99 OBJECTIVE ● To identify and understand the important role of the endocrine system in regulating the activity of body cells. To understand and be able to explain the functions of the various hormones and the results of their hyposecretion or hypersecretion within the body. INTRODUCTION: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM FACTS ● The endocrine system works with the nervous system in controlling much of what goes on in the body. Review the following basic facts regarding the endocrine system: 1. It is composed of glands. 2. Glands produce hormones. 3. Hormones are chemical messengers that are released directly into the blood (no ducts). 4. Hormones work at specific locations (targets). 5. Hormones work by attaching to receptors at the target. 6. Receptors may be on the target cell membrane or inside the target cell (intracellular). 7. The pituitary is often called the master gland of the body since it oversees much of the action of other glands. 8. The pituitary gland is controlled by the hypothalamus. 9. The pituitary gland is functionally and structurally related to the hypothalamus. 10. Structural relationships include direct axonal connections between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary and a specialized “portal” system (a capillary network). 11. Functional relationships include the release of releasing and inhibiting hormones by the ventral hypothalamus which affects the anterior pituitary (or adenohypophysis) and the production of oxytocin and ADH by the hypothalamic nuclei which are stored and released as needed by the posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis). LAB 11 The Endocrine System ch11.indd 99 3/2/16 11:11 AM
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99
OBJECTIVE
● To identify and understand the important role of the endocrine system in regulating the activity of body cells. To understand and be able to explain the functions of the various hormones and the results of their hyposecretion or hypersecretion within the body.
INTRODUCTION: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM FACTS● The endocrine system works with the nervous system in controlling much of what goes on in the
body. Review the following basic facts regarding the endocrine system:
1. It is composed of glands.
2. Glands produce hormones.
3. Hormones are chemical messengers that are released directly into the blood (no ducts).
4. Hormones work at specific locations (targets).
5. Hormones work by attaching to receptors at the target.
6. Receptors may be on the target cell membrane or inside the target cell (intracellular).
7. The pituitary is often called the master gland of the body since it oversees much of the action of other glands.
8. The pituitary gland is controlled by the hypothalamus.
9. The pituitary gland is functionally and structurally related to the hypothalamus.
10. Structural relationships include direct axonal connections between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary and a specialized “portal” system (a capillary network).
11. Functional relationships include the release of releasing and inhibiting hormones by the ventral hypothalamus which affects the anterior pituitary (or adenohypophysis) and the production of oxytocin and ADH by the hypothalamic nuclei which are stored and released as needed by the posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis).
LAB 11The Endocrine System
ch11.indd 99 3/2/16 11:11 AM
100 | Lab 11 The Endocrine System
PART A: GROSS ANATOMY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM● Use the models in your lab, your lab manual, and your textbooks, and name and locate all of the
endocrine glands in the body. Fill in the table below.
GLAND HORMONES PRODUCEDAnterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pancreas
Testes
Ovaries
Pineal
Thymus
PART B: HISTOLOGY OF SELECTED ENDOCRINE GLANDS● Obtain slides of the glands listed above and observe the histological features listed. Be able to
identify each tissue and the cells that perform specific endocrine function(s) within that tissue.