Presented by: Terry Stohs Viessmann Manufacturing Company Inc.
Dec 17, 2015
Design Challenges in Commercial Building.
Efficiency
Regulations
Mechanical Room Space
Customer Comfort
Installation Cost
System Design
Operational Cost
System Longevity
System Integration(BMS)
Initial Investment
Return On Investment
Nov 2005 Foil 4
ENERGY CONTENT OF NATURAL GAS
SENSIBLE HEAT89.8%
Heat that can be measured or felt by a change in temperature
LATENT HEAT10.2%
Latent – Definition:Latin for “hidden”
Simplified Chemical Combustion Formula:
CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 +2 H2O
HEAT RECOVERY FROM FLUE GASES
How do we capture the latent heat?
Water vapor (steam) containing latent heat
MARKETING AND REALITY
99.8%
THE MOST EFFICIENT BOILER
98
% E
FFIC
IEN
T
….can reach efficiencies of 98% - and more…..
Thermal efficiency
Combustion
Efficie
ncy
AFUE
Condensate measured for condensing boilers test
Heat Exchanger
Constant Load∆T=100°FBTS-2000
Air Input
Fuel Input
180oF
80oF
COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY TESTINGFor condensing gas commercial boilers >300 MBH
Efficiency is manually calculated using formulas in BTS-2000 or CSA B140.7 - 05Efficiency is manually calculated using formulas in BTS-2000 or CSA B140.7 - 05
THERMAL EFFICIENCY TESTINGFor commercial gas or oil boilers >300 MBH
QIN
Heat Input, btu/h
Boiler TIN – Fixed water temp (35-80oF)
Condensate measured for condensing boilers
TOUT
W= Mass of water (lb)
∆T≥100°F
BTS-2000NOTE:In some appliances the combustion and thermal efficiencies are so close that the thermal efficiency can actually be measured higher than combustion efficiency. This can be due to a very well insulated jacket (low standby losses), the testing environment (space warmer than Return Water Temperature) and small errors in the test results.
ANSI Z21.13 / CSA 4.9-2007
Condensing boiler
Sensible heat
CondensationLatentheat
Total heatingvalue
Useableheat
Heatingsystem
MORE USABLE HEAT THROUGH CONDENSATION
What influences the rate of condensation?
Do All Condensing Boilers Perform Equally?
Remember, efficiency depends on the rate of condensate formation!
Heatingsystem
Govtregula-
tion
Fuel Burnertype
Returnwater temp
Effective use of
condensing
technology
Pipinglayout
FACTORS INFLUENCING EFFECTIVENESS OF CONDENSING
TECHNOLOGY
Govtregula-
tion
Effective use of
condensing
technology
FACTORS INFLUENCING EFFECTIVENESS OF CONDENSING
TECHNOLOGY
Heatingsystem
Returnwater temp
Effective use of
condensing
technology
FACTORS INFLUENCING EFFECTIVENESS OF CONDENSING
TECHNOLOGY
Foil 15
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
2001801601401201008060
Dew Point of Natural Gas
Condensingmode
Non-Condensingmode
Ste
ad
y s
tate
boiler
effi
cie
ncy %
Boiler return water temp of
98
SIMPLIFIED CONDENSING BOILER OPERATION
133
How do we get the most from a Condensing Boiler???
• Condensing Technology.• Rein in the energy savings.
Flue gas condensingIn contact with the Boiler’s heat exchanger
BoilerHeat exchanger
Flue gas
Latent energytransferredinto heating system
Make It RAIN!!!
2. Efficiency Eliminate overheating Three to one rule Lower standby losses
Why use it?
1. Comfort Slow space temperature changes Constant heat output Keep up vs Catch up
Outdoor Reset Control
2272
86
104
158
176
195oF
133
117
167B
oiler
Wate
r Te
mp
era
ture
Dew pointNatural gas
Traditional boilers must be kept hot140o
F
Boiler water temperature modulated
oF+65 +50 32 +14 -4
Outside Temperature
On/off control
Boiler water temperature maintained
HYDRONIC WATER TEMPERATURES
IMPACT OF SYSTEM TEMPERATURES ON CONDENSATIONSupply/return temperature:
167/140oF
59 50 41 32 23 14 5 oF
167oF
140oFDewpoint temp 133oF
Condensation range
11.3oF
Syste
m w
ate
r te
mp
era
ture
68
86
104
122
140
158
oF
176
194
Outside temperature68
FanRadiators
SYSTEM WATER TEMPERATURE DROP
Typical system 20oF Temperature drop
160oF
160oF
What about a higher temperature drop?30oF……40oF?
140oF
Burner
type
Effective use of
condensing
technology
FACTORS INFLUENCING EFFECTIVENESS OF CONDENSING
TECHNOLOGY
Natural Gas Combustion
1 part gas 10 parts air
+Excess air
More excess air = Lower CO2%Lower C02% = Lower dew point temperatureLower dew point temp. = Less condensation
What happens as we increase excess oxygen to achieve better flame quality?
Higher CO2
=Higher Dew point=More Condensation
Dew
poin
t w
ate
r vap
or
77
86
95
104
113
122
131
140
oF
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Natural Gas (95% CH4)
Lower CO2
=Lower Dew point=Less Condensation
Water vapor condenses below the dew point temperature
Turn Down Methods
Single unit multiple gas valves and burners
Low Mass High turndown
Multiple Gas valves single burner
Multiple boilersHigh Mass boiler
Effective use of
condensing
technology
Pipinglayout
FACTORS INFLUENCING EFFECTIVENESS OF CONDENSING TECHNOLOGY
USE OF MIXING VALVES WITH CONDENSING BOILERS
3-way mixing valve
Lower boiler return water temperature.
CORRECT
4-way mixing valve
Boiler return water temperature elevation
INCORRECT
COMBINATION OF BOILERS
LAG BOILER LEAD BOILER
System Return
System Supply
Condensing boilerCondensing boiler
Boiler
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