Power packed performances by
Ankita Kulkarni
Priyam Shah
Mansi Purohit
Hemadri Bajirao
Sri Balaji
What do we have in store for you?
• Definition of Power• Difference between Power and
Authority• Bases Of Power• Dependency• Power Tactics• Power in Groups: Coalitions• Unequal Power in Organizations
Abraham Lincoln says that….
•Nearly all men can stand adversity. If you want to test a man’s character give him POWER.
I have the power…
• Capacity of A to influence the behaviour of B so that he/she does things that he/she would otherwise not do.
Authority and Power..What is the
difference???Authority• Legally enforced• Formal• Limited scope• Just and equally applied
Power• Individual
and independent• Informal• Transcends
Boundaries• May be used
indiscriminately.
Bases Of PowerCoercive Power:• Power because the person
has control of the punishments or demotions .
• Victim complies in order to avoid punishments believed to be controlled by the agent.
Bases of PowerPositional Power:• Power of an individual because of the
relative position and duties in the organization.
• Target complies because he believes the agent has the right to make the request and he has the obligation to imply.
Bases of Power
Expert Power:• Individual's power deriving from the
skills or expertise of the person and the organization's needs for the same.• Target complies because he believes
that the agent has special knowledge about the best way to do something.
Bases of PowerReferent Power:• Power to attract others and build
loyalty. • Based on
the charisma and interpersonal skills of the power holder.
• Target complies because he admires or identifies with the agent and wants to gain the agent’s approval.
Bases of Power Reward Power:
• Refers to the degree to which the individual can give others a reward of some kind such as benefits, time off, desired gifts, promotions or increases in pay or responsibility.
• Power a person has because he or she has control of the resources.
• Target complies in order to obtain rewards he or she believes are controlled by the agent.
Dependency
• Power : Function of dependency
• There often exists a counter-power. e.g. a
powerful manager who controls rewards
may be dependant on the employee to
achieve his/her goals.
• The dependency of A on B {D(A,B)} is a
function of two things: 1. Demand
– how much A needs what B controls.
• 2. Supply
– how easy it is for A to go
elsewhere to get what B
controls.
– Supply is inversely related to
dependency
• Dependency may be mutual:
–Married couple may depend on each
other for all the same things.
–Or, A can depend on B for some things,
and B depends on A for others
– A has power over B if A is less
dependent on B than B is on A.
General dependency• General dependency postulate
–Greater B’s dependency on A ,Greater the power A has over B.–When you possess anything that others
require but you alone control, you make them dependent on you and you gain power over them–Example• Intelligent student• Superrich• Blind
What creates dependency
• Dependency is increased when the resource you control is :– Importance.– Scarce.– Nonsubstitutability.
• Importance– The things you control must be important.– The ability to reduce uncertainty increases a
group’s power and enhances its ability to create dependency.
– An organization like Panasonic is dependant on engineers than Procter & Gamble
Scarcity• A resource needs to be perceived as scarce to
create depen dency.
• The need to obtain a scarce resource—such as,
important knowledge—makes the high-ranking
member dependent on the low-ranking member.
• Individuals in occupations in which the supply of
personnel is low relative to demand can
negotiate compensation and benefit packages far
more attractive than can those in occupations for
which there is an abundance of candidates.
Non-substitubality• The resource cannot be substituted with
something else.
• The more that a resource has no viable
substitutes, the more power that control
over that resource provides.
• At university in which there are strong
pressure for faculty to publish ,the
department head’s power over a faculty
member is inversely proportional to
member’s publication record.
Power TacticsTactical Dimensions:
• Legitimacy
• Rational persuasion
• Inspirational appeals
• Consultation
• Exchange
• Personal appeals
• Ingratiation
• Pressure
• Coalitions
Tactical Dimensions:
• Legitimacy
• Rational persuasion
• Inspirational appeals
• Consultation
• Exchange
• Personal appeals
• Ingratiation
• Pressure
• Coalitions
Ways in which individuals translate power bases into specific actions.
Preferred Power Tactics by Influence Direction
Upward Influence Downward
Influence Lateral Influence
Rational persuasion Rational
persuasion Rational persuasion
Inspirational appeals
Consultation
Pressure Ingratiation
Consultation Exchange
Ingratiation Legitimacy
Exchange Personal
appeals
Legitimacy Coalitions
Factors Influencing the Choice and Effectiveness of
Power Tactics• Sequencing of tactics
– Softer to harder tactics work best• Skillful use of a tactic• Relative power of the tactic user
– Some tactics work better when applied downward or upward
• The type of request attaching to the tactic– Is the request legitimate?
• How the request is perceived– Is the request consistent with the target’s values?
• The culture of the organization– Culture affects user’s choice of tactic
• Country-specific cultural factors– Local values favor certain tactics over others
Power in Groups: Coalitions
• Mostly the end up using their power wrongly, but effective if used wisely
• Seek a broad and diverse constituency for support of their objectives.
• Occur more frequently in organizations with high task and resource interdependencies.
• Seek to maximize their size to attain influence.
• Occur more frequently if tasks are standardized and routine.
Coalitions:
A coalition is a pact or treaty among individuals or groups, during which they cooperate in joint action, each in their own self-interest, joining forces together for a common cause.
•Typically exposed in crisis time
•In US, there is a typical organization regulating this coalition groups, called Coalition for a Democratic Workplace(CDW)
Unequal Power in the Workplace
Glass Shield for higher positions• Even in this era of globalization , there exists a mental block among the male, which don’t accepts a female as their as their boss.
Sexual Harassment• Requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature, typically exploiting women.
The final verdict…
“The fundamental concept in social science is power, in the same sense in which energy is the fundamental concept in physics.”