Organizational Behaviour Presentation on Power(22!1!2009)2

8/7/2019 Organizational Behaviour Presentation on Power(22!1!2009)2

1/31

AA

PresentationPresentationOnOn

PowerPower

Prepared by:

Gurjar Pankaj (34)Jadav Akshay (38)Karpateswapnil(47)

Modi Dhara (59)

Presented to :

Jallavi madam


2/31

Definition of PowerDefinition of Power

Power refers to a capacity that A has to influence thePower refers to a capacity that A has to influence thebehavior of B so that B acts in accordance with As wishes.behavior of B so that B acts in accordance with As wishes.

For example:For example:

In our college we want to get MBA degree and onlyIn our college we want to get MBA degree and onlysources to get degree is faculty who teaches thatsources to get degree is faculty who teaches thatcourse so he has power over the students.course so he has power over the students.

The most important aspect of power is that it is function ofThe most important aspect of power is that it is function ofdependencydependency

Greater the dependency relationship greater the power.Greater the dependency relationship greater the power. A person can have power over you only if he controlsA person can have power over you only if he controls

something that you desire.something that you desire.


3/31

For Example:For Example:

You need money for doing MBA and your parentsYou need money for doing MBA and your parents

provide finance to you so your parents have powerprovide finance to you so your parents have power

over you but when you have a job and earnover you but when you have a job and earnhandsome good income then this is power ishandsome good income then this is power is

reduced.reduced.

This relationship is necessary in an organization becauseThis relationship is necessary in an organization because

work is divided into specialized task and the organizationwork is divided into specialized task and the organization

has limited sources with which to accomplish its goods.has limited sources with which to accomplish its goods.


4/31

Difference between Leadership andDifference between Leadership and

PowerPower Leaders use power as a means of attaining group goals.Leaders use power as a means of attaining group goals.

Leaders achieve goals and power is a means of facilitatingLeaders achieve goals and power is a means of facilitatingtheir achievement. Following are the major differencestheir achievement. Following are the major differences

between them.between them. Power does not require goal compatibility; it requires onlyPower does not require goal compatibility; it requires only

dependency relationship whereas leadership requires goaldependency relationship whereas leadership requires goalcompatibility.compatibility.

Leadership focuses on the downward influences on onesLeadership focuses on the downward influences on ones

followers. Whereas power does not focuses on thefollowers. Whereas power does not focuses on thedownward influence on ones followers.downward influence on ones followers.

Leadership research emphasizes style whereas powerLeadership research emphasizes style whereas powerresearch focuses on tactics for gaining compliance.research focuses on tactics for gaining compliance.


5/31

Bases of powerBases of power

Bases of Power

Coercive power

Reward power

Legitimate Power Expert Power

Referent Power

Formal Power Personal Power


6/31

Formal PowerFormal Power

Formal power bases are derived from the power holdersFormal power bases are derived from the power holdersposition in an organization that means the person receivesposition in an organization that means the person receivesthese power bases because of the specific authority he isthese power bases because of the specific authority he isassigned in an organization.assigned in an organization.

There are three type of formal powers:There are three type of formal powers:Coercive Power:Coercive Power:

The coercive power base is dependent on fear that meansThe coercive power base is dependent on fear that meansthe capacity to influence others through the ability tothe capacity to influence others through the ability toapply punishment.apply punishment.

One reacts to this power out of fear of negative resultsOne reacts to this power out of fear of negative resultsthat might occur if one failed to comply.that might occur if one failed to comply.


7/31


Managers have coercive power through their authorityManagers have coercive power through their authorityto suspend or dismiss employees.to suspend or dismiss employees.

Coercive power also can come from withholding keyCoercive power also can come from withholding key

informationinformation Another example is labor unions, labor union use coerciveAnother example is labor unions, labor union use coercive

power to influence management in collective agreementpower to influence management in collective agreementnegotiations, Such as withholding service.negotiations, Such as withholding service.

It rests on the application or threats of application ofIt rests on the application or threats of application of

physical sanctions such as the infliction of pain or thephysical sanctions such as the infliction of pain or thecontrolling by force of base needs safety needs.controlling by force of base needs safety needs.


8/31

Reward PowerReward Power People comply with the wishes of another becausePeople comply with the wishes of another because

doing so producesdoing so produces positive benefits one who canpositive benefits one who candistribute reward that others view as valuable will havedistribute reward that others view as valuable will have

power over those otherspower over those others

Reward can be financial or non financial. Financial suchReward can be financial or non financial. Financial suchas controlling pay rates, bonus etc. while non financialas controlling pay rates, bonus etc. while non financialsuch as promotions, friendly colleagues work assignmentssuch as promotions, friendly colleagues work assignmentsetc.etc.

Coercive power and reward power are actually counterCoercive power and reward power are actually counterparts of each other. If you can remove something ofparts of each other. If you can remove something ofpositive value from or if you can give someone somethingpositive value from or if you can give someone something

of negative value. You have coercive power over thatof negative value. You have coercive power over thatperson and if you can give someone something of positiveperson and if you can give someone something of positivevalue or remove something of negative value you rewardvalue or remove something of negative value you rewardpower over that person.power over that person.


In organization subordinated or employees have powerIn organization subordinated or employees have powerover their bossesover their bosses


9/31

Legitimate PowerLegitimate Power

Position of authority include both coercive and rewardPosition of authority include both coercive and reward

powers.powers.

Legitimate power is broader than the coercive and rewardLegitimate power is broader than the coercive and reward

power.power. It include acceptance by members in an organization ofIt include acceptance by members in an organization of

the authority of a position.the authority of a position.


In an organization managers have a right to requireIn an organization managers have a right to requireemployee to perform different tasks.employee to perform different tasks.


10/31

Personal PowerPersonal Power

Personal power is the power that comes from an individualsPersonal power is the power that comes from an individuals

own characteristicsown characteristics

It is not necessary to have formal position in anIt is not necessary to have formal position in an

organization to have powerorganization to have power Two bases of personal power:Two bases of personal power:

Expertise powerExpertise power

Referent powerReferent power


11/31

Expert PowerExpert Power

Expert power comes from within the personExpert power comes from within the person

It is an individuals capacity to influence others byIt is an individuals capacity to influence others by

possessing knowledge that they wantpossessing knowledge that they want For example:For example:

Professors in a college give special knowledge to theProfessors in a college give special knowledge to the

students that they wantstudents that they want

Doctors, computer specialist, tax accounts.Doctors, computer specialist, tax accounts.


12/31

Referent PowerReferent Power

Influence based on possession by an individual ofInfluence based on possession by an individual ofdesirable resourcesdesirable resources

Referent power is typically associated with charismaticReferent power is typically associated with charismaticleadershipleadership

Charisma is defined as a form of interpersonal attractionCharisma is defined as a form of interpersonal attraction

whereby followers develop a respect for a trust in thewhereby followers develop a respect for a trust in thecharismatic individualcharismatic individual

For example:For example:

Amitabh bachhan have the power to influence your choiceAmitabh bachhan have the power to influence your choiceof chocolatesof chocolates

Generally the personal powers are most effective bothGenerally the personal powers are most effective bothreferent and expert power are positively related toreferent and expert power are positively related toemployees satisfaction with supervision theiremployees satisfaction with supervision theirorganizational commitment and their performance.organizational commitment and their performance.

Whereas reward and legitimate power are unrelated toWhereas reward and legitimate power are unrelated tothese outcomes and coercive power is negatively relatedthese outcomes and coercive power is negatively relatedto employees satisfaction and commitmentsto employees satisfaction and commitments


13/31

Dependency: The key to PowerDependency: The key to Power

The General Dependency PostulateThe General Dependency Postulate

The greaterThe greater Bs dependency on A,Bs dependency on A, the greater the powerthe greater the powerAAhas overhas over BB..

When you possess anything that others require but thatWhen you possess anything that others require but thatyou alone control, you make them dependent on youyou alone control, you make them dependent on youand, therefore, you gain power on themand, therefore, you gain power on them

If something is plentiful, possession of it will notIf something is plentiful, possession of it will notincrease your power.increase your power.

Example:Example:if every one ismba , mba gives no specialadvantage.if every one ismba , mba gives no specialadvantage.

SimilaSimilarly, among the super rich , money is no longer power.rly, among the super rich , money is no longer power.But as old saying goes, in the land of the blind, the oneBut as old saying goes, in the land of the blind, the one--eyed man is king!eyed man is king!


14/31

What creates dependency ?What creates dependency ?

If you can create a monopoly by controlling information,If you can create a monopoly by controlling information,prestige, or anything that others crave, they becomeprestige, or anything that others crave, they becomedependent on you.dependent on you.

Dependency is increased when the resources you control isDependency is increased when the resources you control is

ImportantImportant

scarcescarce

Nonsubstitutable.Nonsubstitutable.


15/31

ImportanceImportance

If nobody wants youve got, it's not going to createIf nobody wants youve got, it's not going to createdepdency,therefore ,the things you control must bedepdency,therefore ,the things you control must be

perceived as being important. Importance is one factor thatperceived as being important. Importance is one factor thatmakes people dependent on others .makes people dependent on others .

For Example;For Example;

corporate sector needs administrators,so there iscorporate sector needs administrators,so there isimpllortance of mba in the organization,organixaion isimpllortance of mba in the organization,organixaion is

dependent on the adminitration and mba has importancedependent on the adminitration and mba has importancefor corporate.for corporate.


16/31

ScarcityScarcity

As noted previously, if something is plentiful,As noted previously, if something is plentiful,

possession of it will not increase your power. A resourcespossession of it will not increase your power. A resources

needs t be percieved as scare to create dependency,needs t be percieved as scare to create dependency,Example:Example:

opec countries are having large amount ofopec countries are having large amount of

petrolioum but other countries are having small amount ofpetrolioum but other countries are having small amount of

petrolium,so opec have power to change the price becausepetrolium,so opec have power to change the price becauseother countries are dependent on opec for petrolium.other countries are dependent on opec for petrolium.


17/31

NonsubstitutabilityNonsubstitutability

if there are fewer substitute of the sourceif there are fewer substitute of the sourcethat source holds power,& others will have to be dependentthat source holds power,& others will have to be dependent

on that source because they have no other alternative. thuson that source because they have no other alternative. thusthe more options available the less power that source have.the more options available the less power that source have.

Example:Example:

A lawyer that has high rank among otherA lawyer that has high rank among otherlawyers, that lawyer has power on his clients.lawyers, that lawyer has power on his clients.

A publication has a copyright to public of aA publication has a copyright to public of abook ,so that publication has powerbook ,so that publication has power


18/31

POWERTACTICSPOWERTACTICS

DEFINATION:DEFINATION:--

Ways in which individuals translate power basesWays in which individuals translate power bases

into specific action.into specific action.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF

TACTIES:-

Legitimacy

Rational persuasion

Inspirational appeals


19/31

ConsultationConsultation

ExchangeExchange

Personal appealsPersonal appeals

IngratiationIngratiation

PressurePressure

CoalitionsCoalitions


20/31

Power in Groups: CoalitionsPower in Groups: Coalitions

Seek to maximize their

size to attain influence.

Seek a broad and diverse

constituency for support

of their objectives.

Occur more frequently in

organizations with high

task and resource

interdependencies.

Occur more frequently if

tasks are standardized

and routine.

Seek to maximize their

size to attain influence.

Seek a broad and diverse

constituency for support

of their objectives.

Occur more frequently in

organizations with high

task and resource

interdependencies.

Occur more frequently if

tasks are standardized

and routine.


21/31

SEXUALHARASSMENTSEXUALHARASSMENT

The issue of sexual harassment got increasingThe issue of sexual harassment got increasing

attention in media in the early 80s because of the growingattention in media in the early 80s because of the growing

ranks of female employees, especially in nontraditionalranks of female employees, especially in nontraditional

work environments.work environments.


22/31

DefinitionDefinitionGenerally excepted : Unwelcome advances, requests forGenerally excepted : Unwelcome advances, requests forsexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of asexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a

sexual nature.sexual nature.

U.S. Supreme Court : Is defined as any unwanted activityU.S. Supreme Court : Is defined as any unwanted activity

of a sexual nature that an individuals employment.of a sexual nature that an individuals employment.In the Courts words the key test for determining, ifIn the Courts words the key test for determining, if

sexual harassment has occurred is whether comments orsexual harassment has occurred is whether comments or

behavior in a work environment, would reasonably bebehavior in a work environment, would reasonably be

perceived, and is perceived, as hostile or abusive.perceived, and is perceived, as hostile or abusive.


23/31

But still there continues to be disagreement as to whatBut still there continues to be disagreement as to what

specifically constitutes sexual harassment.specifically constitutes sexual harassment.

The Organizations have generally made considerableThe Organizations have generally made considerable

progress in th

e past decade toward limiting overt forms ofprogress in th

e past decade toward limiting overt forms ofsexual harassment.sexual harassment.

This includes unwanted physical touching, recurringThis includes unwanted physical touching, recurring

requests for datingrequests for dating

Or threatening to lose of job if she refuses the sexualOr threatening to lose of job if she refuses the sexual

harassment.harassment.


24/31

Now the Question Arises how is this related toNow the Question Arises how is this related to

POWERPOWER????????????????


25/31

UNEQUALUNEQUAL POWERPOWERIN THEIN THEWORKPLACEWORKPLACE


26/31

The originThe origin

Most studies confirm that theMost studies confirm that the concept of powerconcept of powerisis

central to understanding sexual harassment.central to understanding sexual harassment.

Mostly the harassment comes from a supervisor, a coMostly the harassment comes from a supervisor, a co--

worker, or even an employee.worker, or even an employee.

The supervisorThe supervisor--employee is the best characterizes ofemployee is the best characterizes of

an unequal power, by the use of the formal poweran unequal power, by the use of the formal power

gives the supervisor the capacity to reward andgives the supervisor the capacity to reward and

coerce.coerce.


27/31

The CircumstancesThe Circumstances

The supervisor gives employees their assignments,The supervisor gives employees their assignments,

evaluate their performance, make recommendationsevaluate their performance, make recommendations

for salary adjustments and promotions and even theyfor salary adjustments and promotions and even they

decide the job retains or not.decide the job retains or not. As all the employees want favorable performanceAs all the employees want favorable performance

reviews, salary increases and the preference.reviews, salary increases and the preference.


28/31

Because of Power inequities, sexual harassment byBecause of Power inequities, sexual harassment by

ones boss typically creates the greatest difficulty forones boss typically creates the greatest difficulty for

those who are being harassed, especially thethose who are being harassed, especially the femalefemale

employees.employees. Because the supervisors control over resources,Because the supervisors control over resources,

many of those who are harassed are afraid ofmany of those who are harassed are afraid of

speaking out for fear of retaliation by the supervisor.speaking out for fear of retaliation by the supervisor.


29/31

The harassment also comes from the coThe harassment also comes from the co--workers, asworkers, as

the work is allotted in teamsthe work is allotted in teams

By the use of the traditional gender stereotypesBy the use of the traditional gender stereotypes

which reflects the negatively on the woman in power.which reflects the negatively on the woman in power.


30/31

At the end.At the end.

The topic of sexual harassment is about powerThe topic of sexual harassment is about power

Its about an individual threatening anotherIts about an individual threatening another

individual, which isindividual, which is WrongWrong.. Hence the Power, influences and encouragesHence the Power, influences and encourages

the sexual harassment.the sexual harassment.

Also this topic is more or less related to theAlso this topic is more or less related to theEthics of an individual.Ethics of an individual.


31/31

Organizational Behaviour Presentation on Power(22!1!2009)2

Documents