Pineal Gland “Third Eye” Photosensitive ganglion cells – transmit information to pineal gland. Pineal gland is inhibited by light, specifically blue light,

Pineal Gland

“Third Eye”

Photosensitive ganglion cells – transmit information topineal gland.

Pineal gland is inhibited by light, specifically blue light, 460-480 nm

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)CNS signal to pinealfor release of melatonin

Melatonin

Targets: Brain, Immune System, Reproductive organs, Pituitary Gland, and other

Synch body’s biological clock, may inhibitGonadotropins (timing of puberty)

Elysia chlorotica green sea slug

Pancreas

More specifically Islets of Langerhans

Alpha Cells – Produce Glucagon

Beta Cells – Produce Insulin

Both are peptide hormones

Glucagon

Promotes breakdown of glycogen to glucosein the liver.

Insulin

Promotes liver, muscles and fat tissue to absorbGlucose from blood.

Stored as glycogen in liver and musclesStored as triglycerides in fat cells

When can we expect insulin to be released?

Type 1 Diabetes (Childhood)

Type 2 Diabetes (Onset)

Gestational Diabetes

Symptoms:

Hyperglycemia

Frequent Urination

Increase Thirst

Increase Appetite

Type 1:

Autoimmune disease

Body destroys it’s own beta cells

10%-15% of all people with diabetes have type 1

Not Preventable

Type 2:

More Common

Due to reduced insulin production orreduced ability of insulin to bind to receptors

15% of all people with diabetes have type 1

Treatable with insulin monitoring andproper diet

Gestational Diabetes

2%-10% of pregnant woman

Caused by high glucose levels during pregnancy

Hormonal changes may effect insulin production - Placenta

Parathyroid

Releases Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Stimulates Ca2+ release from bone

Increase Ca2+ uptake from kidney and intestines

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Stimulates enzymes in the kidneys to convert vitamin D into calcitriol (Active form in the body)

Calcitriol promotes absorption of Ca2+

Done via synthesis of calcium-binding proteins (helps absorption)

Increases release of Ca2+ from bones