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9/7/2010 1 J. Huxtable, T. M. Foster, & C. Barber University of Waikato NZABA University of Canterbury Christchurch, 3 5 th Sept, 2010 The Positive Parenting Program y TripleP is a behaviourallybased parent training Triple P is a behaviourally based parent training programme that is supported as effective by data y It is designed to be tailored to the needs of parents, and has various levels of training and support y See http://www31.triplep.net/?pid=42
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Positive Parenting Program - NZABA · 2010-09-07 · discipline styles of … yLaxness (permissive parenting), yOverreactivity(authoritarian discipline) and yVerbosity (overly long

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Page 1: Positive Parenting Program - NZABA · 2010-09-07 · discipline styles of … yLaxness (permissive parenting), yOverreactivity(authoritarian discipline) and yVerbosity (overly long

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J. Huxtable, T. M. Foster, & C. Barber University of Waikato

NZABAUniversity of CanterburyChristchurch, 3 ‐ 5th Sept, 2010

The Positive Parenting ProgramTriple‐P is a behaviourally‐based  parent training Triple P is a behaviourally based  parent training programme that is supported as effective by data 

It is designed to be tailored to the needs of parents, and has various levels of training and support  

See http://www31.triplep.net/?pid=42

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Triple‐PThe Triple‐P organisation offers training programmes p g g p gand support world wide, providing seminars and a competency‐based accreditation process for those it has trainedAmongst the resources available are: 

a self‐help book ‐ Every parent’s Self‐help Workbook(Markie‐Dadds, Sanders & Turner, 2007)a DVD Every Parent’s Survival Guide (Sanders, Markie‐Dadds & Turner, 2008) 

Together these can provide a “self‐help” package for parents

AimTo assess the effects of this version of self‐help Triple‐P p pon parenting behaviour and child behaviour for parents who are concerned about their preschooler’s behaviour when they is minimal contact with the researcherThe Triple‐P programme aims to

decrease problem behaviours, pincrease pro‐social (good) behaviours and increase the parents’ knowledge, competence and use of effective behaviour strategies (i.e., the parenting practices)

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IssuesDifficulties  in evaluating a ‘self‐help’ programmesDifficulties  in evaluating a  self help  programmes

e.g., any data collection the participants are aware of can alter both the data and whether the participants complete (or even start) the program

There are data that show this… and these issues can’t be avoided … particularly if you 

d l l b l dwant to try and use a multiple‐baseline design …We used self reported data  and tried to keep the researchers contact as minimal as possible while still being able to collect the data …

Methods and MeasuresThere was minimal researcher contact with the There was minimal researcher contact with the families  and no advice or feedback was offered to participants when the families were contacted and no incentives were offered for participation

Data on child behaviour was collected by the families using Parent Daily Report checklist covering the types of behaviour that occurred and filled in every weekday Data on parenting strategies came from checklists the parents filled in weekly

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Parent Daily Report Parents indicate if each 30 problems occurred in the last 3 pday … examples are … 

1  Aggressiveness, hit ADULTS2  Argued, back‐talked ADULTS3  Bedwetting, wet pants, soiled4  Was competitive  C l i d    i i bl   i5  Complained, was irritable, negative6  Was defiant, non‐compliant, didn’t listen7  Was destructive, purposefully damaged something8  Physically fought with other CHILDREN

Parent Daily Report They also indicate which of 30 good things happened at y 3 g g ppleast once… such as … 

1  Accepted disappointment well2 Accepted punishment3 Used appropriate language 4 Complied to requests (minded) S id  hi     k   h   hild f l  d5 Said something to make another child feel good6 Was co‐operative with other CHILDREN7 Spoke nicely to other ADULTS 8 Played nicely with other CHILDREN

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Parent Daily Report Parent Daily Report (PDR) is a partial‐interval y p ( ) precording system with the interval 24 hours long!

Can massively underestimate high rate problems and good behaviours – and has a measurement ceiling ‐but parents WILL fill it in (most times!)

There are two ‘scores’ From 0 to 30 for ‘problems’ From 0 to 30 for ‘good’ behaviour

Parenting Strategies Checklist PSC asks ‐How often in the last week did you use any PSC asks  How often in the last week did you use any of the following strategies?

It lists both appropriate and inappropriate strategies 

And says “The following is a list of 18 things that And says  The following is a list of 18 things that parents/caregivers sometimes do when their child/tamaiti misbehaves (that is, does something s/he is not supposed to do)  ”

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Parenting Strategies Checklist, e.g.,STRATEGY Never 1-3

Times4-6 Times

7-9 Times

10+ Times

1. Raised your voice (growled, scolded or yelled)

2. Noticed it but did not do anything about it

3 Ignored the behaviour on purpose to3. Ignored the behaviour on purpose to not give attention to it.

4. Threatened to punish him/her (but did not really punish him/her).

5. Gave several warnings for an incident of misbehaviour

Parenting Strategies ChecklistNext it gives a list of both appropriate and inappropriate 

i  f   d b h i   d  l     l strategies for good behaviour and also some general strategies

The following is a list of 11 things parents might do when their child/tamaiti behaves well or does a good job at something.☺

and 

These are 3 other strategies that parents use that effect their child’s behaviour

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Parenting Strategies Checklist, e.g.,STRATEGY Never 1-3

Times4-6 Times

7-9 Times

10+ Times

1. Noticed it but did not do anything about it2. Let them stay up late

3. General praise – e.g. “good boy”

4. Praise that describes the behaviour, h “I ll lik d hsuch as “I really liked the way you

listened to me straight away and put the toys in the box like I asked” 5. Gave your child a hug, kiss, pat, handshake or “high five.”6. Told them wished their brother/sister behaved as well as they did

Other strategies … STRATEGY

12. Gave your child a treat and made him/her promise to be good before any misbehaviour happened. e.g., giving your child lollies before you have a visitor.13. Spent time with your child playing or doing fun things throughout the day. 14. Behaviour ChartsGive points or stars on a chartDo you have a behaviour chart – yes/no

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Regular EvaluationAfter each of the ten sections of the book was completed pthere was an evaluation questionnaire for that and for any accompanying DVD segment   

Participants ranked six statements on a scale from 0 (not at all) to 10 (very much) 

These statements assessed whether the particular weekly section provided useful skills and important ideas, their intention to use the skills/techniques, the helpfulness of watching the DVD clip, and their enjoyment of the reading and DVD. 

Pre‐ and Post‐Measures The Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) (Eyberg & The Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) (Eyberg & Pincus, 1999)The Parenting Scale (PS) (Arnold et al., 1993)The Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSoC)(Gibaud‐Wallston & Wandersman, 1978)The Triple P Parenting Quiz (Morawska et al., 2009)p g Q 9The Parent Consumer Satisfaction Questionnaire (Forehand & McMahon, 1981).

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The Eyberg Child Behavior InventoryECBI (Eyberg & Pincus, 1999) assesses parental ECBI (Eyberg & Pincus, 1999) assesses parental perceptions of disruptive behaviour in children aged 2 to 16 years old 

The Intensity score is derived by parents rating how often each of the 36 behaviours listed is currently occurring, on a 7‐point likert scale, with 1 (never) to 7 (always)   (always).  The Problem score counts how many of the 36 behaviours the parents consider to be a problem (yes‐no) with their child

The Parenting ScalePS (Arnold et al., 1993) is a 30‐item self‐report ( , 993) 3 pquestionnaire that assesses the dysfunctional discipline styles of …

Laxness (permissive parenting), Overreactivity (authoritarian discipline) and Verbosity (overly long reprimands or explanations) 

Each item has two anchor points ‐ ineffective and ff i  di i li   effective discipline.  Parents rate which point, on a 7‐point scale between these anchors, best fits their discipline practices Higher scores = greater dysfunctional parenting.  

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Parenting Sense of Competence ScalePSoC scale (Johnston & Mash, 1989) is a 17‐item PSoC scale (Johnston & Mash, 1989) is a 17 item questionnaire that assesses competence on two scales 

Satisfaction with the parenting role (frustration, anxiety, motivation) &Feelings of Efficacy as a parent (problem solving ability, capability in the parenting role) 

Parents rate their level of agreement with a statement on ga 5‐point likert scale  Higher scores indicate greater confidence in their performance as a parent

The Triple‐P Parenting Quiz 

A 30‐item multiple‐choice questionnaire that assesses knowledge of effective parenting strategies that are promoted in the Triple P programme (Morawska et al., 2009)

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The Depression Anxiety Stress ScaleDASS (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) is a 42‐item DASS (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) is a 42 item questionnaire that measures symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress in adults over the past week.  

Uses a 4‐point scale from “did not apply to me” (0) to “applied to me very much or most of the time” (3).  Scores on each of the three subscales range from 0 to 42,  corresponding to a range from Normal to Extremely corresponding to a range from Normal to Extremely Severe.  

The Parent Consumer Satisfaction Questionnaire 

PCSQ (Forehand & McMahon, 1981) was adapted for this Q 9 pstudy to fit with the techniques taught in this programme  

38‐items rated on a 7‐point likert scale with 7 the most positive responseThese items cover parent’s perceptions of 

the programme overall, child behaviour improvement, difficulty and usefulness of the treatment format, d cu ty a d use u ess o t e t eat e t o at,and the difficulty and usefulness of the specific parenting techniques that were taught 

also allowed responses regarding what parents liked most and least about the programme and how the programme could be improved.  

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ParticipantsParticipants were caregivers of a child aged 2‐5 years who were 

d  b   h   hild’  b h i   concerned about that child’s behaviour  Recruited via posters at childcare centres, kindergartens, KohangaReo, medical centres, public libraries, supermarkets, and the university intranet and notice‐boards 

Caregivers included if they wereable read the local newspaper and if to be the person who did the weekly exercises and readings consistently

l d d fCaregivers excluded if child had a diagnosis  of developmental disability (e.g. Autism, Global Developmental Delay) or  was currently receiving professional help behaviour they were not able to read the Waikato Times (a local newspaper) without assistance 

DesignWas to be a series of multiple‐baseline designs over p gfamilies using PDR as the main measure and including  pre‐ and post‐measuresEnded up a ‘non‐concurrent’ multiple‐baseline design

Ten families started baselineFive of these did everything (including pre‐ and post‐Five of these did everything (including pre and postmeasures)Two completed over half the programme but no post‐measuresThree withdraw early – due to ‘life’

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Participants

Final Timing 

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BaselineFirst the pre‐measures were taken …Then given a week’s supply of the PDR and PSC in one envelope and an empty envelope for the completed checklists

Asked to fill the PDR in each weekday and put the completed one in the second envelopeContact made weekly (phone, e‐mail, post or in person) to collect or to arrange collection these and a new set was provided

PDR scores (problem and good behaviour) totals were plotted d d h d lland data paths were inspected visually  

When both data paths were judged to be stable or to be trending in a direction opposite to the desired change the intervention began

InterventionThe elected caregiver was given:The elected caregiver was given:

the Triple‐P work book (with its 10 sections)the DVD (which was linked to each section)a Supplementary Materials Booklet

an introduction on how to use the programme and reproductions of the material (forms etc) in the workbook and the Evaluation Questionnaires for each section of the self help the Evaluation Questionnaires for each section of the self‐help workbook

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Results ‐ PDR

Results ‐ PDRGood Behaviour:  t(4) =  5.79 (p<.05) Cohen’s d =  2.589Bad Behaviour:     t(4) = ‐3.00 (p<.05) Cohen’s d = ‐1.343

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PSCThe use of effective strategies for managing misbehaviour g g gincreased over the weeks of the intervention

Ineffective strategies for managing misbehaviour were rarely reported and so there was a measurement floor (could not go lower)

The use of effective strategies for fostering good behaviour increased or reached the measurement ceiling (could go no higher)

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ECBI ‐ Problem and Intensity

DASS 

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PS

PSoC

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Triple‐P Quiz

Evaluation of material

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Parenting technique ratings 

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ConclusionsMost participants’ data  ‐ both pre‐ and post‐measures and p p p pthe PDR scores in the multiple baseline ‐ suggested gains in the expected directions with medium to large effect sizes for most measures

These changes were seen in spite of the fact some of the measures had measurement ceilings or floors which reduced their sensitivity to changes (including the PDR  reduced their sensitivity to changes (including the PDR, the PSC, the DASS and the Triple‐P Quiz)

Participants’ reported that their use of a range of effective behaviour management strategies increased

ConclusionsThe data suggest this self‐help intervention is The data suggest this self help intervention is acceptable and is effective, for these preschoolers, in: 

reducing the use of ineffective discipline, and decreasing problem and increasing pro‐social behaviour (as reported by the PDR) and is also effective in increasing caregivers’ satisfaction and improving their view of their efficacy as parents

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ConclusionsThe data provide support for the efficacy of this self‐help p pp y pintervention for these families, with no ‘therapist’ help and carried out in as natural a setting as possible

However, we cannot say the result would have been the same if the data had not been being collected regularly and if the researcher had not been evaluating the caregivers  impressions of the programmeimpressions of the programme

All these contacts provided social contingencies for at least reading the material and filling in the check lists  

Also cannot be sure of the degree to which the behaviour recording was reliable or valid

Finally … 

This intervention is accessible, cost‐effective, and appears to be beneficial for caregivers who are concerned about their preschoolers’ behaviour and who self‐select to undertake the self‐directed Triple P intervention