Project Completion Report On Project Title : Integrated Development of Bamboos for Economic Upliftment in Central India. Sub project Title : Sustainable Development of new Bamboo Agroforestry techniques for increased income generation in the Central Indian States. Funded By National Bamboo Mission, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India Submitted by Dr. Nanita Berry, Scientist "D" Agroforestry Division Tropical Forest Research Institute, P.O. RFRC, Mandla Road, Jabalpur (M.P.) 2011-2012 PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
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Project Completion Report On
Project Title : Integrated Development of Bamboos for Economic Upliftment in Central India.
Sub project Title : Sustainable Development of new
Bamboo Agroforestry techniques for increased income generation in the Central Indian States.
Funded By National Bamboo Mission, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India
Submitted by
Dr. Nanita Berry, Scientist "D" Agroforestry Division
Tropical Forest Research Institute, P.O. RFRC, Mandla Road, Jabalpur (M.P.)
2011-2012
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1. Sub Project : Sustainable Development of new Bamboo Agroforestry techniques for increased income generation in the Central Indian States.
2. Funding Agency/Agencies: National Bamboo Mission, Ministry of Agriculture, GOI.
3. Institute/Directorate (ICFRE Hqrs.): Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur (M.P.)
4.Name and Designation of Principal Investigator: 1- Dr. Nanita Berry, Scientist- D
(Since October,2010 to March,2011)
2. Shri Rajat S.Pal, IFS, Conservator of Forest
5. Name (s) and Designation (s) of Associates :
• Shri ITK Dilraj, Research Assistant I
• Shri Saurabh Dubey, Technical assistant I
• Ms. Laxmi Thakur , Junior Research Fellow (w.e.f. 2008 to 2009)
• Ms. Richa Kakkar, Junior Research Fellow (w.e.f. 2009 to 2010)
6. Date of commencement of the project : 11th October, 2007
7. Date of completion of the project : 31st March, 2011
8. Total budget of the project : Rs. 11.10 lakhs only( Rupees Eleven lakhs ten
thousands only)
9. Total expenditure of the project : Rs. 11.10 lakhs only( Rupees Eleven lakhs
ten thousands only)
10. Objectives of the Sub Project:
1. Motivate progressive farmers by providing training to them on the benefits of adopting bamboo based agroforestry systems and subsequently providing them planting stock of bamboos. 2. Establish Bamboo based Agroforestry systems as an On Station Research (OSR) trial.
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Bamboos are inseparable part of the culture of rural people due to its multifarious uses like food , fodder, fuel, fencing, pulp and paper, house construction, cottage industries etc. These multiple uses meet the basic needs of the villagers/farmers/rural poor. Bamboos enrich the soil through leaf litter decomposition, and bind the earth against raging floods. Bamboos have good coppicing power, and the green culm produce coppice shoots after cutting. Bamboo can be grown under all agroforestry system, but in Asian countries it has been generally grown in home gardens. Bamboo can be grown quickly and easily, sustainably harvested in 3 to 5 year cycles. It grows on marginal and degraded land, elevated ground, along field bunds and river banks. it adapts to most climatic conditions and soil types, acting as a soil stabilizer, an ancient medicine, a food source, a critical element of the economy , integrally involved in culture and arts, an excellent alternative to wood and effective carbon sink and thus helping to counter the green house effect.
Bamboo is one of the fastest growing plant species is extremely versatile and has been traditionally put to a large number of uses. Application of modern technology and industrial processing has catapulted bamboo into a new global limelight. at present there is huge demand of bamboo based raw material viz., timber plywood, bamboo flooring, edible bamboo shoots, etc. in the international market of bamboo is captured by china. In India, most of the bamboo raw material comes from natural forest. To capture the emerging bamboo market we have to increase the bamboo cultivation outside the forest under different bamboo based agro forestry system.
India, China and Myanmar have 19.8 million hectares of bamboo reserve-80 percent of the word's bamboo forests. Out of the India's share is 45 percent, with nearly 130 different species of the plant, but only 4 percent of its global market. The government likes to see its bamboo industry, concentrated in the northeast of country, take 27 percent of the word market by 2015. Bamboo occurs almost ubiquitously in the country, except in Kashmir and cover about 12.8 per cent of the forest area occupying over 9.57 million ha. Areas particularly rich in bamboo are the north-east region, Western Ghat and Andaman. About 130 species belonging to 24 genera have been reported (Sharma, 1987). Sixty six percent of the growing stock of the bamboo is available in the north-eastern states and balance in rest of the country. Clump forming bamboos are 67.5 percent of the growing stock. Of all clump forming bamboo, Dendrocalamus strictus is 45 percent, bambusa bambos 13 percent, D. hamiltonii 7 percent, Bambusa tulda 5 percent, B.pallida 4 percent and all other species put together 6 percent of the total growing stock. Melocanna bambusa, a non-clump forming bamboo, accounts for 20 percent of the growing stock and found mostly in the north-eastern states. D. strictus is the most widely distributed bamboo occurring in most part of the country. Bambusa bambos is equally distributed widely in most deciduous forest and cultivated by the farmers in northern India. Arundinaria and Chimnobambusa are two genera found in high altitude in the hills of the western Ghat and outer Himalayas. Ochlandra travancorica in Kerala and Oxytenanthera spp in coastal Karnataka, Goa, and Maharastra are the other commercially important species.
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With use of bamboo as industrial raw material, rapid socio-economic transformation and industrialization in the country, bamboo gained importantance as raw material not only for cottage industry but also for large industries of pulp and paper. The first bamboo-based paper mill was established in 1919 (Prasad and Gadgil, 1981) and subsequently several more come up to use bamboo as the basis raw material.
Agroforestry is the integrated of woody plant with other agricultural enterprises such as crop or livestock production to drive both economic and ecological benefits. Bamboo occurs in forest as well as raised in homesteads in many countries. In homesteads, it is either found mixed with a large number of other species of tree or purely in patches (Krishankutty, 1988). Many of most useful bamboo species can occupy much the same ecological niche as tree, and are well suited for agroforestry. bamboo has many advantages over trees such as a relatively short time for planting to harvest, the ability to sustainable provide building materials and edible products for many year or even decades, and versatility of use which outmatches most tree species. No environmental conservation and commerce. It is an ideal replacement for both softwoods. its growth rate is three times that of Eucalyptus and it mature in just three years. This is explicitly why there are large scale endeavors at national as well as international level to promote bamboo under agroforestry system.
Bamboo based Agro-forestry system played a major role in rehabilitation of wasteland such as desert and lands that have been degraded by salinization and ravines, gullies and other forms of water and erosion hazards. Agroforestry has importance as a carbon sequestration strategy because of carbon storage potential in its multiple plant species and soil as well as its applicability in agricultural lands and reforestation. Agroforestry systems are the long- term land management system having a life cycle of more than one year. Moreover, these systems are the complex form of land management both ecologically and economically than other agricultural or forestry system. the economic impact of the agroforestry with bamboo considerably influence general economic development. Bamboo can be grown in Agrisilviculture, Sivilpatoral, Agrisilvipastoral, Agrisilvihorticultural system. Under Agrisilviculture system soyabean, niger, musterd, wheat, urd and arhar and some of the important crops like ginger, termaric , cinnamon are some of the others commercial crops which can grown very well with bamboo plantations in agroforestry system in which each plant receives individual care, bamboo shows promising results. The economic impact of the agroforestry with bamboo considerably influence general economic development The system is especially important and significant for developing countries like India .Under this system because of use of various intercrops, products are obtained even in the early stages of plantations and the income is much higher than any other system.
The review of bamboo based agroforestry practices (Sharda et al,2001) indicates that the safest choice of agroforestry species have come from the native vegetation, which has a history of adoption to local precipitation regimes. Farmers in Sikkim grow Dendrocalamus hamiltionii and D. sikkimensis in agriculture fields all along the irrigation channels and stream banks to meet the fodder needs of their livestock. Bambusa vulgaris, Melocanna baccifera and Bambusa nutans have been grown on homesteads throughout Bangladesh. Bambusa arundinacea is planted by farmers in depressed and water logged sites in Andhra Pradesh (India). Mango orchards in Tarai areas of Nepal are intercropped with agriculture crops, and the boundries of orchards are planted with one or two
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rows of Dalbergia sissoo and Dendrocalamus strictus . In Thailand, Dendrocalamus spp. and Bambusa spp. are grown by farmers in their homegardens. Shifting cultivation if extensively practiced in the hills and mountains of Vietnam. Seshadri (1985) concluded that cultivation of soyabean (Glycine max) along with Dendrocalamus strictus was technically feasible and economically viable. Singh et. al. (1992) studied the effect of Bambusa nutans Wall.ex Munro shade on the yield of some agriculture crops at mid hills of eastern Himalaya. He reported that bamboo are slowed to grow or are planted along farm boundaries or drainage line and or uncultivated wasteland in the eastern Himalyan hills. Through experimentation he found that agriculture land near bamboo can be effectively utilized for growing ginger, termaric , large cardamom, orchards grass and dinanath grass (pennisetum pedicellatum) up to a distance of 11-15 m from the bamboo rows. Rice, finger millet, soyabeans,nandi setaria and fine stylo were suitable crop beyond this distance. Shanmughavel and Francis (2001) studied intercropping performance of four crops viz., pigeon pea, soyabean, ginger and turmeric with Bambusa bambos under Tamil Nadu condition. He found intecroping of pigeon pea and soyabean to be more productive than ginger and termaric. The land equivalent ratio (LER) of intercropping B.bambos with pigeon pea and soyabean was equivalent to that of 1.2 ha or 1.1 ha under monoculture. Jha et al. (2004) reported that intercropping of soyabean with Melocanna baccifera and Dendrocalamus longipathus is feasible on degraded Jhum land of Mizoram and gave better results than pure bamboo stands. Wagh and Rajput (1994) intercropping performance of bamboo with that of mango, Chshewnut, Kokum and Rubber. He found that out of three traditional crops bamboo was found to be most profitable one. Jayashankar et al. (1997) carried out the profitability analysis of three bamboo species viz., Bambusa bambos, Thyrostachys oliveri and D. Strictus grown in Kerala. He revealed that all the three species of bamboo yielded B-C ratio higher than one, indicating high profitability. Among the three species, T.oliveri Showed better returns. Shamunghavel and Francis (1999) Recorded higher annual net return (Rs. 13,300) when pigeon pea was intercropped in 1:1 rows at 3 × 3 m spacing (250plant/ha) in comparison to 1:2 rows spaced at 2 × 2 m (500plants/ha). Cost- benefit analysis of bamboo plantation based on Dandrocalamus strictus at Gual Pahari, Haryana revealed that this system yielded better economic returns (Rawat, et al. 2002) Tiwari(2001) conducted a study to determine the financial feasibility of bamboo based agroforestry system of Kheda district of Gujrat (India) using 7 management models. Results indicated that the profitability of bamboo was very high and that the crop was financially feasible even at very high discount rate socio - economic factors are believed to be favorable to the domestication of bamboo as an factor are believed to be favorable to the domestication of bamboo as an agroforestry crop in resion. Singh (2002) suggested cultivation of bamboo along water springs as an agroforestry intevation for enhancing farmers income. Singh et al. (1992) studied the impact of 25-30 years old Bambusa nutans clump raised in agrisilviculture system on chemical properties of soil. He found that available Phosphorus (P) increased whereas exchangeable K and Ca +Mg decreased with increased distance from the bamboo row, soil pH and soil organic matter did not vary with distance. Patil et al. (2004) analyzed the effect of bamboo based agroforesry on soil profile and surface soil properties .He revealed that organic carbon content of these soils ranged from 0.43 to 0.72 percent. Soil profile investigation showed that
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all of nutrients were increased in bamboo based agroforesry site .The organic carbon content of these soils increased from 0.37 to 0.58 per cent and 0.63 percent to 0.99 percent, respectively. In addition to it bamboo based agroforestry system also increases the biodiversity under its habitat (Behari et al. 2000). Resent access to global market for variation non-conventional products (edible fruit, herbal aromatics, cosmetics and medicine, spices, etc.) and bamboo, rattans and others palm group of trees of industrial importance will also provide opportunity to develop agroforestry based land use systems (Singh,1999). There are many traditional bamboo based agroforestry practices existing in this region, which are economically viable but need in-depth understanding for agronomic improvement to enlarge the area under agroforestry system.
Bamboo has many advantages over trees such as short rotation maturity , ability to provide building materials as strong as teak pole and other economically important produces. No other woody components compares with versatility of bamboo use which outmatches most tree species and environmental conservation. Thus bamboo based agroforestry system can be beneficial to increase the bamboo cover outside the forest to achieve the global demand of bamboo in the present scenario.
Dendrocalamus strictus occupies 53 per cent of total bamboo area in India. This is one of the predominant species of bamboo in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, , Orissa and Western Ghats. Widely distributed in India in semi dry and dry zone along plains and hilly tracts usually up to an altitude of 1000 m. also commonly cultivated throughout the plains and foot hills. D. strictus is widely adaptable to temperatures as low as 5oC and as high as 45oC. This species is mainly found in drier open deciduous forests in hill slopes, ravines and alluvial plains. It prefers well-drained, poor, coarse, grained and stony soils. It occurs naturally in tracts receiving as low as 750 mm of rainfall and also in extensive gregarious patches or as an under storey in mixed forests and teak plantations.
It has been estimated that one hectare may contain a growing stock of 4000 to 5000 culms (250 to 300 clumps) and provide an annual harvest of 750 to 1000 culms on a three year felling cycle. From a plantation having a spacing of 5 x 5 m yield is about 3.5 t/ha/ year. In favorable localities, D. strictus in each clump has 30-50 culms of 15-18 m height and 6-10 cm diameter. Plantation trials from Karnataka reports annual net income of Rs.35,000/ha/year starting from 6th year onwards (Yellappa Reddy et al., 1992). Intercropping with Sesbania grandiflora, Leucaena leucocephala, Lotononis bainesii and Casuarina equisetifolia are reported from Karnataka. Another study on the yield of D.strictus from a plantation with a spacing 5 x 5 m for a period of eleven years showed a net income of Rs.70,000/-. This was found to be more profitable than rubber and cashew (Wagh and Rajput, 1991). Felling cycle suggested is 3 to 5 years. Although a three year felling cycle has been adopted, a cutting cycle of 4 years is preferable since it allows the clumps rest and the rhizomes are not disturbed too frequently.
D.strictus is one of the two most important bamboos in India. It is found suitable for reclamation of ravine land. It is extensively used as raw material in paper mills and also for a variety of purposes such as construction, agricultural implements, musical instruments, furniture etc. Young shoots are commonly used as food. D. strictus deciduous densely tufted bamboo. Culms 8 - 16 m high, 2.5 - 8 cm diameter, pale blue green when young, dull green or yellow on maturity, much curved above half of its height; nodes somewhat swollen, basal nodes often rooting, lower nodes often with branches; internodes 30-45 cm long, thick-walled. D. strictus grows on all types of soils
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preferably well drained. It does not grows on water-logged or heavy soils such as pure clay or a mixture of clay and lime. Well-drained localities with sandy loam are the best for bamboo growth. As compared to teak, bamboo has in general higher basic strength. A comparative study with mild steel has shown that the average ultimate tensile strength of Dendrocalamus strictus is nearly equal to the strength of mild steel. The specific ultimate tensile strength of bamboo specimen is nearly six times the specific ultimate tensile strength of mild steel.
Dendrocalamus strictus Roxb. Nees
Bambusa nutans Wall ex. Munro
Bambusa nutans Wall. ex Munro is a graceful bamboo can be grown as ornamental (Gamble, 1896), among the six species commonly used in Indian paper industry. The culm is good, strong, straight and used locally for various purposes, mainly as poles. B.nutans is a medium sized bamboo having Culms 6-15 m high, 5-10 cm in diameter, loosely clumped, much-branched above, usually unbranched below, straight, green, smooth, not shining, white-ringed below the nodes; node slightly thickened, often hairy, lower ones bearing rootlets; internodes usually 25-45 cm long, thick-walled. It is commonly cultivated in North-West India especially in and around Dehra Dun; extensively cultivated in Orissa and West Bengal. One of the widely cultivated species in Bangladesh and one of the commercial species of Thailand. In moist hill slopes and flat uplands in well-drained sandy loam to clayey loam.
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Bamboo based agroforestry system are sustainable land use systems. Bamboo prevents erosion and improves soil fertility significantly. However, due to (Bester, 2000) the high underground competition with the intercropped crops, and low price of stem, farmer are not willing to expand the area under bamboo, despite the high demand of product (Brain, 1998).
To establish this facts that bamboo can be become highly remunerative crop for the farmers , there is an urgent need to identify or screen the species of bamboo which yield high value edible shoots. This complex system has to be investigated and to create awareness among the farmers site specific and need based Bamboo based system has to be develop in different agroclimatic zones of India.
Physical Achievements:
1. Identification and selection of study sites:
Survey for identification of Non Forest Bamboo growing areas of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh was carried out by conducting literature survey and obtaining data from the M.P. and Chhattisgarh forest departments by communicating with them and through visits in that areas.
2. Finalization of Bamboo species suitable for agroforestry : Identified and selected two bamboo species viz. Bambusa nutans and Dendrocalamus strictus to establish bamboo based agroforestry system on the basis of utility and growth performance and its marketable produce
3. Motivation of progressive farmer towards adoption of Bamboo based Agroforestry system : Conducted 4 Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercises in Chhindwara ( 8th to 10th May,2008 ) and Gwalior district ( 13th to 14th May,2009) of Madhya Pradesh and Devpur (10-11th July,2008) and Ravanpara of Raipur districts (26-27th May 2009) of Chhattisgarh and Thereafter polypod seedlings of D.strictus and B.nutans were distributed amongst them, as per the need expressed by them, for planting on their agricultural field boundaries.
4. Sixteen progressive farmers in Devpur and Barnavapura of Raipur district of Chhattisgarh were identified after conducting a Paticipatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercise and training was imparted to them on the benefits of adopting Bamboo based Agro-forestry systems on 11th -12th June, 2008.
5. Sixteen progressive farmers in Chhindwara and Gwalior district of M.P. were identified after conducting a Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercise during 8th to 10th May,2008 and 13th to 14th May, 2009 respectively and training was imparted to them on the benefits of Bamboo based Agroforestry systems .
6. Thereafter requirement of planting stock of bamboo species by the farmers were assessed during the above said training and planting materials were procured from the Chhattisgarh Forest Department and the Madhya Pradesh Forest Department and provided to the selected farmers of Devpur (CG) and Chhindwara (M.P.) for bamboo plantation in their agriculture field.
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7. Establishment of Bamboo based silvi-agri system : Established Bamboo –Wheat and Bamboo-Urad Silvi-agri system involving the bamboo species of Dendrocalamus strictus and Bambusa nutans as an On Station Research in the experimental area of Agroforestry in TFRI campus during rabi and kharif season,2008 and 2009 , 2010 and standardize the practice for the tropical region of Central India. The data indicates that B. nutans was performed better as compared to D.strictus in terms of yield of agri crop and its management under the silvi-agri system.
8. Soil samples were collected from the experimental plot before the planting of the two Bamboo species and sowing of Wheat and various physico-chemical were estimated in the agroforestry Division laboratory and the data were compiled, tabulated and analysed statistically.
9. Prepared nutrient balance sheet through physico-chemical analysis of the soil samples collected before and after the each removal of the crop from the system. The data shows the increasing status of nitrogen as compared to initial stage of land. Data of yield and growth parameters were recorded and statistically analysed to draw the effect of bamboo on grain yield under the intercropping. Data indicates that the maximum grain yield of wheat was registered under the B.nutans and minimum in D.strictus.
Material & Methods : To achieve the above mentioned objectives following materials and
methods were adopted for the study.
Site : An experimental area of the Agroforestry Division, TFRI, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Two components:
1- Bamboo species – 1- Bambusa nutans Wall. ex Munro,
2- Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees
2- Agriculture crops- 1- Triticum estivum Linn.,
2- Vigna mungo( L.) Hepper
Methodology: 1.Identified and selected two bamboo species viz. Bambusa nutans Wall and Dendrocalamus strictus Roxb. to establish bamboo based agroforestry system. Surveyed and selected the farmers by conducting the PRA exercises in the selected sites of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh states. 2. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercises were conducted at four places i.e. Chhindwara ( 8th to 10th May,2008 ) and Gwalior district ( 13th to 14th May,2009) of Madhya Pradesh and Devpur (10-11th July,2008) and Barnavanpara of Raipur (26- 27th May 2009),Chhattisgarh , for identification of progressive farmers willing to adopt bamboo based agroforestry systems. 3. Training was imparted to the 17 - 40 farmers on the method and advantages of adopting Bamboo based agroforestry Systems, saliently the farmers were asked for their preference of bamboo species,
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the preference expressed was for Desi bans i.e. D. strictus and they further desired that they would be willing to plant faster growing bamboos with longer internodes on their agriculture field boundaries. The spacing of planting recommended to these farmer for planting D.strictus was between 8-10m. This was a conservative recommendation so as to minimize the negative effect( if any) on associated agricultural crop yields as per the operational guidelines of NBM is 6 m between lines and 4 m in line. 4. Thereafter polypod seedlings of D.strictus was made available to these the selected farmers for planting. The number of planting stock provided to the farmers were as per needs expressed by them. In this connection it was found that the demand for planting bamboos varied proportionately to available water, monsoonal, irrigational or groundwater. List of farmers to whom training was imparted to the farmers is enclosed as Annexures I-IV. 5. Establishment of Bamboo based agroforestry system as an OSR trial involving two bamboo species of Dendrocalamus strictus and Bambusa nutans intercropped with agricrop i.e.Triticum estivum (Wheat) Linn.as rabi crop rotate with summer crop i.e. Phaseolus mungo (Urad or black gram) for two years. the rationale behind choosing D. strictus was owing to the fact that it is the most commonly growing Bamboo species in Central India and rationale behind choosing Bambusa nutans is because of its immense commercial importance. (Tewari,1994)
Seedlings of D.strictus were raised in the experimental area of Agroforestry Division of TFRI from seeds obtained from the Nagapahari area near Jabalpur. Vegetative propagated planting stock of B.nutans were obtained from the Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Division, TFRI.
Thereafter the two bamboo species were planted during November, 2008 in block consisting of
1- D.strictus - spacing - 6m (row to row) x 4m (plant to plant) 2- B.nutans - spacing- 6m (row to row) and 5m (plant to plant) in line at the experimental
area. (* These spacing were as per the recommendations contained in the operational guidelins of National Bamboo Mission).
Treatment details:
The observations on growth and yield parameters were recorded as per the given treatments- T1 = sole agriculture crop, T2= Dendrocalamus strictus + Rabi/kharif crop +Pruned Bamboo, T3= Dendrocalamus strictus + Rabi/kharif crop+ Unpruned Bamboo, T4= Bambusa nutans + Rabi/kharif crop + Pruned Bamboo, T5= Bambusa nutans + Rabi/kharif crop+ Unpruned Bamboo, T6= Sole Dendrocalamus strictus+ pruned, T7= Sole Dendrocalamus strictus + Unpruned Bamboo, T8= Sole Bambusa nutans + Pruned, T9= Sole Bambusa nutans + Unpruned. The layout of the experimental plot is enclosed as Annexure :V
The physical parameters i.e. height and Collar diameter (C.D.) of the two Bamboo species – D.strictus and B.nutans were recorded before sowing of agriculture crop wheat (in first cycle)
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during November, 2008. Thereafter 80kg (as per seed rate) of Sujata variety of wheat procured from the Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University (JNAU) Jabalpur were sown in the said experimental field and maintained. After ripening, the wheat was harvested, cleaned, threshed and packed into gunny bags and yields was recorded. Three soil samples each were collected from the 8 blocks and analysed for their physical properties and macro chemical constituents. At the same time the casualty in the two bamboo species i.e. D.strictus and B.nutans were recorded and the failures were beaten up, 27 out of 64 seedlings of D.strictus planted survived after the harvesting of wheat in the first cycle making a survival percentage of 42.19%. However, 36 out of 48 planting stock of B.nutans planted survived after the harvesting of wheat in the first cycle making survival percentage of 75 %. In the month of July, 2009 and 2010 , 20 kg of black gram (Urad) procured from JNAU, Jabalpur and was sown in the experimental plot for establishing Bamboo-Urad system. The agroforestry system so created was maintained and after ripening of the Urad crop , the crop was harvested , threshed, cleaned and packed into gunny bags. Thereafter the blockwise grain yield was recorded . Three soil samples each were collected from the 9treatments and analysed for their physical and chemical properties. The growth data of the two bamboo species were recorded and presented in the table 1. The trial was repeated in the second year also. In the month of November,2009, 80 kgs of Sujata cv. of Wheat which was obtained from the harvested wheat from the previous crop of Bamboo-wheat system during its first cycle, was sown in the OSR to standardized the system. The system was maintained and the wheat was harvested in the month of April,2010 and after processing (threshing ,cleaning, winnowing ) , it was kept in gunny bags and recorded blockwise grain yield as shown in the table 6-8.The soil samples were collected after the harvesting of the rabi crop to determine the status of micro and macro nutrients of soil. (see in the fig. 1-8) The growth parameters of the bamboo species were recorded periodically and data were analysed in the table 1. Results and Discussions:
I. Extension activities:
During the four trainings imparted to the progressive farmers at Chhindwara and Gwalior of Madhya Pradesh and Devpur and Barnavapara project Range under Raipur district of Chhattisgarh, the lesson learnt that farmers were reluctant to plant Bamboos in their agricultural field bunds apprehending that it may lead to reducing the crop yields thereby laeding to losses.
However, they were more than willing to plant desi bans (D.strictus) on their agricultural fields
for augmenting their incomes and diversifying their production base. They also expressed that they would prefer to plant faster growing bamboo species having longer internodes.
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Keeping the needs of the farmers in mind an effort was made to identify suitable planting stock of D.strictus and the same was made available to the interested farmers, as per need expressed by them and at no cost to them to enable them to plant the same on their agricultural field boundaries. As a matter of utmost caution so as to minimize the losses to agricultural crop yield the bamboo to Bamboo spacing was recommended as between 8m to 10m.
The study was initiated in the experimental area of Agroforestry field at Tropical Forest
Research Institute, Jabalpur (M.P) during the year October,2007. The experimental material includes three replications with nine treatment combinations by involving two bamboo species (Dendrocalamus strictus & Bambusa nutans intercropped with Vigna mungo L. as kharif crop and Triticum aestivum L. as rabi crop of 2008 , 2009, 2010 and 2011 to standardize the Bamboo –Wheat and Bamboo-Urad Silvi-agri system for the tropical region of Central India in Randomized Block Design. The observations on growth and yield parameters of bamboo-crop interactions were recorded and data were compiled, tabulated and analysed statistically.
Performance of growth : Average height and diameter of the two bamboo species i.e. D.strictus and B.nutans intercropped with agri crop in respective season were recorded and tabulated in the table 1 – 4 . The table 1 shows that the growth performance of the bamboo species is increasing over a period of one and half years but analyzing the data as per the time period ,the D.strictus in the first cycle of sowing wheat has shown declining trend in its height and diameter from 70.77 to 51.48cm due to suppressed nature of wheat grown with bamboo seedlings and rat attack on the bamboo rhizomes and the survival percentage was 42.18% . Similarly, the growth performance of B.nutans also showed declining trend from 70.21 cm to 66.0277cm and survival percent of 75%,whereasthe average diameter showed the increasing trend from in both the bamboo spp. D.strictus - 0.347 to 0.3582 and in B.nutans - 0.3725 to 0.5687cm. During the 2nd year of the growth period of bamboo species i.e. D. strictus and B.nutans intercropped with V.mungo (Urad), data shown the tremendous change in its height and diameter, July , 2009 is considered to be the favourable period for the bamboo growth in which performance of the two species i.e. D.strictus shown significant increase in its height and diameter ranged from 110.892 to 167.6406 cm and from 0.7135cm to 1.1245cm respectively, similarly B.nutans has also shown a significant improvement in its height ranged from 114.35cm to 191.43cm and diameter i.e. 0.6941cm to 1.3208cm. The increase in height of bamboo is noticed due the fact that the bamboo growing period is between July to October and Urad is nitrogen fixing crop which plays positive role in the growth of associate crop i.e. Bamboo . During the second cycle of growing of wheat as rabi crop in November, 2009 to April, 2010 , there is regular increase in height and diameter of D.strictus from 1.49m to 1.65m and 1.16 to 2.35cm respectively. Similarly, in B.nutans height was increased from 1.75m to 1.89m and 1.34 to 2.86cm in diameter. (table 1) Maximum height 2.09m was recorded in T4 with 2.90cm stem diameter closely followed by the T5 i.e.2.86cm. Similarly, B.nutans attained regular increase in height of 5.75m in T4 followed by the T5 of 5.52m and in diameter 11.18cm followed by 11.06cm during the fourth year of its growth ,in other words, B.nutans attains maximum growth during the
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2nd year (32.8 % to 35.45%) to 3rd year of its growth then the D.strictus (31.52% to 35.03%). (as shown in the table 2)
The canopy cover of the B.nutans was 2.90m unprunned followed by 2.32 in unpruned D.strictus during the 3rd year of its growth however D.strictus T1 has maximum culm 7.60 per clump followed by T2 7.45/clump (table 3). In the year of 2011 i.e. 4th year of bamboo growth, D.strictus (T1) produced maximum 16.18 culm/clump closely followed by T2 15.82 with 3.75m crown cover. But B.nutans (T3)has produced 11.51 culm/clump wit h the 4.73m canopy cover.Under intercropping , D.strictus produced 12.40 culm/clump having 4.53m canopy cover. Maximum number of harvestable culms 7.57 (as standardized length n diameter by the bamboo merchant) followed by 6.40 of B.nutans during 4th year of its growth.(table. 4) Table 1: - Year wise Performance of growth of Bamboos in the Silvi-agri system.
The total yield of wheat from the system is 516.18kgs and the average production of wheat from the each block is 0.16kg/m2 during its first cycle i.e. first year of bamboo growth (table----). The maximum average production of wheat is 120g/m2 was recorded in T3 followed by T2 165g/m2 , whereas, in the sole plot of agriculture it was 165g/m2 associated with D.strictus . and 185g/m2 is recorded under sole associated with B.nutans. The data indicates that the presence of bamboos intercropped with wheat results in reduction in production of wheat to a certain extent with D.strictus exerting a more negative effect as compared to B.nutans.
During the second cycle of the wheat crop ,the total yield of wheat grain is 336.17g/m2 and the average production from the treatments is 11g/m2 registered. Maximum reduction in grain yield of the wheat is observed in the treatments T1 i.e. 55g/m2 followed by T3 i.e. 82, 0.13g/m2 in control and 20 g/m2 in sole of B.nutans . The data indicates that the B.nutans at the age of its second year give the significant negative effect on the productivity of wheat with a drop of nearly 72.5% as compared to sole crop. It is also noticed that the D.strictus and wheat shown a significant reduction in the productivity of wheat i.e. nearly 36.9%. Although both the bamboo has a negative effect on the productivity of agri crop , the B.nutans has maximum yield reduction as compared to D.structus. In the year 2010 i.e 3rd year of b.nutans, the wheat yield was18.82 q/ha as compared to sole crop 24.45 q/ha. The yield reduction may be due the fact that under the shade /canopy of bamboo crop production get reduced , it can be compensated by selling the bamboo stem after the fourth year of bamboo every year.
Title 6: Evaluation of Bamboo Based Silvi-Agri system in Jabalpur District (2010). Treatment
The urad crop was sown during the kharif season of 2009 and 2010 and harvested in the month of October and recorded total yield in the all treatments. Data revealed that the total yield of Urad was 115.4kg recorded from all the blocks and the average production of Urad is in each blocks is 40g m2. The maximum grain yield of urad is 20.5 kg/ha in T4 block (B.nutans with V.mungo) followed by 17.35kg/ ha in T2 ( D.strictus + V.mungo) whereas in T2 block 18.35 kg grain yield of urad was registered in first cycle. (Table 8) During 2nd cycle of the crop the slight reduction in yield was registered under D.strictus with Urad crop 12.40kg followed by 9.70kg.This may be due to the crown cover of D.strictus.
Table 8. Yield of Urad as intercropped in Bamboo based silvi-agri system.
Nutrient status of the soil under bamboo based silvi-agri system : Changes in Soil pH : The soil samples were collected at each season of agricrop i.e before sowing and after harvesting of the crop intercropped under the bamboo. The soil of the experimental plot was moderately acidic in nature. The lowest average pH was 6.17 to highest 7.14 in different treatments. In the control plots it was observed that the growing of agricultural crops resulted in the soils gaining its alkalinity, whereas during fallows, an increase in acidity of the soil was observed. The trend
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in the change in pH of the soil with regard to the treatments consisting of bamboo with agriculture crop is similar to that observed for the control plot. The conclusion is that growing of bamboos is in an agroforestry system significantly effect the pH value , it increases the pH value after the 4th year onwards . The system increased the pH values from 6.8 to 7.01 in the T4 treatments i.e. B.nutans intercropped with agri crop and pruned followed by the T7 D.strictus sole from 6.7 to 7.00 during 3rd to 4th year of its growth.(figure.1) Analysis of change in EC values : The lowest E.C varied from the minimum 0.03mmhos to the maximum of 0.49mmhos. The general trend was observed in the EC of the soil samples collected from the four control plots was the highest in July2009 which can be ascribed to the monsoons which resulted in increased electrolytic activity in the soil. In the four control blocks consisting of bamboo ith agriculture crops an increase in EC was 1st observed from soil samples collected after the harvesting of wheat in the first cycle in April,2009 which is due to the application of fertilizers applied as basal dressing before the sowing of rabi crop. (as shown in the figure-2)
Changes in Organic matter:
The organic matter was gradually increased upto November2009 when intercropped with B.nutans and wheat and urad crop in T4.Maximum increase 1.12% is observed in T8 closely followed by T7 1.10 during October,2009 and marginally declined 1.02 in T7 followed by T5 i.e 0.95%.(figure 3)
Changes in Available Nitrogen status :
The available nitrogen content under the system was determined and maximum 376.3kg/ha was recorded in T1 and T6 during April,2009 after the harvesting of 1st cycle of wheat crop followed by the T8 355.5kg/ha. (figure 4) In the four blocks the general trend was obsereved that the available nitrogen of the soil was the least during November 2008 when rabi crop was sown in its first cycle. Therafter an increase was recorded in April,2009 and it was gradually decreased till wheat was harvested in the 2nd cycle of the crop. A contradictory observation in the control plot was that available Nitrogen showed a decrease since the Urad crop was sown and harvested in October,2009 despite it is leguminous crop. The system shows the positive effect on the amount of nitrogen after 4th year and 4 crops taken as intercrops in each season. The Nitrogen level is increased from 229 to 355.9kg/ha in T7. In the two blocks containing B.nutans and D.strictus intercropped with Urad shows an increase in nitrogen content during October,2009 i.e. after the harvesting of urad crop thereby suggesting that a symbiotic relationship was established between B.nutans and urad in fixing nitrogen under the system.(Figure 4)
Changes in available Phosphorus content:
Maximum Phosphorus content was recorded 43.13kg/ha in the T6 during July,2009 followed by 38.05 in T7 and minimum was 13.55 kg/ha in T2. The phosphorus content was increased from 3.34 to
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30.73 in the T5 and gradually decreased in the fourth year. The system was remained unaffected to increase the level of phosphorus.(Figure 5).
Changes in Potassium content of soil:
The highest potassium level observed was 585.17 kg/ha in T7 during the July,2009 and the lowest was 98.1kg/ha in T3 during November,2008 as shown in the figure 6. this lowest figure before the initiation of crop. Gradually the value increased to a maximum in July,2009,due to the soil working and intercropping of wheat with bamboo crop, thereafter reduced considerably till april 2010 i.e. after harvesting of wheat crop during its second cycle. Similarly, the potassium content was observed when intercropped.
Changes in Calcium content of soil:
The highest Calcium content observed was 74.4kg/ha in T7 closely followed by T5 72.4kg/haduring the initial stage of the system i.e. November2008. Lowest was observed 13.6kg/ha in T1 block to 25.73 in T8 during april,2009. A distinctive pattern in change in Calcium content was obsereved in the four blocks i.e. after highest value was recorded during November,2008. The Calcium values decreased after the harvesting of wheat in the first cycle in April,2009. thereafter owing to the land being left fallow the calcium content showed an increase till july2009. This was followed by a decrease in the calcium content till the harvesting of urad in October,2009.
The increase in available calcium content in the soil between April,2009 (harvesting of wheat in first cycle) and july2009 (kharif i.e. sowing of urad) was more in the treatment T4 B.nutans with agri crop as compared to T2 D.strictus with agri crop, thereby suggesting that B.nutans has assisted in releasing more calcium as compared to D.strictus when the plot lay fallow. (Fig.7)
Changes in Magnesium content of soil:
The maximum magnesium values recorded was 54.8 meq/100g in April,2010 in T8 blocks and lowest was 9.6 meq/100g. No definite conclusions can be drawn from the analysis of soil analysis for the potassium during the period November2008 to April,2010. During the fallow period between April,2009 and July2009 the magnesium content was increased in T4 i.e. B.nutans and agri crop significantly higher as compared to D.strictus . The available magnesium was reduced significantly with T4 i.e. B.nutans with urad crop at the time of harvesting of urad then that of D.strictus with intercrop T2. (Fig.8)
Economic analysis of the system:
The bamboo silvi-agri system indicates that B. nutans was performed better as compared to D.strictus in terms of growth and yield of agri crop and its management under the silvi-agri system. B. nutans+Pruned Bamboo(25%) + Agri crops) found best treatment combination among other treatments. Maximum average height of B. nutans is 5.75 m , Diameter (11.18 cm), Canopy cover (4.75 m), No. of culms per clump (11.51), No. of harvestable culms per clump (7.57) were recorded at the age of fourth year of bamboo. Similarly the yield of agriculture crops like Urad grain is 4.53
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qt/ha and Wheat yield (18.82qt/ha) during the respective season. Based on the economical analysis of the system , total Gross Income is 2,65,515.9 Rs. /ha while total Gross Expenses (1,56,813 Rs. / ha) and Net Income was Rs 1,08,703. /ha then sole agri crop i.e. 1,03991 and sole bamboo plantation gives rs. 13,259 to 21152.3/ha and the benefit and cost ratio (1.69 )at the fourth year onwards of plantation. Hence, grower can get more income per unit area by adopting this bamboo based silvi-agri system, without impairing the soil & environmental health.
Title 9: Cost of cultivation of Bamboos in the Silvi-agri system. Treatment combinations
Studies on suitability of bamboo species for bamboo based silvi-agri system was successfully completed . For the establishment of the system , two bamboo species Bambusa nutans and Dendrocalamus strictus were raised at the spacing of 6mx4m and 6x5m as an OSR in the experimental area of TFRI . Standardized package of practices of bamboo-wheat and bamboo-urad silvi-agri system .
Motivated progressive farmers of Two districts Gwalior and Chhindwara of Madhya Pradesh Raipur and Ravanpara of Chhattisgarh towards benefits of adoption of bamboos in their field bunds. However, they were more than willing to plant desi bans (D.strictus) on their agricultural fields for augmenting their incomes and diversifying their production base. They also expressed that they would prefer to plant faster growing bamboo species having longer internodes. Keeping the needs of the farmers in mind an effort was made to identify suitable planting stock of D.strictus and the same was made available to the interested farmers, as per need expressed by them and at no cost to them to enable them to plant the same on their agricultural field boundaries. As a matter of utmost caution so as to minimize the losses to agricultural crop yield the bamboo to Bamboo spacing was recommended as between 8m to 10m.
Recommendations : It is suggested that improved polypod planting stocks of locally
available bamboos with longer internodes and less throny , smooth and clear stem of bamboo are suitable for agroforestry system with a spacing of minimum 5mx5m to ensure the proper spacing for tractor ploughing to gain maximum production.
While successfully demonstrating the establishment of Bamboo based silvi-agri system with an
intercrops T. aestivum (wheat) and V.mungo ( Urad) with two bamboo species i.e. D.strictus and B.nutans as an OSR trial at agro-forestry division of TFRI, Jabalpur, wherein certain losses in agricultural crop yield was observed in the treatments , the recommendations for adopting Bamboo based agroforestry systems by intercropping with the crops is as follows:
1. The Bamboo based Bamboo-wheat and Bamboo-urad model may be recommended for adoption by the farmers with a rider that the bamboo crop should be start to harvest after 4th year of its planting when intercropped. This will ensure minimizing the negative effect on agricultural crop productivity and at the same time would provide additional income of Rs.1,08,703/ha to the farmers by adopting it as also diversifying the production base.
2. This will also address the conservational issues including soil moisture conservation.
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The study was conducted in the experimental plot of the TFRI, Jabalpur and the bamboo based agroforestry system has standardized just for initial 4 years of bamboo growth. Some more experiments is to be needed like effect of bamboo growth on vegetational growth, its impact of soil structure, impact on associate agriculture crop production and it can be rotate with the shade loving crop like medicinal plants and grasses to demonstrate the bamboo based agroforestry system after 5 years of its growth. In india there is no work on bambusa nutans based agroforestry system, therefore it is most important to conduct study on Bambusa nutans based agroforestry system at later stage of its growth in the tropical region of Madhya Pradesh.
Research Papers Published:
Berry, N.; Singh, N. and Pal, RS. 2008 . Bamboo: potential in agroforestry systems. In Bamboos: Management, Conservation, Value addition and Promotion.. (Eds. Mandal, A.K.; Berry, N. and Rawat, G.S.) pp-103-114. In Proceedings of the National Conference on “Bamboos” , A TFRI publication, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Nath, V.; Pal, R.S.; and Banerjee,S.K.2008. Bamboo: its distribution,production, habitat and agroforestry potential. Indian Forester 134 : 387-396.
Pal, RS.; Berry, N. and Mandal,AK 2008. Sporadic flowering of Dendrocalamus strictus in the Jabalpur districts (M.P.) Indian Forester 134 :1416 .
N. Berry (2011). Evaluation of Bamboo based Agri-silviculture system in Jabalpur district. Abstract published in proceedings of the National seminar on Recent advances in Bamboo Propagation, Management and Utilization" held on 17-18th February,2011 at IWST, Banglore (Karnataka).
Field demonstration
v Bamboo based Bamboo-wheat and Bamboo-Urad Silvi-agri system were demonstrated in the
experimental field and explained to the the number of groups of trainines during the study period. 1. Forest Guards Trainees of Balaghat district, M.P. on 2nd February, 2011 at Agroforestry
experimental area of TFRI, Jabalpur. 2. Farmers of Majhauli under the NABARD training programme at TFRI , Jabalpur on 21st
December,2010. 3. B.Sc. students of Dr.Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP)
during the education tour of the students held on 17th January,2011 at TFRI, Jabalpur. 4. Farmers of four villages viz. Padariya, Khamariya, Saliwada and Neemkheda of Jabalpur
district at TFRI during 31st, March, 2011.
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Behari, B; Rashmi Aggarwal; Singh AK;Banerjee,SK.(2000). Vegetation development in a degraded area under bamboo based agroforestry system. Indian forester 126 (7); 710-720.
Betser, E. (2000). Rapid reconnaissance surveys in market research. Lecture note in agroforesrty tree selection. International center for research in agroforestry (ICRAF), Nairobi,Kenya12p.
Bhatt,B.P. Singh,L.B.; Singh K; Sachhan,MS(2003). Commercial edible bamboo species and their market potential in three Indian tribal states of north eastern Himalayan region. Journal of Bamboo and Rattan 2(2):111-133.
Brain M. Belcher (1998). A Production-to-consumption system approach:Lessons from the bamboo and rattan sectors in Asia. In Wallenberg and Ingles (Eds). Method for the development and conservation of forest products for local communities.pp.57-85.
Haridasan, K. (2000). Bamboo based socioeconomic revolution in rural south eastern china-relevance to north east India. Arunachal Forests News. 18(1&2):41-45.
Jayashankar,B;Anitha, V;Murlidharan,P.K.(1997).Economics of bamboo cultivation in homesteads agroforestry system of kerala. In: Iyenkar, P.K. (ED.). Ninth Kerala Science Congress, Trivandrrun, 27-29 January 1997. State committee on Science, Technology and Environment , Trivandrrum:22-24.
Jha LK,Lalnuntluaga;Marak C. (2004). Study on the growth performance of bamboo species of Melocanna Bacifera and Dendrocalamus longispathus along with crop (Glycine Max) in Degraded Jhum land of mizorum. Indian forester 130(9):1071-1077.
Krishnankutty, C.N.(1988). Bamboo resources in the homestead of Kerala. Proc. of the intenational Bamboo work shop, nov 14-18, Cochin, india. Kerela forest research institute and IDRC, Canada,pp 44-46
NABARD report. (2006). Bamboo for intergrated rural Devlopment. 1-11p.
Patil, V D ; Sarnikar, PN; Adsul, PB;ThengalPD. (2004) Profile studies, organic matter build-up and nutritional status of soil under bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus) based agroforestry system. Journal of soil and crops 14(1):31-35.
Prasad,S.N. and Gadgil,M.(1981). Conservation of bamboo resources of Karnataka . a technical report by working group of bamboo resource constitute by Karnataka state council of science and technology, Karnataka .
Seshadri,P.91985).Intercropping of bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus Nees) with soyabean (Glycine max L.) Herill an agroforesty study. PhD Thesis. Tamil Nadu Agriculture University, Coimbatore.
Sanmughavel , P and Francis, K(1999). Growth performance and economic returns of pigeon pea in agroforestry. Indian Journal of Agroforestry.22(4):351-353.
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Sanmughavel , P and Francis, K(2001). Intercropping trials of four crops in bamboo plantation in bamboo plantation. Journal of bamboo and Rattan 1(1) vsp, Netherlands: 3-9.
Sharma,YML. (1987). Inventory and resources of bamboos. Proceeding of International workshop Singapore .pp.99-120.
Singh, K.A. (1999). Resource management and productivity enhancement through agroforestry in eastern hilly agro-ecosystems of India. Indian journal of agroforestry. 1 (1):63-72.
Singh, K.A.; Patiram; Singh, L.N; Roy, R.N. (1992). Effect of Bamboo (Bambus nutans Wall.ex Munro) shaded on the yield of some agricultural crops at mid hill of eastern Himalaya. Indian Journal of Forestry 15(4):339-341.
Tiwari, D.D. (2001). Domestication of non-timber forest products (NTFPs): a case of bamboo Farming in Kheda district, Gujrat, India. Ind.For. 127(7):788-789.
Wagh, Rand Rajput, J.C. (1994). Comparative performance of bamboo with the horticultural crops in konkan. Bamboo in Asia and Pacific. Proceedings of fourth international bamboo workshop, 27-30, November 1991, Chingamai, Thailand. International Development Research Center, Canada FORSPA, Bangkok, Thailand: 85-86.
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1. Identification and incidence of insects and diseases of different species of bamboos in central India
A. Insect pests and Diseases of seeds:
Bamboo species are attacked by various insects and diseases while they are in flowering and
developing seed stage in plantations and forests. To investigate the various insect pests and diseases
attacking different bamboo species in central India, periodical surveys of seedlings and plantations of
selected bamboo grown localities including planted at TFRI Jabalpur, were conducted throughout the
years 2008-2009. The insects damaging flowers, developing seeds in the field plantations/ forests and
mature seeds of Bambusa nutans, B.vulgaris and Dendrocalamus strictus were collected and identified
with the help of available literature. The developing seeds were observed to be attacked by a pentatomid
bug identified as Ochrophara montana Distant (Pentatomidae) (Fig. 1). The mature seeds collected from
different sources were examined for the insects and fungi damaging them. It was observed that the seeds
of D. strictus were damaged by a gelechiid seed borer identified as Sitotroga cerealella Olivier in
storage (Fig. 2). The larvae of this moth passed their whole life by feeding inside the seeds. The full
grown larvae are about 5 mm in length. Both the identified species were preserved in the museum of the
Forest Entomology Division, Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur.
The seed microflora of D. strictus kept in storage was tested by moist blotter plate method. 400 seeds were tested in moist petriplate and kept in BOD incubator at a constant temperature of 280
Fig1. Bug, Ochrophara montana
Fig 2. Stored bamboo seeds damaged by larvae of Sitotroga
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The cultural characteristics of each seed microflora are described as below:
Arthrinium phaeospermum (Corda ) M.B.Ellis
Colonies variable in structure on culms commences beneath the epidermis which split longitudinally to expose the shiny black spore masses, at first 2-3 mm long and 0.5 mm wide later expanded up to 5× 1 mm. Mycelium superficial immersed septate colourless-pale brown smooth 2-6 µm wide immersed hyphae colourless thin smooth or verruculose 1-4 µm thick . (Plate-I Fig.2)
Humicola grisea Traaen
Colonies effuse cottony some time funiculose at first white later pale grey then dark grey black in reverse. Mycelium is superficial. Conidiophore micronematous or semi- macronematous, unbranched or irregularly branched straight or flexuous, colorless to pale golden brown smooth. Conidiogenous cell monoblastic, integrated terminal, determinate cylindrical, dolliform or infundibuliform. Conidia solitary, dry acrogenous simple typical occasionally obovoid or pyriform, pale to mid golden brown 0- septate 12 × 17 um in size (Plate-I Fig. 1 &2 ).
Memnoniella echinata (Riv.) Galloway
Colonies Small thick coal black composed of simple conidiophores. Condiophores 60-80 µm long wide 2-3 septate blackish erect hyaline at the base conidiophore bearing at the tip a head about 14 µm wide and 10 µm high with one or two compact whorls of about then phialides. Phialides sub hyaline, 1 celled about 8µm long 3 µm wide slightly diverging. Conidia opaque,
black, globose to angular rough nearly disc like 5-5.5 wide 3.5 -4 µm thick forming persistent simple chain up to 200 µm long (Plate-VII Fig. 3).
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Colonies black pulverulent of variable size. Sporodochia of variable size and consisting of closely aggregated clusters of numerous conidiophores and conidia two types of conidia produced the spiny and the smooth, spiny conidia of variable shape and size. Dark brown in colour and 1-4 celled born singly and acrogenously at the tip of conidiophores. Each conidium ornamented all over with many spines which are up to 8.5 µm long and 2.5 µm wide, 1 cell conidia subglobose to ovoid and 1-12 µm in diameter excluding the spines 2 celled, 20 × 17 µ and 4 celled, 25.5-30.6 × 15.3-23.8 µm conidiophores simple long and filamentous, erect straight or flexuous, pale brown non septate 79-137 µm long 2-3 µm broad at the apex and 1-2 µm broad below (Plate-VII Fig. 6).
Trichoderma viride Pers.
Colonies grow rapidly up to 7 cm in 3 days at 27oC .The mycelium is watery white becoming hairy from the formation of loose scanty arial mycelium which makes the colonies floccose to arachnoid somewhat whitish. The colonies become green to dark green with maturity and reverse remained uncoloured. The conidiophores are 4-5 µm in diameter and produce smaller side branches ultimately a conifer like branching system is formed. All the branches stand at wide angle to bearer and tip terminated by phialides. Phialides are formed in false whorls beneath each terminal phialide, generally not more than 2 or 3 phialides and arise at right angle to the bearer. Phialides 8-14× 2.4-3 µm. Conidia 4-4.8× 3.5 -4 µm in size (Plate-VII Fig. 4).
Trichoderma koningii Oudem.
Colonies on PDA spreading floccose white at first becoming light green in 4-5 days reverse colorless vegetative hyphae septate hyaline. Conidiophore pyramidically branched i.e. short branches, occurring near the tip and longer ones with repeated branching in the lower part 2.5µm wide. Phialides uncrowded, seldom in verticals of more than three arising terminally or laterally 3.7-7.5× 2-2.5 µm. Conidia smooth walled rounded bluish green in colour 3.7-4.3 µm (Plate-I Fig. 1&2).
Trichobotrys effusa (Berk. & Br.)
Colonies effuse dark, olivaceous brown to purplish brown, velvety. Mycelium partly superficial partly immersed. Stomata absent but the ends of conidiophores are usually sterile and setae form. Conidiophores macronematous, mononimatous, long, narrow, straight or flexuous pale olivaceous to dark brown, verruculose to echinulate bearing short smooth fertile widely spaced uniform lateral branches, apex sterile stratiform about 200-400 µm and 5 µm thick. Conidiogenous cell polyblastic integrated and terminal or discrete on branches determinate ellipsoidal spherical or sub spherical 7.5-15× 3.5 -5 µm. Conidia dry simple spherical dark brown smooth or verruculose unseptate 5-7.5 µm. in diameter (Plate-VII Fig. 1).
Stachybotrys kampalensis (Hansf).
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in length. During monsoon, the weevils mate and oviposit white elliptical eggs singly in pits on the
young bamboo culms of about 1 Mt height. A single culm bears 3 or 4 eggs at various places. After 1 or
2 weeks of egg laying, the hatching takes place. The grub bores the internodes wall of the bamboo and
forms irregular, long tunnel from egg- pit onwards, passing through the nodes and internodes to the apex
of a shoot. The soft upper portion of the culm remains filled with excreta and the wood dust, which
readily breaks away from the remaining internodes by wind, rain, wood peckers, etc. The tunnel
sometimes may reach the external rind and thus form an ejection hole. After a grub period of about 4
weeks, the full grown grub escapes from the fallen clump in August- September and burrows in loose
moist soil for pupation. The pupal period lasts for nearly 3 weeks. The immature weevil develops inside
earthen cell or cocoon by the end of September but emerges out only when the earthen cell-wall softens
in monsoon i.e. nearly after 9½months.
Estigmena chinensis Hope:
Light brown to black coloured, 10 to 16 mm long beetles of this borer were observed as borer of B. bambos and D. strictus. The over-wintering female beetle of this insect oviposits a maximum of about 12 eggs in batches on the surface of the internodes soon after the onset of monsoon i.e. in June-July. On hatching, the grub feeds the tender tissues between the culm sheath and surface of the culm by eating out irregular, broad, shallow patches. At the time of falling of the culm sheath, the grubs separate from each other and bore the wall of the internode separately. Each grub excavates a tunnel up and down in length. A single internode bears one to five larval galleries running generally
longitudinal or sometimes in transverse manner. The grubs eject out a fine wood dust through their entrance holes. The pupation begins in September and after a short pupal period, the beetle develops but remains hidden inside the larval tunnels for nearly 9 months i.e. from October to the onset of monsoon.
Fig.10 Weevil Cyrtotrachelus
Fig 10. Weevil, Cytotrachelus
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Rat 2008 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-3* 0-3* 0-3* *Indicates no. of holes per bed
Similar observations were taken in plantations at TFRI Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh) and Kosabari, Korba (Chhattisgarh) throughout the year. The observations on different species recorded and their incidence are summarised as in table 3.
Table 3. Incidence of insect and mammal pests in bamboo plantations.
Insect pest
Year Jan Feb Mar Apl May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Termite 2009 0 0 0-8 (2.5)
0-5 (2.0)
0-8 (2.0)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Grass-hopper
2009
0 0 0 0 0 0 0-52 (19.1)
0- 96 (40.0)
0-96 (45.6)
0 0 0
Leaf roller
2009 0 0
0 0 0 0 14-95 (29.1)
2-30 (11.9)
2-48 (15.1)
0-4 (0.6)
0 0
Aphid 2009 0 0
0-8 (2.3)
0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Shoot borer
2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 (0.1)
0 0 0 0
Wild hare
2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-3* 0-3* 0-3*
On the basis of above observations, the larvae of the bamboo leaf roller C. coclesalis were concluded as the major threat to the bamboo especially in in nurseries and young plantations.
ii. Pathogen pests
The seedlings grown by forest Departments at selected localities when screened for different diseases showed that bamboo culms are attacked by pathogens at Rewa, Seoni, Chhindwara, Badwah, Bahrai forest area in M.P, Korba and Bilaspur in Chhattishgarh. Disease sample of leaf spot culm rot and stem rot were collected from all the localites and the pathogens were isolated on Potato Dextrose Agar medium and identified with the help of available literature (Booth 1971, Ellis 1971,1976 and Groove 1937and Sutton 1980).
Symptoms and Description:
Alternaria pluriseptata (Karst. & Har.):
Drying from the tip were noticed due to the infection of Alternaria pluriseptata (Karst. & Har.) . The infection started as small necrotic spot which later increased in size and covered the half
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of the leaf surface with dark brown discoloration. Small black conidial mass of the fungi were observed on the discolored portion of the leaf.
Colonies amphigenous, effuse, black. Conidiophores solitary or fasciculate, often branched, pale brown, smooth up to 80 µm long 2-5µm thick. Conidia in short chain; the basal conidium in each chain usually obclavate, rostrate, pale to mid golden brown, smooth, the body 25-50 µm long 11-17 µm thick in the broadest part, with 2-7 transverse and several longitudinal or oblique septa the pale beak 10-25 × 3-4 µm. other conidia not beaked, ellipsoidal or ovoid, rarely slightly varruculose, golden brown, with 2-6 transverse and several oblique or longitudinal septa 17-50 × 11-16 µm (Plate-IX Fig. 3).
Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn:
The disease appeared in the month of August onwards at the TFRI nursery. Disease symptom appeared on the lamina as brown restricted spots and later spread over the entire leaf surface. Conidial stage appeared on the upper surface of the leaf. About 2-37 percent infection were recorded from the nursery beds (Plate-II Fig. 2).
Colonies on PDA dark gray, usually zonate mycelium branched septate conidiophores long, conidia elliptic curved septa 2-3 middle cell broad and darker than other cell middle septum present median smooth 18-32 × 8-16 µ (Plate-VI Fig. 1)
Curvularia pallescens Boedijn:
Water-soaked lesions with yellow halo appear on young and mature leaves. The lesions coalesce and form circular to irregular grayish black spots with dark yellow halo. The lesions develop near the leaf tips and margins, and later coalesced to form large necrotic areas. The affected leaf tips roll in and dry up (Plate-II Fig. 1).
It is a weak pathogen and enters the host tissues through stomata or injury. Proliferation of hyphae occurs within the cell and intercellular spaces, causing rupture of the infected cells. The fungus thrives well in damp conditions and produces conidia in the affected necrotic tissue as inoculum for further spread of the disease.
Colonies effuse, grey velvety, conidia slightly curved, conidiophores and conidial cell pale brown, conidia 17-32 × 7-12 µm. in size( (Plate- VI Fig. 3).
Dasturella divina (Syd.) Mundk. & Khes.:
Infection usually appears during October to February on mature leaf in the form of grayish brown minute flecks usually juvenile leaves are free from infection. The small flecks coalesces and form spindle shaped dark brown pustules surrounded by a pale area mature leaves are more
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susceptible to infection then the younger one. Uredinal sori yellowish in colour develop in the flecks on the lower surface of leave (Plate-II Fig. 3).
Development of uredinal sori occurs rarely on the upper surface. In severe case the lower surface of the entire leaf lamina is covered with uredinia imparting a yellowish brown colour. The rust infection continues until late May. Dark brown lesions develop either in mature uredinal sori or separately on the adaxial surface in inner rows during January. Necrosis and withering of leaves recorded due to rust infection (Plate-VI Fig. 2).
Drechslera stenospila (Drechsler) Subram &Jain:
The spots developed as narrow brown strips mostly 2-10 mm long each surrounded by a yellow halo region. The disease occurs during the month of September-November.
Conidiophores solitary or in small groups, straight or flexuous, occasionally geniculate, mid to mid dark brown, paler towards the apex, smooth septate up to 200 µm long 5-9 µm thick sometimes swollen up to 13 µm at the base. Conidia mostly curved, cylindrical, ellipsoidal or broadly fusiform rather dark olivaceous or golden brown smooth characteristically closely psedoseptate 70-84 × 14-22 µm thick in the broadest part with 6-14 pseudoseptate scars not very conspicuous (Plate-IX Fig. 2).
Fusarium oxysporum Schlect.:
Due to the infection of Fusarium oxysporum Schlect the culm shows rotting appearance. The infection starts from the sheath of the apical shoot of the culm. The growth could not be observed in this type of rotted shoot. Post emergence damping-off in juvenile seedlings were also observed in the month of May-June and caused 5-33 percent mortality in nursery beds (Plate-III Fig. 5).
The average growth rate of culture is 4.5 cm. Mycelium white with a purple tinge, floccose. Microconidia in abundant and oval in shape 5-12× 2.2-3.5 µm. Macroconidia are thin walled generally 3-7 septate, fusoid- falcate and pointed at both ends: 3 septate : 27-46× 3-5 µm. 5 septate: 35-60× 3-5 µm and 6-7 septate : 50-66× 3.5-5 µm (Plate-VI Fig. 7).
Fusarium semitectum , Berk. & Rav. :
The drying of culms starts from top and travels towards down wards. Initially the disease develops in the culm sheath or the soft apical part of the culms. The premature death of the
culms sheath occurred. This is followed by rot and partial collapse of the fragile apical regions. The culm sheath eventually died and usually fall away (Plate-III Fig. 1).
Growth rate 6.1. Aerial mycelium first white and floccose, gradually changing to peach and finally becoming buff brown after 21 days. Macroconidia formed in aerial mycelium from loosely branched conidiophores. Each branch terminate in a conidiogenous cell 19-24 × 2-4 µm which
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appears to from a single apical pore and then to form successively a second third and even fourth pore thus forming a polyblastic sympodial cell. The conidia vary from 3-5 septate. The 3 septate conidia are 17-28× 2.5-4 µm in size and 5 septate are 22-40× 3.7-4 µm. in size. The microconida are 7.5× 10 µm. in size (Plate-VI Fig. 5).
Helminthosporium solani Dur. & Mont.:
Minute, water socked lesions on the upper surface of the mature leaves and later spread to form large reddish brown area linear to irregular in shape often concentrated either at the leaf base or at the margins and the tips. The discolored area becomes necrotic. 2-26 percent disease was observed in the month of November to January from Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur.
Helminthosporium solani produces hyphae conidiophore and conidia. Hyphae are septate conidiophore brown to dark brown erect parallel walled and ceasing to elongate when the terminal conidium is formed. Conidia multicellular (4-10) celled, solitary club shaped and pale to dark brown. They are located along the side of the conidiophore and their wider end is towards the conidiophores. Conidiophore 5-8 septate dark brown paler near the apex smooth up to 5-40 µm long thick near the base 6-9µm at the apex with dark brown scar at the base conidia 12.5 -50× 5-10 µm in size (Plate-VI Fig. 4).
Nigrospora oryzae (Berk & Broome) Petch:
Colonies at first white with small, shining back conidia easily visible under a low power dissecting microscope, later brown when sporulation is abundant. Mycelium all immersed or partly superficial. stroma none. Setae and hyphopodia absent. Conidiophores micronematous or semi- macronimatous branched, flexuous, colourless to brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cell monoblastic, discrete, solitary, determinate, ampulliform or subspherical, colourless. Conidia solitary, simple, spherical or broadly ellipsoidal, compressed dorsiventrally, black, shining, smooth, 0 septate.
Vollutella colletotrichoides J. E. Chilton:
Sporodochia discoid, with marginal dark setae; conidiospores usually, simple in a compact palisade; conidia hyaline 1 celled, ovoid to oblong; parasitic or saprophytic.
The description of remaining species of pathogens as shown in table 4 is not given due to their occassional and restricted appearance in nursery and plantations.
Table 4 . Locality wise identified pathogens infesting seedlings, young culms and their incidence percentage in nursery and plantations.
S. Herba Description of collected samples Isolated Name of Infection
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C. Insect pests and diseases of bamboos in storage:
i.Insect Pests:
In storage, bamboo species are occasionally attacked by many species of borers including the common ghun and other borer species. A brief on common insect pest is given below:
1. Chlorophorus annularis Fab.:
The beetle of this species is 8 to 15 mm long, ochreous, yellow with a dark brown or black pattern of curved and rounded spots on the elytra and Pronotum . The emergence of the beetle observed through a rounded hole in May to September but it may be delayed according to the dryness of the wood. The consequence development may continue even after the bamboo has been converted into furniture or other items. The pest has normally one generation in a year.
2. Shot hole borer, Dinoderus spp.:
Three species of ghun viz. Dinoderus brevis Horn., D. minutus Fab. and D. ocellaris Stephens have been reported from different states of India. During present survey D. brevis was observed to damage stored bamboos in depots. The intensity of attack is observed to be influenced by the distribution and concentration of food material, age of host, felling season of bamboos, etc. The beetle bores the cut end or exposed end and finally form vertical or horizontal oviposition tunnel. The pairing takes place inside the tunnel and ultimately the eggs are laid. After hatching, each grub bores a tunnel upwards and downwards with many holes appearing like gun shots through which wooden
dust is thrown by the grubs and beetles. The pupation occurs in a cell at the end of the larval tunnel. It has 3 generations in a year in central India.
3.Termites:
Some species of Odontotermes like O. distans, O. feae, O. microdentatus and O. obesus were observed to attack dry or felled bamboos. They formed a plaster covering all over the surface of the bamboo before feeding on the soft tissues leaving the outer rind portion intact.
18 1204 Patarpara (Chhattishgarh)
Dendrocalamus strictus
30.01.08 Leaf Scytalidium thermophilum
-
19 1126 Ambikapur (Chhattishgarh)
Dendrocalamus asper
01.02.08 Leaf Trichoderma viride
-
20 1129 Kosabadi, Korba
(Chhattishgarh)
Dendrocalamus strictus
11.02.08 Culm sheath
Trichoderma atroviride
-
21 1127 Plantation Kosabadi,
Korba (Chhattishgarh)
Dendrocalamus strictus
11.02.08 Leaf Trichoderma koningii
-
22 1205 Nagaghati, Mandla (M.P.)
Dendrocalamus strictus
16.12.08 Culm Arthrinium phaeospermum
-
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Following 13 species of fungi were observed to cause decay to the bamboo culms and spoil them in storage. The locality and the infestation percentage of only common five species are summarized as hereunder. The remaining species were recorded as occassional and hence not included in the description.
Table 5. Locality wise identified pathogens and their incidence percentage in storage.
The disease symptom appears in young culms during the growing period i e, July-Aug due to the infection of pathogen the culms started rotten from the upper portion and growth of the culm retarded. Isolation from disease portion reveals the presence Paecilomyces varioti (Plate-III Fig. 2).
Colonies on PDA broadly spreading 5-6 cm in 10 days, velvety at first becoming powdery at mature with aerial growth consisting of mostly trailing fertile hyphae or definite rope of hyphae, yellowish brown reverse at first uncolored to bluish green shade odour sweet, aromatic fertile hyphae usually short mostly creeping , conidiophores repeatedly verticillate or freely and irregularly branched up to 325 μm long metuale divergent variable in size phialides irregularly distributed along the fertile hyphae with long acuminate conidium bearing tubes usually bent away from the axis of the cell and widely divergent at the apex, bearing long, tangled chain of conidia, 11.5-20.2 × 2.4 -3 µm conidia strongly elliptical, yellowish to brown smooth walled very unequal in size within same colony 3.2-5 × 2-4 µm.
Porea rhizomorpha (Bagchee):
Sporosphore annual effused, inseparable from substratum, thin, brittle; subiculum white, with 2-3 distinct zones; hymeneal surface white, 'pale pinkish buff ' to ' light- pinkish cinnamon' with age; pore tubes up to 1.5 mm long, pores round to angular, 2-3 per mm, pore wall fimbriate; basidia clavate, up to 4.5 µm broad; basidiospores hyaline, smooth, ellipsoid, 4-5×2-2.5 µm, hymenium continuous over the dissepiments, hyphal pegs present (simple and branched); hyphae of two types: (1) hyaline, thin-walled, with clamp connections and (2) hyaline thick-walled, with lumen narrow to almost obliterated, clamp connection present, the former abounding in
subiculum, and latter in trama, rhizomorphs cord-like white, changing to 'pale chamois' on drying.
Phlebia subserialis (Bourdot & Galzin) Donk
Fructification resupinate, membranous, ceraceous becoming rigid and brittle on drying, separable widely diffused 3-3.5 × 1.5-2.0 cm, hymenial surface cream yellow smooth-uneven wavy, adnate, concolouress, hyphae branched, hyaline-pale yellow, dimitic, 5 µm wide, no reaction with KOH, basidiospores hyline, elongated, smooth 5-6.5×2.5-3.05 µm (Plate-II, Fig. 5 & 6).
Stereum hirsutum (Willd.) Pers.
11 1175 TFRI, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Bambua vulgaris
28.01.09 Stored bamboo
Phlebia subserialis
-
12 1173 TFRI, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Bambusa vulgaris
8.02.09 Stored bamboo
Trichobotrys effusa
-
13 1176 Kalpi, Mandla (M.P.)
D. strictus 16.12.09 Stored bamboo
Hysterium sp. -
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Fruit body annual effuse reflex or effuse, resupinate, leathery, up to 400 µm thick upper surface with finally delicate hair or hirsute, concentrically zonate, wood colour to different shade of brown, margin even, thin, light brown, context subhyaline to hyaline with radially arrange compact hyphe, hyphal system dimitic, generative hyphae thin walled, septate, clamped, hymenial layer 50-60 µm, basidia 25-37×6-8 µm, basidiospores, ellipsoid, thin walled smooth, hyaline, ameloid 2-2.5 µm diameter (Plate-VIII, Fig. 3)
Torula herbarum (Pers.) Link
Colonies very variable on stem black, velvety. Conidiophores branched towards tips, septate, pale yellow light brown, 12.5-17.5 × 2.5.5 µm. Conidia straight or slightly curved simple or branched chain more or less cylindrical, ends rounded, dark brown, slightly verrucose 1-4 septate slightly constricted at septa, 7.5-25× 6-7 µm.
II. Assessment of damage caused due to insect and disease pests:
To assess the loss caused by insect and disease pests, the nursery, plantation and store depots were survyed and the loss caused by different insect pests and disease causing organisms were studied. The observations showed that the bamboo leaf rollers cause a considerable damage in the nurseries not only by retarding in growth but sometimes by killing the young seedlings. The rhizome rot and fungal diseases attacking culms in bamboos were also observed to cause a considerable damage to the young sprouting bamboo culms. The remaining species of pests were observed causing minor loss to the bamboos.
III. Natural Enemies of the bamboo defoliators:
1. Insect Predators: i. Calleida splendidula F. : The larva and beetle (Fig.13) of this species eat 2 or 3 small caterpillars of C. coclesalis per day. The freshly emerged beetle is creamish-pale which turns to brownish in due course of time. The head and prothorax are shining greenish steel blue and
elytra are dark brown with seven furrows on each elytron. A light yellow patch occurs on both the elytra at 2/3 distance from the anterior end. The size varies from 13 x 4 to 15 x 5.5 mm. The beetles mate in September –October and oviposit 1.5 x 1 mm, oval, cream coloured eggs on moist top soil after 32 days of preoviposition period. The egg and pupal period last for nearly 7days, 30 days and 4 to 9 days respectively.The beetles survives for about 227 days. The alternative host of this predator are Hyblaea puera, Eutectona machaeralis, Pagyda salvalis, Nephantis serinopa and Margaronia pyloalis.
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ii.Canthecona furcellata Wolff : The nymphs and adult bugs of this species feed on the larvae of bamboo leaf rollers and other defoliators. A maximum of 39 larvae are consumed by a single adult of this species in a day. The female bug oviposits bucket- shaped, yellowish-grey, 1 x 0.7 mm, eggs in close rows in batches of 20 to 70 eggs on lef surface. The eggs hatch after 7 days ofincubation or egg period.The freshly hatched nymphs are black and bright markings. They feed gregariously on the sap of leaves and drops of water. The nymphs are carnivorous after 2nd instar.It undergoes 5 moults with a total nymphal period of 23 to 32 days. The bugs undergo hibernation in February- March and become active to feed on alternative host larvae (Fig. 14).
2. Entomopathogen:
Beauvaria bassiana (Bals,Crisv.)Vuill.1912
The infected larvae exibited fungus infection in the cuticle at the advance stage of infection, the larvae became mummified and the fungus growth covered the larvae. The heavy sporolation of fungus was noticed on the infected larvae of bamboo leaf roller Crypsiptia coclesalis (Plate-VI Fig. 3&4).
The growth rate of Beauveria bassiana is moderately rapid. The colony reaches a diameter 8cm following incubation at 250c for 7 days on potato dextrose agar. The texture is cottony and the surface is yellowish white. The reverse is white. The hyphae are hyaline septate, 2.5um wide and narrow. The conidiogenous cell on the hyphae are typically flask shaped (2.5-3.75um long, 2.5um wide) with an inflation at the base and narrow zigzag filaments (3.75-5um long) at the apex.
Fig. 13 Calleida splendidula
Fig.14 Canthecona furcellata
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Laterally from the filaments conidia are produced from each bending point. This type of conidium production is called sympodial geniculate growth. The conidia diameter 2.5 um is hyaline one celled globose to ovoid in shape. The conidiogenous cell tends to form dense cluster (Plate-IX Fig. 4).
IV. Development of strategies for the management of major pests:
(i) Against bamboo diseases:
A field trial was laid out at Kosabadi (Korba) in Chhattisgarh on 29th June 2008 for the control of rhizome rot and fungal diseases attacking culms in bamboo, Dendrocalamus strictus. In all, 6 treatments viz, 1.Streptomycin: 0.5 %, 0.5g/lit, 2 lit /clump, 2. Bavistin-16g/clump, 3. Redomyl:w.w-50%-.02%(4g/lit) , 5 lit/clump, 4.Trichoderma sp. +FYM – 10 kg/clump, 5. FYM - 10 kg/clump and 6. an untreated control were taken. Each treatment was replicated five times. The second doses of above pesticides were given in September 2008. The observations on number of dead culms and numbers of new culms arise will be taken in last quarter of the year. The data on new culm arise were taken and summarised in the following table 6.
Table 6 : Showing number of new culms arise after application of second dose of treatments.
The data did not show any significant difference between the treatment and the untreated control.
(ii) Against Insect pests of bamboos:
Seeds of Bambusa nutans were sown at the institute in twenty nursery beds of the size 1 x 1
m in the month of November 2007. After 4 months of sowing, 1,500 seedlings were transferred to
polythene bags. Later, seeds of D. stratus were also sown in 25 nursery beds. Seedlings of one
nursery bed were transferred in 1200 polythene bags. All above nursery beds and poly bag seedlings
The rhizome rot and fungal diseases attacking young culms of bamboos are serious
problems in young as well as old bamboo plantation grown in different localities of Chhattisgarh.
During present study a field trial was laid out on randomized block design (RBD) with five
replications but the data observed were insignificant without any conclusion. The trial could not be
repeated in the study period. It is therefore advised that the efforts should be continued to take up the
problem in near future. Similarly some field trials should also be initiated against the bamboo borer
Estigmena chinensis which is a serious threat in some other parts of the country.
Research Papers Published:
1. Dadwal,V.S., Verma, R.K. and Dubey, P. 2008. Diseases of bamboos and their management. In Proceedings of the National Conference on bamboos:Management, Conservation, Value addition and Production. Edited by A. K. Mandal, Nanita Berry and G. S. Rawat.
2. Joshi, K.C. and Meshram, P.B. 2008. White grub, Holotrichia sp. threatening bamboo seedlings, saplings and its management. Indian Forester, 134: 1257-1260.
3. Roychoudhury, N. and Joshi, K.C. 2008. Leaf roller, Crypsiptya coclesalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) a major pest of bamboos in nurseries and plantations. Indian Forester, 134 (9):1229-1235.
4. Dadwal, V.S., Neka Karim, Bhartiya, S. and Verma, R.K. 2009. Studies on fungal flora of stored bamboo and its biocontrol in vitro. Indian J. Trop. Biodiv., 17 (2):241-246.
References:
Booth, C. (1971).The Genus Fusarium. Commonwealth Agriculture Bureau, Farnham Royal Bucks, England. 237 p.
Ellis, M. B. (1971). Dematiaceous hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute. Kew, surrey, England. 1-608.
Ellis, M. B. (1976). More dematiaceous hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute. Kew, surrey, England. 1-507.
Groove, W. B. (1937). British stem and leaf fungi (Coelomycetes). Cambridge University Press (Reprinted by Verlog Von J Cramer, Germony, 1967), 488 p.
Sutton, B. C. (1980). The Coelomycetes Fungi with pycnidial acervuli and stromata. CMI Kew, England 696 p.
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Name of the Sub-Project: Insect and diseases of bamboo occurring in central India and their management.
Funding Agency/Agencies: National Bamboo Mission, Ministry of Agriculture, GOI.
Institute/Directorate (ICFRE Hqrs.): Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur
Name and Designation of Principal Investigator:
Dr. K.C. Joshi, Scientist-G
1. Name (s) and Designation (s) of Co-Principal Investigator (s) and Associates, if any
Dr. V.S. Dadwal Scientist C Dr. C.K.Tiwari, Scientist C Shri Subhash Chandra Scientist- B Ms. Poonam Dubey, JRF
2. Division: Forest Entomology Division 3. Project Discipline Forest Entomology and Forest Pathology 4. Objectives of the Project:
1. Identification and incidence of insects and diseases of different species of bamboos in central India.
2. Assessment of damage caused due to insect and disease pests. 3. Development of strategies for the management of major pests.
5. Species involved: Bambusa vulgaris, B. nutans, Dendrocalamus asper and D.strictus 6. Experimental Work
a) Methods adopted: Periodical surveys of bamboo growing localities of M.P., C.G. M.S. and Orissa were conducted throughout the years 2007 to 2009 and the insect and disease pests were collected and identified with the help of available literature. The confirmation of each identified pest was done with the available identified culture/specimens. The immature insect species were collected from different localities and reared in the laboratory.
b) Equipments used, if any: BOD Incubators, Microscope, Camera, Foot sprayers. c) Scope (States covered): MP, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra.
7. Date of commencement of the Project: October 2007
8. Date of completion of the Project: March 2011
9. Budget outlay of the Project: Rs. 7.70 lakhs
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10. Expenditure incurred on the Project: 7.354 lakh
11. Reason for the financial deviation – The PI of the Project Dr. K.C. Joshi has been retired on October 2010.
12. Manpower involved
a) No. of Scientists/ officers: 4
b) No. of Research personnel: 1
c) No. of office staff 1
13. Extension of findings to the User Groups:
14. Publications from the findings of the Project: Published the following 4 research papers:
i. Dadwal,V.S., Verma, R.K. and Dubey, P. 2008. Diseases of bamboos and their management. In Proceedings of the National Conference on bamboos:Management, Conservation, Value addition and Production. Edited by A. K. Mandal, Nanita Berry and G. S. Rawat.
ii. Joshi, K.C. and Meshram, P.B. 2008. White grub, Holotrichia sp. threatening bamboo seedlings, saplings and its management. Indian Forester, 134: 1257-1260.
iii. Roychoudhury, N. and Joshi, K.C. 2008. Leaf roller, Crypsiptya coclesalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) a major pest of bamboos in nurseries and plantations. Indian Forester, 134 (9):1229-1235.
iv. Dadwal, V.S., Neka Karim, Bhartiya, S. and Verma, R.K. 2009. Studies on fungal flora of stored bamboo and its biocontrol in vitro. Indian J. Trop. Biodiv., 17 (2):241-246.
15. Patents, if any: Nil
16. Project Summary/ Achievements
The pests attacking bamboos in nurseries, plantations and forests in central India consisting
of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Maharashtra were identified. The incidence of
each species was also recorded. Field trials were laid out to find out the suitable control
measures of Bamboo rhizome rot and the leaf roller C. coclesalis. Foliar spaying of
chlorpyriphos 0.05 % a.i. or endosulfan 0.07% a.i. or fenvalerate 0.01% a.i. proved to kill 75.98
to 96.82 % larvae of C. coclesalis.
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Edible portion, nutritional and phenolic acid composition of bamboo shoots of D. asper harvested on different days is presented in Table no. 4. The percentage of edible portion (53.50 ± 8.48) and total phenols (1.32 ± 0.1) initially increased with maximum on 12th day and then decreased. Concentration of carbohydrates and cyanogens increased with respect to harvesting days (maturity), however, the percentage of proteins decreased. Ascorbic acid, phosphorous, calcium and magnesium did not vary significantly, however there was a slight variation in the concentration of sodium and potassium. Concentration of gallic acid and chlorogenic acid initially increased upto 14th day however, the concentration of gallic acid became constant and that of chlorogenic acid decreased. Concentration of caffeic and vanillic acid was found to increase with the days of harvest, while the concentration of initially increased upto 14th day and then decreased.
Table no. 5 depicts the edible portion, nutritional and phenolic acid composition of bamboo shoots of D. strictus harvested on different days. The percentage of edible portion and total phenols initially increased and then decreased. Highest percentage of edible portion was found on 12th day (62.23 ± 6.59) and that of total phenols on 6th day (2.97 ± 0.19). Concentration of carbohydrates and cyanogens increased with respect to days of harvest (maturity), however, the percentage of proteins decreased. The concentration of ascorbic acid, phosphorous, calcium and magnesium did not vary significantly, however there was a slight variation in the concentration of sodium and potassium. Concentration of gallic acid, caffeic and vanillic acid increased with maturity, while the concentration of chlorogenic acid initially increased till 10th day and then decreased.
Table no. 6 represents the edible portion, nutritional and phenolic acid composition of bamboo shoots of B. tulda harvested on different days. The percentage of edible portion, proteins and total phenols initially increased and then decreased. Highest percentage of edible portion (53.72 ± 4.68) and proteins (1.29 ± 0.14) was found on 14th day and that of total phenols on 18th day (2.51 ± 0.14). Concentration of carbohydrates and cyanogens increased with respect to harvesting days (maturity). The concentration of ascorbic acid, phosphorous, sodium and magnesium did not vary significantly, however there was a slight variation in the concentration of potassium and significant in calcium. Concentration of gallic acid and chlorogenic acid initially increased till 16th and 10th day respectively while the concentration of vanillic acid decreased and that of caffeic increased with respect to harvesting days.
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Table 4: Edible portion, nutritional and phenolic acid composition of different aged shoots of D. asper
Days of Harvest
Constituent 8 day 10 day 12 day 14 day 16 day 18 day
Edible portion (g/100g) 46.81 ± 3.61 a 51.53 ± 8.19 a 53.50 ± 8.48 a 52.60 ± 5.21 a 52.30 ± 6.08 a 48.70 ± 8.84 a
Dietary fibers (g/100g) 0.72 ± 0.03 f 1.68 ± 0.04 e 2.34 ± 0.04 d 2.89 ± 0.03 c 3.35 ± 0.05 b 3.86 ± 0.03 a
Carbohydrates (g/100g) 1.44 ± 0.20 c 1.60± 0.08 b c 1.90 ± 0.23 a, b 2.12 ± 0.28 a 2.13 ± 0.22 a 2.21 ± 0.17 a
Proteins (g/100g) 1.21 ± 0.10 a 1.2 ± 0.10 a 1.18 ± 0.09 a 1.14 ± 0.19 a 1.10 ± 0.15 a 0.86 ± 0.19 b
Phenols (g/100g) 0.77 ± 0.04 d,e 0.92 ± 0.12 c 1.32 ± 0.10 a 1.09 ± 0.15 b 0.89 ± 0.15 c, d 0.71 ± 0.13 e
Cyanogens (g/100g) 0.016 ± 0.001 a 0.018 ± 0.000 b 0.019 ± 0.001 b 0.018 ± 0.000 b 0.020 ± 0.002 c 0.021 ± 0.001 c
Ascorbic acid (g/100g) 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a
Sodium (g/100g) 0.04 ± 0.01 a,b 0.04 ± 0.02 a 0.06 ± 0.01 a 0.05 ± 0.02 a 0.04 ± 0.01 a, b 0.02 ± 0.0 b
Potassium (g/100g) 0.49 ± 0.02 a 0.5 ± 0.02 a 0.5 ± 0.01 a 0.45 ± 0.02 b 0.42 ± 0.02 c 0.4 ± 0.0 c
Phosphorous (g/100g) 0.01 ± 0.01 a 0.01 ± 0.01 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a
Calcium (g/100g) 0.16 ± 0.01 a 0.16 ± 0.02 a 0.16 ± 0.0 a 0.15 ± 0.01 a, b 0.14 ± 0.02 b, c 0.14 ± 0.02 c
Magnesium (g/100g) 0.12 ± 0.01 a 0.12 ± 0.02 a 0.12 ± 0.0 a 0.12 ± 0.01 a 0.12 ± 0.02 a 0.12 ± 0.03 a
Gallic acid (mg/g) 0.048 ± 0.017 a 0.052 ± 0.020 a 0.057 ± 0.017 a 0.067 ± 0.023 a 0.067 ± 0.015 a 0.067 ± 0.031 a
Chlorogenic acid (mg/g) 0.077 ± 0.022 d 0.183 ± 0.018 c 0.277 ± 0.025 c 0.58 ± 0.026 b 0.29 ± 0.020 b 0.184 ± 0.027 a
Vanillic acid (mg/g) 0.009 ± 0.015 c 0.02 ± 0.011 c 0.22 ± 0.020 c 0.47 ± 0.016 b,c 0.88 ± 0.017 a,b 1.262 ± 0.018 a
Caffeic acid (mg/g) 0.382 ± 0.019 f 0.508 ± 0.012 e 0.665 ± 0.033 d 2.07 ± 0.023 c 4.41 ± 0.026 b 4.47 ± 0.028 a Data presented as mean ± SD (n=3). Values denoted by different letters differ significantly at p≤ 0.05
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Table 5: Nutritional composition of different aged shoots of D. strictus
Days of Harvest
Constituent 2 day 4 day 6 day 8 day 10 day 12 day 14 day 16 day
Edible portion (g/100g)
16.24 ± 5.92 d 36.65 ± 5.96 c 57.63 ± 7.31 a,b 59.24 ± 7.20 a,b 59.60 ± 7.70 a,b 62.23 ± 6.59 a 59.28 ± 8.32
a,b 47.53 ± 9.39
b,c Dietary fibres (g/100g) 0.52 ± 0.04 h 0.92 ± 0.04 g 1.59 ± 0.04 f 2.87 ± 0.03 e 3.36 ± 0.06 d 3.96 ± 0.05 c 4.68 ± 0.03 b 5.46 ± 0.04 a
Carbohydrates (g/100g)
1.42 ± 0.16 f 1.55 ± 0.18 e, f 1.83 ± 0.19 d, e 1.91 ± 0.18 c, d 2.12 ± 0.17
b,c,d 2.18 ± 0.23
a,b,c 2.27 ± 0.19 a,b 2.46 ± 0.12 a
Proteins (g/100g) 1.72 ± 0.15 a 1.6 ± 0.13 a 1.48 ± 0.19 a, b 1.34 ± 0.16 b, c 1.22 ± 0.25 c, d 1.01 ± 0.18 d, e 0.93 ± 0.15 e 0.8 ± 0.14 e Phenols (g/100g) 1.92 ± 0.21 a 2.4 ± 0.16 b 2.97 ± 0.19 c 2.04 ± 0.18 c, d 1.77 ± 0.19 d, e 1.65 ± 0.19 e 1.32 ± 0.17 f 1.04 ± 0.20 g
Cyanogens (g/100g) 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.001 a 0.015 ± 0.001 b 0.015 ± 0.0 b 0.015 ± 0.0 b 0.021 ± 0.001 c 0.03 ± 0.004 d 0.032 ± 0.003
d Ascorbic acid (g/100g) 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a
Sodium (g/100g) 0.03 ± 0.01 c 0.03 ± 0.01 c 0.04 ± 0.01 a, b 0.04 ± 0.01 a 0.03 ± 0.01 c 0.03 ± 0.0 b, c 0.03 ± 0.0 b, c 0.03 ± 0.0 b, c Potassium (g/100g) 0.52 ± 0.03 a 0.5 ± 0.02 a 0.5 ± 0.01 a 0.49 ± 0.0 a 0.45 ± 0.03 b 0.4 ± 0.0 c 0.39 ± 0.02 c, d 0.36 ± 0.0 d
Phosphorous (g/100g) 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a Calcium (g/100g) 0.16 ± 0.01 a 0.16 ± 0.02 a 0.14 ± 0.02 a, b 0.15 ± 0.01 a, b 0.14 ± 0.01 b 0.14 ± 0.01 b 0.14 ± 0.02 b 0.12 ± 0.02 c
Magnesium (g/100g) 0.15 ± 0.01 a 0.15 ± 0.02 a 0.15 ± 0.01 a 0.15 ± 0.01 a 0.1 ± 0.01 a 0.15 ± 0.01 a 0.15 ± 0.02 a 0.12 ± 0.01 b
Gallic acid (mg/g) 0.040 ± 0.012
f 0.059 ± 0.015
e,f 0.072 ± 0.023
d,e,f 0.088 ± 0.026 c,d
0.102 ± 0.030 b,c
0.126 ± 0.014 a,b
0.144 ± 0.022 a 0.173 ± 0.020
a Chlorogenic acid
(mg/g) 0.092 ± 0.042
g 0.143 ± 0.032 f 0.306 ± 0.024 e 0.42 ± 0.020 d 0.99 ± 0.020 a 0.89 ± 0.030 b 0.631 ± 0.016 c
0.464 ± 0.018 d
Vanillic acid (mg/g) 0.273 ± 0.032
g 0.598 ± 0.024 f 0.805 ± 0.019 e 0.993 ± 0.022 d 2.01 ± 0.018 c 2.222 ± 0.018 b 2.436 ± 0.021a
2.563 ± 0.016 f
Caffeic acid (mg/g) 0.258 ± 0.022
g 0.466 ± 0.032 f 0.575 ± 0.035 e 0.613 ± 0.028 e 0.782 ± 0.017 d 0.974 ± 0.022 c 1.19 ± 0.018 b
1.317 ± 0.020 a
Data presented as mean ± SD (n=3). Values denoted by different letters differ significantly at p≤0.05
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Dietary fibres (g/100g) 0.79 ± 0.05 i 1.22 ± 0.03 h 1.77 ± 0.03 g 2.18 ± 0.03 f 2.71 ± 0.05 e 3.22 ± 0.03 d 3.98 ± 0.04 c 4.57 ± 0.03 b 5.20 ± 0.03 a
Carbohydrates (g/100g) 1.91 ± 0.19 e 1.97 ± 0.19 e 2.16 ± 0.18 e 2.21 ± 0.24 d, e 2.51 ± 0.14 c,e 2.75 ± 0.14 e 3.31 ± 0.15 b 3.7 ± 0.17 a 3.89 ± 0.18 a
Proteins (g/100g) 0.51 ± 0.20 c 0.43 ± 0.18 c 0.95 ± 0.19 b 1.06 ± 0.21 a, b 1.13 ± 0.17 a,b 1.29 ± 0.14 a 1.15 ± 0.20 a, b 1.02 ± 0.21 a,b 0.89 ± 0.27 a
Phenols (g/100g) 0.57 ± 0.21 f 0.62 ± 0.27 e,f 0.96 ± 0.25 d, e, f 1.15 ± 0.34 d 1.11 ± 0.38 d,e 1.33 ± 0.22 c,d 1.81 ± 0.27 b,
c 2.51 ± 0.14 a 1.86 ± 0.36 b
Cyanogens (g/100g) 0.022 ± 0.01 a,b 0.02 ± 0.01 a 0.02 ± 0.0 a 0.021 ± 0.0 a 0.02 ± 0.01 a 0.02 ± 0.0 a 0.022 ± 0.01
a,b 0.025 ± 0.04
b,c 0.025 ± 0.04
c Ascorbic acid
(g/100g) 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a 0.006 ± 0.0 a
Sodium (g/100g) 0.02 ± 0.01 b 0.03 ± 0.01 a,b 0.03 ± 0.01 a, b 0.03 ± 0.0 a 0.03 ± 0.0 a 0.02 ± 0.01 b 0.02 ± 0.0 a,b 0.03 ± 0.02 a,b 0.02 ± 0.0.0. a,b
Potassium (g/100g) 0.33 ± 0.03 c 0.33 ± 0.0 c 0.41 ± 0.06 a 0.41 ± 0.05 a, b 0.3 ± 0.04 c,d 0.34 ± 0.06 b,c 0.34 ± 0.05 b,c 0.25 ± 0.01 d,e 0.21 ± 0.03 e Phosphorous
(g/100g) 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a 0.01 ± 0.0 a
Calcium (g/100g) 0.1 ± 0.02 f 0.12 ± 0.03 e,f 0.14 ± 0.0 d, e 0.14 ± 0.02 d, e 0.15 ± 0.01 c,d,e
0.16 ± 0.02 b, c,d
0.18 ± 0.03 a,b,c 0.18 ± 0.0 a,b 0.2 ± 0.0 a
Magnesium (g/100g) 0.12 ± 0.02 b 0.12 ± 0.0 b 0.15 ± 0.01 a 0.15 ± 0.03 a 0.15 ± 0.01 a 0.15 ± 0.03 a 0.14 ± 0.02 a 0.15 ± 0.0 a 0.15 ± 0.0 a
Gallic acid (mg/g) 0.041 ± 0.015 e
0.056 ± 0.019 d,e
0.076 ± 0.019 c,d
0.085 ± 0.030 c,d
0.105 ± 0.021 b,c
0.112 ± 0.017 b,c 0.25 ± 0.021 a 0.127 ± 0.016 b 0.129 ± 0.013
b Chlorogenic acid
(mg/g) 0.02 ± 0.013 h 0.112 ± 0.017 e,f 0.72 ± 0.013 b 1.6 ± 0.017 a 0.53 ± 0.015 c 0.36 ± 0.014 d 0.121 ± 0.012
e 0.091 ± 0.022 f 0.052 ± 0.019 g
Vanillic acid (mg/g) 4.483 ± 0.018 a 3.4 ± 0.017 b 3.05 ± 0.019 c 1.84 ± 0.015 d 1.67 ± 0.025 e 1.1 ± 0.020 f 0.925 ± 0.013
g 0.732 ± 0.016 h 0.61 ± 0.021 i
Caffeic acid (mg/g) 0.423 ± 0.015 i 0.55 ± 0.021 h 0.68 ± 0.026 g 0.82 ± 0.020 f 1.02 ± 0.015 e 1.183 ± 0.021 d 1.326 ± 0.015 c 1.41 ± 0.017 b 1.582 ± 0.018
a Data presented as mean ± SD (n=3). Values denoted by different letters differ significantly at p≤ .05
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