Post War Europe • New nations began to establish governments that were responsible to mass electorates. Germany, Austria, and Hungary, etc. were not used to this style of government. • The Treaty of Versailles left many European nations feeling betrayed or in the case of Germany humiliated. • Other nations, such as the United States wanted to return to Pre-War economic prosperity. Warren G. Harding return to Normalcy. • The European economy was devastated by World War I. Europe’s infrastructure in shambles.
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Post War Trauma...Post War Europe •New nations began to establish governments that were responsible to mass electorates. Germany, Austria, and Hungary, etc. were not used to this
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Post War Europe • New nations began to establish governments that
were responsible to mass electorates. Germany,
Austria, and Hungary, etc. were not used to this
style of government.
• The Treaty of Versailles left many European
nations feeling betrayed or in the case of
Germany humiliated.
• Other nations, such as the United States wanted
to return to Pre-War economic prosperity.
Warren G. Harding return to Normalcy.
• The European economy was devastated by World
War I. Europe’s infrastructure in shambles.
The Soviet Experiment • The Communist Party established in 1917 lasted
until 1991. The formation of the Soviet
Communist state establishes a fear in the rest of
Europe of the spread of Communism.
• The Red Army under the leadership of Leon
Trotsky crushed resistance. The Cheka or secret
police used surveillance and enforced the Central
Committee’s orders.
• The government seized grain from peasants and
controlled production, and ran banks, heavy
industry, and transportation – called War
Communism.
War Communism and the New Russia• The Communists in order to defeat their
many enemies adopted “War Communism” taking over banks, factories, mines, etc. and drafting peasants into the military.
• Trotsky organizes the army into an effective fighting force. Every 10th man was shot if they didn’t perform their duties.
• Lenin adopts a Constitution and the Supreme Soviet, an elected legislature. Lenin used the army and the secret police to keep control. Adopts NEP -semi capitalism.
Stalins’ Soviet Union• Lenin adopts limited capitalism-the“ New
Economic Policy”,by 1928 production is back to prewar levels. Lenin dies in 1924.
• The two contenders for power were Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin. Stalin wins the struggle and later Trotsky is murdered in Mexico.
• Stalin sets out to turn Soviet Russia into a modern nation. He begins five-year plans or goals for industry. A Command Economy –the government makes all the economic decisions. ( it doesn’t work)
Post War Italy and Germany• Italy was outraged by the Treaty of
Versailles. They had hoped for land across the Adriatic Sea.(Yugoslavia)
• The economy was in shambles from the expense of World War I. Socialism, Nationalism, and political turmoil added to the growing disorder.
• From the chaos of Italian politics emerges Benito Mussolini.
• He organizes the Fascist party. Black shirted thugs enforce his orders.
Il Duce
Italy’s Postwar Problems• Mussolini organizes a March on Rome,
to take over and fix the problems of government.
• Mussolini without firing a shot is asked by the King of Italy to organize a government.
• Mussolini took more power. He called himself Il Duce-the leader.
• The state took control of business and workers lost rights as well as pay.
Fascism vs. Communism• In theory they are opposite ends of the
political spectrum. Fascism favors the
corporate state and Communism favors the
worker run state.
• In reality they look the same.
• Totalitarian governments control the media,
limit freedoms to participate, one man,
leadership.
• They use schools to indoctrinate, state spies
to spread fear, state control of the economy.
Italy and Mussolini
Mussolini, Hitler and Roosevelt
Italy Invades Ethiopia
Post War Germany• In 1919 a new German Republic drafted a
constitution in Weimar, called the Weimar Republic.
• The Republic was faced with run away inflation, unemployment, Communists and conservatives clashed in the streets.
• The German people blamed the Republic for selling out when negotiating the Versailles Treaty.
• France occupied the Ruhr Valley, when Germany missed reparation payments.
• U.S. helped with aid in the Dawes Plan.
German Recovery and Hitler • American loans and France withdrawing
troops helped Germany begin the long road to recovery.
• Germany begins to recover when the Great Depression hits. Hitler promises to end the economic problems.
• Hitler was born in Vienna Austria moved to Germany. He served in the military in WWI. He was a struggling artist. Hitler joins the National Socialists and becomes the leader in a year. He uses Storm Troopers-Brown Shirts to enforce his rules.
Hitler Takes Control • Britain’s economy was a wreck after
WWI. Low wages, and high
unemployment caused a general strike
in 1926.
• Problems and violence in Ireland lead
to the creation of Eire or Irish free
State.
• Canada, Australia, South Africa and
New Zealand become the British
Commonwealth Nations.
Postwar France • France was devastated from the WWI.