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#elen%ar Pineal
• #elen%ar &ineal 'eru&aan elen%ar an*terli+at dala' ontrol &ro,e, re&rodu,i'a'alia tertentu- ter'a,u 'anu,ia.
•
/an teta&i 'eani,'ena dala''e'&en*aruhi &ro,e, re&rodu,i +elu' %ela,
• #elen%ar &ineal 'en,ere,i hor'on
'elatonin an* +er,ifat anti*onadotro&i• Sinal hor'on 'elatonin &entin* +a*i
ada&ta,i he"anhe"an an* 'elauan&era"inan ,ecara 'u,i'an
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1orfolo*i dan Pere'+an*an#elen%ar Pineal
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1orfolo*i dan Pere'+an*an#elen%ar Pineal
• #elen%ar &ineal +era,al dari ea*ina,i'edian dari lan*it dien,e&al otae'+rioni
•
#elen%ar &ineal (e&i,i, ,ere+ri) ter+entudari %arin*an ,araf dan terleta di lan*itlan*it entriel eti*a ota.
• Pineal 'anu,ia de"a,a 'eru&aan or*an
an* +er+entu erucut &inu,.• Pineal diinera,i oleh ,era+ut ,araf
&o,*an*lioni an* +era,al dari *an*liacerical ,u&erior- arena itu- 'eru&aan
or*an eetor ,i,te' ,araf otono'.
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1orfolo*i dan Pere'+an*an#elen%ar Pineal
• #elen%ar &ineal terdiri dari &inealo,it dan,el neuro*lia &eno&an*
• Pinealo,it +era,al dari la&i,an e&endi'ale&itala'u,
• 'eru&aan +a*ian ter+e,ar &enu,un
elen%ar &ineal- dan +eru&a ,el&areni'ati
• Sito&la,'ana 'e'ilii +ana'itoondria dan ,ediit retiulu'
endo&la,'a teta&i den*an a&aratu, *ol*i
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1orfolo*i dan Pere'+an*an#elen%ar Pineal
• 5uluran ,ito&la,'a dari &inealo,it +erahir&ada a&iler &eria,ular
• Sel,el &areni' &ineal terdiri ata, dua
'aca'a.,el,el *ela&
+.Sel,el teran*
•Sel,el *ela& 'en*andun* *ranula*ranula&i*'en- an* +elu' dietahui a,alna
• Per+edaan antara eduana hana'encer'inan &er+edaan dala' taha&fun*,ional ,elna
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1orfolo*i dan Pere'+an*an#elen%ar Pineal
• Seirin* &erta'+ahan u,ia- elen%ar'en*au'ula,i cadan*an al,iu' an*di,e+ut ,e+a*ai +rain ,and (acerulu,).
•
#al,ia,i &ineal 'anu,ia di'ulai &adadeade edua ehidu&an
• Sela'a 60 tahun- 709 elen%ar &ineal'un*in ,e+a*ian telah teral,ia,i
• Studi +ioi'ia 'en*un*a&an +ah"atida ada &eru+ahan &ada atiita,+ioi'ia &ineal ,eirin* &erta'+ahan u,ia
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:i&ote,i, 1elatonin
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:i&ote,i, 1elatonin
/. Per,&etif :i,tori,• :eu+ner ,i*nian,i ,iolo*i, &ineal 'aturita, ,e,ual dini &ada ana
lailai an* &inealna diru,a oleh tu'or• :ol'*ren &inealo,it &ada ela,'o+ranch
'eneru&ai ,el,el ,en,ori, &ada retina• +inatan* re&til uno 'e'ilii 'ata eti*a
+erada di &unca e&ala- an* ,an*at,en,itie terhada& cahaa dan 'en*atur&er&utaran ira'a ala'i &ada tu+uh 'erea.
• !ala' &er%alanan eolu,i- 'ata ter,e+uttelah 'a,u e ota dan 'en%adi elen%ar&ineal &ada +inatan* 'a'alia- ter'a,u'anu,ia ; an* 'a,ih ,en,itif terhada&cahaa.
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:i&ote,i, 1elatonin
• /aron Lerner i,ola,i dan &enentuan,trutur hor'on elen%ar &ineal-'elatonin- an* +eru&a indolea'in
• 1elatonin ter+uti 'e'ilii efe an*&oten,ial terhada& &i*'enta,i inte*u'en&ada +e+era&a he"an- tida &ada'anu,ia.
• Selain itu-%u*a ter+uti 'e'ilii efeanti*onad terhada& ,i,te' re&rodu,i'a'alia
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:i&ote,i, 1elatonin
• Peru+ahan &ada fun*,i *onad dia'ati &ada+ana he"an an* di&a%an terhada& *ela&dan teran* ,ecara ontinu
•
1atura,i *onad rodentia ditunda etiadi&elihara dala' ondi,i *ela& an*ontinu- dan ,e+alina
• Efe ter,e+ut da&at dice*ah den*an&inealeto'i (e&i&i,eto'i).
• a+la,i &ineal &ada rodentia 'uda +ia,ana'en*arah &ada 'atura,i *onad an*'enin*at
•
Efe &ere'+an*anna da&at diredu,iden*an in%e,i e,tra &ineal
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:i&ote,i, 1elatonin
• 1elatonin- ,e&erti e,tra &ineal- an*di+erian &ada rodentia 'uda %u*a'en*ai+atan &enundaan 'atura,i
*onad• :a,il &en*a'atan ini on,i,ten terhada&
hi&ote,i, 'elatonin
inten,ita, cahaa lin*un*an an*diteri'a he"an- dala' +e+era&a hal-'e'&en*aruhi &ele&a,an 'elatonin an*+er,ifat anti*onad.==
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:i&ote,i, 1elatonin
>.Studi &ada he"an• Peru+ahan &ada la'ana foto&eriodi,'e
harian &entin* dala' 'en*ontrol atiita,*onad ha',ter- Mesocricetus auratus.
• Mesocricetus auratus +erhi+erna,i dan'elauan &era"inan ,ecara 'u,i'andala' ha+itat ala'ina.
• Or*an re&rodu,ina ,an*at ,en,itif
terhada& &en*aruh &encahaaanlin*un*an dan atiita, elen%ar &ineal
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• Pada ha',ter %antan dan +etina
foto&eriodi,'e %an*a &endeatro&i *onad- *onad teredu,i hin**a
hana 209 dari uuran nor'alna• Pinealeto'i 'ence*ah re*re,i *onad
&ada ha',ter an* d&elihara den*anfoto&eriodi,'e %an*a &ende.
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• /da rit'e harian &ada ,inte,i, 'elatonin &ineal&ada ha',ter.
• Rit'e ter,e+ut di&en*aruhi oleh &encahaaanlin*un*an.
•
Pen*aruh &encahaaan lin*un*an 'enin*atan,en,itiita, &ituitari hi&otala'u, terhada& efeu'&an +ali ne*atif dari hor'on ,teroid.
• Sen,itiita, an* 'enin*at ini da&at diredu,iden*an &inealeto'i
•
!en*an de'iian- &en*aruh foto&eriodi,'e %an*a &ende (+lindin*) an* 'enin*atan,en,itiita, hi&o,i, hi&otala'u, di'edia,i olehelen%ar &ineal.
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• /an teta&i, blinding tida 'ene+a+an inhi+i,i&er'anen &ada fun*,i te,tiular atau oarian ha',ter
• ?n%e,i 'elatonin e,o*en ,erin* tida efetif dala''ene+a+an atro&i *onad &ada ha',ter an* intact.
• #adar 'elatonin an* 'enin*at ,ecara ontinu'ene+a+an he"an an* di&inealeto'i tida,en,itif terhada& in%e,i harian hor'on .
• 1elatonin aan +er,ifat efetif ,ecara ,iolo*i, a&a+iladile&a, ,ecara rit'i, dari&ada ,ecara ontinu
• :a,il &en*a'atan ter,e+ut 'eni,aan ,ediit
era*uan +ah"a &ineal- 'elalui a,i hor'onanti*onadotro&ina- 'elatonin- adalah unci dala''en*ontrol &ro,e, re&rodu,i &ada 'a'alia.
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>io,inte,i,
?ndola'in #elen%ar Pineal
http://drholly.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/2007/07/06/sert_jpg.jpg
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http://drholly.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/2007/07/06/sert_jpg.jpg
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1eta+oli,'e 'elatonin
• 1eta+oli,'e 'elatonin ter%adi dihati
'elatonin 6hdro@'elatonin
'elatonin hdro@la,e
6hdro@'elatonin e'udiandiu+ah 'en%adi ,ulfat atau*luoronida untu e,re,i urin.
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Efe cahaa terhada&+io,inte,i, indola'in &ineal
• Sinte,i, 'elatonin dala' &ineal tiu,di&en*aruhi oleh cahaa an*ditan*a& 'ata.
• Pada 'ala' hari ter%adi &enin*atanatiita, N-acetyltransferase 'enca&aiA0BA00 ali le+ih tin**i di+andin*an
,aat teran*. #en,entra,i N-acetylserotonin dan atiita, :?O1T %u*a 'enin*at.
• Cahaa 'enean atiita, enDi'ineal.
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5alur CS ,e+a*ai&en*ontrol
• Peranan CS ,e+a*ai &en*ontrol+io,inte,i, indola'in &ineal 'a'aliatelah dietahui 'elalui teni
&e'+edahan.
• 1elatonin di,inte,i, ,e+a*ai re,&on,&ele&a,an norenefrin dari neuron
&o,t*an*lion dari *an*lia ceric,u&erior.
• Pineal neuroendocrine transducer
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• #elen%ar &ineal 'eru&aan te'&at tran,la,iteran**ela& 'en%adi messenger i'ia.
• /,u',i +io,inte,i, 'elatonin &ineal
di&en*aruhi oleh ,&etru'eletro'a*neti.
• Su&rachia,'atic nuclei 'en%adi te'&atCS an* +ertan**un* %a"a+ unu
'en*ha,ilan atiita, noturnal+io,inte,i, indola'in &ineal &ada 'a'alia.
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/tiita, &inealanti*onadotro&i'
Or*anre&roductie
anti*onadotro&in
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#ontrol intra,elular
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Con=t
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• orenefrin 'enin*atan&en*a'+ilan tri&tofan e dala'&inealocte,.
• eurotran,'itter 'e'ilii 2 efe
A.1enin*atan ,u+,trat intra,elular(tri&tofan)
2.1enin*atan &en**unaan enDi'untu +io,inte,i, 'elatonin
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Sere,i dan Sirula,i'elatonin
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• 1elatonin terda&at &ada &la,'a danurin.
• Pinealeto'i 'en*uran*i ,irula,i
indola'in &ada &erco+aan he"an.• Tin*at 'elatonin &la,'a tertin**i ,aat
*ela& dan terendah ,aat teran*.
•
Rit'e harian 'elatonin dala' darah danurin &ri'ata terda&at rit'e 'elatonindiurnal dala' cerebrospinal uid (CSF).
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• Peru+ahan on,entra,i 'elatoninCSF&la,'a
• Satu rit'e 24 %a'- dala' on,entra,i
'elatonin CSFa,u',i
• CSF ,e+a*ai rute o'unia,i antara elen%ar&ineal dan +a*ian lain &ada ota
• 1elatonin %u*a di,inte,i, e,tra&ineal-,e&erti di hi&otala'u,- retina- ,aluran&encernaan.
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Situ, /,i 1elatonin
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/,i 'elatonin &ada ota
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/,i 'elatonin &ada ota
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/,i 'elatonin&ada ota dan hi&o,i,
• ?'&lan 'elatonin &ada 'edial &reo&ti-,u&rahia,'ati- dan arearetrohia,'ati &ada ota tiu,'enun%uan ter%adina re*re,i *onad.
• Terda&at ,itu, &en*iatan 'elatonin&ada median emminence hi&otala'u,
dan %u*a &ada pars tuberalis hi&o,i,.• Situ, &en*iat 'elatonin 'eru&aan
,itu, &en*iatan indola'in an*
'en*ontrol ,ere,i *onadotro&in dan
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Re,e&tor 'elatonin
• Terda&at 3 ,u+ti&e re,e&tor'elatonin
A.1elAa- terda&at &ada,u&rahia,'ati di hi&otala'u, dan&ar, tu+erali, di hi&o,i,.
2.1elA+- terda&at &ada retina dan ota.
3.1elAc- di lonin* dari ?an De+ra( Zebra sh) dan %u*a aa'.
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Rit'e Pineal dan 5a' >iolo*i
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• #elen%ar &ineal 'en,inte,i, 'elatonin ,e+a*aire,&on terhada& infor'a,i &hotic an* +era,aldari 'ata lateral Leel indola'in an*+er,irula,i da&at 'enn**a'+aran %u'lah
in&ut &hotic an* diteri'a oleh 'ata lateral.• :e"an an* 'e'ilii &ola re&rodu,i 'u,i'an-
elen%ar &ineal +er&eran &ula dala' 'en*aturfun*,i *onad.
•
el.&ineal or*an ,i,te' i,ual an*'entran,la,i atau 'entran,du,i &e,anfoto&eriodi i,ual 'en%adi Dat i'ia (che'ical'e,,en*er)
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Pro,e, &ada 'a'alia
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5a' +iolo*i
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Pato,iolo*i #elen%ar Pineal
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Pato,iolo*i &ineal
A. Pinealo'a
• Terda&at 2 ti&e &inealo'a
Parench'a &inealo'a- di,u,un oleh
'a,,a &inealo,it an* 'e'+e,ar&enundaan &u+erta,
!e,tructie &inealo'a- di,u,un oleh %arin*an non&areni' &e'atan*an
,e, dini2. :i&o*onadi,'e
• >e+era&a &a,ien hi&o*onadi,'e 'e'iliion,entra,i 'elatonin &la,'e an* tin**i
Penin*atan atiita, &ineal.
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Pato,iolo*i &ineal
3. Hypothalamic amenorrhea
• >e+era&a &a,ien hypothalamicamenorrhea 'e'ilii leel'elatonin noturnal an* a+nor'al
/noulatori (ai+at ,u&re,ihor'on)
• Pa,ien&a,ien t,+ %u*a 'en*ala'i&eriode ,ere,i 'elatonin noturnalan* &an%an*.
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#elen%ar &ineal dan &enuaan
• :i&ote,i,
aging is secondary to pineal failure
• Penuaan adalah ,indro' an*di,e+a+an oleh &enurunan ra,io'elatoninH:T an* 'e'&en*aruhineuro,iolo*i dan dihu+un*an
,e+a*ai &ene+a+ &ro,e, &enuaan.• La'ana hidu& (life span) +e+era&a
ti&e he"an 'enin*at ai+at'elatonin.
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#elen%ar &ineal dan aner
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Efe 1elatonin &ada1anu,ia
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Efe 'elatonin
• 1enin*atan "atu tidur nena
• 1enin*atan rit'e endo*enu, ,ere,i
'elatonin
• 1en*uran*i efe %et la*
• 1e'edia,i +e+era&a e*iatan intra,el
&ada al'odulin 'e'&en*aruhi
fun*,i 'irotu+ular dala' +e+era&a ,el
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Peran lain #elen%ar Pineal
#elen%ar &ineal 'e'&en*aruhi
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#elen%ar &ineal 'e'&en*aruhiha'&ir ,eluruh elen%ar
endorin• Ocular 'elatonin
• #elen%ar &ineal dan ,i,te' circadian/e,
• The &hoto,en,itie &ineal of&oiiloter',
• PinealH'elatonin 'en*ontrolro'atofor
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Ocular 1elatonin
• 1elatonin dite'uan di retina dala'+entu – acetl tran,fera,e (/T) – :?O1T
• Sinte,i, 'elatonin oleh 'ata +er&erandala' 'ere*ula,i fun*,i &en*lihatan
• 1elatonin da&at 'ere*ula,i ,ilu,'eta+oli,'e ,el fotore,e&tor
•
1i*ra,i &i*'en diantara 'elano,it retina %u*a terlihat &ada re,&on, i,arat &hotic&ada +e+era&a ,&e,ie,.
• 1elatonin +er&eran daal'a ,en,itiita,cahaa retinal dan eta%a'an i,ual &ada
+e+era&a erte+rata
#elen%ar Pineal dan Si,te' Circadian
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#elen%ar Pineal dan Si,te' Circadian/e,
• Pada /e,- atiita, /T dan :?O1T ,erta %u'lah 'elatonin &ada elen%ar &ineal'enin*at etia ,ua,ana *ela& dan'enurun etia ,ua,ana teran*
•
Pada Ga*a- elen%ar &ineal &entin* +a*irit'e loo'otor circadian &ada ondi,i*ela&
• #elen%ar &ineal &ada +urun* 'e'iliio,cillator an* 'e'&rodu,i rit'ehor'onal
• 1elatonin +er&eran &ada "atu ,erta ,ilu,atiita, dan i,tirahat +urun*
• #elen%ar &ineal %u*a 'e'en*aruhi &erilau
ter'ore*ula,i dan ,iolo*i, &ada +e+era&a
The &hoto,en,itie &ineal of
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The &hoto,en,itie &ineal of&oiiloter',
• Ele'en ,en,or &ineal ,en,itifterhada& cahaa dan atif etia*ela& untu 'eninte,i, dan
'ele&a,an 'elatonin• Se&erti &ada 'a'alia- terda&at
rit'e diurnal 'elatonin &la,'a &ada
&oiiloter' (&i,ce, dan re&til)
PinealH'elatonin 1en*ontrol
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PinealH'elatonin 1en*ontrol#ro'atofor
• 1elatonin 'en*ontrol &eru+ahan"arna ulit &ada +e+era&aerte+rata &oiiloter'
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1eani,'e /,i 1elatonin
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1eani,'e /,i 1elatonin
• 1elatonin 'eru&aananti*onadotro&in &ineal 'a'alia
• #elo'&o 'etho@ &ada ato'
ar+on eli'a nuleu, indole &entin*untu a*re*a,i 'elano,o'(&e'utihan ulit) &ada 'elanofor
• #elo'&o acetl &entin* untu'en*iat 'elatonin e re,e&tor
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a) 1elatonin rece&tor, are located in the &la,'a 'e'+ra'e of the cell,(/C/denlatccla,e)+) 1elatonin enter, the cell and +ind, to the Retin,aureIReDe&tor(Ger'an). Thi, i, a ,teroidhor'one rece&tor.c) 1elatonin +ind, to cal'odulin and inhi+it, it to &roduce the nitric o@ide,ntha,e enD'e. ?t deactiate, the cal'odulin.
d) 1elatonin i, a 'ore eectie radical ,caen*er than *lutathion and
Sele,ai Teri'a #a,ih
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Sele,ai- Teri'a #a,ih ..