above situation clearly indicates the need for implementation of the

projects aimed at achieving remunerative self employment to prevent

migration, develop sustainable livelihood and improve the quality of life.

The proposed development of 200 wadis under WADI project in Amb Block

of Una district covering 4 villages in Amb block will be major initiatives in

this direction. The project supports wadi development in 0.5 to 1.00 acre

land of each tribal family with the combination of Mango, Lemon, as base

crops and multipurpose forest species on the boundaries of the wadi. Other

major components are soil and water conservation, water resource

development, capacity building of the participants and PIA, health and

women development, The total fund requirement under the project works

out to Rs. 75.81 lakh for the project period of 5 years.

The financial analysis of the project clearly indicates that the wadi family

will be able to cross the minimum family income of Rs. 30000 mark by the

10th year of the project. However it is possible to minimize the gestation

period required for achieving the minimum family income by introducing

diversification in the farms of wadi farmers.

“Ankur” is a young, dynamic and dedicated State level NGO with enough

experience in implementing Natural Resource Management projects, health

and hygiene programmes, capacity building, awareness creation and other

developmental activities in the backward areas of the State, especially

among the tribes. Being fully aware about the field level conditions including

the topography and the problems/issues involved strength in the

management of natural resources through peoples organizations like SHGs

and other community based organizations (CBOs).

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The strong people’s organization expected to be promoted under the project

for implementation of the project will be the foundation to carry the project

forward to:

Create opportunities for remunerative self employment to meet the

basic requirements;

Develop sustainable livelihood opportunities;

Improve the quality of life; and

Become contributors to the economy from present status of

dependents on the economy.

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ANNEXURE-A

Mango Cultivation

Mango (Mangi fera indica) is the leading fruit crop of India and considered to be the

king of fruits. Besides delicious taste, excellent flavour and attractive fragrance, it is

rich in vitamin A&C. The tree is hardy in nature and requires comparatively low

maintenance costs.

Mango occupies 22% of the total under fruits comprising of 1.2 million hectares, with

a total production of 11 million tones. Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh are having

the largest area under mango each with around 25% of the total area followed by

Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

Mango fruit is utilized at all stages of its development both in its immature and

mature state. Raw fruits are used for making chutney, pickles and juices. The ripe

fruits besides being used for desert are also utilized for preparing several products

like squashes, syrups, nectars, jams and jellies. The mango kernel also contains 8-

10 percent good quality fat which can be used for soap and also as a substitute for

cola in confectionery.

Fresh mangoes and mango pulp are the important items of agri-exports from India.

India's main export destinations for mango are UAE, Kuwait and other Middle East

countries with a limited quantity being shipped to European market. Although, India

is the largest mango producing country, accounting about 60% of world production,

the export of fresh fruit is limited to Alphonso and Dashehari varieties. India's share

in the world mango market is about 15 percent. Mango accounts for 40 percent of

the total fruit exports from the country. There is good scope for increasing the area

and productivity of mango in the country.

Climate :

Mango can be grown under both tropical and sub-tropical climate from sea level to

1400 m altitude, provided there is no high humidity, rain or frost during the flowering

period. Places with good rainfall and dry summer are ideal for mango cultivation. It is

better to avoid areas with winds and cyclones which may cause flower and fruit

shedding and breaking of branches.

Soil :

Mango comes up on a wide range of soils from alluvial to laterite provided they are

deep (minimum 6') and well drained. It prefers slightly acidic soils (pH 5.5 to 7.5)

Varieties :

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Though there are nearly 1000 varieties of mango in India, only following varieties are

grown in different states : Alphonso, Bangalora, Banganpalli, Bombai, Bombay

Green, Dashehari, Fazli, Fernandin, Himsagar, Kesar, Kishen Bhog,Langra,

Mankhurd, Mulgoa, Neelam, Samarbehist, Chausa, Suvarnarekha, Vanaraj and

Zardalu.

Recently some mango hybrids have been released for cultivation by different

institutes / universities. A brief introduction to such varieties is presented below :

Mallika - It is a cross between Neelam and Dashehari. Fruits are medium sized

cadmium coloured with good quality, reported to be a regular bearer.

Amrapali - It is a cross between Dashehari and Neelam. It is a dwarf vigorous type

with regular and late bearing variety. It yields on an average 16 t/ha and about 1600

plants can be accommodated in one hectare.

Mangeera : It is a cross between Rumani and Neelam. It is a semi vigorous type

with a regular bearing habit. Fruits are medium sized with light yellow coloured skin,

firm and fibreless flesh and sweet to taste.

Ratna : It is a cross between Neelam and Alphonso. It is a regular bearer and free

from spongy tissue. Fruits are medium sized with excellent quality. Flesh is firm and

fibreless, deep orange in colour with high TSS (19-21 Brix).

Arka Aruna : It is a hybrid between Banganapalli and Alphonso with regular bearing

habit and dwarf in stature. About 400 plants can be accommodated per hectare.

Fruits are large sized (500-700 gm) with attractive skin colour. Pulp is fibreless,

sweet to taste (20-22 Brix). Pulp percentage is 73 and the fruits are free from spongy

tissue.

Arka Puneet : It is a regular and prolific bearing hybrid of the cross between

Alphonso and the Banganapalli. Fruits are medium sized (220-250 gm) with

attractive skin colour, having red blush. Pulp is free from fibre, pulp percentage being

70 percent. Fruits are sweet to taste (20-22 Brix) with good keeping quality and free

from spongy tissue. It is a good variety for processing also.

Arka Anmol : It is a semi-vigorous plant type from the cross between Alphonso and

Janardhan Pasand. It is also a regular bearing and free from spongy tissues. Fruits

ripen to uniform yellow colour. Keeping quality of the fruit is very good and it is

suitable for export. It has got excellent sugar and acid blend and fruits weigh on an

average about 300 g Pulp is orange in colour.

Propagation :

Farmers should always get vegetatively propagated, true to type plants from

50

recognised nurseries. Inarching, veneer grafting, side grafting and epicotyl grafting

are the popular methods of propagation in mango.

Planting : Land should be prepared by deep ploughing followed by harrowing and

leveling with a gentle slope for good drainage. Spacing varies from 10 m x 10 m, in

the dry zones where growth is less, to 12 m x 12 m, in heavy rainfall areas and rich

soils where abundant vegetative growth occurs. New dwarf hybrids like Amrapali can

be planted at closer spacing. Pits are filled with original soil mixed with 20-25 kg well

rotten FYM, 2.5 kg single super phosphate and 1 kg muriate of potash.

One year old healthy, straight growing grafts from reliable sources can be planted at

the centre of pits along with the ball of the earth intact during rainy season in such a

way that the roots are not expanded and the graft union is above the ground level.

Plants should be irrigated immediately after planting. In the initial one or two years, it

is advisable to provide some shade to the young plants and also stake to make them

grow straight.

Training and pruning :

About one meter from the base on the main trunk should be kept free from branching and the main stem can be allowed thereafter spaced at 20-25 cm apart in such a way that they grow in different directions. Branches which cross over/rub each other may be removed at pencil thickness.

Fertilizer Application :

In general, 170 gm urea, 110 gm single super phosphate and 115 gm muriate of potash per plant per year of the age from first to tenth year and thereafter 1.7 kg, 1.1 kg, and 1.15 kg respectively of these fertilizers per plant per year can be applied in two equal split doses (June-July and October). Foliar spray of 3% urea is recommended before flowering in sandy areas.

Irrigation :

Young plants are watered frequently for proper establishment. In case of grown up trees, irrigation at 10 to 15 days interval from fruit set to maturity is beneficial for improving yield. However, irrigation is not recommended for 2-3 months prior to flowering as it is likely to promote vegetative growth at the expense of flowering.

Inter cropping :

Inter crops such as vegetables, legumes, short duration and dwarf fruit crops like papaya, guava, peach, plum, etc. depending on the agro-climatic factors of the region can be grown. The water and nutrient requirements of the inter crops must be met separately.

Plant Protection :

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Mango is prone to damages by a large number of pests, diseases and disorders. The recommended control measures for most important and common among them are briefed below :

Mango hopper : Two sprays (at panicles emergency and at pea size of fruits) of carbaryl (0.15%), monocrotophos (0.04%) or phosphamidan (0.05).

Mealy bug : Ploughing inter spaces in November and dusting 2% methyl parathion @200 g per tree near the trunk and fixing 20 cm wide 400 gauge polythene strips around the trunk with grease applied on the lower edge in January as prophylactic measures and two sprays of monocrotophos (0.04%) at 15 days interval as control are needed.

Powdery mildew : Two to three sprays of wettable sulphur (0.2%) or Kerathane (0.1%) at 10-15 days interval.

Anthracrose : Two sprays of Baristin (0.1%) at fortnight interval.

Malformation : One spray of 200 ppm NAA in October followed by deblossoming at bud burst stage in December - January.

Fruit drop : Regular irrigation during fruit development, timely and effective control of pests and diseases and spraying 20 ppm NAA at pea size of fruits.

Harvesting and yield :

Graft plants start bearing at the age of 3 - 4 years (10-20 fruits) to give optimum crop from 10-15th year which continues to increase upto the age of 40 years under good management.

Post Harvest Management :

Storage : Shelf life of mangoes being short (2 to 3 weeks) they are cooled as soon as possible to storage temperatue of 13 degree Celcius. A few varieties can withstand storage temperature of 10 degree Celcius. Steps involved in post harvest handling include preparation, grading, washing, drying, waxing, packing, pre-cooling, palletisation and transportation.

Packaging : Mangoes are generally packed in corrugated fiberboard boxes 40 cm x 30 cm x 20cm in size. Fruits are packed in single layer 8 to 20 fruits per carton. The boxes should have sufficient number of air holes (about 8% of the surface area) to allow good ventilation.

Financial institutions have also formulated mango financing schemes in potential areas for expansion of area under mango. Individual mango development schemes with farm infrastructure facilities like well, pumpset, fencing and drip irrigation system etc. have also been considered.

Unit Cost : The unit cost varies from state to state. The cost presented here is indicative only. The entrepreneurs and the bankers are requested to consult our

52

Regional Offices for the latest information in this regard. The unit cost estimated for this model scheme is Rs.34400/- per ha capitalized up to the fifth year.

Annexure-B

Citrus

Citrus is native to a large area, which extends from Himalayan foot hills of northeast India to north central China, the Philippines in east and Burma, Thailand, Indonesia and New Caledonia in Southeast. In India, in terms of area under cultivation, citrus is the third largest fruit industry after Banana and Mango. Over the last 30 years, the area and production under citrus cultivation has increased at the rate of 11 and 9%, respectively, which shows that the expansion of citrus industry was quite sustainable. The average yield of citrus fruits in India is alarmingly low (10.1 t/ha) compared to other developed countries like Brazil, USA, China, Mexico and Spain (30-40 t/ha). Among mandarins, Nagpur mandarin (Central India), Kinnow mandarin (North–West India), Coorg mandarin (South India) and Khasi mandarin (North-East India) are the commercial cultivars of India. Whereas, Mosambi (Maharashtra), Sathgudi (Andhra Pradesh) and Malta and Jaffa (Punjab) are the sweet orange cultivars traditionally grown.

Citrus cultivation in India is plagued with various problems due to limiting growing conditions, limiting water resources and high incidence of pests and diseases warranting great care from planting till the plants come to bearing in order to sustain a productive life of a minimum of 15-20 years. There is growing interest/awareness among the citrus growers for adoption of latest technologies for commercial cultivation of citrus. The National Research Centre (NRC) for Citrus (ICAR), Nagpur has come out with the package of practices for citrus cultivation in different regions of the country. In the present bankable project on citrus, recommendations of the NRC for Citrus and the views of the citrus growers and their experience has been taken into consideration.

3. Package of Practices 3.1 Climatic and soil requirements

Citrus fruits in India are cultivated under varied agro-ecological conditions right from arid and semiarid areas of southwest region to humid tropical climate of northeast India.

3.1.1 Climate

Citrus trees are evergreen, grown in truly subtropical climates of the world although in tropical regions of the world they tend to produce cyclic growth flushes and hence regulating cropping in tropical areas for forcing them into concentrated bloom needs judicious management of water deficit stress according to soil type and growing season. Citrus fruits grow best between a temperature range of 130C to 370C. Temperatures below – 40C are harmful for the young plants. Soil temperature around 250C seems to be optimum for root growth. High humidity favours spread of many diseases. Frost is highly injurious. Hot wind during summer results in

53

desiccation and drop of flowers and developing fruits. Barring these limitations citrus is grown in all subtropical and tropical areas of the world. The sub-tropical climate is best suited for citrus growth and development. Khasi and Darjeeling mandarins are grown in high altitudes upto 2000 m as it is adapted to a cooler climate.

3.1.2 Soil

Citrus plants are grown in a wide range of soils ranging from sandy loam or alluvial soils of north India to clay loam or deep clay loam or lateritic/acidic soils in the deccan plateau and north-eastern hills. Citrus orchards flourish well in light soils with good drainage properties. Deep soils with pH range of 5.5 to 7.5 are considered ideal. However, they can also be grown in a pH range of 4.0 to 9.0. High calcium carbonate concentration in feeder root zone may adversely affect the growth.

3.2 Planting Material

Availability of quality planting material is of utmost importance in citrus cultivation. Citrus plants are very sensitive to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore selection of an ideal rootstock is a continuing challenge for the citrus industry of India. Currently used rootstocks viz. rough lemon and Rangpur lime have gone through a lot of variation over the last five decades. Therefore ideal selections developed from the conventional rootstocks by National Research Centre for Citrus (NRCC), Nagpur and at other places under State Agriculture Universities may be obtained for propagating quality planting material. For budwood selection, disease free mother plants developed from the elite progeny of known pedigree through shoot tip grafting method available at NRCC, Nagpur may only be used.

Primary nursery beds are prepared on light fertile soils or in the HDPE trays under shade net structures. Selection of nucellar seedlings is done by eliminating weak seedlings, off types and non uniform seedlings in 2-3 stages in the nursery beds. Secondary nursery seedlings may be raised in polythene bags also as they become ready for plantation in the main field after attaining the height of about 30-40 cm after one year.

3.3 Land preparation

Land needs to be thoroughly ploughed and leveled. In hilly areas, planting is done on terraces against the slopes and on such lands, high density planting is possible as more aerial space is available than in flat lands. Since citrus trees are highly sensitive to water logging and water stagnation during rainy season providing drainage channels of 3-4 feet depth along the slopes around the orchard is essential.

3.4 Plant density

a. Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) Normal spacing – 6 m x 6 m ; Plant population – 277 / ha

b. Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis osbeck) Normal spacing - 5 m x 5 m, 5.5 x 5.5 m; Plant population – 400/330 per ha

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c. Limes/lemons (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle & Citrus limon) Normal spacing – 6 x 6 m / 5 x 5 m, Plant population – 277/400 per ha

In light soils, spacing will be 4.5 x 4.5 m or 5 x 5 m

3.5 Planting

The best season of planting is June to August. Pits of the size of 75 cm x 75 cm x 75 cm may be dug for planting seedlings. 15-20 kg of FYM and 500 g of super phosphate is applied per pit while planting. With good irrigation system, planting can be done in other months also.

3.6 Irrigation

Citrus requires critical stage watering in the initial year. It further reduces fruit drop and increases the fruit size. Diseases like root rot and collar rot occur in flooded conditions. Light irrigation with high frequency is beneficial. Irrigation water containing more than 1000 ppm salts is injurious. Quantity of water and frequency of irrigation depends on the soil texture and growth stage. Micro irrigation systems not only saves water and nutrients but also ensure good retention of fruits during crucial stages of crop growth in March – April even in situations where water is not a limitation.

3.7 Manures & fertilizers

Manuering is done in three equal doses three times in a year in February, June and September. The recommended manurial and fertilizers doses are given in Table 4 & 5 respectively.

Table 4 : Year wise requirement of farm yard manure (FYM) (Kg/plant/year)

FYM Year I Year II Year III Year IV Year V Year VI Year VII onwards

Kg/plant 20 10 15 20 25 30 40

Table 5 : Year wise requirement of various nutrients (g/plant/year)

Nutrients Year I Year II Year III Year IV Year V Year VI Year VII onwards

Nitrogen 100 200 300 400 450 500 500

P 50 100 150 200 200 250 250

K 25 50 75 200 200 250 250

ZnSO4 25 25 50 50 100 150 150

FeSO4 25 25 50 50 100 150 150

MnSO4 25 25 50 50 100 150 150

One or two sprays of micro nutrient mixtures if required may be given.

3.8 Inter culture

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Ploughing, spading of basins, weed control, etc., are important inter-culture operations for soil aeration and health. Chemical control of weeds with pre-emergence weedicides like diuron (3 Kg/ha), simazine (4 Kg/ha), glyphosate 4 l/ha, paraquat (2 l/ha), etc. may also be adopted.

3.9 Intercrops

Leguminous crops like soybean, gram, groundnut, cow peas, french bean, peas etc., may be grown in citrus orchards. Intercropping is advisable during the initial three-four years after planting.

3.10 Training and Pruning

In order to allow the growth of a strong trunk, initially shoots upto 40-50 cm from the ground level should be removed. The centre of the plant should remain open. Branches should be well distributed to all sides. Cross twigs and water suckers are to be removed early. The bearing trees require little or no pruning. All diseased, injured and drooping branches and dead wood are to be removed periodically.

3.11 Pests and Diseases Management

3.11.1 Pests

Important insect-pests of citrus are citrus blackfly and whitefly, citrus psylla, Citrus thrips leaf miner, scale insects, bark eating caterpillar/trunk borer, fruit fly, fruit sucking moth, mites, etc. Other pests attacking citrus particularly mandarin orange, specially in humid climate are mealybug, nematode, etc. Control measures of major pests are indicated below:

Leaf miner: Foliar sprays either with quinalphos 1.25 ml or fenvalerate 0.5 ml or monocrotophos 1.0 ml/litre of water at weekly intervals on new flush as soon as infestation is noticed.

Citrus blackfly and white fly : One spray against adults and two at 50% egg hatching stage (I half of April & Dec. and II fortnight of July) at 15 days interval either with acephate 1.25 g or quinalphos 1.5 ml or imidacloprid 0.5 ml/ litre of water.

Citrus psylla: Foliar spray either with quinalphos 1.0 ml or acephate 1.0 g or monocrotophos 0.5 ml/litre of water at bud burst stage or as and when infestation is noticed during Feb, - Mar., Jun., - Jul. & Oct, - Nov.

Citrus thrips : Foliar spray either with dimethoate 1.5 ml or monocrotophos 1 ml/litre of water at bud burst stage and berry size fruits. Scale insects: Spraying of parathion (0.03%) emulsion, dimethoate 150 ml and 250 ml kerosene oil in 100 litre of water or malathion @ 0.1 % or carbaryl @ 0.05% plus oil 1 %.

Trunk borer: Swabbing of tunnel either with dichlorvos (0.1%) or carbaryl (1%) or monocrotophos (0.02%) kills the grub effectively.

56

Bark eating caterpillar: Plugging of larval tunnels with cotton wad soaked either in dichlorvos (0.1%) or carbaryl (1%) or monocrotophos (0.01%) effectively checks the pest.

3.11.2 Diseases

The important diseases of citrus are Phytophthora gummosis, citrus tristeza virus, citrus greening (HLB-Huang Long Bing), citrus canker, powdery mildew, anthracnose, etc. Control measures of these diseases are stated briefly below:

Phytophthora Gummosis : Scraping of the affected area and application of Bordeaux paste or copper oxifluoride paste or ridomil + carbendazim.

Citrus greening (HLB--Huang Long Bing): Removal of infected branches/unproductive trees and their replacement by disease-free plants. Application of ledermycin 600 ppm with ZnSO4 and FeSO4. Meticulous control of citrus psylla vector.

Citrus tristeza virus: Control of aphids and use of cross protected grafts and shoot tip grafted plants or disease free grafts are recommended.

Citrus canker: Cutting of infected twigs followed by spraying of 1 % Bordeaux mixture or copper fungicide. Foliar spray application of 100 ppm streptomycin sulphate is also effective.

Powdery mildew: Pruning of dead twigs followed by foliar spray of wettable sulphur @ 2 g/litre, copper oxychloride @ 3 g/litre of water in April and October.

Anthracnose: Pruning of dead twigs followed by two foliar sprays of carbendazim @ 1 g/litre or copper oxychloride - 3 g/litre at fortnightly interval.

3.12 Harvesting.

There are two main crops in mandarins and sweet oranges. One is called as Ambia bahar (mango flowering) the flowering of which occurs in the month of January (at the time of flowering of mango hence the name Ambia) the fruits of which are available in the months of October-December The other crop is Mrig bahar (Monsoon bloom) the flowering of which occurs in the month of June-July and the fruits are harvested during February-April. Mandarins and sweet oranges normally take 240-280 days to arrive at maturity. Mature fruits at colour break stage are picked up in 2 - 3 intervals of 10-15 days. Limes and lemons take 150-160 days for maturity. There may be 2 or 3 crops in a year in limes and lemons.

4. Yield

Mandarin: Commences from the 5th year with about 50 fruits per tree. Stabilizes in the 8th year. Average production is about 700-800 fruits per tree after stabilization.

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Sweet Orange: Commences from 5th year with 40-50 fruits per tree. Stabilizes around the 8th year. Average production is about 500-600 fruits per tree after stabilization.

Lime/Lemon: Commences from the 3rd year with 50-60 fruits per tree. Stabilizes in the 8th year. Average production is about 1000-1500 fruits per tree after stabilization.

Economic life of plantation: 15 to 25 years

5. Post-harvest management

For imparting uniform yellow-orange colour to the fruits application of ethephon @ 250 ppm along with 1 % calcium acetate as foliar spray at maturity stage is recommended. Sweet oranges and mandarins may be treated with ethylene gas for degreeing and development of colour. A temperature of 6-7°C, 5-10 ppm of ethylene and 90-95% RH in a degreeing chamber can set a change in colour in about 48 hours. The cold storage conditions for long term storage for different citrus fruits are available. Pre-cooling of citrus is done by forced air system. The storage conditions for each group are stated below. Oranges may be packed in well ventilated CFB boxes - 30 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm.

The storage conditions for various citrus fruits are as under:

Mandarins: Mandarins can be stored at 5- 7°C with 85-90 % RH for 4-8 weeks.

Sweet Oranges: Sweet oranges can be stored at 7-8°C with 85-90% RH for 4-8 weeks.

Lime/Lemon: Limes and lemon can be stored for 6-8 weeks at 9-10oC storage temperature with 80-90% RH. Limes are subjected to pitting after storage at temperature below 7°C. Waxing treatment further reduces moisture loss extends shelf life in all citrus fruits.

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