INTRODUCTION Cashew has a long history as a useful plant but only in the present century, it has become an important commercial tree nut. Portuguese explorers brought the cashew tree to India in 1558. It is cultivated for food and medicine value, since the last 400 years &during world war second, it become highly priced as valuable oil drawn from the cashew shell. Cashew nuts are regarded as a luxury food and quality is the prime determinant of price cottage industries. Cashew processing is an excellence alternative to large scale, capital intensive. This study makes an attempt to know over all production process and marketing activities of Cashew Kernels and Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL). OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To know need and importance of cashew kernels as well as CNSL. To understand processes required for the production of kernels and CNSL. 1
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INTRODUCTION
Cashew has a long history as a useful plant but only in the present
century, it has become an important commercial tree nut. Portuguese
explorers brought the cashew tree to India in 1558. It is cultivated for
food and medicine value, since the last 400 years &during world war
second, it become highly priced as valuable oil drawn from the cashew
shell.
Cashew nuts are regarded as a luxury food and quality is the
prime determinant of price cottage industries. Cashew processing is an
excellence alternative to large scale, capital intensive. This study makes
an attempt to know over all production process and marketing activities
of Cashew Kernels and Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL).
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
To know need and importance of cashew kernels as well as CNSL.
To understand processes required for the production of kernels and
CNSL.
To know the adopted machines, equipments and tools used for
processing and production.
To know the number of functional departments working in the
factory.
To know major trading centre of cashew in India.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study is limited to KVS&SONS Cashew Factory
Mangalore. This study done was, mainly on production and marketing
activities of cashew. And the information relating to the topic has been
collected from production unit.
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METHODOLOGY
The study has been conducted at Mangalore. This project is based
on primary data by personal consultation with the manager, supervision
and staff members at KVS.
The project is also relied on secondary data such as books, internet,
and other reports of the business firm; hence information is collected
from the factory under study by personally visiting.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS: The main research instruments
were;
QUESTIONNAIRS: The information was collected with the help of
questionnaires.
DIRECT PERSONAL CONTACTS: Personal contacts with the
source persons were the main source of information for analysis purpose.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Non availability of some information is the major limitation, which
made the study difficult in completion of the report.
It is expensive to complete the study.
Generalization was not possible.
Due to less time it was not possible to get more information.
It is assumed that the respondent’s informant is accurate.
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INTRODUCTION
Cashew (Anacardium Occidentale L.) belongs to the family
Anacardiaceous. The Portuguese took this plant to the old world and
planted it European countries. This was the time cashew started to
become famous in the world. Portuguese were the one who introduced
this crop into India mainly in Goa five centuries ago for wine and brandy
production. It was also planted as it helped in binding the soil. The
commercial importance of cashew nuts was not known at that time. The
climate in here was well suited to the plant and it prospered in the other
parts of the country too. Trading in cashews started as late as in 1920s.
Cashew trees, which may live for Thirty to Forty years. Start
bearing frit in the third or fourth year. They grow in warm regions, with
an annual rainfall of 1000 to 3000mm, mainly in Central and South
America, Asia and Africa. Native from Brazil, the cashew tree were
planted in India in the 16th century to prevent soil erosion. Easily
cultivated, they require little care and produce an annual average of 50 to
75 Kg of apples and nuts per tree, yielding approximately 3 Kg of cashew
kernels.
The cashew tree produces fruit and a by-product; the nutshell oil.
The fruit consist of two parts: a pear-shaped stalk called the cashew
“APPLE” which is an edible food rich in vitamin “C”. And it also mixed
in fruit salads and a drink is prepared from the juice. Another part is that
grayish-brown kidney-shaped nut (HS 0801.31), which is attached to the
lower end of the apple and contains a slightly curved white kernel (HS
0801.32), wrapped in a thin brown skin or testa, sizes of which are
measured in counts of between 180-240. The nutshell, which is smooth
and oily, contains a toxic, resinous material from which is obtained the
CNSL (Cashew Nut Shell Liquid).
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ABOUT THE CROP-CASHEW
FACTORS
1. Climate
Cashew is essentially a tropical crop, grows best in the
warm, moist and typically tropical climate. The distribution of
cashew is restricted to altitudes below 700 m, where the
temperature does not fall below 200C for prolonged periods,
although it may be found growing at elevation up to 1200m.It is
best adapted to the coastal regions. The cashew is hardy Sand
drought resistant, but it is damaged by frost.
2. Rainfall
Cashew is grown in areas with rainfall ranging from 600-
4500mm per annum. Fruit setting in cashew will be good if rains
are not abundant during flowering and nuts mature in a dry period.
3. Temperature
Cashew is sun-loving tree and does not tolerate shade. It can
tolerate temperature of more than 360C for a shorter period but the
most favourable temperature lies between 24C to 28C.
The climate factors influence the cashew growth and
production as follows:
Dry spell during flowering and fruit setting ensures better
harvest.
Cloudy weather during flowering enhances scorching of
flowers due to tea mosquito infestation.
Heavy rains during flowering and fruit set damages production.
High temperature (39-420C) during stage of fruit set
development causes fruit drop.
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4. Soil
Cashew can be grown on a wide range of soils except heavy
clay, water logged and saline soils. Well-drained red, sandy laterite
soils are ideal for good growth and yield of cashew.
5. Varieties
Selection of suitable cashew varieties for the specific region
and appropriate package of practices determines the final yield.
More than 30 varieties, which are having exportable grade of
cashew kernels, are released from different research institutes in
India and details are furnished separately.
6. Planting Material
Selection of planting material is most important in cashew
cultivation. Softwood grafting is only method which is
commercially feasible and practically high successful in cashew.
7. Spacing
The normal recommended spacing is 7.5*7.5m to 8*8m and
spacing may be reduced up to 4m*4mdepends on type of soil
managerial capacity.
Method and Season of planting
The square system of planting can be followed. The ideal
time for planting is usually during monsoon season when the
moisture is air surcharged (June-August) both in the west and east
coast. If irrigation facilities available, planting can be done
throughout the year except winter months.
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8. Weeding
Clearing the area by manually with in 2mtr radius of the
trunk and slashing the remainder is essential until the trees shade
out most of the trees. Weeding can be done by chemically also.
9. Training and Pruning
It is the important horticulture practice to be employed to
make better frame work of cashew plant. It helps to control growth
and make easy for cultural practices. As an orchard management
technique to improve the sanitation, removal of water shoots,
lower branches, crisscross branches and dry branches are found to
be beneficial to enhance flowering and the yield.
10.Irrigation
In India cashew is grown mainly under rain fed condition.
However protective irrigation especially summer months during
January-March at fortnightly intervals at 200 liters/plant improve
fruit set, fruit retention thereby increasing nut yield.
11.Inter cropping
Intercropping received little attention in the cashew.
Depending on soil &climatic condition and local situation annual
vegetables like tapioca, pulses, turmeric ginger etc, can be grown
as inter crops.
12.Plant Protection
Tea mosquito, stem borer, thrips, leaf minor and leaf
blossom Webber are important pests of cashew. These cause
economical damage in cashew. To control the pest, spry schedule
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involving 3 sprays synchronizing new flushing, flowering and fruit
setting may be given with the following chemicals:
Quinalphos (25% EC) -0.05%
Carbaryl (50% WP)-0.01%
Phosphamidon (85% WSC)-0.03%
13.Harvesting and Yield
Economic bearing in cashew commences after 3rd year of
planting. The ripened will fall down and nuts from fallen fruits
have to be collected. Nuts can be dried in sun for 2 to 3 days on
cement floor and can be stored in gunny bags. The yield starting
from 1Kg in 3rd -4th year, yield goes on increasing as the canopy
develops and one can expect more that 10Kgs,of nuts in 8 to 10
years old plant depending on management.
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World Cashew Production
Cashew is produced in almost 32 countries of the world and now it
has become the number one crop in world taking over almonds.
According to estimates from the World Bank, around 97% of world
cashew production comes from wild growth and small farms while the
remaining 3% come from planned plantation. According to updated 2002
data received from the Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO),
Vietnam became the highest volume producer in 2002 with 5,16,000 MT,
followed by India with production of 4,60,000 MT. India, which had
been the world's largest producer up to 2001 with an average yearly
production of 4, 50,000 MT, followed by Nigeria, with 1, 76,500 MT,
and Brazil 1,29,000 MT.
In Ghana, there is an ongoing Government-supported investment
project in cashew production under Ministry of Food and Agriculture
through the cashew development project. This is to boost production and
processing of cashew nuts for the local market and also as a means of
poverty reduction.
Under this project, the Government is providing funds for the
purchase of improved seedlings for selected former co- operatives in 10
Districts located in 5 Regions namely Northern, Upper west, Brong
Ahafo, Volta & Greater Accra. The total area in the world under cashew
cultivation figures up to 35.1 lakh hectares. And the world production
figures of this crop hover around 22.5 lakh tons per year. And the major
raw-cashew producing countries are; Vietnam, India, Brazil, Nigeria,
Indonesia, Tanzania, Cote de Ivoire, Guinea, Mozambique, Benin,
Thailand, Malaysia, Kenya, Ghana. And the major cashew consuming
countries in the world leaded by United States of America are;
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United States Of America
European Union
India
Cashew Production In India
India has always been a major player in the production of cashew.
The Indian production of cashews contributes to around 4.6 lakh tons per
annum. It is the second largest producer of raw-cashew in the world but
conquers the 1st place among the largest producing countries of cashew
kernels and also in the maximum area covered that figures to the 7.70
lakh hectares currently. The country provides with around 55% supply of
cashew kernels in the world. The major states in India in which cashew
are cultivated are;
Kerala
Karnataka
Goa
Maharashtra
Andrapradesh
Tamilnadu
Orissa
West Bengal
Maharashtra stands 1st among the main cashew producing states in
India followed by Andrapradesh & Orissa. The country also is the 3rd
largest consumer of the food product in the world after United States of
America & European Union as it consumes over 3 million cartons per
annum
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Major trading centers of cashew
The major trading centers of cashew in India are;
Palasa
Kollam
Mangalore
Quilon
Kochi
INDIA’S TRADE RELATION WITH OTHER COUNTRIES
The climate in the country suited the crop so well that it
spread along in all the direction of the continent. India became the
leader in the cashew production till in 2002, its dominating position
was taken over by Vietnam. The country is still the second largest
country producing raw-cashew nuts. It is also is the largest country
producing cashew kernels, the largest country indulging in the
processing of this food product and the largest exporter of cashews in
the world.
India imports small quantities raw cashew nuts from the
African countries so as to meet the international demand for Indian
processed cashew kernels. Cashew industry is directly connected to
the growth of the economy as India earns a good amount of foreign
exchange by exporting cashews. Cashew ranks second among the
horticultural commodities exported from India. This industry also
gives employment to around 3 lakh people in the country and the
demand for Indian cashews is quite large due to qualitative edge over
other countries. India earns more than 200 million $ a year by
exporting 40 to 50 thousand tons of cashew kernels and the countries
trade links are spread over 40 countries.
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The major countries that import Indian cashew are;
United States Of America
Netherlands
United Kingdom
United Arab Emirates
Japan
France
Saudi Arabia
Spain
Russia
Germany
Canada
Greece
PRODUCTION DISCRIPTION
The Indian market for cashew nut classified under the code below;
HS080131 Cashew nuts (Fresh or dried, in Shell).
Product name
German Cashewnüsse (Kaschunüsse), Cashewkerne
English Cashew nuts, cashew kernels
French Noix de cajou, Noix d'arabie
Spanish Anacardos
Scientific Anacardium occidentale
CN/HS number 0801 30 ff.
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Cashew nuts are the stone fruits of the cashew tree, which grows to
a height of up to 12 meter and belongs to the sumach family
(Anacardiaceae).
Cashew nuts are shell fruit (nut types). Because of their similar
characteristics with regard to transport, particularly their high oil content,
their requirements regarding care during storage and transport are the
same as those of oil-bearing seeds/fruits.
Cashew nuts are classed as follows:
1. Cashew apple
The cashew apple, at up to 9 cm in length, is the pear-
`shaped, swollen, soft, shiny yellow or red, fleshy stem of the
cashew nut proper. The cashew apple itself is not suitable for
transport and storage.
2. The cashew nut
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The cashew nut is a stone fruit, which grows out of the
bottom of the cashew apple, is approx. 2 - 2.5 cm long, kidney-
shaped, yellowish-reddish in color and has a hard shell with a
single kernel with a delicate aroma. It is removed from the cashew
apple after harvesting and sun- or hots air-dried, the shell then
becoming detached to reveal the kernel proper.
3. The cashew kernel
This is surrounded by a fine, brown seed coat, which
contains antioxidants which protect the kernel from penetration by
atmospheric oxygen so preventing it from becoming rancid
(oxidative rancidity). Cashew nuts are also known as Anacardium
nuts.
Countries of origin
This Table shows only a selection of the most important countries of
origin and should not be thought of as exhaustive.
Africa Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya, Egypt
Asia India, China
America Mexico, West Indies
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Active behavior
The high oil content of the goods frequently causes dark fat stains
to appear on the bags, which must therefore be kept from coming into
contact with goods sensitive to contamination, such as baled goods, tea
chests, marble etc.
Cashew nuts in bags must not be stowed together with fibers or
fibrous materials, either, since oil-impregnated fibers accelerate self-
heating processes.
Passive behavior
Cashew nuts are sensitive to dust, dirt, fats and oils. The holds or
containers must accordingly be clean and in a thoroughly hygienic
condition before loading.
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OVERVIEW OF CASHEW FACTORYK. Vishwanath Subraya Kamath founded KVS Kamath &Sons in
the year 1980. Apart from the Mangalore factory, another factory has
been subsequently set up in Munchoor with the name ‘Vignesh Industry’.
Vishwanath Kamath father’s Subraya Kamath was the pioneer in the
cashew processing. Mangalore factory is managed by Jairam Kamath,
who is the youngest son. The overall process at KVS is divided into 3
sections; Cutting, Peeling, and Grading. 100 workers are working in
cutting section, 90 workers are doing peeling work. And there 30
members are doing grading of kernels. All they are given piece rate
wages. 5 supervisors, an accountant, computer operator are working
inside of the KVS.
OBJECTIVES OF KVS CASHEW FACTORY
To extract the healthy, tasty kernels from the raw nuts in the
shell.
To produce shell oil that is CNSL.
To provide employment opportunities.
To utilize best technologies.
Attainment of the target.
Mission
Process the raw nuts to most efficient way.
Add value to the product to reach the retail consumer.
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Initial Capita
The KVS&SONS cashew factory established in the year 1980 and
the business commenced for Rs-1, 00,000. During the year 1987 and
1993 factory was in loss to their production, now they make profit.
Location &site
KVS&SONS cashew factory was situated at Shakthi Nagar,
Kulashekhara Road, Mangalore.
Product produce
The main product of KVS&SONS factory is the cashew kernels
and by-product obtained are cashew shell liquid and shell cake.
Means of finance
The Factory has been partly financed by Axis Bank and Syndicate
Bank.
Wage System
The factory follows both the piece wage and time wage system. In
the cutting and peeling section piece wage system and in other section
time wage system is adopted.
Working Hours
Factory starts work at 8-30 am & up to 5-30pm. Sunday is a
holiday. Wage paid to workers weekly that is Saturday.
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Labour Welfare Measure
Dearness Allowance-15.30%
Provident Fund ;
Employers-12%
Employees-12%
ESI:
Employer-4.57%
Employees-1.75%
Capital Inputs
Land and building
The built up area requirement is around 100 sq.mtrs. And to
limit the expenditure and save time, it is advisable to buy a suitable
readymade shed which would cost around Rs.2.50lakh.
Machinery
It is advisable to install rated processing capacity of 75 tons
per shift considering working of around 200-220 days every year.
This would require following equipments.
Miscellaneous Assets
Some other assets like furniture and fixtures, storage racks,
working tables etc. shall be required for which a provision of Rs.40,
000/-is adequate.
Utilities
Total power requirement shall be 30HP Where as water shall
be required for potable and sanitation purposes.
Item Qty Price(Rs.)
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Oil expeller complete with all accessories, electric