Organizational Behaviour About Power

8/7/2019 Organizational Behaviour About Power

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S.K.PATEL INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND

COMPUTER STUDEIS.

A

Project report on “power”

Subject: organizational Behavior

Presented by:

Gurjar Pankaj (34)Jadav Akshay (38)

Kharpate swapnil (47)

Modi Dhara (59)

Submitted to:

Pro.Jallavi panchamiya

Skpimcs/O.B./Power 1



Power

• Definition of Power:Power refers to a capacity that A has to influence the behavior of B so

that B acts in accordance with A’s wishes.For example:

In our college we want to get MBA degree and only sources to get degree is

faculty who teaches that course so he has power over the students.

• The most important aspect of power is that it is function of

dependency

• Greater the dependency relationship greater the power.

• A person can have power over you only if he controls

something that you desire.

For Example:

You need money for doing MBA and your parents provide finance to you so

your parents have power over you but when you have a job and earn

handsome good income then this is power is reduced.

• This relationship is necessary in an organization because work is

divided into specialized task and the organization has limited

sources with which to accomplish its goods.

• Difference between Leadership and Power

Leaders use power as a means of attaining group goals. Leaders

achieve goals and power is a means of facilitating their achievement.

Following are the major differences between them.

1. Power does not require goal compatibility; it requires only

dependency relationship whereas leadership requires goal

compatibility.

2. Leadership focuses on the downward influences on one’s

followers. Whereas power does not focuses on the downward

influence on one’s followers.

3. Leadership research emphasizes style whereas power research

focuses on tactics for gaining compliance.




Bases of Power

Formal Power Personal Power

Coercive power Reward power

Legitimate Power Expert Power Referent Power




1. Formal Power:

Formal power bases are derived from the power holders position in an

organization that means the person receives these power bases because of the

specific authority he is assigned in an organization.There are three type of formal powers:

a. Coercive Power:

The coercive power base is dependent on fear that means the capacity

to influence others through the ability to apply punishment.

One reacts to this power out of fear of negative results that might occur if

one failed to comply.

For Example:

Managers have coercive power through their authority to suspend or

dismiss employees.

a. Coercive power also can come from withholding key

information)

Another example is labor unions, labor union use coercive power toinfluence management in collective agreement negotiations, Such as

withholding service.

It rests on the application or threats of application of physical sanctions such

as the infliction of pain or the controlling by force of base needs safety

needs.

b. Reward Power:

People comply with the wishes of another because doing so produces

positive benefits one who can distribute reward that others view as valuable

will have power over those others

Reward can be financial or non financial. Financial such as controlling pay

rates, bonus etc. while non financial such as promotions, friendly colleagues

work assignments etc.




c. Coercive power and reward power are actually counter parts of

each other. If you can remove something of positive value from

or if you can give someone something of negative value. You

have coercive power over that person and if you can givesomeone something of positive value or remove something of

negative value you reward power over that person.

For Example:

In organization subordinated or employees have power over their bosses

2. Legitimate Power:

a. Position of authority include both coercive and reward powers. b. Legitimate power is broader than the coercive and reward

power.

c. It include acceptance by members in an organization of the

authority of a position.

For Example:

In an organization managers have a right to require employee to perform

different tasks.

d. Personal Power

Personal power is the power that comes from an individual’s own

characteristics

e. It is not necessary to have formal position in an organization to

have power

Two bases of personal power:

1. Expertise power

2. Referent power

1. Expert Power

Expert power comes from within the person




It is an individual’s capacity to influence others by possessing

knowledge that they want

For example:

Professors in a college give special knowledge to the students that they

wantDoctors, computer specialist, tax accounts.

2. Referent Power

• Influence based on possession by an individual of desirable

resources

• Referent power is typically associated with charismatic leadership

• Charisma is defined as a form of interpersonal attraction whereby

followers develop a respect for a trust in the charismatic individual

For example:

Amitabh bachhan have the power to influence your choice of chocolates

• Generally the personal powers are most effective both referent and

expert power are positively related to employees satisfaction with

supervision their organizational commitment and their performance.

• Whereas reward and legitimate power are unrelated to these outcomes

and coercive power is negatively related to employees satisfaction and

commitments.




•

Dependency: key to power

Dependency is the main key of holding power in something.

The greaterB’s dependency on A , the greater the power A has over B.

Whe n you possess something that others require but that you alone control,

you make them dependent on you and, therefore , you gain power over

them.Dependency , then, is inversely proportional of it will not increase your

power.if everyone is intelligent, intelligence gives no special advantage

.similarly, among the superrich , money is no longer power.if you create

monopoly by controlling information , prestige ,or anything that you can

expand your options, the less power you place in the hands of others.What creates dependency?

There are factors that creas dependency they are as follow

• Importance

• Scarcity

• Nonsubstiutability

The above factors are described as described in details belove.

• Importance :

if you possess the thing that is having least importance to

others that thing will not give you any power to you , but the

thing that is having the most importance among others that

thing gives power to you because you are having the thing that

others want to possess but some what reason or problem they

are not having that thing and that thing is at top in the list of

their priority of importance.such things make you to make other

dependent on you

.

Exa-there are various department in any organization in these

departments their HOD (Head Of Department)are having importance

because everybody under HOD is employees

• Scarcity:




As noted previously, if something is plentiful, possession of it

will not increase your power. A resources needs to be perceived as scarce to

create dependency.

opec countries are having large amount of petroleum but other countries are

having small amount of petroleum, opec have power to change the price

because other countries are dependent on opec for petroleum.

• Nonsubstitutability:

if there are fewer substitute of the source that source holds power,&

others will have to be dependent on that source because they have no other

alternative. thus the more options available the less power that source have.

Example:

A lawyer that has high rank among other lawyers, that

lawyer has power on his clients.A publication has a copyright to public of a book, so that

publication has power.

.

POWER TACTICS

Power tactics means ways in which individuals translate power

bases into specific action. what options do people have for influencing their

bosses, co-worker, or employee? In sort power tactics means how to use

power or different strategies of using power. Some distinct influence tactics

are as under.

• Legitimacy :-

Relying on one’s authority, position or stressing that arequest is in accordance with organizational policies or rules.

• Rational persuasion :-

Presenting logical arguments and factual evidence to

demonstrate that a request is reasonable.




• Inspirational appeals :-

Developing emotional commitment by appealing to a

target’s values, needs, hopes, aspirations.

• Consultation :-

Increasing the target’s motivation and support by

involving him or her in deciding how the plan or change will be done.

• Exchange :-

Rewarding the target with benefits or favors in

exchange for following a request.

• Personal appeals :-

Asking for compliments based on friendship or royalty.

•Ingratiation :-

Using flattery, praise, or friendly behavior prior to

making a request.

• Pressure :-

Using warning , repeated demands, and threats.

• Coalitions :-

Enlisting the aid of other people to persuade the target or

using the support of others as a reason for the target to agree.




Tactical Dimensions:

• Reason (sebep gösterme)

• Friendliness (arkadaşça davranma)

• Coalition (koalisyon kurma)

• Bargaining (pazarlık)

• Assertiveness (zorlamak)

• Higher authority

• Sanctions (yaptırım)

Power in Groups : Coalitions

• A group of individuals (or groups) who combine their power to

push for or support a common cause

• Conditions for coalitions : A & B are individually less powerful

than C, but together they are more powerful

• Formal coalitions: Political parties, Unions, Trade Associations,

• Informal coalitions: Power Circle, Kitchen Cabinet, …




• Destructive coalitions: Informal sub-groups operating behind the

scenes promoting self interest and private agenda that differ from

organization interest

Power Tactics by influence direction

Skpimcs/O.B./Power

InfluencingUpwards

ReasonCoalition

FriendlinessBargainingAssertivenessHigher Authority

InfluencingDownwards

ReasonAssertivenessFriendlinessCoalitionBargainingHigher AuthoritySanctions-

Pop

ularity

+

11



SEXUAL HARASSMENT

The issue of sexual harassment got increasing

attention in media in the early 80’s because of the growing ranks of

female employees, especially in nontraditional work environments.

Definition

• Generally excepted : Unwelcome advances, requests for sexual favors,

and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature.

• U.S. Supreme Court : Is defined as any unwanted activity of a sexual

nature that an individual’s employment.

• In the Court’s words “the key test for determining, if sexual

harassment has occurred is whether comments or behavior in a work

environment, would reasonably be perceived, and is perceived, as

hostile or abusive.”

• But still there continues to be disagreement as to what specifically

constitutes sexual harassment.• The Organizations have generally made considerable progress in the

past decade toward limiting overt forms of sexual harassment.

• This includes unwanted physical touching, recurring requests for

dating

• Or threatening to lose of job if she refuses the sexual harassment.

• Now the Question Arises how is this related to

POWER????????

The origin……

• Most studies confirm that the concept of power is central to

understanding sexual harassment.

• Mostly the harassment comes from a supervisor, a co-worker, or

even an employee.




• The supervisor-employee is the best characterizes of an unequal

power, by the use of the formal power gives the supervisor the

capacity to reward and coerce.

The Circumstances…

•

The supervisor gives employees their assignments, evaluate their performance, make recommendations for salary adjustments and

promotions and even they decide the job retains or not.

• As all the employees want favorable performance reviews, salary

increases and the preference.

• Because of Power inequities, sexual harassment by one’s boss

typically creates the greatest difficulty for those who are being

harassed, especially the female employees.

• Because the supervisor’s control over resources, many of those who

are harassed are afraid of speaking out for fear of retaliation by the

supervisor.

• The harassment also comes from the co-workers, as the work is

allotted in teams

• By the use of the traditional gender stereotypes

• which reflects the negatively on the woman in power.

•

At the end….

• The topic of sexual harassment is about power

• It’s about an individual threatening another individual, which is

Wrong.

• Hence the Power, influences and encourages the sexual

harassment.

• Also this topic is more or less related to the Ethics of an

individual.


Organizational Behaviour About Power

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