power electronics1

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The University of Texas at Dallas www.utdallas.edu

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POWER ELECTRONICS

INTRODUCTION


WHAT IS POWER ELECTRONICS?

CONVERSION AND CONTROL OF ELECTRICAL POWER

BY

POWER SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

MODES OF CONVERSION

RECTIFICATION: AC to DC

INVERSION: DC to AC

CYCLOCONVERSION: AC to AC (Frequency Changer)

AC CONTROL: AC to AC (Same frequency)

DC CONTROL: DC to - DC


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WHY POWER ELECTRONICS IS IMPORTANT?

Electrical Power Conversion and Control at high efficiency

Apparatus at Low Cost, Small Size, High Reliability and Long Life

Very important element in Modern Electrical Power Processing and IndustrialProcess Control

Enabling Technology for Renewable Energy (Wind, Photovoltaic And Fuel Cells)and Transportation Electrification (Electric and hybrid vehicles)

Increasing Emphasis Of Energy Saving And Pollution Control By Power Electronics


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ROLE OF POWER ELECTRONICS

The power electronics interface facilitates the transfer of power from the

source to the load by converting voltages and currents from one form to

another, in which it is possible for the source and load to reverse roles. The

controller shown in the above figure allows management of the power

transfer process in which the conversion of voltages and currents should be

achieved with as high energy-efficiency and high power density as possible.

Ned Mohan, 2005

Power electronics interface between the source and the load


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Applications of Power Electronics TRANSPORTATION EV/HV, SUBWAY, LOCOMOTIVES, ELEVATORS

HOME APPLIANCES BLENDER, MIXER, DRILL, WASHING MACHINE

PAPER AND TEXTILE MILLS

WIND POWER GENERATION

AIR CONDITIONERS AND HEAT PUMPS

ROLLING AND CEMENT MILLS

MACHINE TOOLS AND ROBOTICS

PUMPS AND COMPRESSORS

SHIP PROPULSION

COMPUTERS AND PERIPHERALS

SOLID STATE STARTER FOR MACHINES


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POWER ELECTRONICS IN ENERGY SAVING

CONTROL OF POWER BY ELECTRONIC SWITCHING IS MORE EFFICIENTTHAN OLD RHEOSTATIC CONTROL

ROUGHLY 60% - 65% OF GENERATED ENERGY IS CONSUMED INELECTRICAL MACHINES MAINLY PUMPS AND FANS

VARIABLE SPEED FULL THROTTLE FLOW CONTROL CAN IMPROVEEFFICIENCY BY 30% AT LIGHT LOAD

LIGHT LOAD REDUCED FLUX MACHINE OPERATION CAN FURTHERIMPROVE EFFICIENCY

VARIABLE SPEED AIR-CONDITIONER/HEAT PUMP CAN SAVE ENERGY BY30%

20% OF GENERATED ENERGY IS USED IN LIGHTING

HIGH FREQUENCY FLUORESCENT LAMPS ARE 2-3 TIMES MOREEFFICIENT THAN INCANDESCENT LAMPS


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ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT: THE PERCENTAGE ENERGY

CONSUMPTION

Percentage use of electricity in various sectors in the U.S.

Ned Mohan, 2005


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ROLE OF ADJUSTABLE SPEED DRIVES IN PUMP-DRIVENSYSTEMS

Ned Mohan, 2005


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TRANSPORTATION

Hybrid electric vehicles with much higher gas mileage

Hybrid electric vehicles with much higher gas mileage

Light rail, fly-by-wire planes

All-electric ships

Drive-by-wire automobilesNed Mohan, 2005


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WIND-ELECTRIC SYSTEMS

Wind-electric systems

Ned Mohan, 2005


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Ned Mohan, 2005


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UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES

Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system

Ned Mohan, 2005


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INDUCTION HEATING

Power electronics interface required for induction heating

Ned Mohan, 2005


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COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS

Power electronics interface required for CFL

Ned Mohan, 2005


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POWERING THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Regulated low-voltage dc power supplies

Ned Mohan, 2005


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17BOOST CONVERTER

Boost dc-dc converter needed in the cell operated equipment

Ned Mohan, 2005


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ADJUSTABLE SPEED DRIVES

Block diagram of adjustable speed drives

Ned Mohan, 2005


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SUMMARIZING THE ROLE OF POWER ELECTRONICS

Block diagram of power electronic interface

Ned Mohan, 2005


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POWER CONVERTER SYSTEM


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SMART POWER SYSTEMS


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FIVE GENERATIONS OF SOLID STATE POWER ELECTRONICS

FIRST GENERATION (1958 ~ 1975) (Thyristor Era) Diode Thyristor Triac

SECOND GENERATION (1975 ~ 1985) Power BJT Power MOSFET

GTO Microprocessor ASIC PIC Advanced Control

THIRD GENERATION (1985 ~ 1995) IGBT Intelligent Power Modules (IPM) DSPs Advanced Control

FOURTH GENERATION (1995 ~ 2006 ) IGCT Cool MOS PEBB Sensorless Control AI Techniques Fuzzy Logic, Neural Network, Genetic Algorithm

FIFTH GENERATION (2006 ~ ) SIC and GAN based devices FPGA Control High density packaging


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RECENT AND POTENTIAL ADVANCEMENTS

Devices that can handle voltages in kVs and currents in kAs

ASICs

DSPs

Micro-controllers

FPGA

Integrated and intelligent power modules

Packaging

SiC-based solid-state devices

High energy density capacitors


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PowerConverters

A small Drive unit

Power Module


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TeslaElectricRoadster

1. Electric Motor

2. Transmission

3. Power Electronics Unit

4. Battery Pack

5. Body and Frame


ChevroletVOLT

Concept

(PHEV)

GlobalCompactVehicleBased

ElectricDriveMotor

120kWpeakpower

320Nmpeaktorque(236lbft)

LiionBatteryPack

136kWpeakpower16kWhenergycontentHomeplugincharging

Generator

53kW

InternalCombustionEngine

1.0L3cylinderturbo


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Several control strategies are studied to obtain high efficiency

Low inductance packaging, EMI mitigation, thermal design are

very critical

Stability of the system, dynamic response, and avoidingtorsional resonance are key part of the system design


N3XConceptDescription

Superconducting-motor-drivenfans in a continuous nacelle

Wing-tip mountedsuperconductingturbogenerators

TeDP-HWB: Turboelectric Distributed Propulsion Hybrid Wing Body Decoupled propulsive producing device from power producing device Two wingtip mounted turboshaft engines driving superconducting generators Two large engine cores and multiple motor-driven fans give very high effective BPR Superconducting electrical transmissions Fifteen superconducting motor driven propulsors embedded in fuselage Two cooling schemes, cryo-cooled and LH2-cooled

Large electrical power off-take for in-flight and ground use Easy to add other electric power source such as fuel cell, battery, etc

NASA


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ElectricTaxiingand DARPATransformerVehicle

Integrated electric motors in the

aircraft nose wheels offer full

mobility without the use of

turbines or tugs.

Allows safer, cost-effective,

more efficient operations

Enables the redesign of airportairside operation

Electric Taxiing


Bombardier

ZEFIRO

Very

High

Speed

Trains34

.

The ZEFIRO features sustainable technologies and an aerodynamic design thatgenerates 20% energy savings. It requires the lowest energy consumption perseat in its segment. It also offers the highest service speed among the ZEFIROclass of trains

Power:

Voltage/frequency nom.: 25 kV-50 Hz; min. 17.5 kV; Max 30 kV,

Asynchronous motors, forced cooling

Distributed drives

20 MW (16 cars, 380 kph)

The ZEFIRO is the latest class of

very high speed (VHS) trains from

Bombardier. It is one of the fastest

sleeper trains in the world and is

currently being operated in China.

Operating speed of 250kmph to

380kmph


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ANotionalSystemforAllElectricShip

Gen.

Gen.

DC Distribution

ActiveFilter

SMES

PropulsionAC/AC

Motor

AC/AC

EMALS

DC/ACAC/DC

MV AC

Distribution

SMESPCS

ActiveFilter

LV AC

Distribution

ASD ASD

AESS

Most (all) sources and loads interfaced through powerelectronics converters

Architecture and control for high density and efficiency System controllability and stability Reliability and availability

Other performance requirements (PQ, EMI,)


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Power

Electronics

is

the

enabling

Technology

for

TransportationElectrification

POWERELECTRONICS

(Si, SiC, FUTURE)

Semiconductor

switchesCapacitors

Circuitry

Other

Components

ENERGY STORAGE

Batteries

Ultracaps

Maintainance

FreeLithium ion

THERMAL

MANAGEMENT

Natural or liquid

Spray cooling

Heat sinks

POWER GENERATION /

UTILIZATION

Motor technologies

Fuel cells

POWER DISTRIBUTION /

SYSTEM INTEGRATION

AC or DC Dist.

Voltage levels,

frequencyStability

EMI

PM

SR

InductionStarter/

Generators

Modeling

Controllers

Hardware

Electric

actuation


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SUMMARY

POWER ELECTRONICS USES LOW POWER ELECTRONICS (ICs),CONTROL AND SWITCHING POWER DEVICES FOR POWER CONVERTER

AND/OR PROCESSING FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POWER DEVICES PLAY A MAJORROLE IN THE SPEED AND EFFECTIVENESS OF THE POWER

CONVERSION.

POWER ELECTRONICS ENABLES THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN ALLPOWER CONVERSION SYSTEMS.

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BOOKS IN POWER ELECTRONICS

Rashid, Muhammad H., Power Electronics, Circuits, Devices and Applications, 3rd ed,Pearson Education, 2003. (also Prentice Hall lists under same ISBN)

B.K. Bose, Power Electronics and Motor Drives, Elsevier, 2006

N. Mohan, T. Undeland, and W. Robbins, Power Electronics: Converters, Applications,and Design, John Wiley & Sons, 2003

Robert Erickson, Fundamentals of power electronics, Springer Science, 2001

power electronics1

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