MAEM 421 Automotive Electronics1

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Automotive Electronics

Lecture1

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

Mechanical Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering,

South Valley University, Qena-83523, Egypt.

Email: [email protected]

13/13/2014

MAEM 421



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LAYOUT OF AUTOMOTIVE

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Electronics in Cars - Benefits

Humans new requirement to Car

1. Environmental considerations

2. Economy

3. Safety and Convenient

4. Social infrastructure

Traditional mechanical devices can NOT solve certain

problems.

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Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic

Systems

Rise of importance of software in the Car



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Interior Light System

Auto toll Payment

Rain sensor

Dashboard controller

Automated

Cruise

Control

Light failure control

InformationNavigation

Entertainment

Head Up Display

Engine:

Injection control

Injection monitor

Oil Level SensingAir Flow

Headlight:Position control

Power controlFailure detection

Airbag Sensing &Control

Seat control:

Position/Heating

Key transponder

Door module

Keyless entry

Central locking

Throttle control

Valve Control

E-gas

Suspension control

LED brake light

Compass

Stability Sensing

Power Window Sensor

Backup Sensing

Gearbox: Position control

Where do we find electronics in a car

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Automotive electronics according to different domains in the automotive field they can be

classified into:

1. Engine Electronics

2. Transmission Electronics

3. Chassis Electronics

4. Active Safety

5. Driver assistance

6. Passenger Comfort

7. Infotainment systems

Where do we find electronics in a car



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Engine Electronics

1. Engine optimization: e.g. efficiency

improvement & pollution control

1. OBD (On Board diagnosis)

2. Cooling system control

3. Ignition system control

4. Lubrication system control (only

few has electronic control)

5. Fuel injection rate control

6. Throttle control

7. Lambda control



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Transmission Electronics

The Transmission Control Module (TCM) is a device that controls modern automatic

transmissions based on various inputs. The basic function of this unit is to receive

signals from various sensors as well as data provided by engine control module (ECM),

process this input, calculate how and when to shift gears in the transmission and

generate the output signals required to drive the actuators that accomplish this

shifting. The software controlling the TCM is designed to optimize vehicle performance,shift quality and fuel efficiency.



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Chassis Electronics

The chassis systems has lot of sub-systems which monitors different parameters and

are controlled actively.

ABS - Anti-lock braking system

TCSTraction control system

EBDElectronic brake distribution

ESPElectronic Stability Program

CadenceBraking orABS

BrakingWould3/13/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 11


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Anti-lock braking system(ABS) is an automobile safetysystem that allows the wheelson a motor

vehicleto maintain tractivecontact with the road surface

according to driver inputs while brakingpreventing the wheels

from locking up (ceasing rotation) and avoiding uncontrolled

skidding

12Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_safety


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Active Safety

These systems are always ready to act when there is a collision or to prevent it

when it scenes the situation.

Air Bags

Hill Decent Control

Emergency Brake assist system



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Driver Assistance

Lane assist system

Speed assist system

Blind spot detection

Park assist System

Adaptive Cruise Control System



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Driver AssistanceAdaptive Cruise Control (ACC) technology automatically adjust the vehicle

speed and distance to that of a target vehicle. ACC uses a long range radarsensor to detect a target vehicle up to 200 meters in front andautomatically adjusts the ACC vehicle speed and gap accordingly.

ACC automatically decelerates or accelerates the vehicle according to thedesired speed and distance settings established by the driver. As perstandard cruise control the driver can override the system at any time.

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Passenger Comfort

1. Automatic Climate control

2. Electronic seat adjustment with memory

3. Automatic wipers

4. Automatic Headlampsadjusts beam automatically



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Infotainment Systems

1. Navigation system

2. Music system

3. Information access

4. All the above system forms an infotainment system.

5. The developments methods of these systems vary according to the manufacturer.

6. Different tools are used for both hardware and software development.



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Automotive electronics

X =1% (1980)

X =20% (2005)

X =40% (2015)

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=

Electronic Embedded systems

Cost of a car



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Energy is used to produce power.

The chemical energy in fuel isconverted to heat by the burning

of the fuel at a controlled rate. This process is called

combustion. If enginecombustion occurs within the

power chamber, the engine iscalled an internal combustionengine



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ENGINE CLASSIFICATION

Engines are classified by several characteristics including:

Cylinder arrangement

Operational cycles

Valve location

Type of fuel

Combustion Chamber Design

Cooling method

Application



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Types of Fuel Fuel used,

gasoline engines

diesel engines

natural gas (CNG and LNG), methane,

LPG engines

alcohol engines

hydrogen engines



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CLASSIFICATION of ENGINESCylinder arrangement

1. Reciprocating (a) Single Cylinder

(b) Multi-cylinder

(I) In-line

(ii) V

(iii) Radial(iv) Horizontally opposed

(v) Opposed Piston

2. Rotary: (a) Single Rotor

(b) Multi-rotor



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In-line engine

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In-line engine

Opposed piston engine

V - engine

Radial engine


CLASSIFICATION of ENGINESCylinder arrangement


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Types of Reciprocating

Engines

Automotive engine

cylinder

arrangements.

A horizontally opposed

engine design helps to

lower the vehicles center

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Gasoline Piston Engines

There are two types of gasoline piston engines:

1. Four Stroke Cycle

2. Two Stroke Cycle



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Four Stroke Cycle

Intake

Compression

Power Exhaust



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Intake Stroke

Intake valve opens.

Piston moves down, turn

of crankshaft.

A vacuum is created in the

cylinder.

Atmospheric pressure

pushes the air/fuel mixture

into the cylinder.



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Compression Stroke

Valves close.

Piston moves up, turn

of crankshaft. Air/fuel mixture is

compressed.

Fuel starts to vaporize

and heat begins to build.



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Power Stroke

Valves remain closed.

Spark plug firesigniting fuel mixture.

Piston moves down, turn of crankshaft.

Heat is converted tomechanical energy.



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Exhaust Stroke

Exhaust valve opens.

Piston move up,

crankshaft makes turn.

Exhaust gases are

pushed out polluting

the atmosphere.



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Four Stroke Cycle Animation



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Two Stroke Gasoline Engines

Two stroke engines operate on the same basic

operating principles as the four stroke engine.

However, it completes the intake,

compression, power and exhaust strokes in

only two movements of the piston, as

opposed to four.



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Two Stroke Gasoline Engines

Each time the piston moves up, it completes

the intake and compression stroke.

Each time the piston moves down, it

completes the power and exhaust stroke.



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Diesel Animation

http://www.howstuffworks.com/diesel1.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/diesel1.htm


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Diesel 2 stroke



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4-Stroke Engines

Each cycle of events requires that the engine

crankshaft make two complete

revolutions or 720.

The greater the number of cylinders, the

closer together the power strokes occur.

Angle with three cylinders = 720/3 = 240Angle with four cylinders = 720/4 = 180

Angle with five cylinders = 720/5 = 144

Angle with six cylinders = 720/6 = 120

Angle with eight cylinders = 720/8 = 90

Angle with ten cylinders = 720/10 = 72



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4-Stroke Engines Operation



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4-Stroke Engines Operation

Valve timing for low and high speed four-stroke SI engine 3/13/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 50


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2-StrokeEngines

2-stroke

Reed

Valve

intake


CLASSIFICATION of ENGINES


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Valve Location

Overhead Valve (OHV)

The intake and exhaust valves are mounted in the cylinder head

and operated by a camshaft located in the cylinder block.

This requires the use of valve lifters, pushrods and rocker arms

to transfer camshaft motion to the valves.

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Valve Location

The F-headThe L-headThe I-head


CLASSIFICATION f ENGINES


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CLASSIFICATION of ENGINESValve Location

The I-head: (i) Over head Valve (OHV)

(ii) Over head Cam (OHC)

Overhead Camshaft (OHC) or Dual/ Double Overhead camshaft (DOHC) Both intake and exhaust valves are located in the cylinder head.

The valves are operated directly by the camshaft or through cam followers.

Some engines use separate intake and exhaust camshafts.

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Ignition Timing

Spark advance

Variable ignition timing allows the ignition to

respond to variations in engine speed and

load factor. On simple systems, timing is

adjusted by a centrifugal advance

mechanism and a vacuum control unit.

Manifold vacuum provides a reasonablyaccurate index of engine load.


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Questions?

MAEM 421 Automotive Electronics1

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