Present Status of Basmati Research in India...Basmati cultivation is confined to traditional basmati growing areas in Northwest Indian states - Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand and Western

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Present Status of Basmati Research in India

Prospects for enhancement of its export

N. Shobha Rani

Principal Scientist & Head,

Crop Improvement Section, Directorate of Rice Research,

Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30

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Basmati, the unique aromatic quality rice is a nature’s gift to Indian sub-continent.

Epicureans acclaimed its delightful fragrance, taste and texture which makes it the best among the

aromatic rices of the world. It is cultivated on the foot hills of the Himalayas and the whole

ambience of the environment bestowing unique properties to this specialty rice. All festive

occasions are complete only with Biryani or Pulao served tapping the inherent ambrosial

properties of basmati. The farmers of Indian sub-continent have been growing the scented rices

for centuries and ancient texts and treatises abound such references (Nene 1998) as well as about

the rice diversity available in the country. Although immense aromatic rice diversity is existing in

the country not all aromatic types are recognized as Basmati. Typically the delicately curved, long

grained, highly aromatic rices which elongate and cook soft and fluffy were the ones which were

categorized as Basmati and enjoy privileged treatment both in domestic and international markets

generating three times higher price. In the export markets still the traditional tall basmati variety

Taroari Basmati followed by Basmati 370 and Type 3 (Dehradun) have supremacy over other

varieties due to their exclusive quality features. However, among evolved basmati varieties, Pusa

Basmati 1121 due to its extra long slender grains along with Pusa Basmati 1 have carved a special

niche in the international market.

Rice Exports from India

The steady increase in production, availability of buffer stocks and the growing demand

for basmati rice in the international market made India an important rice exporting country of

the world. In the year 2008-09 India exported 2.48 mt of rice earning very high foreign exchange

to the tune of Rs.11164 crores. Of the several agro products exported from India, rice alone

constituted 30.75% of foreign exchange in the year 2008-09 (Figure 1) and India is the fourth

major exporter of rice after Thailand, Vietnam and USA. For a long time India was not a rice

exporting country. The major production and productivity gains have enabled the country to

attain self sufficiency in rice since mid 1980’s. Indian exporters entered into the world rice trade

largely through the export of small quantities of highly priced basmati rice which was less than 5%

in mid 1980’s. In fact, the global rice trade at that time was also low, only 4% which was 11.9 mt of

the world rice production of 265.9 mt (on milled rice basis). The world rice trade quantum also

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doubled by 2001 to 27.9 mt and by 2008 to 29.0 mt of which India’s share is around 8.62% while in

2006-07 it was highest (19.8%) (Table 1).

The quantum of total rice exports from India was mere 0.38 mt in 1987-88 which rose to

0.53 mt in 1990-91 and increased phenomenally to a record scale of 5.51 mt in 1995-96. It

dropped to around 2 mt during 2001 and again rose to as high as 6.46 mt in 2007-08 which is a

twelve times increase over the quantum India exported in 1990-91. Similarly the value too raised

from Rs. 456 crores in 1992 to Rs. 11164 crores in 2008-09 which is a spectacular twenty four

times increase in foreign exchange earnings (Table 2 and Figure 2). During the last 5 years India

was within the first 5 rice exporting countries with Thailand consistently ranking first in world rice

exports with 10.00 mt in 2008. The other major exporters include Vietnam (4.65 mt), USA (3.50

mt), India (3.30 mt), Pakistan (3.0 mt), China (0.95 mt), Uruguay (0.78 mt) and others (4.02 mt)

(USDA 2008) (Figure 3). Major rice importing countries are Nigeria, Philippines, Iran, Saudi Arabia,

Iraq, EU, South Africa, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Indonesia and The Ivory Coast.

Table 1: World rice exports -contribution by Asia and India’s share ( million tonnes)

Period World Asia India India’s share to world Rice Exports

(%)

1960 7.50 4.70 0.0 0

1970 9.20 5.50 0.1 1.2

1980 11.9 7.90 0.4 3.3

1990 19.3 14.10 2.1 11.1

2000 24.5 18.65 1.9 7.9

2001 27.9 22.29 6.7 23.9

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2002 27.6 21.51 4.4 16.0

2003 27.2 21.45 3.2 11.6

2004 28.9 21.98 4.7 16.2

2005 29.1 22.20 4.5 15.6

2006 31.8 25.38 6.3 19.8

2007 29.7 23.37 3.4 11.4

2008 29.0 23.00 2.5 8.62

Table 2: Rice exports from India, 2000-2008

Year

Basmati Non basmati Total rice

Qty

(MT)

Value

(Rs. crores)

Qty

(MT)

Value

(Rs. crores)

Qty

(MT)

Value

(Rs. crores)

2000-2001 840000 2120.00 680000 784.00 1520000 2904.00

2001-2002 667066 1842.77 1532348 1324.36 2199414 3167.00

2002-2003 710292 2062.59 4076347 3634.08 4786639 5697.00

2003-2004 770764 1990.92 2601471 2142.16 3372235 4133.00

2004-2005 1150169 2774.25 3646501 3922.17 4796670 6696.42

2005-2006 1166563 3043.10 2921602 3178.17 4088165 6221.27

2006-2007 1045714 2792.80 3702191 4243.07 4747905 7035.87

2007-2008 1183355 4344.58 5285916 7409.79 6469272 11754.37

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2008-2009 1556411 9477.02 931879 1687.37 2488290 11164.40

Note: Quantity in metric tonnes; Value in crores; Source: AIREA, New Delhi (1993-2000) &

APEDA, New Delhi (2001~2008)

Basmati cultivation is confined to traditional basmati growing areas in Northwest Indian

states - Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand and Western Uttar Pradesh and to a limited area in

Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Jammu & Kashmir. Localized cultivation of basmati rices is encountered

in Karnal, Panipat, Kurukshetra, Jind, Kaithal, Ambala, Yamuna Nagar and Sonipat districts in

Haryana (Table 3) (Jasol 1989, Ahuja et al 1995); Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Kapurthala, Jalander,

Patiala, Ropar, Nawan Shehar, Fatehgarh Sahib and Hoshiarpur in Punjab; Dehradun, Nainital,

Udhamsingh Nagar, Haridwar in Uttarakhand; Pilibhit, Saharanpur, Rampur, Bijnor, Muzzaffar

Nagar, Moradabad and Badaun in Uttar Pradesh; Kullu, Kangra, Solan, Mandi and Sirmaur in

Himachal Pradesh; Jammu and Kathua in Jammu & Kashmir. Of the 25 to 29 mt of rice traded

annually in the world market, basmati rice market is less than 10 percent. But basmati rice

captures higher returns as it is priced three times higher (US$ 800-1200 per metric tonne) over

non basmati rice (US$ 200-400 per metric tonne) in the international as well as in the domestic

markets. About 50-70% of basmati produced in the country is exported mainly to Saudi Arabia

(68%), UAE, UK, Kuwait, Bahrain and others. With a small beginning in 1978-79 India exported

67,000 tonnes of basmati rice earning a modest foreign exchange of Rs.32 crores. The upward

trend continued steadily with the quantum of basmati raising from 470,000 tonnes in 1996-1997

to 770,764 tonnes in 2003-2004 and the value from Rs. 1200 crores to a maximum of Rs.1991

crores during the same period. Highest quantum of 1.55 mt of basmati rice was exported in 2008-

09 earning maximum foreign exchange to the tune of Rs.9477 crores (Table 2) (Figure 4).

Non basmati rice has also become a thrust area for export promotion though there have

been fluctuating trends. It is heavily dependent on the policy changes of the government from

time to time and has experienced quota regimes to liberalization. From a mere 28,422 tonnes

during triennium ending 1987-89, non basmati exports rose to a record level of 0.53 mt during

1991-92 but declined again to 0.32 mt during the triennium 1992-94. The highest quantum

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exported was 5.12 mt in 1995-96 earning foreign exchange amounting to Rs.3702 crores. Although

during the year 2007-08 India exported 5.285 mt of non-basmati rice earning Rs.7409 crores

(Figure 5), the quantum and value dropped in 2008 due to the ban imposed by the Government of

India on export of non-basmati rice to build up the domestic buffer stocks.

A combination of factors were responsible for India to reach this pinnacle as one of

the world’s major rice exporter which include the research efforts in developing suitable

varieties and farm management practices which were largely adopted by the farmers. In

addition, appropriate steps taken by the government to liberalize trade policy and licensing

procedures so as to foster agricultural exports, the efforts made by the All India Rice Exporters

Association (AIREA) & Agricultural Processed Food Products Export Development Authority

(APEDA) a major role in promoting Indian agri-exports and the zeal of the exporters in

establishing themselves as reliable and dependable suppliers of basmati and non basmati rice

played.

Table 3: Major basmati growing districts in India

Country State Districts

India Punjab Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Kapurthala, Jalandhar,

Patiala, Ropar, Nawan Shehar, Fatehgarh

Sahib, Hoshiarpur

Uttaranchal Dehradun, Nainital, Udhamsingh Nagar,

Haridwar

Uttar Pradesh Pilibhit, Saharanpur, Rampur, Bijnor,

Moradabad, Muzzaffarnagar, Budaun

Haryana Karnal, Panipat, Kaithal, Kurukshetra, Jind,

Ambala, Sonepat, Yamunanagar

Source : Ahuja et al 1995 & DRR 2001

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Development of High Yielding Varieties of Basmati Quality

The varietal improvement programmes for basmati rice were initiated long time back as

early as 1920’s at Kala Shah kaku in erstwhile Punjab (now in Pakistan) and at Nagina in Uttar

Pradesh. These efforts were mainly through pure line selections made in the available germplasm.

The well known Basmati 370 was selected from the land races for cultivation in Punjab in 1933 and

Type 3 (Dehradun Basmati), T23 and N-10B and others selected at Nagina. The present popular

Taroari Basmati has been selected from HBC 19 in late eighties. All these varieties are tall in

stature, weak stemmed, non responsive to higher doses of fertilizer, low yielders but were

reputed for their aroma, taste and specific cooking quality features (Table 5). Ever since the

introduction of high yielding varieties, there has been scattered research efforts to combine

basmati quality into the high yielding background. Success in developing a dwarf high yielding

prototype of basmati was limited for a long time due to environmental factors, (DRR 1994(a), DRR

1995, Normita et al 1989,) intergroup sterility barriers (Glaszmann 1985, Shobha Rani et al 1996)

and complicated polygenic mode of inheritance and complex breeding behavior of quality

parameters (Chang and Somrith 1979, IARI 1980). Even the understanding of basmati traits was a

limitation. Khush and Juliano (1991) also identified multiplicity of breeding objectives, lack of

infrastructure for grain quality evaluation and lack of well-defined selection criteria as main

hurdles for grain quality and aroma improvement programmes. As most of the traditional basmati

varieties were poor combiners, breeding/selection methodologies especially convergent and back

cross strategies were adopted to break the undesirable genetic blocks and to increase the

frequency of favorable recombinants. As a result 18 aromatic varieties with medium to long

slender grains were released in India by late eighties, but none could replace traditional Basmati

370, as the basic understanding of what combination of traits make basmati was inadequate. Thus

the earlier attempts had limited success as it is not aroma and grain alone that constitutes Basmati

but several chemical characteristics which govern the texture of cooked rice should be pooled

together. Therefore, in the next phase, considerable stress was laid on linear elongation on

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cooking with least breadth wise swelling resulting in high volume expansion, flaky texture of

cooked rice without sacrificing the previous gains such as dwarf plant stature, long slender grains

and aroma (IARI 1980). Following stepwise convergent mode of character improvement and

selection procedure, IARI scientists identified Pusa 615, a derivative of Pusa 150/Karnal Local, a

sister selection of which was released as Pusa Basmati 1, the first semi dwarf high yielding

basmati variety in 1989. With superfine grain, pleasant aroma, soft texture and higher linear

elongation on cooking, which is on par with traditional basmati varieties in quality, Pusa Basmati 1

has 1.0 to 1.5 t ha-1 yield advantage over them (Siddiq 1990). By adopting convergent breeding

technique at DRR, Hyderabad, Kasturi, a semi dwarf basmati variety with high yield potential

possessing several quality features of traditional basmati varieties was developed (Shobha Rani

1992) and released along with Pusa Basmati 1 by the Central Sub Committee for Crop Standards,

Notification and Release of Varieties for states of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and

Himachal Pradesh (Table 4). Kasturi in addition to possessing commendable milling quality has

resistance to blast and tolerance to stem borer.

The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) initiated basmati research network in

the year 1990 entitled Improvement of basmati rices for increased productivity and export

purposes has helped in the adoption and spread of the above mentioned two dwarf scented

varieties of proven merit, which was a significant milestone in the basmati improvement

program in recent years. Emphasizing the need to pursue systematic efforts in developing dwarf

basmati rices network was started at seven centers (Kaul, Kapurthala, Ludhiana, IARI, Pantnagar,

CRRI, DRR) with the major objective being, apart from development to stabilize the yields of

basmati varieties through incorporation of genes for resistance to pest/diseases of target

environment (Blast, BLB, WBPH, Stem borer), development of production and post harvest

packages and study of exploitable genetic variation of scented quality rices.

Under the aegis of this program 69 cultures were evaluated under multilocation testing

and five more cultures possessing better yield and quality have been identified for on farm trials

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(DRR 1994(a)). These include IET 10367, IET 10650, IET 11348, IET 11341 and IET 12019. Among

these IET 10367 (HKR 228) was released as Haryana Basmati 1. In addition, to higher yield

potential in dwarf basmati background it possesses resistance to blast and WBPH (Panwar et al

1991). IET 11348 (selection of Basmati) which matures in 115-120 days, 30-35 days earlier to

Basmati 370 with comparable yield and quality was released as Ranbir Basmati in Jammu and

Kashmir, to fit into the prevailing cropping pattern of that region (Bijral et al 1989). Purified HBC

19 (Karnal Local), which has high demand as traditional export quality rice, has also been released

in 1992 as Taroari Basmati in Haryana.

Another research network under AP cess fund with clearly defined objectives relating to

development of basmati and non basmati rices was organized by the ICAR during 1994 to 1999

entitled Genetic Enhancement of Quality Rices for Higher Productivity and Export. It involved 11

research centers (Kapurthala, Kaul, Ludhiana, Pantnagar, R S Pura and IARI in basmati group;

Aduthurai, Nellore, Raipur, Faizabad in the non basmati group) and three testing centers

(Banswara, Varanasi, Siruguppa) with Directorate of rice Research (DRR) Hyderabad as research

and coordinating center. Testing of breeding materials developed through convergent breeding

methodology using diverse gene sources to transfer the array of quality parameters into semi

dwarf plant stature, has resulted in the identification of 11 elite cultures for on farm testing (DRR

2000, Shobha Rani and Singh 2002). Among this elite collection, IET 14720 (CSR 30) was released

as Yamini, the first basmati variety suitable for sodic soils; IET 15391 as Vasumati, a semi dwarf

basmati variety with higher yield than Pusa Basmati 1 for traditional basmati growing areas; Pusa

Sugandh 2 and Pusa Sugandh 3 , semi dwarf high yielding basmati varieties earlier to Pusa

Basmati 1 (Shobha Rani et al 2001); Pusa RH 10 , the first fine grained aromatic hybrid of the

country coming from the hybrid programme ( Singh et al 2000) and IET 13549 released as Mugad

Sugandha in Karnataka and also as Bhogavati in Maharashtra suitable for parboiling (sela

basmati). In 2002 another basmati variety was released in Uttranchal as Pant Sugandhdhan 15 as

state release. Again in the year 2004 Sugandhamati (IET 16775) from DRR and Pusa Sugandh 5

from IARI, were approved for release for traditional basmati growing areas of Northwestern India

by the Central Sub Committee. With significant yield superiority of 24% over Pusa Basmati 1 with

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comparable quality, Sugandhamati possess leaf blast and brown spot resistance. It has long

slender aromatic grains with good cooking quality features of basmati rice (Table 4). Pusa Sugandh

5 is medium duration variety with extra long slender aromatic grains having high yield advantage

over Pusa Basmati 1. It has moderate resistance to bacterial leaf blight. Mention may be made of

Pusa Sugandh 4/Pusa Basmati 1121 ( Pusa 1121) (IET 18004) which is unique in having aromatic

extra long slender grains with very high elongation on cooking. This variety has replaced Pusa

Basmati 1 in many traditional basmati growing areas during kharif 2007 and accrued higher

returns to the farmers. Pusa 1121 got a price of Rs.2,200/quintal on paddy basis and with an

average yield of 50 quintals per hectare, the farmers got gross returns of Rs.1,10,000/ha. Other

long slender medium duration aromatic rices released from different states include Rajendra

Sweta (IET 18052) from Bihar, Pant Sugandhdhan 17 (IET 17263) from Uttarakhand and

Geetanjali (CRM 2007-1) from Orissa. In early 2007, Pusa 1460-01-32-6-7-67 (IET 18990),

pyramiding two genes xa13 and Xa21 in Pusa Basmati 1 for resistance to bacterial leaf blight

through marker assisted selection was released for the states of Punjab, Delhi, J&K and

Uttarakhand.Improved Pusa Basmati (IET 18990) was developed using molecular marker assisted

selection and released in 2007 possessing Xa21 and xa 13 genes providing moderate resistance to

bacterial leaf blight without compromising the yield and quality of Pusa Basmati 1. Pusa Basmati 6

(IET 18005) for New Delhi and Malviya Sugandh 105 and Malviya Sugandh 4-3 for the state of

Uttar Pradesh has been released in 2008.

Thus in the last two decades under the aegis of Indian Council of Agricultural Research

(ICAR), varietal, crop production and protection technologies were developed and popularized

which was instrumental in having exportable surplus of basmati rice available for enhancing trade.

Till today 60 aromatic varieties have been developed by the ICAR institutes and agricultural

universities and the raise in export quantum of basmati is mainly due to this factor. The Council

has well laid out testing procedures and stringent guidelines for release. The main aim of funding

basmati improvement programmes by the Council is to develop dwarf, high yielding prototypes of

basmati ingrained with all quality characters which would give higher yields and returns to the

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farmers and not to create duplicates. Being the scientific body, Council desired that a varietal

choice should be created, pest/disease tolerance incorporated in the newly developed varieties

with the sole aim of protecting the farmers’ interests and that of the exporters, as India is the

number one exporter of basmati rice in the world. The adoption and spread of these varieties

would go a long way in augmenting the basmati exports prospects of the country.

Aromatic short grain rices:

India abounds with scores of indigenous aromatic short grain cultivars and land races,

grown in pockets in various states. Precise area under their cultivation is difficult to ascertain.

With the exception of shorter grain length and shape, they possess aroma, specific adaptation and

excellent cooking and eating quality traits similar to Basmati rices. Due to lack of export potential,

they are widely used by local consumers for making kheer (sweet rice) for religions and festive

occasions. Many states have a collection of native popular scented varieties which are known for

their adaptation and cultivation and particularly Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa,

West Bengal and Assam have a wealth of genetic diversity of short grain aromatic types (Singh et

al., 2000). With emphasis being on long grain basmati rices, little attention has been bestowed on

the development of short grain types. In the recent years several aromatic rices have also received

special attention as they have high iron and zinc content (Jasmine and Basmati 370) and also many

colored rices. Coloured rices have a good market in food processing industry in China as it is used

in rice based products like cakes, porridges, noodles, rice wine etc. Research and development of

short grain aromatic and specialty rices from India should get due attention to exploit their export

potential.

Measures for Sustenance of Rice Exports

There is an immense scope for India to take advantage of the new trade opportunities for

sustaining the export of rice and processed products of rice. However, this can be achieved only if

the production increase is made possible by increased investment in research and development

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coupled with realistic policy incentives adopted by the government. Some of the measures

suggested to sustain export of rice are listed as follows:

� Acceleration of breeding efforts in the development of high yielding export quality rices

(basmati, non-basmati, short grain scented etc,) for producing sustained surplus to divert for

export.

� Studies on aroma identification, genetic, molecular and biochemical characterization to be

given special emphasis.

� Production of quality seeds and ensuring availability to farmers at subsidized rates.

� Identification of varieties for rice based products; development of new products, processing

techniques; attractive biodegradable packing; post harvest care and byproduct utilization.

� Research efforts to develop implementable cultivation practices for organic farming and its

effect on quality.

� Creation of markets for short grain aromatic rices and speciality rices.

� Organized production, procurement and processing of basmati rice for export; contract

farming by few big export houses to ensure quality.

� Modernization of rice mills to ensure high milling recovery and effective availability of by-

products for full utilization.

� Efforts to be made to register basmati rice as a Geographical Indicator

� Ensuring the quality standards as per WTO norms for exportable basmati rice; by adopting

appropriate Sanitary and Photo Sanitary Measures to overcome non tariff barriers.

� Sensitising the farmers, processors on Codex Alimentarius Commission ( CAC) guidelines on

safety and quality management System – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points ( HACCP).

� Identification of contiguous belts for the cultivation of export quality rices; maintaining quality

standards matching with those of the international.

� Export friendly trade policies with special reference to removing minimum export price, quota

system, exemption from levy obligations.

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References

1. Ahuja S C, D V S Panwar, Uma Ahuja and K R Gupta, 1995.Basmati rice - the scented pearl,

CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, P 63.

2. Bijral, J.S., Kanwa, K.S. and Khanna, Y.P. 1989. Ranbir Basmati – an early maturing aromatic

rice. Intl. Rice. Res. Newsl. 14:21.

3. Chang,T.T. and Somrith, B. 1979. Genetic studies on the grain quality of rice pages 49-58 in

chemical aspects of rice grain quality IRRI, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines.

4. Directorate of Rice Research. 1994(a). Final Report, 1990-93, Improvement of Basmati rices

for increased productivity and export purposes Hyderabad. pp 61.

5. Directorate of Rice Research, 1995, Annual Report, kharif 1995, Genetic Enhancement of

Quality Rices for Higher Productivity and Export, Hyderabad. Pp48.

6. Directorate of Rice Research. 2000. Final Report, 1994-1999 “Genetic enhancement of

quality rices for higher productivity and export” DRR, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. pp

147.

7. DRR-Perspective Plan : Vission 2025

8. Glazmann, J.C. 1985. A varietal classification of Asian cultivated rice Oryza sativa L. based on

isozyme polymorphism Pages 83-90 in Rice Genetics, IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines.

9. Indian Agricultural Research Institute. 1980. High yielding basmati rice – problems, progress

and prospects Research Bull 30: 47.

10. Jasol F S 1989. Augmenting basmati rice exports : No soft options, P 105-132 in Jasol (Ed)

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Indian Agro Exports, Viv Photolighographs, New Delhi.

11. Khush, G.S. and Juliano, B.O. 1991. Research priorities for improving rice grain quality In:

Rice grain marketing and quality issues IRRI, Los, Basnos, Philippines. pp 65-66.

12. Nene Y L, 1998 Basmati rice: a distinct variety (cultivar) of the Indian subcontinent, Asian

Agri-history 2 (3): 175-188.

13. Normita de la Cruz, Ish Kumar, Rajendra, P. Kaushik and Gurdev Khush, S. 1989. Effect of

temperature during grain development on stability of cooking components in rice

Japan J. Breed 39: 229-306.

14. Panwar, D.V.S., Gupta, K.R., Battan, K.R. and Singh, A. 1991. HKR 228, A semi dwarf aromatic

rice strain for Haryana, India. Intl. Rice Res. Newsl. 16: 16-17.

15. Shobha Rani N, B K Thapar, S B Lodh, G S Sidhu, D Chaudhary and K K Jena 1996 Proceedings

of International Symposium on"Rainfed rice for sustainable food security", Breeding

for quality rices for domestic and export markets Central Rice Research Institute,

Cuttack, September 23-25, 1996

16. Shobha Rani N and R.K. Singh, 2002. Efforts on aromatic rice improvement in India. Pages

23~72 In: Eds: R.K. Singh and U.S. Singh. A treatise on the scented rices of India,

Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

17. Shobha Rani, N. 1992. Research efforts to develop scented quality rices for increased

productivity and export purposes Paper presented at the Special Seminar for the

Awardees, International Rice Research Conference, IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines, 21-

25, April.

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18. Shobha Rani, N., B. Mishra, G.S.V. Prasad, U. Prasada Rao, S.V. Subbaiah, K.Muralidharan

and I.C. Pasalu, 2001. Basmati Rice – Heritage of India, DRR Technical Bulletin 2001-

02, DRR, Hyderabad, pp: 28.

19. Siddiq, E. A. 1990. Export prospects of Indian Basmati Rices. Indian Farming 40(9): 45-47.

20. Singh R.K., U.S. Singh and G.S.Khush, 2000. Aromatic Rices. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.

Ltd., New Delhi. Pp: 292.

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Table 4: High Yielding Aromatic Varieties Released in India till 2007

Sl.

No Variety Name

IET

No Cross Combination

Year of

Release

50%

FD GT

CVRC

1 Haryana Basmati 1 10367 Sona / Basmati 370 1991 110 LS

2 Improved Pusa

Basmati 1 18990 PB 1 // PB 1 / IRBB 55 2007 105 LS

3 Kasturi 8580 Basmati 370 / CRR 88-17-1-5 1989 100 LS

4 Pusa Basmati 1 10364 Pusa 167 / Karnal Local 1989 105 LS

5 Pusa Basmati 6 18005 Pusa Bas 1 / Pusa 1121-92-8-2-7-1 2008 119 LS

6 Pusa RH 10 17251 Pusa 6A / PRR 78 2001 85 LS

7 Pusa Sugandh 2 16310 Basmati restorer line 2001 105 LS

8 Pusa Sugandh 3 16313 Basmati restorer line 2001 105 LS

9 Pusa Sugandh 5 17021 Pusa3 A / Haryana Basmati 1 2004 102 LS

10 Sugandhamati 16775 Pusa Basmati 1 / IET 12603 2004 114 LS

11 Vasumati 15391 PR 109 / Pak. Basmati 2001 113 LS

12 Basmati CSR 30

(Yamini) 14720 Bhura Rata 4-10 / Pak. Basmati 2001 101 LS

ANDHRA PRADESH

13 Sumati 15824 Chandan / Pak. Basmati 2001 105 LS

BIHAR

14 Kamini — Pureline selection from Katarni Rice 1991 105 MS

15 Rajendra Sweta 18052 Sita / Pusa Basmati 1 // Katarni 2004 105 MS

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16 Sugandha (T) — Pure line sel. from Cuttack Basmati 1983 110 MS

CHHATTISGARH

17 Indira Sugandhit

Dhan 1 15376 Madhuri / Surekha 2003 95 MS

DELHI

18 Pusa Basmati 1121 18004 Pusa 614-1-2 / Pusa 614-2-4-3 2003 105 LS

GUJARAT

19 GR 101 12610 IR 8 / Pankhari 203 1984 100 LS

20 Kolhapur scented — Pure line sel. from Local 1971 100 MS

21 T 3 (T) — Sel. from local Type 3 1973 115 LS

HARYANA

22 Basmati 370 — Pureline selection from local basmati

land races 1933 120 LS

23 Taraori Basmati — Pure line sel. from HBC 19 1996 105 LS

HIMACHAL PRADESH

24 Hassan Sarai 15060 Introduction from Iranian Basmati 2000 95 LS

25 T 23 — Sel.from Kalasukhdas 1975 90 LS

JAMMU and KASHMIR

26 Ranbir Basmati 11348 Selection from Basmati 370 1994 95 LS

KARNATAKA

27 Kusuma 1906 TN 1 / Bas 370 1969 90 MS

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28 Mugad Sugandha 13549 Sel. from Basmati Composite 2001 100 LS

MAHARASHTRA

29 Bhogavati 13549 Selection from Basmati Composite 2004 100 LS

30 Indrayani 12897 Ambemohar 157 / IR 8 1987 102 LS

31 Karjat 3 12481 IR 36 / Karjat 35-3 1994 85 SB

32 Pawana 11338 Pusa 33 / IR 8 1988 90 LS

33 PKV Khamang 18673 SYE 34-5-40/ Basmati 370 2008 101 SS

34 PKV Makarand 17277 Indrayani / SYE 3-43-57 2003 93 MS

35 Prabhavati 9214 Mutant of local Ambemohar 1984 85 MS

36 Sakoli 7 10651 TN(1) / Basmati 370 1988 100 LS

37 SYE - ER 1 9296 Sona / SYE 44-3 1990 85 SS

MADHYA PRADESH

38 Madhuri 5358 Jaya / R 11 1980 84 LS

ODISHA

39 CR Sugandh Dhan

3 18395 Sel. from local variety 2008 116 MS

40 Geetanjali 18987 Mutant from Basmati 370 2005 100 LS

PUNJAB

41 Basmati 370 — Pureline selection from local basmati

land races 1933 120 LS

42 Basmati 385 13158 TN1 / Basmati 370 1992 105 LS

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43 Basmati 386 14710 Sel. from Pak.Basmati 1994 105 LS

44 Punjab Basmati 1 7313 Sona / Basmati 370 1982 95 LS

45 Punjab Mehak 1 18976 IR 70423-170-2-3/IR 70446-85-3-2// IR

70423-170-2-3 2009 95 LS

RAJASTHAN

46 BK 79 7028 TN1 / NP 130 // Basmati 370 1981 100 LS

47 Khushboo — Baran Basmati / Pusa 150 1994 90 LS

48 Mahi Sugandha 12601 BK 79 / Basmati 370 1994 100 LS

TAMIL NADU

49 Pusa 33 * 3618 Sabarmati / Ratna 1982 90 LS

TRIPURA

50 Kali Khasa — Pureline selection from local aromatic

tall idica 2003 100 SB

UTTAR PRADESH

51 Kala Namak 3 21268 Pure line selection from KN3-27-3-3 2009 114 SB

52 Madhuri 5725 Sabarmati / Ratna 1983 98 LS

53 Malaviya Dhan 1 17692 HBR 92 / Pusa Basmati / Kasturi 2005 98 LS

54 Malaviya Sugandh-

105 18415 Mutant of MPR 7-2 2008 105 MS

55 Malaviya Sugandh-

4-3 18911 Mutant of Lanjhi 2008 105 LS

56 Narendra Lalmati 21051 Selection from local lalmati 2009 85 SS

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57 Type 3 — A Sel. from Dehradun Basmati 1978 125 LS

58

Vallabh Basmati –

22

19492 P 1121 / Type 3 2009 114 LS

UTTARAKHAND

59 Pant Sugandh

Dhan 15 14132

Basmati 370 / Sadri // Bahral / Muskan

41 2002 114 LS

60 Pant Sugandh

Dhan 17 17263 Pusa Basmati 1 / UPRI 95-154 2004 105 LS

* Denotified Varieties, Italics: Other Basmati, Shade & Italics: Notified Basmati

Figure 1: Export of specified – agro products, 2008-09

(Monitoring by APEDA, Values in MT) (Source: APEDA)

Basmati , 1556411

Non Basmati , 931880

Wheat, other cereal & milled

products , 4041822

Animal prod , 1646790

Other proc.prod, 2433913

Proc fruits & veg , 844881

Fruits & veg, 2646268

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Figure 2: Trend in rice exports from India(Source: APEDA)

0

2000000

4000000

6000000

8000000

1990

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

0

5000

10000

15000

Quantity ( tonnes) Value (Rs. in Crores)

10.00

4.65

3.50 3.30 3.00

0.95 0.78

4.02

0123456789

10

Thai

land

Vie

tnam U

SAIn

dia

Pak

ista

n

Chin

a

Uru

guay

Oth

ers

Figure 3: Top rice exporting countries, 2008

Source: AIREA, 2008

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0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

Figure 4: Basmati rice exports during 2003 to 2008 (Source: APEDA)

Quantity (000MTs) Value (Crores)

2601

21

42.1

6

36

46

39

22

.17

292

1

317

8.1

7

37

02

42

43.0

7

528

6 740

9.7

9

93

2 168

7.0

0

0

750

1500

2250

3000

3750

4500

5250

6000

6750

7500

2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

Figure 5: Non Basmati rice exports duirng 2002 to 2007(Source: APEDA)

Quantity (000MTs) Value (Crores)

Present Status of Basmati Research in India...Basmati cultivation is confined to traditional basmati growing areas in Northwest Indian states - Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand and Western

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