%PMYJ[ H YVZ April 2015.pdf · April 2015 A Journal Published by Public Relations Division Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited ... Zviv wiev I BDRvwii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Ges wievi ... GwU

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Islami BankingApril 2015A JournalPublished by Public Relations DivisionIslami Bank Bangladesh Limited

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8| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

1. M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨

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n‡Zv| FY`vZviv Zv‡ì `vm wn‡m‡e wewµ GgbwK nZ¨vI Ki‡Z cviZ (`ªóe¨ 3)|

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wn‡m‡e Ges my‡ì AvKv‡i Zv e„w×i gva¨g wn‡m‡e bq (`ªóe¨ 5)|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 9

BDRvwiMÖnxZv ev my`‡Lviiv Avm‡j Zv‡ì †jv‡fi Kvi‡Y ¯^fveZ wbõjv Ges GKvšÍB

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I‡V (`ªóe¨ 11)|

2.3 Bûw` hvRK‡ì (ivweŸ) fvebv

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wb‡Z cv‡iv, wKš‘ †Zvgiv G‡K Ac‡ii KvQ †_‡K avi w`‡q my` wbI bvÓ (`ªóe¨-12)|

GB eë¯’v Abymv‡i Bûwìv we‡`kx‡ì KvQ †_‡K BDRvwi ev my` wb‡Z cviZ wKš‘

Zv‡ì GKRb Ab¨R‡bi (Bûw` fvB‡qi) KvQ †_‡K my` wb‡Z cviZ bv (`ªóe¨-13)|

my‡ìweiæ‡×wb‡lavÁviAvBbwUïayBûw`m¤cÖ`v‡qim`m¨‡ìwb‡R‡ìmv‡_mswkøó

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hvq †h, hviv my` Qvov avi †`b Zv‡ì cyi¯‹…Z Kivi Iqv`v Kiv n‡q‡Q|

10| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

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Dcnvi wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡ib, hv MÖnxZv †Kv‡bv evaëvaKZv Qvov Zvi hLb fv‡jv mgq

Avm‡e ZLb DrdzjøwP‡Ë cwi‡kva Ki‡e| wZwb `¨ fviPzwUevm (De Virtutibus) MÖ‡š’

wj‡L‡Qb, Òg~ja‡bi m‡½ wbwl× my‡ì cwie‡Z© ï‡f”Qv, cÖwZ‡ekxi cÖwZ Kj¨vYKvwgZv,

`vZe¨ mnvqZv, gnvbyfeZv, fv‡jv mybvg Ges myL¨vwZ cv‡eb FY`vZvÓ (`ªóe¨ 14)|

GKBfv‡e †gwKwjnv (Mekiliha) G‡·vWvm (Exodus) MÖ‡š’ BDRvwi ev my` MÖnYKvix me

gvby‡li wb›`v K‡i‡Qb (`ªóe¨ 15)|

†m mgq my` MÖnY‡K we‡ePbv Kiv n‡Zv Ck¦i‡K A¯^xKvi Kivi mgZzj¨ wn‡m‡e|

e¨vwejbxq Zvjgy` (Bûw`‡ì ag©xq AvB‡bi MÖš’) MÖ‡š’i e¨vL¨vq (Gemara) ivweŸ †Rv‡m

e‡j‡Qb, ÒAvmyb Ges †`Lyb my` wb‡q hviv avi †`q Zv‡ì AÜZ¡ Ggb e¨w³iv BmivB‡ji

Ck¦i‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Q| cÖvq GKB fvlvq †Riæmv‡jg Zvjgy`-G my` MÖnY‡K m`vcÖfz‡K

A¯^xKv‡ii bvgvšÍi ejv n‡q‡Q (`ªóe¨ 17)|

†Riæmv‡jg Zvjgy`-Gi †jLvq my`‡K g~wZ©c~Rvi cv‡ci mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q (`ªóe¨

18)| ivweŸ‡ì gZ n‡jv, my` ev BDRvwi MÖnY i³ Pz‡l LvIqvi mgZzj¨ (`ªóe¨ 19)|

ivweŸiv GUvI e‡j‡Qb †h my` MÖnY gv‡b n‡jv wbR Kb¨v‡K `vm‡Z¡i Rb¨ wewµ Kiv|

Zvjgy‡ì e¨vL¨v Abymv‡i Ò[...] GKRb gvby‡li my‡` avi †bqvi †P‡q Zvi †g‡q wewµ Kiv

fv‡jvÓ (`ªóe¨ 20)| ivweŸiv BDRvwi ev my` (wiev) MÖnY‡K WvKvwZi mgZzj¨ we‡ePbv

K‡i my`MÖnxZv‡ì mvÿ¨ ev wePviK wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM bv Kivi K_v e‡j‡Qb (`ªóe¨ 21)|

3. A_©‰bwZK `„wó‡KvY

3.1 ag©xq `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wePz¨wZÑmyw` †jb‡`b êaKiY

cÖv_wgKfv‡e BDRvwi I my‡ì Ici wZbwU cÖavb ag©xq †Mvôxi K‡Vvi wb‡lavÁv wQj

hv Av‡Mi Aby‡”Q‡` D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| c‡i Zv †_‡K wePz¨wZ jÿ Kiv hvq| Gme

agx©q †Mvôxi wb‡`©kbvq GKai‡bi A_©‰bwZK bgbxqZv Av‡m, hvi AvIZvq mgmvgwqK

Avw_©K †jb‡`‡b my` ev BDRvwi MÖnY‡K †g‡b †bqv nq| wLªóev‡ì `„wó‡KvY †_‡K

cÖwZfvi bxwZMf© iƒcK wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i wµm‡Uv e¨vs‡Ki Avgvb‡Zi my` m„wó

Kiv‡K ïay ¯^vfvweK wn‡m‡eB MÖnY K‡ibwb AwaKš‘ G‡K cÖksmv‡hvM¨ e‡jI AwfgZ

†`b (`ªóe¨ 22)|

Gi d‡j, my` †jb‡`b‡K êaZv w`‡Z AvB‡bi Lmov ˆZwi Kiv nq| ga¨hy‡Mi ag©xq

Pzw³¸‡jv‡Z BDRvwi wbwl‡×i e¨wZµg Aby‡gv`b Kiv nq, †hLv‡b FY`vZv Zvi g~ja‡bi

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 11

†ewk A_© FYMÖnxZvi KvQ †_‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i (`ªóe¨ 23)| G †ÿ‡Î hyw³ †`Lv‡bv

nq †h, †Kv‡bv e¨w³ hw` eëmvqx A_ev Ab¨ KvD‡K UvKv avi †`q wZwb †m A_© Kv‡R

jvwM‡q jvf Ki‡eb Avi FY`vZvi †mLvb †_‡K jvf MÖnY Ab¨vh¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv| Gici

BDRvwi‡KêaKi‡ZgvbweKAvBbˆZwiKivnq|AviGiD‡Ïk¨_v‡K†hA‡bK

e¨w³i ÔìKvwiÕ Kg©Kv‡Ð hv‡Z n¯Í‡ÿc bv nq (`ªóe¨ 24)| D`vniY¯îƒc, 1830

wLªóv‡ã cweÎ (agx©q) Awdm †_‡K eëmvqx‡ì jvfRbK evwYR¨ †_‡K my` MÖnY AvBbZ

Aby‡gv`b †`qv nq (`ªóe¨ 25)|

`yB wfwË‡K we‡ePbvq G‡b †Ljvwc FYMÖnxZv †_‡K ¶wZc~iY †c‡Z FY`vZv‡ì AbygwZ

†`qv nq Gi GKwU n‡jv †`bv`vi wbw`©ó w`‡b FY †diZ w`‡Z e¨_© n‡j cvIbv`vi

¶wZMÖ¯Í n‡Z cv‡ib| G †ÿ‡Î FY`vZvi †h ÿwZ n‡e Zv F‡Yi mv‡_ Aek¨B hy³ K‡i

w`‡Z n‡e| GB AwZwi³ A_©cÖ`vb‡K ejv nq Ômy`Õ| G Qvov my‡ì `vwe ZL‡bv Kiv

†h‡Z cv‡i hw` †`bv`vi mgqg‡Zv FY wd‡i bv cvIqvi Kvi‡Y gybvdv ˆZwii †Kv‡bv

my‡hvM nvivq| FY`vZv AvBbZ my` wn‡m‡e BDRvwi MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i (`ªóe¨ 26)|

D`vniY¯îƒc, †cv‡qbv †W‡ZbZwi (poena detentori) ev †gviv (mora) FY cwi‡kv‡a

cwicK¡nIqviwbw`©óZvwi‡Lic‡iwejw¤^Zcwi‡kv‡aiRb¨RwigvbvAv‡ivcK‡i‡Qb|

wKš‘GUvg‡bivL‡Zn‡e †hGLv‡b wejw¤^Zcwi‡kv‡aiRb¨my`¸b‡Zn‡e †gŠb

m¤§wZiwfwË‡Z(in fraudem usurarum)|

wØZxq wk‡ivbvg µgea©gvb ¶wZ (damnum emergens) -FY`vZv FY †`qvi ci wb‡Ri

†Kv‡bv ai‡bi bó ev ¶wZi Rb¨ ¶wZc~iY †hgbÑ FY †`qvq Riæwifv‡e cÖ‡qvRbxq

A‡_©iAfv‡e†Kv‡bvAwMœKvÐevS‡owkïevM„ncvwjZcïaŸsmnIqv|Z…Zxqwk‡ivbvg

n‡jv, jyKivg †mmvÝ (lucrum cessans), FY`vZvi my‡hv‡Mi LiP wn‡m‡e my‡ì AvKv‡i

Zv MÖnY Kiv| G‡K FY Ges FY cwi‡kv‡a †diZ cÖ‡`q A‡_©i g‡a¨ ea cv_©K¨ wn‡m‡e

†`Lv nq| GB wk‡ivbv‡g cÖavbZ wdiwZ A_© cÖ`Ë F‡Yi †P‡q †ewk nIqv‡K hyw³hy³

K‡i| P~ovšÍ wk‡ivbvg n‡jv †fwÛwUI mve WzweI (venditio sub dubio) – GwU n‡jv GKwU

wbw`©ó FY, hvi AvIZvq GKwU wewµ Pzw³‡Z fwel¨‡Z cwi‡kv‡ai mywbw`©ó mgq _v‡K|

GB Pzw³‡Z FY A‡¼ cÖ‡qvRbxq my` hy³ n‡q cwi‡kv‡ai FYv¼ †e‡o hvq (`ªóe¨ 27)|

D`vniY¯îƒc, cY¨ GKwU wbw`©ó w`‡b M„nxZ n‡jv Ges c‡ii †Kv‡bv mg‡q G Rb¨

A_© cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv| FY`vZv †hw`b cY¨ mieivn Kij †mw`‡bi ì Avi †hw`b A_©

cwi‡kva Kij †mB A‡¼i cv_©K¨ n‡jv F‡Yi Kvh©Ki my`| G ai‡bi Pzw³‡Z Amvay‡ì

Rb¨ my‡hvM Aceënv‡ii Aeva my‡hvM _v‡K| Avgvi g‡Z, F‡Yi my` ev BDRvwi hv

nIqv DwPZ †mB ¯^vfvweK g~‡jï †P‡q A‡bK †ewk `v‡g wewµ n‡Z cv‡i (`ªóe¨ 28)|

12| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

Ab¨ GKwU wk‡ivbvg n‡jv wÎcÿxq Pzw³ (contractus trinus) ZË¡| G‡Z Ic‡ii GKB

ai‡bi g‡bvfve cvIqv hvq| GwU my‡ì bv‡g BDRvwi‡K êaZv †`q (`ªóe¨ 29)|

K›UªvKUvm wUªbvm ev wÎcÿxq Pzw³ ZË¡ wQj ga¨hy‡M BDRvwii gva¨‡g BD‡ivcxq ewYK‡ì

FY MÖn‡Yi eaZv †`qvi GKwU †KŠkj| GwU wQj wZbwU Pzw³i mswgkÖY, hv‡Z cÖ`Ë UvKvi

GKmv‡_ jv‡fi wbw`©ó nvi wVK Kiv n‡Zv| D`vniY¯îƒc, GK eQ‡ii Rb¨ e¨w³ ÔGÕ 100

UvKv wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i e¨w³ ÔweÕ‡K| e¨w³ ÔweÕ †h‡Kv‡bv A‡¼i jvf K‡i †mwU Avevi

wewµ K‡i| G jvf g‡b Kiv n‡jv 30 UvKv, ÔwdÕ wn‡m‡e e¨w³ ÔweÕ cwi‡kva Kij 15

UvKv|Ae‡k‡l,GKwUZ…ZxqPzw³igva¨‡gm¤ú‡ì†Kv‡bv¶wZiwecix‡Zexgvwn‡m‡e

e¨w³ ÔweÕ 5 UvKv LiP †`‡e ÔGÕ‡K| GB wZbwU Pzw³i mv‡_ GK‡hv‡M GKgZ nIqvi d‡j

e¨w³ ÔweÕ-Gi 100 UvKvi GKwU F‡Yi my` wQj 10 UvKv (`ªóe¨ 30)|

BDRvwiMÖnY‡Khyw³wm×KiviAvBbwUwb¤œiƒc:A_©FY†`qvimv‡_GKwUSzuwKGes

mg‡qi Dcv`vb hy³ _v‡K| FY`vZv †h mg‡qi Rb¨ FY †`q IB mg‡q weKí †Kv‡bv

w¯‹‡g †m F‡Yi A_© wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB my` Av‡ivc KivB n‡Z cv‡i FY`vZvi

SzuwK MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ GKgvÎ wewbgq|

3.2 Bûwèv` mswkøó cÖkœ

Av‡MBD‡jøLKivn‡q‡Qm¤¢eZA-Bûw`‡ìKvQ†_‡Kmy`MÖn‡YiAbygwZcvðv‡Z¨

my` MÖn‡Yi c×wZ Pvjy nIqvi †ÿ‡Î we‡klfv‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| Øv`k kZvãxi GKRb

mycwiwPZ Bûw` Aveviev‡bj (Abarbanel) cÖ_g cyuwRev‡ì GKwU A_©‰bwZK ZË¡ †`b|

wZwbmy`m¤ú‡K©e‡jb,Ôg~j¨nxb†Kv‡bvwKQzB†bB|KviYgvbylUvKvLvwU‡qZv†_‡K

jvf K‡i (g` Ges fyÆv Drcv`b Ges Ab¨ wKQzi gva¨‡g UvKv DcvR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i)|

†Kb FY`vZv‡K †mB jv‡fi GKwU Ask my` wn‡m‡e †`‡e bv?Õ

...D`vniY¯îƒc, †Kb GKRb K…lK, hvi UvKvq Mg Pvl K‡i wecyj djb †c‡q jvfevb

nq †m e¨w³ Zvi 10 kZvsk FY`vZv‡K w`‡Z cvi‡e bv? GB †`qvUv bv N„Y¨, bv N„wYZ

†Kv‡bv welq| GwU GKwU mvaviY eëmvwqK †jb‡`b Ges †m †jb‡`b mwVK| `vZe¨

Aby‡iv‡a bv n‡j KvD‡K jvf Qvov A_© w`‡Z eva¨ Kiv hvq bv [...] (`ªóe¨ 31)| GB

e³‡eï wfwË‡Z, cyuwRi gvwjK‡K Zvi F‡Yi Rb¨ wKQy ¶wZc~iY †`qv hyw³hy³ e‡j

D‡jøL Kiv nq (`ªóe¨ 32)|

GgbwK K¨vbwb÷iv (wMR©vi AvB‡b we‡klÁ, hviv my`MÖn‡Yi we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Qb) e‡j‡Qb,

†h‡KD FY †bqvi Rb¨ 5 kZvsk ch©šÍ evowZ w`‡Z cv‡i| †cvc lô Av‡j·vÛvi iv‡óªi

kvmK‡ì Bûw`‡ì my` Av‡iv‡ci AbygwZ †`qvi welqwU Aby‡gv`b K‡ib (`ªóe¨ 33)|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 13

†Kjwf‡bi g‡Z, ïay b¨vh¨Zv I `vZ‡eï cwicš’x n‡j my` wbwl× Kiv hvq, Zv bvn‡j

†mwU wVKB Av‡Q (sommes frėres, voire sans aucune)| GB m~ÎwU Ae‡k‡l cyuwRev‡ì

bZzbDÏxcKn‡qI‡V(`ªóe¨34)|

Bûw` a‡g©F‡YiBDRvwi ev my` †bqvm¤ú‡K©G aviYv,AvZ¥c¶mg_©bIcwðgv

ag©ZË¡we` (Scholastici) Øviv my` nvivg nIqvi e¨vcv‡i D`vi gZvgZ BDRvwi ev my`

(wiev) wb‡q Dfq m¼U m„wó K‡i|

4. BDRvwi ev my‡ì (wiev) e¨vcv‡i cwÐZ‡ì HKgZ¨

BDRvwi ev my‡ì (wiev) e¨vcv‡i A_©bxwZi cwÐZ‡ì g‡a¨ mvaviY HKgZ¨ n‡jv hv

(avi) †`qv nq Zvi †P‡q wKQz †ewk MÖnY Kiv (`ªóe¨ 35)|

4.1 my‡ì msÁv

g¨vKjvdwjb e‡j‡Qb Dmyiv (usura) kãwU G‡m‡Q Dmy Av‡qiv, Dmy Av‡qwim, Dmy‡qiv,

Dmy‡qwi, Dmywi ev Dmy †iB (usu aera, usu aeris, usuera, usueri, usurea or usu rei) †_‡K|

Gi gv‡b n‡jv †cmywbqv I BDRvwi (pecunia and usury) ïay UvKvi †ÿ‡Î bq gvby‡li

cÖ`Ë †h‡Kv‡bv c‡Yï †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ (`ªóe¨ 36)| g¨vKjvdwjb lô B‡bv‡m‡›Ui D×…wZ

w`‡q‡Qb, whwb e‡j‡Qb, BDRvwi n‡jv Ggb GKwU jvf hv GKwU FYPzw³ †_‡K DrmvwiZ

nq (`ªóe¨ 37)| Gi Av‡iv e¨vcK GKwU msÁv w`‡q‡Qb †nv‡÷bwmm (Hostiensis)|

wZwbe‡j‡Qb,†hai‡biPzw³m¤úv`b†nvKA_evevowZcÖvwßiD‡Ïk¨†hgbBeë¯’v

_vKzK bv †Kb cÖ`Ë cuywR eënv‡ii Rb¨ AwZwi³ hv Avm‡e Zv n‡jv BDRvwi ev my`|

GgbwK†Kv‡bvPzw³Bhw`bv_v‡KA_evevowZcÖvwßi†Kv‡bvD‡ÏkÏbv_v‡KGiciI

AwZwi³ cvIqvUv n‡e BDRvwi ev my` (`ªóe¨ 38)|

4.2 ga¨hy‡M my‡ì wkÿv

1140 mv‡ji ci MÖ¨vwUqvb (Gratian) Zvi wWK‡iUvg (Decretum Gratianus) cÖYqb

K‡ib| G‡Z wMR©vi cyi‡bv me AvBb wjwce× Kiv nq| wWK‡iUvg-Gi 46 I 47

Aby‡”Q‡` wZwb hvRK‡ì BDRvwi ev my` `vwe wbwl× K‡ib Ges BDRvwi †bqvi Aciv‡a

Acivax n‡j wZwb †Kv‡bv Av‡`k w`‡Z cvi‡eb bv e‡j kZ© Av‡ivc K‡ib| Avi G

ai‡bi Acivax B‡Zvg‡a¨ Av‡`k w`‡j Zv‡K c`Pz¨Z Kiv n‡e e‡j Rvbvb| MÖ¨vwUqvb

Zvi KbKwW©qv wWmKiW¨vwbqvg K¨v‡bvbvg (Concordia Discordantium Canonum) MÖ‡š’

BDRvwi ev my‡ì GKwU mvims‡¶c ˆZwi K‡ib| G‡Z wZwb e‡jb, Òg~ja‡bi Ic‡i

14| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

wKQy `vwe A_ev MÖnY ev cÖ`Ë av‡ii †P‡q †ewk wKQyy cv‡eb Ggb Avkv Ki‡jI Zv

BDRvwi ev my` †bevi Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡Z cv‡i| UvKv ev Ab¨ wKQy‡ZI BDRvwi

n‡Z cv‡i| †h e¨w³ BDRvwi MÖnY K‡i †m e¨w³ jyÉ‡bi Aciv‡a Acivax MY¨ n‡eb

Ges GKRb †Pv‡ii g‡Zv wb›`bxq n‡eb; BDRvwii weiæ‡× wb‡lavÁv mvaviY I hvRK

mevi Ici cÖ‡hvR¨| GB Aciv‡a †Kv‡bv Acivax hvRK n‡j Zvi kvwšÍ n‡e Av‡iv

¸iæZi (`ªóe¨ 39)|

K¨vbwb÷‡ì AbycÖvwYZ K‡ib MÖ¨vwUqvb Ges Gi d‡j Zviv ÔKicvm Rywim K¨v‡bvwbwmÕ

bv‡gGKwUbw_m¼jbK‡ib|GBbw_‡Zmy`cÖ‡kœØv`k†_‡KPZz`©kkZvãxch©šÍ

mg‡qi`wjjGesmy`m¤úwK©ZmewKQzAšÍf©y³Kivnq(`ªóe¨40)|GBmgqKv‡j

hvRKiv BDRvwi mswkøó me mgm¨v, me Pzw³, e¨vswKs mswkø ó welqvw` Ges evwYwR¨K

Rxe‡biwewfbœw`‡Kim‡½mswkøómewKQybw_‡ZAšÍf©y³K‡ibhvIBmg‡qiRb¨

¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨fvÐv‡i cwiYZ nq (`ªóe¨ 41)|

g¨vKjvdwjb (McLaughlin) Gi g‡Z, 1139-Gi j¨vUvivb KvDwÝj Abyhvqx, Hk¦wiK

Ges gvbweK Dfq AvB‡b BDRvwiwfwËK FY`vZvi A_©wjávi N„Y¨ welq cvIqv †M‡Q|

wZwbAv‡ivD‡jøLK‡ib,†ivgvbK¨v_wjKm¤úª`v‡qi1311-1312mv‡jiKvDwÝjAe

wf‡qb (Council of Vienne)-G †Rvi w`‡q ejv nq, †h‡Kv‡bv KwgDwbwUi cÖavb Kg©KZ©v

my` MÖnY ev MÖn‡Yi AbygwZ †`qvi Rb¨ Awfhy³ n‡j wZwb Ck¦‡ii weiæ‡× Aciv‡ai

Rb¨ Awfhy³ n‡eb (`ªóe¨ 42)| my‡ì Rb¨ avi cÖ`vb Kiv Pzwii g‡ZvB GKwU A‰bwZK

cvc (`ªóe¨ 43)|

g¨vKjvdwjb e‡j‡Qb, e¨vjWvm (Baldus) wZb ai‡bi my` Av‡Q e‡j D‡jø L K‡i‡Qb| Gi

g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q, Kzqv‡q‡Wg mv›U Dmyiv‡q cvwbUwiqv‡q (quaedem sunt usurae punitoriae), Kzqv‡q‡Wg wiKg‡cbmv‡Uvwi‡q (quaedem recompensatoriae) Ges Kzqv‡q‡Wg

jyK‡i‡Uvwi‡q (quaedem lucratoriae)| cÖ_g aibwUi Hk¦wiK Aby‡gv`b i‡q‡Q| hvRK

jvD‡Uv wejw¤^Z cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ my` `vwe K‡iwQ‡jb| wØZxq aibwUi GKwU wbw`©ó

cwigvY ch©šÍ AbygwZ †`qv nq, Rwigvbvi cwie‡Z© exgv AvKv‡i eis ï‡éi ci ¶wZc~iY

wn‡m‡e Zv †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi my` cÖvK…wZKfv‡e b¨vh¨Zv ev b¨vqwePv‡ii Ici

wfwË K‡i wba©viY nq| A‡bï g~‡jï wewbg‡q GKRb wb‡R‡K mg„× Ki‡Z PvB‡Z

cv‡ib bv (`ªóe¨ 44)|

Z…Zxq aibwU Hk¦wiK AvBb Øviv wbwl× Kiv nq (`ªóe¨ 45)| g¨vKjvdwjb GB wbq‡gi

e¨vL¨v K‡i e‡j‡Qb †h, cvIbv`vi‡K ¶wZi wecix‡Z †`bv`v‡ii Kiv gybvdv †_‡K my`

MÖnYAby‡gv`bKivnq(`ªóe¨46)|GLbcÖkœn‡jv†Kbe„w×UvAby‡gv`bK‡iBDRvwi

wbwl× Kiv n‡jv|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 15

e¨vjWvmGiDË‡ie‡j‡Qb,`ywUiD‡Ïk¨wfbœ|wZwbD‡jøLK‡i‡Qb,BDRvwii†ÿ‡Î

F‡Yi wnmv‡e AwZwi³ `vwe Kiv nq, Ab¨ w`‡K, my`RwbZ e„w×i †ÿ‡Î cvIbv`vi Zvi

ÿwZi wecix‡Z †`bv`v‡ii jvf †_‡K wKQz †c‡Z Pvb (`ªóe¨ 47)| g¨vKjvdwjb hyw³

†`Lvb BDRvwii †ÿ‡Î Dfq c¶ ùvovq FY wnmv‡ei jvf ev †jvKmv‡b| Zvi g‡Z,

FY`vZv Zvi g~j cyuwRI nviv‡Z cv‡ib (`ªóe¨ 48)|

†MÖwUqv‡bi wWK‡iUv‡g ïay UvKv bq, g` ev †Z‡ji g‡Zv c‡Yï †ÿ‡ÎI †`qv av‡ii

AwZwi³ hv n‡e †m ai‡bi BDRvwi MÖn‡Yi wb›`v Kiv n‡q‡Q (`ªóe¨ 49)| g¨vKjvdwjb

cÖ`Ë BDRvwii e¨vL¨v n‡jv Ô. . .†h avi †`qv nq Zvi mgwói †P‡q †ewk cÖvwß|Ó GwU

GKwU evowZ `vwe, hwÌ GwU n‡Z cv‡i GKwU †QvU Dcnvi (`ªóe¨ 50)| wZwb ej‡Z

†P‡q‡Qb, cuywRi Ici hv-B †hvM Kiv nq, Zvi bvg Kx Zv †Kv‡bv welq bq (`ªóe¨ 51)|

A_ev hLb AwZwi³ cÖ‡qvRb †eva Kiv nq Avi ZLb Zv †`qv nq (52 `ªóe¨), Avgiv

†mUv cvB BDRvwi wn‡m‡e|

†MÖwUqv‡bi wWK‡iUv‡g †h wb›`v Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ BDRvwii D‡jøLI i‡q‡Q|

D`vniY¯îƒc,hvivD”Pg~‡j¨ wewµiD‡Ï‡k¨†K‡b,hviv †Kv‡bvjv‡fiRbëëmvq

hy³ nq ev hviv hv †`q Zvi †P‡q †ewk †c‡Z Pzw³ K‡i Zv‡ì K_v ejv n‡q‡Q (`ªóe¨

53)|g¨vKjvdwj‡bigZAbyhvqx,wbgœwjwLZPzw³BDRvwiig‡a¨co‡Zcv‡i:Avwg

Avcbv‡K hw` cvuP †_‡K Qq gv‡mi Rb¨ `k cvDÛ avi †`B Ges wek cvDÛ `vwe Kwi|

Avi GB Pzw³ BDRvwii g‡a¨ co‡e bv hw` Zv w`‡q †Kbv †Nvovi g~j¨ Gi mv‡_ †hwU

evowZ hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi †hvMd‡ji †P‡q †ewk nq|

Av‡iKwU D`vniY, hw` GKwU 20 cvDÛ `v‡gi cY¨ GKwU wbw`©ó Zvwi‡L wÎk cvDÛ

g~‡j¨ wewµ Kwi Zvn‡j Avwg BDRvwi †bqvi Rb¨ †`vlx n‡ev, hw` bv †m mgq Gi

AvbygvwbK g~j¨ mgcwigvY n‡e wK bv m‡›`n _v‡K| G Qvov Avwg km¨ wKb‡Z GLb

g~j¨ w`‡Z cvwi Ges hv dmj KvUvi mgq mieivn cvIqv hv‡e| Avi Avwg GLb †h

g~j¨ †`‡ev †mwU hLb Zv mieivn Kiv n‡e †m mg‡qi g~‡jï Zzjbvq Kg n‡j GwUI

BDRvwiwn‡m‡eMY¨n‡e(`ªóe¨54)|g¨vKjvdwjbwejw¤^Zcwi‡kv‡aiRb¨†ewkg~j¨

MÖnY‡KI BDRvwig~jK †jb‡`b wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb (`ªóe¨ 55)|

4.3 cwÐZ‡ì g‡a¨ HKgZ¨

g¨vKjvdwj‡bi g‡Z, K¨vbb AvB‡b FY`vZvi SzuwK _vK‡jI g~ja‡bi †P‡q †ewk MÖnY n‡e

BDRvwi (`ªóe¨ 56)| Kicvm Rywim K¨vbywbwm‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q, hw` †KD †h FY w`‡q‡Q Zvi

†P‡q †ewk cvIqvi cÖZ¨vkv K‡i Zvn‡j wZwb n‡eb BDRvwiLv`K (`ªóe¨ 57)|

16| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

†cvc Z…Zxq Avievb (Urban III)-Gi wb‡`©kbvq ejv n‡q‡Q, cÖ`Ë F‡Yi A‡¼i †P‡q

†ewk bv †c‡j FY w`‡Z AbvMÖnx e¨w³ n‡e Dmwi‡Lvi| †mB e¨w³I GKBfv‡e wPwýZ

n‡eb †h GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q †diZ `v‡bi Rb¨ kc‡_i gva¨‡g Iqv`v Kivi ciI Zv‡K

ï‡f”Qv wn‡m‡e FY w`‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvq| GB Df‡q BDRvwi †bqvi Rb¨ †`vlx n‡eb

Zv‡ìD‡Ïk¨we‡ePbvq(`ªóe¨58)|

e¨vswKscš’x cwÐZiv g‡b K‡ib, ga¨hyMxq cwÐZ‡ì hyw³ZK© AvaywbK mg‡qi e¨vswKs I

Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ P‡j bv|

Zviv BDRvwi (wiev) Ges my‡ì g‡a¨ wZbwU cv_©K¨ †iLv Uv‡bb| Avi GB wZb hyw³‡K

wiev Ges my‡ì g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kivi Rb¨ Zz‡j a‡ib| Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q :

K. wiev gv‡b n‡jv BDRvwi Ges hv‡K my` ejv n‡”Q, we‡kl K‡i e¨vs‡Ki my` wievi

g‡a¨ c‡o bv|

L. `wi`ª I AfveMÖ¯Í e¨w³ Zv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b LiP †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ wiev Pzw³ K‡ib|

Ab¨ w`‡K my` evwYwR¨K, Drcv`bkxj Ges jvfRbK Lv‡Z †`qv nq|

M. my‡ì nvi hyw³m½Z jvf ev wiUvb© wn‡m‡e MY¨| Ab¨ w`‡K ÔwievÕq AZ¨waK,

gvÎvwZwi³ Ges †kvlYg~jK my` nvi _v‡K|

GB wZbwU êwkó¨ w`‡q my`‡K gWv‡iU ev mnbxq cÖgvY Kiv nq| Ab¨ w`‡K wiev

MjvKvUv Ges AZ¨vPvix ai‡bi| d‡j Zv‡ì g‡Z e¨vsK my‡ì g‡Zv bgbxq my` nvi‡K

MjvKvUv Ges AZ¨vPvix wievi (BDRvwi) mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv hvq bv| AvaywbK hy‡Mi wKQz

cwÐZ Bmjv‡g wievi e¨vcv‡i GKB ai‡bi g‡bvfve †cvlY K‡ib Ges gvÎvwZwi³

†kvlYg~jK wn‡m‡e G‡K †`‡Lb (`ªóe¨ 59)| GB `‡ji AwfgZ n‡jv me ai‡bi my`

wiev (BDRvwi) bq| Ab¨ GKwU `j g‡b K‡ib ïay ÔAZ¨waKÕ my`B bq, me ai‡bi

my`‡K wiev MY¨ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i (`ªóe¨ 60)|

†k‡lv³‡ì GKRb cÖfvekvjx e¨w³Z¡ Lyiwk` Avn‡g` e‡j‡Qb, †h wZbwU †cÖwÿ‡Z

`y‡qig‡a¨cv_©K¨ †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡QZvm¤ú~Y©fyj|ZvwË¡Kfv‡eZvAMÖnY‡hvM¨Ges

cÖv‡qvwMÖKfv‡e wfwËnxb| wZwb hyw³ †`Lvb †h, wiev I BDRvwii g‡a¨ wewawb‡la mxgve×

†i‡L wb‡lavÁvi †ÿÎ †_‡K my`‡K evB‡i ivLv hv‡e GgbwU A_©‰bwZK ev kixÔAvn&i

mwVK hyw³ n‡Z cv‡i bv| wZwb Av‡ivI e‡jb †h evB‡ii Pvwn`vi w`K †_‡K A_ev

mieiv‡ni w`K †_‡K A_©‰bwZK we‡kø lY Ki‡j A_©‰bwZK ZË¡ wn‡m‡e hv ùvovq Zv‡Z

myÌBDRvwiAwfbœBg‡bn‡e|GUvhwÀ‡c¶viRb¨GKwUcyi¯‹vinq,Zvn‡j

my` Ges BDRvwii (wiev) g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ Av‡Q e‡j g‡b n‡Z cv‡i bv| Lyiwk`

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 17

Avn‡gè‡jb,cÖkœwUhw`Drcv`bkxjZviw`K†_‡Kcix¶vKivnqZv‡ZIG`y‡qi

g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ Av‡Q e‡j cÖZxqgvb nq bv|

hv-B †nvK bv †Kb `y‡qi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨Kvix e³e¨ G‡m‡Q GB ˆbwZK wfwË †_‡K †h

BDRvwi D”P Ges gvÎvwZwi³ nv‡ii, Avi my‡ì nvi Kg Ges GKB mv‡_ hyw³m½Z| G

Qvov wØZxq cv_©K¨wU G‡m‡Q BDRvwi †bq wi`ªiv Zv‡ì †fv‡Mi Li‡Pi Rb¨, Avi my‡ì

FY †`qv nq jvfRbK evwYwR¨K Lv‡Z| Lyiwk` Avn‡g` g‡b K‡ib, Ggb ARynv‡Zi

g‡a¨ Avm‡j †Kv‡bv A_©‰bwZK mvieËv †bB (`ªóe¨ 62)| †fv‡Mi Rb¨ Li‡Pi FY ev

Drcv`b FY A_ev D”P nvi ev Kg nvi ev FYwU `wi`ª e¨w³ bv abx e¨w³ wb‡”Q G¸‡jvi

g‡a¨ Avm‡jB †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ †bB (`ªóe¨ 63)|

Lyiwk` Avng‡ì Dcjwä Ges Ic‡i DwjøwLZ mvaviY msÁvi cÖwZ `„wó †i‡L Kiv

M‡elYv¸‡jv‡Z †`Lv hvq, gZvg‡Zi cÖeYZv we‡kølY Abymv‡i my` Ges BDRvwii g‡a¨

†Kv‡bv †KŠkjMZ cv_©K¨ †bB| M‡elYvq Av‡iv †`Lv hvq, BDRvwi ej‡Z ïay ÔAZ¨waKÕ

my` MÖnY‡K bq, me ai‡bi my`‡K †evSvq- G wel‡q cwÐZiv GKgZ (`ªóe¨ 64)|

A_©cÖvwßi g~‡jï †P‡q AwaK A_©cÖ`vb BDRvwi (wiev) wn‡m‡e MY¨ nevi ci ejv hvq,

GwU wewbgq b¨vqvbyMZvi weiæ‡× Aciva| UvKv †h‡nZz Abyrcv`bkxj A_©vr wb‡R wKQy

Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv †m‡nZz avi †`qvi ci A‡nZzK evowZ UvKv MÖnY hyw³wm× bq|

AwaKš‘,BDRvwi(wiev)`wi`ª †_‡KabxiKv‡Qm¤ú`¯’vbvšÍiK‡iGesGwUe¨w³

we‡kl Ges mgv‡Ri RbÏ ÿwZKi (`ªóe¨ 65)|

5. êwk¦K Avw_©K m¼‡Ui KviY BDRvwi (wiev)

5.1 BDRvwi (wiev) wbwl× Kivi c‡ÿ hyw³

UvKvi wb‡Ri cÖK…wZMZ êwkó¨ BDRvwii (wiev) Ici wb‡lavÁvi c‡ÿ cÖavb `vk©wbK

hyw³i wfwË| 1179 wLªóv‡ã Z…Zxq j¨vUvb© KvDwÝj, BDRvwii wb›`v Rvwb‡q e‡jwQj,

A_© FY`vZv ev gnvRb nIqvi Rb¨ A‡bK e¨w³ Zv‡ì Ab¨ †ckv Z¨vM K‡i‡Q (`ªóe¨

66)| BDRvwi MÖn‡Yi AbygwZ †`qv n‡j A‡bK Lvivc †jvK Zv‡ì AbymiY Ki‡e|

gvbyl Zv‡ì Rwg Pvl K‡i dmj djv‡bvi cÖwZ Ae‡njv Ki‡e| GwU `ywf©‡¶i KviYI

n‡Z cv‡i Ges G‡Z Mwieiv ÿwZMÖ¯Í n‡e| Zv‡ì nv‡Z cï bv _vK‡jI Rwg i‡q‡Q,

wKš‘ Zviv BDRvwi‡Z UvKv jwMœi gva¨‡g †mLvb †_‡K †ewkGesA‡bKUvB wbwðZ

gybvdv cvIqv †M‡j †m Rwg‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡e bv| KviY K…wlKv‡R jv‡f †hgb AwbðqZv

i‡q‡Q †Zgwbfv‡e Zv‡Z gybvdvI Kg| Gfv‡e K…wl wbiærmvwnZ n‡j Lv‡`ï Afve m„wó

n‡e Ges Mwie gvbyl Zv †Kbvi mvg_©¨ nviv‡e (`ªóe¨ 67)|

18| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

BDRvwi cwi‡kva AvRxeb gvbyl‡K `vwi‡`ª¨ wbcwZZ K‡i ivL‡e Ges †h e¨w³

BDRvwii Kvievi Ki‡e Zvi g~wZ©c~Rvi g‡Zv cvc n‡e| ÔZvi ü`q c‡o _vK‡e

A_©‡jvjycZvqÕ (`ªóe¨ 68)| ZvB BDRvwi wn‰Zlx Kv‡Ri weiæ‡× ùvovq Ges Avgiv

†h Avgv‡ì cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì fv‡jvevwm Avi cÖ‡qvR‡b Zv‡ì‡K mvnvh¨ Kwi Zv‡K

wbiærmvwnZ K‡i (69 `ªóe¨)| `vwi`ª¨ bv Kg‡j Kv‡iv c‡ÿ `xN© w`b BDRvwi enb

Kivm¤¢ebq(`ªóe¨70)|

Avgvi g‡Z, wewbgq gva¨g wn‡m‡e Zvi †gŠwjK KvR †_‡K ÔA_©Õ Gi wePz¨wZ Avw_©K

m¼‡Ui g~j wfwË| UvKv‡K GLb evwY‡Rï GKwU e¯‘ evwb‡q †djv n‡q‡Q Avi cy‡iv

A_©bxwZ‡Z G‡K F‡Yi Ici FY-Gi †ejy‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| G Kvi‡Y Bgvg

Avj-Mv¾vwj 900 eQi Av‡M weiƒc cwiYwZi c~e©vfvm w`‡q e‡jwQ‡jb, UvKv‡K

†Kv‡bvfv‡eB evwY‡Rï GKwU e¯‘ wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv DwPZ bq|

wZwb gšÍe¨ K‡iwQ‡jb : Òwiev (my`) wbwl‡×i KviY n‡jv GwU ev¯Íe A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µg

MÖnY †_‡K gvbyl‡K weiZ iv‡L| GwU ZLb N‡U hLb †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K my‡ì wfwË‡Z

evowZ UvKv Av`v‡qi AbygwZ †`qv nq| [...] G‡Z ev¯Íe A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µ‡g wb‡R‡K bv

Rwo‡q my‡ì wfwË‡Z A_© DcvR©b Kiv mnR n‡q ùvovq| GwU gvbeZvi ¯^v_©‡K e¨vnZ

K‡i, KviY cÖK…Z evwYR¨, wkí ev wbg©vY `ÿZv Qvov gvbeZvi ¯^v_© wbwðZ n‡Z cv‡i

bvÓ (`ªóe¨ 71)|

G me wKQz n‡”Q Av‡iv A_© Drcv`‡bi GKwU †gwkb wn‡m‡e my‡ì gva¨‡g UvKv LvUv‡bvi

AbygwZ †`qvi Kvi‡Y| G‡Z wewbgq gva¨g wn‡m‡e UvKvi KvRwU mgxKi‡Yi evB‡i

†_‡K hv‡”Q| A‡bK A_©bxwZwe` my‡ì GB iƒcwUi Zxeª mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡ì

GKRb, †Rgm ievU©mb wj‡L‡Qb : ÒA_©‰bwZK eë¯’vq my‡ì cwie¨vcK f~wgKvi d‡j

hv‡ì Kg Av‡Q Zv‡ì UvKv hv‡ì †ewk Av‡Q Zv‡ì Kv‡Q wbqgvbyMfv‡e ¯’vbvšÍi n‡q

P‡j‡Q|`wi`ª †_‡Kabx‡ìKv‡Qm¤ú‡ìGB¯’vbvšÍ‡ii welqwUZ…Zxqêwk¦KFY

m¼‡Uiga¨ w`‡qAZ¨šÍb¨°viRbKfv‡e¯úón‡q‡QÓ: [...]AvswkKfv‡eGiKviY

n‡jv hv‡ì A_© Av‡Q Zviv FY w`‡Z cv‡i Avi hv‡ì †bB Zv‡ì Zzjbvq †ewk my`

cvq| GwU AskZ G Kvi‡YI nq †h my‡ì GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ask GLb cY¨ Ges

cwi‡levi AvKv‡i cwi‡kva n‡”Q, Avi cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨ I cwi‡levi eo Ask ˆZwi nq

abx‡ì A_©vq‡b| Avgiv hLb Avw_©K eë¯’vi cÖwZ Gfv‡e ZvKvB Ges hLb Avgiv

`ÿ mvg_©ëvb Avi †UKmB A_©bxwZ MVb I Gi Kvh©µg‡K h_v_© avivq wb‡q Avm‡Z

bZzb K‡i web¨v‡mi K_v fvwe, ZLb GKwesk kZ‡Ki Rb¨ my`gy³ gy`ªveë¯’vi hyw³B

†Rviv‡jv n‡q I‡V (`ªóe¨ 72)|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 19

5.2 e¨vswKs LvZ

cwðgv e¨vsK¸‡jv Zv‡ì gybvdv e„w× Ki‡Z AwZgvÎvq FY †`q| Zviv Zv‡ì

AvgvbZKvix‡ì my`mn AvgvbZ cwi‡kv‡ai welqwU wbwðZ Ki‡Z Pvq| GwU F‡Yi

Amy¯’ we¯Ívi NUvq Ges AZ¨waK wjfv‡iR m„wó K‡i, Kg ìKvwi FY m„wó K‡i, mv‡aï

evB‡i Rxeb KvUv‡Z eva¨ DrmvwnZ K‡i (`ªóe¨ 73)|

`ywUKvi‡Ycwðgve¨vsK¶wZim¤§yLxbn‡ebve‡ja‡i†bqvnq|cÖ_gZ,Zv‡ìF‡Yi

wecix‡Z AwZwi³ RvgvbZ _v‡K| †mLv‡b †Kv‡bv SzuwK-Askx`vwiZ¡ bv _vK‡jI e¨vsK

memgqAwZwi³RvgvbZ g~j¨vq‡b dUKv m¤¢vebvmn wewfbœ mZK©Zv Aej¤^b K‡i|

wØZxq †h d¨v±i e¨vsK‡K myi¶v †`q Zv n‡jv G aviYv †h, Òe¨vsK GZ eo †h Zv e¨_©

nIqvi g‡Zv bqÓ| GwU Zv‡ì Avk¦¯Í K‡i †h, wec‡` co‡j †K›`ªxq e¨vsK †mLvb †_‡K

Zv‡ì †ewi‡q Avm‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| G Qvov e¨vsK Ggb wbivcËveë¯’vi Rv‡j mg„×

_v‡K †h, Abïv hv cv‡i Zvi †P‡qI A‡bK †ewk SzuwK wb‡Z Zviv AvMÖnx nq (`ªóe¨ 74)|

mnR FYcÖvc¨Zv miKvwi Lv‡Zi D”PFY †cÖvdvBj Ges †emiKvwi Lv‡Z mvaëwnf©~Z

RxebhvÎvAviD”Pch©v‡qi weKí‡Km¤¢eK‡i †Zv‡j|GwUBAveviAvw_©Kf½yiZv

Ges FYm¼‡Ui KviY nq| SzuwK Askx`vwiZ¡ bv _vKvq F‡Yi mnRcÖvc¨Zv Ges Gi d‡j

F‡YiDjøçbe„w×Avw_©KevRv‡iwek„•LjviKviYnq(`ªóe¨75)|2007mv‡jïiæ

nIqv eZ©gvb Avw_©K m¼‡Ui d‡j cwðgv e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K D×v‡ii Rb¨ gvwK©b hy³ivóª,

hy³ivR¨, BD‡ivc‡K wZb †_‡K Pvi wUªwjqb Wjvi e¨q Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| Avw_©K m¼U

A_©evRvi‡KmxwgZK‡i†d‡j‡Q|Avim¤úwËI÷‡Kig~j¨n«vmNwU‡q‡Q|GKBmv‡_

e¨vs‡Kie¨_©Zv†e‡o‡QGesêwk¦KA_©bxwZIAvw_©Keë¯’v wb‡qmœvqweKD‡Ø‡Mi

we¯Í…wZ N‡U‡Q| G me wKQz cwðgv my`wfwËK e¨vswKs eë¯’vq †gŠwjKfv‡e fzj wKQz i‡q

†M‡Q g‡g© GKwU A¯^w¯ÍKi Abyf~wZ ˆZwi K‡i‡Q|

6. cwðgv my`wfwËK g‡W‡ji weKí : Bmjvgx Avw_©K KvVv‡gv

eZ©gvb A_©‰bwZK m¼‡Ui g‡a¨ w`‡q GwU Av‡iv ¯úó n‡q I‡V †h, AvšÍR©vwZK

A_©eë¯’vq ms¯‹vi Lye `ªæZ cÖ‡qvRb| GB m¼U Avgv‡ì hvÎvc_‡K cybivq fve‡Z Ges

bZzb wbqg I cwiKíbv Zwi‡Z eva¨ K‡i| m~² wePvikw³ w`‡q bZzb „wófw½‡Z fwel¨r

M‡o †Zvjvi my‡hvM G‡b †`q GB m¼U| ïay ¯^v_©, myweav Ges ¶gZvi mgxKi‡Yi m‡½

mswkø ó GKwU eë¯’v gvbeZv‡Kw›`ªK GKwU wek¦ ˆZwi Ki‡Z m¶g n‡e bv| êwk¦K

e¨vswKs c×wZ Bmjvgx bxwZi Ici wfwË K‡i ˆZwi n‡j Avgiv GLb †h m¼‡Ui mv‡_

emevmKiwQZvim¤§yLxbn‡Zn‡Zvbv|

20| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

my‡ì wbR¯^ cÖK…wZ I GB M‡elYvq cÖvß dj GUvB wb‡`©k K‡i †h, my` mgv‡Ri

ˆbwZK I e¯‘MZ cÖe„w×i AšÍivq| †hme FY`vZv my`‡K DcvR©‡bi gva¨g wn‡m‡e MÖnY

K‡i Zviv g~jZ †jvf, ¯^v_©ciZv, m¼xY© `„wó I AcKvwiZvi evnK nq| mgv‡R Gme

†bwZevPK ¸Yvewj `vZe¨mswkøó BwZevPK ¸Yvewj‡K nvjKv K‡i †d‡j (`ªóe¨ 76)|

cweÎ KziAv‡b Avjø vn ZvÕAvjv `vbkxjZv gwngvwš^Z K‡ib Ges BDRvwi ev my`‡K

Zv †_‡K ewÂZ K‡ib (`ªóe¨ 77)| Bmjvg me ai‡bi †kvl‡Yi weiæ‡× e‡j KziAvb

my` Av‡iv‡ci wel‡q AZ¨šÍ K‡Vvi| D`vniY¯îƒc, Bmjvg me ai‡bi †kvl‡Yi wb›`v

K‡i| we‡klZ SzuwKi Askx`vwiZ¡ QvovB FYMÖnxZvi KvQ †_‡K FY`vZvi wbwðZ gybvdv

†c‡Z PvIqvi g‡Zv AwePvi| FYMÖnxZv Zvi `¶Zv Kv‡R jvwM‡q kÖg I mgq e¨q K‡i

jv‡fi †Kv‡bv wbðqZv cv‡”Q bv, wKš‘ my` AvKv‡i GKwU wbw`©ó nv‡i jvf wbwðZ Kiv

n‡”Q FY`vZvi| myZivs FY I AwMÖ‡gi Ici my` Av‡ivc GKai‡bi †kvlY, †hLv‡b

FYMÖnxZv `ye©j Ae¯’v‡b _v‡K (`ªóe¨ 78)|

G iKg `„óvšÍI Av‡Q †hLv‡b †`bv`vi GKwU F‡Yi g~j cwigvY A_© cy‡ivcywi cwi‡kva

Kivi ciI my` R‡g Zvi g~j cwigv‡Yi †P‡q †ewk e‡Kqv m„wó n‡q‡Q| Bmjv‡g A_©

ïay GKwU wewbgq gva¨g, Gi wbR¯^ †Kv‡bv g~j¨ †bB| ZvB my` cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g UvKvi

Av‡iv †ewk e„w×i AbygwZ †`qv DwPZ bq| †Kv‡bv eëmvq avi †`qvi gv‡b †mLv‡b Zv

FY wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq, g~jab wn‡m‡e bq| myZivs Zv †Kv‡bv cÖwZ`v‡bi (my`) `vwe`vi nq

bv|BDRvwi†Kv‡bvF‡Yicy‡ivcywi†kvaKivcÖvqAm¤¢eK‡i†Zv‡j|`wi`ªivG‡Ki

ci GK FY wb‡Z eva¨ nq GB `yó Pµ †_‡K †ei nIqvi Rb¨, wKš‘ †kl ch©šÍ e¨_© nq|

`wi`ª e¨w³wU B‡Zvg‡a¨ g~j A‡¼i †P‡q A‡bK †ewk UvKv w`‡q †`b, wKš‘ BDRvwii

(wiev)Kvi‡YZvie‡Kqv†e‡oDV‡Z_v‡K|weªwUkwgwWqvqcÖKvwkZwbgœwjwLZM‡íi

ga¨ w`‡q welqwU Abyaveb Kiv hv‡e|

†WwfW †Uji bv‡g GKRb wjD‡Kwgqv †ivMx‡K GKwU bvgKiv cwðgv e¨vsK

†_‡K FY MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| e¨vs‡Ki D”Pmy‡ì Kvi‡Y e¨vs‡K Zvi IfviWªvdU

µ‡gB fqvbK nv‡i †e‡o hvq| Amnvq I Amy¯’ gvbylwU wPwšÍZ wQj Av‡iv

hZ w`b wZwb †eu‡P _vK‡eb ZZ w`‡bi Rb¨ UvKv Zvi Rxebexgvi cwjwm

†_‡K †K‡U †bqv n‡e| Gici Zvi cwiev‡ii Rb¨ Lye mvgvb¨ A_© Aewkó

_vK‡e| Zvi Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU AwZwi³ w`‡bi A_© n‡jv Zvi ¯¿x I mšÍvb‡ì Rb¨ UvKv

K‡g hvIqv| Kv‡RB wZwb wb‡Ri Rxeb xN© Kivi AvMÖn nvwi‡q †d‡jb| GB D`vni‡Y

F‡Yi Ici AwZwi³ LiP avh© Kivi d‡j Kx ai‡bi †fvMvwšÍ m„wó nq Zvi e¨vL¨v

cvIqv hvq| FYMÖnxZv †hLv‡b mvg_©¨ iv‡L bv Bmjvg †mLv‡b GBfv‡e AwZwi³ UvKv

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 21

Av`v‡qi AbygwZ †`q bv, ïay F‡Yi g~j A¼B Av`vq Kivi AbygwZ †`q (`ªóe¨ 79)|

GB ˆbwZK Ges A_©‰bwZK hyw³‡Z Bmjvg me ai‡bi BDRvwi (wiev) ev my` MÖnY

wbwl× K‡i‡Q|

6.1 BDRvwi (wiev)wenxb Rxeb

my`wfwËK A_©‰bwZK mgvR boe‡o n‡q `y‡h©v‡Mi ØvicÖv‡šÍ †cuŠ‡Q‡Q| G iKg mg‡q

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi cybiæÌvb fv‡jv cÖfve †dj‡Z Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q| Bmjvg wbQK

GKwU Ava¨vwZ¥K m~Î bq eis wb‡RB Rxe‡bi cwic~Y© weavb hv my`„p wfwË I Hk¦wiK

wb‡`©kvewj Øviv e¨w³ I mgv‡Ri A_©‰bwZK Kj¨vY wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Bmjvg ïay

ˆbwZKfv‡e BDRvwii wb›`v K‡iB †_‡g _v‡K bv, GwU gvby‡li PwiÎ cwiMV‡bI `„wó

†`q|hv‡Zmy`‡LvwieëmviKvi‡Ywb‡®úwlZmgvRgvby‡licÖwZmnvbyf~wZkxjGes

D`vimn‡hvwMZvwfwËKDÏxcKmgv‡RiØvivcÖwZ¯’vwcZnq|

GLv‡b D‡jø L Kiv n‡q‡Q, GKwU my`wfwËK (cyuwRev`x) mgv‡R e¨w³MZch©v‡q gvbyl

†kvwlZ nq| Gi d‡j evwYR¨ I wk‡íi weKvk ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq Ges g~jab MV‡bi Rb¨

my‡hvM mxwgZ n‡q hvq| KwZcq e¨w³i nv‡Z cyuwRavi‡Yi ¶gZv e„w× †hŠ_ A_©bxwZ‡Z

GKai‡biD`¨gnxbZvˆZwiK‡i|cyuwRev`xeë¯’vq,GKe¨w³i†h‡Kv‡bvDcv‡qm¤ú`

ùxwZ‡Z nvRvi nvRvi A`ÿ e¨w³‡K †ivRMv‡i Amg_©¨ K‡i †Zv‡j, hv‡ì Rb¨ mÂq

cÖvqAm¤¢en‡qc‡o|

Gi wecix‡Z †h mgv‡R my‡ì nvi k~b¨, †mLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb c~iY I

D‡ØM-wbim‡biwbðqZv†`‡eivóªGesm¤ú`gRyÌK…cYZviwe‡jvcNU‡e|m”Qj

bvMwiKiv Zv‡ì myweav Abymv‡i e¨q Ki‡e hv `wi`ª bvMwiK‡ì h‡_ó µq¶gZv

ˆZwi‡ZAMÖYx f~wgKv ivL‡e| GwU evwYR¨ I wkí Dbœq‡b mvnvh¨ Ki‡e hv Av‡iv

Kg©ms¯’v‡bimy‡hvMK‡i †`‡e|msL¨vMwiô gvbyl DbœZAv‡qiKvi‡YmÂqKi‡Z

cvi‡e| GB mÂq K…cYZvi †PZbv ev †jvf †_‡K M‡o DV‡e bv eis n‡e GKwU

A_©‰bwZKeë¯’vicY¨|hvmg„w×kvjx‡KA‡bKDØ„Ëm¤ú‡ìfvwM`viKi‡e†hLv‡b

mvnvh¨Kivig‡ZvAfveMÖ¯Íe¨w³‡KLyu‡RcvIqvhv‡ebv|GwU¯úófv‡ecÖZxqgvb

†h, Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi wfwË GK w`‡K me ai‡bi Avw_©K †kvlY cwinvi Kiv Avi

Ab¨w`‡K,m¤ú`m„wóGes`vwi`ª¨we‡gvP‡biIci†Rvi†`qv|AvgivGLb†hêwk¦K

Avw_©K m¼‡Ui †gvKv‡ejv KiwQ †mB m¼U `~ixKi‡Y Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i Bmjvgx

e¨vswKs eë¯’v| cyuwRev`xeë¯’v GB mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi AR©‡b e¨_© n‡q‡Q hvi Rb¨

Bmjvgx A_©eë¯’v mvg‡b GwM‡q P‡j‡Q|

22| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

6.2 Dcmsnvi

GB M‡elYv wievi auvav ev cÖ‡nwjKv wbim‡b Zvi j¶¨ AR©b K‡i‡Q| G M‡elYvi

djvdj wn‡m‡e GKwU HKgZ¨ ˆZwi n‡q‡Q †h, BDRvwi (wiev) ïayg ÔAZ¨waKÕ my`B

bq, eis my‡ì me aib‡KB cÖKvk K‡i| wek¦ A_©bxwZ hw` GB A_©‰bwZK ev¯ÍeZv ev

ZË¡MÖnYKi‡ZcviZZvn‡jAvgiv†hAvw_©Km¼‡Uig‡aëmevmKiwQZvim¤§yLxb

nZvg bv| G Qvov GB M‡elYvq cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q my` mgv‡Ri ˆbwZK I e¯‘MZ cÖe„w×i

c‡_ GKwU AšÍivq †hLv‡b GKRb e¨w³ †kvwlZ n‡Z cv‡i| G aviYv Bmjv‡g wbwl×

e‡jB Bmjvg ˆbwZKfv‡e my` MÖn‡Yi wb›`v K‡i| ZvB Bmjvg gvby‡li PwiÎ cwiMV‡b

KvR K‡i, hv‡Z myw` eëmvi e¯‘MZ mgv‡R ¯’vb K‡i wb‡Z cv‡i GKwU mnvbyf~wZkxj

Ges D`vi mn‡hvwMZvwfwËK I DÏxcbvwfwËK mgvR| G M‡elYv Abymv‡i Bmjvgx

A_©vqb I e¨vswKs AvBb mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ GKwU gvBjdjK wn‡m‡e

cwiMwYZ n‡e|

Abyev` : gvmygyi ingvb Lwjjx

Z_¨m~Î

Avngv`, †K (1994); my` (wiev) eR©b : aviYv Ges mgm¨v (Elimination of Riba: Concept and Problems); wkiKZ †cÖm, jv‡nvi|

Av‡bvqvi, Gg (1987); my`gy³A_©bxwZ g‡Wwjs : mvgwóK-A_©bxwZIDbœq‡bGKwU mgxÿv (Modelling Interest-free Economy. A Study in Macro-Economics and Development); BmjvwgK _U B›Uvib¨vkbvj

BÝwUwUDU, IqvwksUb wW.wm.|

A¨vwi‡÷v‡dwbm(1971);(jy‡q‡eiAbyev`);†g‡jvwb(m¤úvw`Z),wMÖK†ivgvbGesivweŸ‡ìaviYvqBDRvwi

(my`) (Usury in Greek, Roman and Rabbinical Thought)|

A¨vwi÷U&j (1971); Politica,Ry‡qUAb~w`Z;†g‡jvwb(m¤úvw`Z),wMÖK†ivgvbGesivweŸ‡ìaviYvqBDRvwi(my`) (Usury in Greek, Roman and Rabbinical Thought)|

evK©, †R (2009); BDRvwi wiWv· : Rb wU bybv‡bi BDRvwii ¯‹jvw÷K we‡kølY †bvU (Usury Redux: Notes on the Scholastic Analysis of Usury by John T. Noonan), Kvh©cÎ bs 0901; A_©bxwZ wefvM, A¨v‡f g¨vwiqv

BDwbfvwm©wU|

Pvcov, Gg.BD (2008); êwk¦K Avw_©K m¼U: ZxeªZv Kgv‡Z I fwel¨r cybive„wË †iv‡a mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i

Bmjvgx A_©vqb (The Global Financial Crisis: Can Islamic Finance help Minimize the Severity and Frequency of such a Crisis in the Future); êwk¦KA_©‰bwZKm¼U wel‡qBmjvgxDbœqbe¨vs‡Ki†Møvevj†dviv‡g Dc¯’vcbvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘ZK…Z wbeÜ|

wÌqvwb (2000); Bmjvgx eÛ Bmjvgx bq (Islamic Bond is not Islamic); w` e¨vsKvi wgwWj B÷|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 23

†d‡KU, G.B (2004); Av‡qi g~jabxKi‡Yi weavb (The Principle of Capitalization of Incomes); gwbUwi

B‡Kvbwg·; †Mvì ÷¨vÛvW© BDwbfvwm©wU http:// www.marxists.org/subject/jewish/leon/ch3a.htm †_‡K †bqv

cweÎ evB‡ej (1984); AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯‹iY; AvšÍR©vwZK evB‡ej †mvmvBwU|

†nvm‡Ubwmm(1940);g¨vKjvdwj‡bimy¤§v`¨BDRvwim(Summa de usuries In McLaughlin)(m¤úvw`Z),w`wUwPs Ae w` K¨vbwb÷m Ab BDRvwi (The Teaching of the Canonists on Usury) (Øv`k, Î‡qv`k I PZz`©k

kZvãx); cw›UwdK¨vj BÝwUwUDU Ae †gwWqvfj ÷vwWR|

BÝwUwUDU Ae cwjwm ÷vwWR (1994); A_©bxwZ †_‡K my` ~ixKiY (Elimination of Riba from the Economy); jv‡nvi, wkiKZ †cÖm|

†g‡jvwb, Avi wc (1971); BDRvwi wb‡q wMÖK, †ivgvb I ivweŸ‡ì fvebvwPšÍv (Usury in Greek, Roman and Rabbinical Thought), UªvwWwkI, wbD BqK©, †dvW©n¨vg BDwbfvwm©wU †cÖm|

g¨vKK¨vj, we Gg (2008); AjvfRbK FY: AvaywbK †µwWU †i¸‡jkb Ges my‡ì nviv‡bv ZË¡ (Unprofitable Lending: Modern Credit Regulation and the Lost Theory of Usury) (2008-2009), Kvi‡WvRv jÕ wiwfD, 30

(2), 549-615|

gyb‡iv, †R GBP (2009); g¨vKjvdwjb, wU wc (1940), w` wUwPs Ae w` K¨vbwb÷m Ab BDRvwi (The Teaching of the Canonists on Usury) (Øv`k, Î‡qv`k Ges PZz`©k kZvãx); cw›UwdK¨vj Bbw÷wUDU Ae

†gwWqvf¨vj ÷vwWR|

gyb‡iv, †R GBP (2009); Avw_©K wecø‡ei ga¨hyMxq Drm: my`, fvov I ìKlvKwl (The Medieval Origins of the “Financial Revolution”: Usury, Rentes and Negotiability), A_©bxwZ wefvM; Ui‡›Uv wek¦we`¨vjq;

GgwcAviG, 511|

wd‡jv(1971);wWfvPz©wUevm,†g‡jvwb(m¤úvw`Z);BDRvwiwb‡qwMÖK,†ivgvbIivweŸ‡ìfvebvwPšÍv(Usury in Greek, Roman and Rabbinical Thought)|†cø‡Uv(1971);wj‡Mm,(jy‡qeAb~w`Z),†g‡jvwb(m¤úvw`Z)|

wmwÏKx, Gm GBP(1994);Bmjvgxe¨vswKs:Avw`cy¯ÍKIg~jbxwZ,g~j¨vqbIch©v‡jvPbv,m¤¢vebvIP¨v‡jÄmg~n

(Islamic Banking: Genesis & Rationale, Evaluation & Review, Prospects & Challenges) KivwP : iq¨vj eyK

†Kv¤úvwb|

†÷Bb (1956); ABûw`‡ì KvQ †_‡K Bûw`‡ì my` MÖnY (Interest taken by Jews from Gentiles); †mwgwUK

÷vwWR Rvb©vj; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/Jss/1.2.141

†mvqvR©, Gb wc (2009); my‡ì (wiev) Ici wb‡lavÁv: Bmjvgx A_©vqb Ges e¨vswKs AvB‡bi GKwU ˆbwZK-

bxwZMZ `„wó‡KvY : Bmjvgx Ges cÖPwjZ g‡W‡ji g‡a¨ Zzjbvg~jK Aa¨qb (The Prohibition of Usury (Riba). A Moral-Ethical Perspective of Islamic Financial and Banking Law: A Comparative Study between the Islamic and the Conventional Model); kixÔAvn& Rvb©vj, 17 (2), 409-430|

Dgi Beªvwng f¨vw`‡jv (2006); e¨vswKs‡qi Ici d‡Zvqv Ges e¨vsK AvgvbZ †_‡K cÖvß my‡ì eënvi (Fatwa on Banking and the Use of Interest Received on Bank Deposits)

†fwmI, Gg Gj (2005); my`msµvšÍ b¨vkbvj †µwWU wej 2005-Gi Wzcjvg iæj Ges aviv 103 (5)-Gi

cÖfve (The Effects of the In Duplum Rule and Clause 103(5) of the National Credit Bill 2005 on Interest); gv÷v‡m©i AcÖKvwkZ M‡elYvcÎ, wcÖ‡Uvwiqv wek¦we`¨vjq, wcÖ‡Uvwiqv|

Dmgvbx; m¼‡UvËi ms¯‹vi : wPšÍvi wKQy c‡q›U (Usmani Post-Crisis Reforms: Some Points to Ponder); wek¦

A_©‰bwZK †dvivg (2010)|

24| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

`ªóe¨

1. A¨vwi‡÷vdv‡bm, by‡em (Aristophanes, Nubes) 1286 GdGd (jy‡qe Ab~w`Z)|

2. Av‡bvqvi, my`gy³ A_©bxwZi g‡Wwjs (1987)|

3. g¨v‡jvwbi wMÖK, †ivgvb I ivweŸ‡ì my`welqK wPšÍv (Usury in Greek, Roman and Rabbinical Thought) (1971) 84|

4. †cø‡Uv, wj‡Mm (Plato, Leges) 5.742 (jy‡qe Ab~w`Z) (1971) 86|

5. A¨vwi÷U&j, cwjwUKv (Aristotle, Politica) 1.10.1258 G-we (RvD‡qU Ab~w`Z), †g‡jvwb (1971) 87|

6. g¨v‡jvwb: wMÖK, †ivgvb I ivweŸ‡ì my`welqK wPšÍv (Usury in Greek, Roman and Rabbinical Thought) (1971) 95|




10. †÷Bb (Stein), A-Bûw`‡ì KvQ †_‡K Bûw`‡ì my` MÖnY (Interest taken by Jews from Gentiles) 1956,

Rvb©vj Ae †m‡gwUK ÷vwWR-141|


12. †÷Bb, Rvb©vj Ae †mwgwUK ÷vwWR (Stein, Journal of Semitic Studies) (1956) 141|

13. †fwmI, Bb Wzcjvg wewai cÖwZwµqv (The Effects of the In Duplum rule) (2005) 9|

14. wd‡jv (Philo) wW fvPz©wUevm 14 82-83, †g‡jvwb (1971) 98|



17. †÷Bb, Rvb©vj Ae †mwgwUK ÷vwWR (Stein, Journal of Semitic Studies) 141|





22. cweÎ evB‡ej (The Holy Bible), AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯‹iY, g¨v_y 25: 14-30; jyK 19: 11-27|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 25

23. Rb GBP gyb‡iv, ÒAvw_©K wecø‡ei ga¨hyMxq Drm : my` fvov I ìKlvKwl (The Medieval Origins of the “Financial Revolution”: Usury, Rentes and Negotiability); (2002). AbjvBb : http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/10925 MPRAPaper Ryb 25 †ccvi bs-10925, †cv‡÷W, 25 Ryb 2009|

24. Ugvm A¨vKzBbvm (Thomas Aquinas),my¤§vw_IjwR(Summa Theologiae)2-2,cÖkœ.78,G1|

25. wmwÏKx,Bmjvgxe¨vswKs(1994)5|

26. Av‡bvqvi, my`gy³ A_©bxwZi g‡Wwjs (1987)|

27. gyb‡iv, `¨ †gwWqvfj AwiwRÝ (The Medieval Origins) (2007) 511-12|

28. evK© (2009), ga¨hy‡M my‡hvM, e¨q, gy`ªvùxwZ I †Ljvwc SzuwK (Opportunities cost inflation, and default risk in the Middle Ages)|

29. †d‡K‡U (Fekete) (2004) e³…Zv 4 : wÎcÿxq Pzw³ : †h Avqv‡Z BDRvwi wbwl‡×i K_v ejv n‡q‡Q Zvi

cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z K›UªvKUvm wUªbvm Pzw³‡K MÖnY‡hvM¨ e‡j we‡ePbv Kiv nq|

30. wÌqvwb (Diwany); Bmjvgx eÛ Bmjvgx bq (Islamic Bond is not Islamic) (2000); w` e¨vsKvi wgwWj

B÷; GB wbeÜwU g~jZ www.islamic-finance.com-G mvgvi 2000-G cÖKvwkZ nq| Gi GKwU ms‡¶wcZ

ms¯‹iYe¨vsKviwgWjB÷-G2002mv‡jib‡f¤^‡icÖKvwkZ|


32. †÷Bb, Rvb©vj Ae †mwgwUK ÷vwWR (Stein, Journal of Semitic Studies) 153/4|



35. g¨vKK¨vj (McCall) ÒAjvfRbK FY `vb: AvaywbK †µwWU †i¸‡jkb Ges BDRvwii nviv‡bv ZË¡Ó

(Unprofitable Lending: Modern Credit Regulation and the Lost Theory of Usury) (2008-2009);

Kv‡W©vRv jÕ wiwfD 559|

36. g¨vKjvdwjb (McLaughlin) w` wUwPs Ae w` K¨vbwb÷m Ab BDRvwi (The Teaching of the Canonists on Usury) 98|

37. B‡bv‡m›U †dvi (Innocent IV, Commentaria on x.V.19.C.1) g¨vKjvdwjb (McLaughlin) w` wUwPs Ae w`

K¨vbwb÷m Ab BDRvwi (The Teaching of the Canonists on Usury) 98|

38. †nvw÷‡qwÝm, Summa de usuries, n.1, Fol. 372: “Quodcumque solutioni rei mutuatae accredit ipsius reiusus gratia pactione interposita, vel hac intentione habita in contractu, vel exactione habita post facto.” In McLaughlin, The Teaching of the Canonists on Usury 98; †`Lyb: www.ccsenet.org/jms; Journal of Management and Sustainability, LÐ 3, msL¨v 4; 2013 193|

39. KbKwW©qvwWmKvDw›UDg K¨vbbyg Dictum before C.14, Q. 3, C. 1: ÒQuod autem praeter summam emolumenta sectari sit usuras; after c. 4: Ecce evidenter ostenditur quod quicquid ultra sortem exigitur usura est; before q. 4, C|

40. g¨vKjvdwjb, wU. wc (McLaughlin, T.P), w` wUwPs Ae w` K¨vbwb÷m Ab BDRvwi (The Teaching of the Canonists on Usury) (Øv`k, Î‡qv`k Ges PZz`©k kZvãx); cw›UwdK¨vj Bbw÷wUDU Ae †gwWqvfj

÷vwWR; LÐ 81: 81Ñ147: 81|

41. g¨vKjvdwjb, wU wc (McLaughlin, T.P)Õ w` wUwPs Ae w` K¨vbwb÷m Ab BDRvwi (The Teaching of the Canonists on Usury) (Øv`k, Î‡qv`k Ges PZz`©k kZvãx); 81|

26| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

42. g¨vKjvdwjb, wU wc (McLaughlin, T.P), w` wUwPs Ae w` K¨vbwb÷m Ab BDRvwi (The Teaching of the Canonists on Usury) (Øv`k, Î‡qv`k Ges PZz`©k kZvãx); 84|

43. g¨vKjvdwjb, D×…Z, mvBbvm Cod. Iv.32.24: Audivi Dynum dicentem quod non quia usurae prohibitae sunt jure divino et jure canonico et civili et quia foenerare est mortale peccatum sicut rapere.

44. g¨vKjvdwjb, D×…Z Cod. Iv.32.2: Secundae usurae similiter sunt permissae usque ad congruum et honestum modum prout mos regionis expostulat quia potius recipiuntur loco permutationis quam loco poenae„ Sunt enim hujusmodi usurae onerosae, non gratuitae, et fundantur in ratione naturali aequitate quae est quod quis non locupletur cum aliena jactura.

45. Cod. Iv.32.2.

46. g¨vKjvdwjb, D×…Z Cod. Iv.32.2: Interesse enim est licitum quocumque nomine nuncupatur, tam in damno quam in lucro.

47. g¨vKjvdwjb, D×…Z Cod. Iv.32.2: Sed quare poena est licita super interesse, secus in usura? Respondeo quia in usura constat de intentione quod intendat esse usurarius.

48. g¨vKjvdwjb (McLaughlin), w` wUwPs Ae w` K¨vbwb÷m Ab BDRvwi (The Teaching of the Canonists on Usury) 94|

49. C.14.Q.3.C.1 D×…wZ Abymv‡iÑ g¨vKjvdwjb (McLaughlin), w` wUwPs Ae w` K¨vbwb÷m Ab BDRvwi

(The Teaching of the Canonists on Usury) 95|


51. C.14.Q.3.C.1, D×…Z, g¨vKjvdwjb Teaching of the Canonists on Usury 95: Quodcumque sorti accidit, et quodcumque velis ei nomen imponas.

52. C.14.Q.3.C.4, D×…Z, g¨vKjvdwjb the Teaching of the Canonists on Usury 85: Ubi amplius requiritur quam quod datur.





57. C.14.Q.3.C.1: Si feneraveris hominem, id est sit u mutuum dederis pecuniam tuam a quo plus quam dedisti expectes… fenerator es.Ó In McLaughlin The Teaching of the Canonists on Usury 106.

58. X.V.19.C.10: Hujusmodi hominess pro intentione lucre quam habent… judicandi sunt male agree, et ad ea quae taliter sunt accepta restituenda, in animarum judicio efficaciter inducendi. In McLauglin the Teaching of the Canonists on Usury 106.

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 27

59. myqvU©R, Gbwc (Swartz, N. P.), my‡ì (wiev) Ici wb‡lavÁv : Bmjvgx A_©vqb Ges e¨vswKs AvB‡bi GKwU

ˆbwZK-bxwZMZ `„wó‡KvY: Bmjvgx Ges cÖPwjZ g‡W‡ji g‡a¨ Zzjbvg~jK Aa¨qb (The Prohibition of Usury (Riba). A Moral-Ethical Perspective of Islamic Financial and Banking Law: A Comparative Study between the Islamic and the Conventional Model); kixÔAvn& Rvb©vj, 17 (2), 409-430:415Ñ6|

60. myqvU©R, Gbwc (Swartz, N. P.), my‡ì (wiev) Ici wb‡lavÁv : Bmjvgx A_©vqb Ges e¨vswKs AvB‡bi GKwU

ˆbwZK-bxwZMZ `„wó‡KvY: Bmjvgx Ges cÖPwjZ g‡W‡ji g‡a¨ Zzjbvg~jK Aa¨qb (The Prohibition of Usury (Riba). A Moral-Ethical Perspective of Islamic Financial and Banking Law: A Comparative Study between the Islamic and the Conventional Model); 415|

61. Bbw÷wUDU Ae cwjwm ÷vwWR; A_©bxwZ †_‡K my` `~ixKiY (Elimination of Riba from the Economy); 38|

62. Bbw÷wUDU Ae cwjwm ÷vwWR; A_©bxwZ †_‡K my` `~ixKiY (Elimination of Riba from the Economy); 39|

63. f¨vwW‡jv (Vadillo), e¨vswKs msµvšÍ d‡Zvqv (Fatwa on Banking) (2006) 34|

64. g¨vKK¨vj (McCall), Kvi‡WvRv jÕ wiwfD (Cardoza Law Review) 569|

65. g¨vKjvdwjb (McLaughlin), cw›UwdK¨vj BÝwUwUDU w_ª (Pontifical Institute iii)|




69. g¨v‡bR‡g›U Ges mvm‡UwbwewjwU www.ccsenet.org/jms Rvb©vj, LÐ 3 bs 4; 2013|


71. Dmgvbx (Usmani); m¼‡UvËi ms¯‹vi : wPšÍvi wKQy c‡q›U (2010) 19-20, (Post-Crisis Reforms: Some Points to Ponder) (2010) 19Ñ20. wek¦ A_©‰bwZK †dviv‡g Dc¯’vwcZ|

72. Dmgvbx (Usmani), m¼U DËi ms¯‹vi (Post-Crisis Reform) (2010) 19Ñ20|

73. Pvcov (Chapra), êwk¦K A_©‰bwZK m¼U (The Global Financial Crisis) (2008) 4|



76. Avng`, my‡ì wejywß (Elimination of Riba) (1994) 48|

77. cweÎ KziAvb, m~iv Avj-evKviv 2:276|

78. wmwÏKx,Bmjvgxe¨vsK(Islamic Banks) (1994) 25|

79. wmwÏKx,Bmjvgxe¨vsK(Islamic Banks) (1994) 26|

28| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

my` I Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

†gvnv¤§Àve`yjgvbœvbGesgynv¤§`kvgmy‡Ïvnv

1

c„w_exi cÖvq me a‡g©B my`‡K N„Y¨ welq wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| AvaywbK

A_©bxwZ‡ZI my` GKwU eo mgm¨v wn‡m‡e e¨vcK Av‡jvwPZ I mgv‡jvwPZ| eZ©gvb

A_©‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv I mvgvwRK Aw¯’iZvi g~‡jI i‡q‡Q my‡ì KzcÖfve| g~jZ my`

n‡jv †kvl‡Yi nvwZqvi, hv abx‡K Av‡iv abx K‡i Ges Mwie‡K K‡i Av‡iv Mwie|

cweÎKziAv‡b wiev ev my`‡K my¯úófv‡e wbwl×Kiv n‡q‡Q| KziAv‡b my` cwinvi

bv Ki‡j Avjøvn I Zuvi ivm~‡ji mv‡_ hy‡×i Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z n‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q| A_P Ab¨

†Kv‡bv¸bvnm¤ú‡K©GgbKwVbIK‡VviK_vejvnqwb|ivm~j(m.)-Ginvw`‡mI

my`‡K KwVb ¸bv‡ni KvR wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| my``vZv, my`MÖnxZv, my‡ì †jLK

Imv¶x‡ì Ici ivm~j (m.) Awfm¤úvZK‡i‡QbGes e‡j‡Qb, Zviv mevB mgvb

Acivax| GgZve¯’vq my‡ì eûgvwÎK ¶wZ †_‡K gvbeRvwZ‡K gy³ K‡i Bmjv‡gi

mve©Rbxb Kj¨vYbxwZi Ici wfwË K‡i cÖwZwôZ nq Bmjvgx e¨vsKeë¯’v| me©cÖ_g

Avgiv†`Lemyèvwievm¤ú‡K©cweÎKziAvbInvw`‡mKxejvn‡q‡Q|

my` m¤ú‡K© cweÎ KziAvb

my` Ggb GKwU cvc hv mivmwi KziAvb w`‡q wbwl×| Avj KziAv‡bi 4wU m~ivi †gvU

12wUAvqv‡Zmy‡ìK_vD‡jøLKivn‡q‡Q|wb¤œwjwLZ5wUav‡cDwjøwLZAvqvZmg~n

bvwRj nq|

01. cÖ_gch©v‡q AeZxY© AvqvZ : my‡` eiKZ †bB; eiKZ Av‡Q hvKv‡Z

ÔGesgvby‡liabm¤ú‡ìg‡a¨(wg‡k†Zvgv‡ìm¤ú`)e„w×cvIqviRb¨†Zvgiv

my‡ì wfwË‡Z hv wKQy (gvbyl‡K) w`‡q _v‡Kv, Zv Avjøvni Kv‡Q e„w× cvq bv| Avi

Avjøvnimš‘wójv‡fiD‡Ï‡k¨†Zvgiv†hhvKvZw`‡q_v‡Kv(ZvBe„w×cvq)Ges

(GwU hviv K‡i) ZvivB e„w×Kvix|Õ

2

1 †gvnv¤§` Ave`yj gvbœvb, eë¯’vcbv cwiPvjK I cÖavb wbe©vnx, Bmjvgx e¨vsK evsjv‡`k wjwg‡UW; fvBm †Pqvig¨vb,

A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb Ae e¨vsKvm© evsjv‡`k; BmjvwgK e¨vsKm& Kb&mvj‡UwUf †dvivg (AvBwewmGd)-Gi Uv¯‹ KwgwUi

†Pqvig¨vb; evsjv‡`k Bbw÷wUDU Ae e¨vsK g¨v‡bR‡g›U-Gi wbe©vnx KwgwUi m`m¨; †m›Uªvj kixqvn †evW© di BmjvwgK

e¨vsKm& Ae evsjv‡`k-Gi wbe©vnx KwgwUi m`m¨; BwZnvm M‡elK|

gynv¤§` kvgmy‡Ïvnv, fvBm †cÖwm‡W›U, Bmjvgx e¨vsK evsjv‡`k wjwg‡UW|

2 Avj KziAvb, m~iv Aviiƒg, AvqvZ-39|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 29

G AvqvZ wnRi‡Zi 5 eQi Av‡M bvwRj nq| GwU my‡ì Ici me©cÖ_g AeZxY©

AvqvZ| G Avqv‡Z my`‡K mivmwi nvivg †NvlYv Kiv nqwb| Z‡e my‡ì †bwZevPK

w`KwU eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q, my‡` cÖK…Z Kj¨vY I eiKZ †bB eis

mwZ¨Kv‡ii Kj¨vY I eiKZ wbwnZ Av‡Q hvKv‡Zi g‡a¨|

02. wØZxqch©v‡q AeZxY© AvqvZ : my‡ì Kvi‡Y Bûw`‡ì kvw Í n‡qwQj

ÔGes hviv Bûw` n‡q‡Q Zv‡ì Ryjy‡gi Kvi‡Y Avwg Zv‡ì Ici nvivg K‡iwQjvg

Ggb wKQy cweÎ e¯‘ hv Zv‡ì Rb¨ (c~‡e©) nvjvj wQj Ges A‡bK‡K Avjøvni c_

†_‡K weiZ ivLvi Kvi‡Y:

3

Ges Zv‡ì my` MÖn‡Yi Kvi‡Y, A_P Zv (MÖnY Ki‡Z) Zv‡ì‡K wb‡la Kiv n‡qwQj

Ges gvby‡li abm¤ú` evwZjcš’vq MÖvmKiviKvi‡Y|GesZv‡ì ga¨ †_‡K

Kvwdi‡ì Rb¨ Avwg hš¿Yv`vqK kvw¯Í cÖ¯ÍyZ K‡iwQ|Õ

4

m~iv wbmvi D³ 160 I 161 bs AvqvZ `ywU wnRi‡Zi ci ivm~j (m.)-Gi gv`vwb

Rxe‡bi cÖ_g w`‡K bvwRj nq| G AvqvZ `ywU my‡ì e¨vcv‡i wØZxqch©v‡q AeZxY©

AvqvZ| GLv‡b my`‡K Avjøvni Amš‘wó †W‡K Avbvi g‡Zv GKwU ¸bvn e‡j D‡jøL

Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b Bûw`‡ì K‡qKwU ¸bv‡n wjß nIqvi Kvi‡Y kvw¯Í †fvM Kivi

welqwU D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gme bv‡ni g‡a¨ wQj gvby‡li g‡a¨ Ryjyg Kiv, gvbyl‡K

Ab¨vqfv‡e Avjøvni c_ †_‡K weiZ ivLv Ges my` MÖnY Kiv hv Zv‡ì Rb¨ wbwl×

Kiv n‡q‡Q; A_©vr my‡ì g‡Zv GKwU ¸bv‡n wjß nIqvi Kvi‡Y|

03. Z…Zxqch©v‡q AeZxY© AvqvZ : Pµe„w× my` wbwl×

ÔI‡n hviv Cgvb G‡bQ! †Zvgiv wØ¸Y-eû¸‡Y my` †L‡qv bv Ges Avjøvn&‡K fq K‡iv,

hv‡Z †Zvgiv mdj n‡Z cv‡iv,

5

Ges †Zvgiv †m Av¸b‡K fq K‡iv hv Kvwdi‡ì Rb¨ ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q|Õ

6

m~iv Av‡j Bgiv‡bi D³ 130 I 131 bs AvqvZ `ywU wnRwi Z…Zxq m‡b Dû` hy‡×i

ci bvwRj nq| G AvqvZ `ywU my‡ì e¨vcv‡i Z…Zxqch©v‡q AeZxY© AvqvZ| GwU

3 Avj KziAvb, m~iv Avb wbmv, AvqvZ-160|

4 Avj KziAvb, m~iv Avb wbmv, AvqvZ-161|

5 Avj KziAvb, m~iv Av‡j Bgivb, AvqvZ 130|

6 Avj KziAvb, m~iv Av‡j Bgivb, AvqvZ 131|

30| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

my` wbwl‡×i cÖ_g AvqvZ Ges GLv‡b Pµe„w× my‡ì D‡jøL Kiv nq| G AvqvZ

`ywU my‡ì e¨vcv‡i bvwRj nIqv me©‡kl AvqvZ bq; Gic‡iI my‡ì e¨vcv‡i Av‡iv

AvqvZ bvwRj n‡q‡Q, †hLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡QÑ my` gvÎB nvivg| †mLv‡b Pµe„w×

nIqv-bv-nIqvi welqwU D‡jøL Kiv nqwb| cieZ©xKv‡j bvwRj nIqv AvqvZmg~‡ni

eY©bv Gi ciB i‡q‡Q|

04. PZy_©ch©v‡q AeZxY© AvqvZ : †ePv‡Kbv nvjvj Avi my` nvivg

Ôhviv my` Lvq Zviv (wKqvg‡Zi w`b) †Kej †mB e¨w³i ùvov‡bvi g‡Zv ùvov‡e

hv‡KkqZvb¯úk©ØvivcvMjK‡i†`q|GwUGKvi‡Y†h,Zvive‡jµq-weµq

†Zv my‡ì g‡ZvB, A_P Avjøvn µq-weµq‡K nvjvj K‡i‡Qb Ges my`‡K K‡i‡Qb

nvivg| Gici †h e¨w³i Kv‡Q Zvi cÖwZcvj‡Ki c¶ †_‡K Dc‡`k †cuŠ‡Q †M‡Q

Ges †m (my` LvIqv †_‡K) weiZ n‡q‡Q, Z‡e hv AZxZ n‡q‡Q Zv ZviB Ges Zvi

welqwU AvjøvniB Kv‡Q (mgwc©Z)| Avi hviv cybive„wË K‡i‡Q, ZvivB Av¸‡bi

Awaevmx, †mLv‡b Zviv ¯’vqx n‡e|Õ

7

ÔAvjøvn my`‡K wbwðý K‡ib Ges `vb‡K ewa©Z K‡ib| Avi Avjøvn& †Kv‡bv Awek¦vmx

cvwcô‡K fv‡jvev‡mb bv|Õ

8

Ôwbðq hviv Cgvb G‡b‡Q, mrKvR K‡i‡Q, mvjvZ (bvgvR) Kv‡qg K‡i‡Q I hvKvZ

cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q, Zv‡ì Rb¨ Zv‡ì cÖwZcvj‡Ki Kv‡Q i‡q‡Q Zv‡ì cÖwZ`vb Ges

Zv‡ì †Kv‡bv fq †bB Ges Zviv `ywðšÍvMÖ¯ÍI n‡e bv|Õ

9

m~iv Avj evKvivn&i D³ 275, 276 I 277 bs AvqvZ¸‡jv m~iv Av‡j Bgiv‡bi

130-136 bs AvqvZ bvwR‡ji Aí mgq ci bvwRj nq| GLv‡b cY¨ †ePv‡Kbv‡K

nvjvj Ges my`‡K my¯úófv‡e nvivg †NvlYv Kiv nq| GLv‡b me ai‡bi my` Kg

wKsev †ewk hv-B †nvK, Pµe„w× A_ev mij meB nvivg †NvlYv Kiv nq Ges my‡ì

fqven cwiYwZi eY©bv †`qv nq| Av‡iv Rvbv‡bv nq, Avjøvn my`‡K aŸsm K‡ib Ges

`vb‡K ewa©Z K‡ib|

7 Avj KziAvb, m~iv Avj evKvivn, AvqvZ 275|



Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 31

05. cÂgch©v‡q AeZxY© AvqvZ : my` bv Qvo‡j Avjøvn I ivm~‡ji c¶ †_‡K hy‡×i

†NvlYv

ÔI‡n hviv Cgvb G‡bQ| †Zvgiv Avjøvn&‡K fq K‡iv Ges my` †_‡K hv evwK (cvIbv)

i‡q‡Q Zv †Q‡o `vIÑ hw` †Zvgiv gyÕwgb nI|Õ

10

ÔwKš‘ hw` †Zvgiv Zv bv K‡iv, Z‡e Avjøvn& I Zuvi ivm~‡ji c¶ †_‡K (†Zvgv‡ì

weiæ‡×) hy‡×i †NvlYv †R‡b bvI, Avi hw` †Zvgiv ZIev K‡iv, Z‡e †Zvgv‡ì

g~jab †Zvgv‡ìB Rb¨ (êa n‡e), †Zvgiv Ryjyg Ki‡e bv Ges †Zvgv‡ì cÖwZI

Ryjyg Kiv n‡e bv|Õ

11

ÔGes hw` †m (FYMÖ¯Í e¨w³) AfveMÖ¯Í nq Z‡e m”QjZv (Avmv) ch©šÍ Zv‡ì‡K

AeKvk `vI| Avi m`Kv (gvd) K‡i †`qv †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ DËg hw` †Zvgiv

Rvb‡Z|Õ

12

ÔGes †Zvgiv †mB w`b‡K fq K‡iv †h w`b †Zvgv‡ì‡K Avjøvn&i w`‡K wdwi‡q †bqv

n‡e| Gici cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³‡K †m hv AR©b K‡i‡Q Zvi cÖwZdj cy‡ivcywi †`qv n‡e,

Ges Zv‡ì cÖwZ Ryjyg Kiv n‡e bv|Õ

13

m~iv Avj evKvivn&i D³ 278 †_‡K 281 bs AvqvZ¸‡jv `kg wnRwi mv‡j we`vq

n‡Ri Av‡M bvwRj nq| GLv‡b my‡ì e‡Kqv cvIbv †Q‡o w`‡q my‡ì mv‡_ m¤ú~Y©

m¤úK© †Q` Kivi wb‡`©k †`qv nq| Ab¨_vq Avjøvn I ivm~j (m.)-Gi c¶ †_‡K

hy‡×i †NvlYvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z _vK‡Z ejv nq| A_©vr my‡ì mv‡_ m¤úK© ivLv Avjøvn I

ivm~‡ji mv‡_ we‡`ªvn †NvlYvi kvwgj e‡j D‡jøL Kiv nq| G AvqvZmg~‡ni gva¨‡g

my‡ì ¸bv‡ni fqvenZv Abyaveb Kiv hvq|

my‡ì e¨vcv‡i cuvPwU ch©v‡q bvwRj nIqv AvqvZ¸‡jvi w`‡K ZvKv‡j †`Lv hvq, wnRi‡Zi

cuvPeQiAv‡Mmy`m¤ú‡K©bvwRjnIqvcÖ_gAvqv‡Zig~je³e¨wQj,my‡èiKZI

Kj¨vY †bB; eis Kj¨vY I eiKZ i‡q‡Q hvKv‡Z| G Avqv‡Z my`‡K mivmwi nvivg ejv

nqwb| d‡j G AvqvZ bvwRj nIqvi ci A‡b‡K †¯^”Qvq my` †Q‡o †`q|

GicÖvqQqeQicimy`m¤ú‡K©wØZxqch©v‡qbvwRjnIqvAvqv‡Zig~je³e¨wQj,

my‡ì Kvi‡Y Bûw`‡ì kvw¯Í †`qv n‡qwQj| AZGe Zv GKUv Lvivc KvR| GLv‡bI





32| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

nvivg ev wbwl× kãwU D‡jøL Kiv nqwb| Z‡e G AvqvZ bvwRj nIqvi ci Avjøvni

Amš‘wó †_‡K euvPvi Rb¨ Av‡iv A‡b‡K my` cwiZ¨vM K‡ib|

Gi cÖvq wZb eQi ci Z…Zxq wnRwi‡Z my` wbwl× K‡i AvqvZ bvwRj nq Ges †mLv‡b

Pµe„w× my‡ì D‡jøL Kiv nq| Gi d‡j mevB Pµe„w× my` eR©b K‡i| GiI wKQz w`b

ci Pµe„w×mn me ai‡bi my` nvivg †NvlYv Kiv nq| A_©vr Gch©v‡q †NvlYv Kiv nq,

Ô†ePv‡Kbv nvjvj Avi my` gvÎB nvivgÕ|

GicÖvqmvZeQiciwe`vqn‡RiAv‡Mmy`m¤ú‡K©bvwRjnIqvme©‡klAvqv‡Zejv

nq,my‡ìAZxZe‡Kqv†Q‡o w`‡Zn‡eGesmy‡ìmv‡_m¤ú~Y©m¤úK© †Q`Ki‡Z

n‡e| Ab¨_vq Zv‡ì weiæ‡× Avjøvn I ivm~‡ji c¶ †_‡K hy‡×i †NvlYvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z

n‡Z ejv nq|

14

me‡k‡l we`vqn‡Rifvl‡Yivm~j(m.)my`m¤ú‡K© †NvlYvK‡ib,

ÔRvwnwj hy‡Mi me my` evwZj Kiv n‡q‡Q| me©cÖ_g Avwg Avgv‡ì wiev evwZj KiwQ,

Zvn‡”Q(AvgviPvPv)AveŸvmBe‡bAve`yjgyËvwj‡eicvIbvmy`|Zvm¤ú~Y©evwZj

Kiv n‡jv|Õ

15

Gfv‡e cÖ_‡g my‡ì AKj¨v‡Yi e¨vcv‡i gvby‡li g‡a¨ m‡PZbZv ˆZwi Kiv nq, Gici

my‡ì g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †kvlYg~jK e‡j cwiwPZ Pµe„w× my`‡K wbwl× Kiv nq| me‡k‡l

Pµe„w× QvovI me ai‡bi my`‡K wbwl× Kiv nq| G cUf~wg‡Z ivm~j (m.) we`vq n‡Ri

mgqmy‡ì`wjj‡Kc``wjZK‡ibGesmgvR†_‡Kmy`‡Km¤ú~Y©D‡”Q`K‡ib|

my` m¤ú‡K© ivm~j (m.)-Gi nvw`m

01. nRiZ Rvwei Be‡b Ave`yjøvn (iv.) n‡Z ewY©Z, Ôivm~j (m.) my`MÖnxZv, my``vZv,

my‡ì †jLK, Ges myw` †jb‡`‡bi mv¶xØ‡qi cÖwZ Awfm¤úvZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb

e‡j‡Qb (cv‡ci w`K †_‡K) Zviv meB mgvb Acivax|Õ

16

02. nRiZ Ave`yjøvn Be‡b nvbhvjv (iv.) n‡Z ewY©Z, Avjøvni ivm~j (m.) e‡j‡Qb,

Ô†R‡b-ey‡S my‡ì GK wìnvg MÖnY Kiv QwÎkevi wRbv Kivi (e¨wfPv‡i wjß

nIqv) †P‡q gvivZ¥K Aciva|Õ

17

03. nRiZ Avey ûivBivn (iv.) †_‡K ewY©Z, ivm~j (m.) e‡j‡Qb, Ô¶wZKi mvZwU welq

†_‡K †Zvgiv †eu‡P _vK‡e| mvnvevMY wR‡Ám Ki‡jb, †n Avjøvni ivm~j (m.)! †m

14 avivevwnKfv‡e bvwRjK…Z my‡ì AvqvZmg~n we¯ÍvwiZ †`Lyb G eB‡qi 11 bs c„ôv|

15 eyLvix, gymwjg|

16 gymwjg, wZiwgwh, gymbv‡` Avngv`|

17 gymbv‡` Avngv` I wZeivwb|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 33

mvZwU welq Kx? Rev‡e wZwb ej‡jb : (1) Avjøvni mv‡_ KvD‡K kwiK Kiv, (2)

Rv`ywe`¨v wk¶v I cÖ`k©b Kiv, (3) Ab¨vqfv‡e KvD‡K nZ¨v Kiv, (4) my` LvIqv,

(5) BqvwZ‡gi gvj MÖvm Kiv, (6) hy‡×i gq`vb †_‡K cvjv‡bv Ges (7) †Kv‡bv

m”PwiÎv bvix‡K Acev` †`qv|Õ

18

04. Rvwei Be‡b Ave`yjøvn (iv.) bex (m.)-Gi we`vq n‡Ri weeiY w`‡Z wM‡q e‡j‡Qb,

ivm~jyjøvn(m.)†jvK‡ìm‡¤^vabK‡iej‡jb,ÔRvwnwj hy‡Mi me my` evwZj Kiv

n‡q‡Q|Õ me©cÖ_g Avwg Avgv‡ì my` evwZj KiwQ, Zv n‡”Q (Avgvi PvPv) AveŸvm

Be‡bAve`yjgyËvwj‡eicvIbvmy`|Zvm¤ú~Y©evwZjKivn‡jv|Õ

19

05. Avey ûivBivn (iv.) †_‡K ewY©Z| ivm~jyjøvn (m.) e‡j‡Qb, Ôgvby‡li Rb¨ Aek¨B

Ggb GKwU mgq Avm‡e hLb cÖ‡Z¨‡KB my` MÖnY Ki‡e| Avi †KD hw` my` MÖnY

bv K‡i Zvn‡j my‡ì ayjv n‡jI Zvi Kv‡Q †cuŠQ‡e|Õ

20

06. ivm~jyjøvn (m.) e‡j‡Qb, ÔAvcvZ`„wó‡Z g‡b nq my` mg„w× Av‡b, wKš‘ my‡ì P~ovšÍ

cwiYwZ n‡”Q Afve Ges ms‡KvPb|Õ

21

07. Avey ûivBivn (iv.) I Avey mvC` Ly`wi (iv.) eY©bv K‡ib, Ôivm~j (m.) ewb ÔAvw`

Avj-Avbmvix †Mv‡Îi GK †jvK‡K ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi Rb¨ LvBevi GjvKvq cvVv‡jb|

wZwb†mLvb†_‡KDbœZgv‡biwKQy†LRyiwb‡qwd‡iG‡jb|Õivm~j(m.)Zv‡K

wR‡ÁmKi‡jb,ÔLvBev‡iime†LRyiBwKGiKg(DbœZgv‡bi)?ÕwZwbej‡jb,

Ôbv (LvBev‡iime†LRyiGiKgDbœZgv‡bibq), †nAvjøvniivm~j|Avgiv

wewfbœcÖKv‡iiwbgœgv‡bi`yBmvÕ

22

†LRy‡iiwewbg‡qGKmvÕDbœZgv‡bi†LRyi

wK‡bwQ|Õ ZLb ivm~jyjøvn (m.) ej‡jb, ÔZv †Kv‡iv bv, eis gv‡b mgvb mgvb

(wgmjvb wewgmwjb) n‡Z n‡e| A_ev †Zvgvi Lvivc †LRyi wewµ K‡i Zvi g~j¨

w`‡q DËg †LRyi wKb‡e| Gfv‡eB cwigvc (c~Y© n‡e)|Õ

23

F‡Yi mv‡_ mswkøó wiev hv KziAv‡bi Avqv‡Zi gva¨‡g wbwl×Ñ Gi evB‡i cY¨

wewbg‡qi mgqI †h my` n‡Z cv‡i Zv ivm~j (m.) DwjøwLZ nvw`‡m Rvbv‡bvi AvM

ch©šÍ †m mg‡qi Avi‡ei †jvK‡ì Rvbv wQj bv| GgbwK ivm~j (m.)-Gi mvnvweMYI

Rvb‡Zb bv| D³ nvw`‡m ivm~j (m.) mgRvZxq cY¨ (¸YMZ gvb we‡ePbvq) Kg-

18 eyLvix, gymwjg, Avey `vD` I bvmvC|

19 gymwjg, Avey `vD` I Be‡b gvRvn|

20 Avey `vD`, Be‡b gvRvn|

21 gymbv‡` Avngv`|

22 GKmvÕmgvb3†KwR270MÖv‡giwKQz†ewk|(m~Î:AvIhv‡bkviBq¨vn,gydwZgynv¤§v`kdxi.,c„.-18)

23 gymwjg, 5g LÐ, c„:352, bs 3935|

34| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

†ewk K‡i wewbgq Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb| G †¶‡Î mvaviYfv‡e g‡b n‡Z cv‡i `yB

mvÕ wbgœgv‡bi †LRyi w`‡q GK QvÕ DbœZgv‡bi †LRyi wewbg‡q †`v‡li wKQy †bB|

KviY, YMZ gvb (quality) fv‡jv nIqvq †ewk †bqvq †`v‡li Kx Av‡Q? wKš‘ welqwU

m~²fv‡e wPšÍv Ki‡j ÎæwUc~Y© e‡j cÖZxqgvb n‡e| KviY, YMZ gvb LyeB m~² welq|

GwU ¯^v`, MÜ, eënviKvj BZ¨vw` A‡bK wel‡qi mv‡_ m¤ú„³| mgRvZxq `ªe¨ w`‡q

¸YMZ gv‡bi cv_©K¨ cwigvc Kiv KwVb| Zv Qvov `ª‡eï ¸YMZ gvb m¤ú‡K© mevi

AwfÁZv _v‡K bv e‡j cÖZvwiZ nIqvi Avk¼v _v‡K| Zv Qvov cY¨ wewbg‡qi mgq

¸YMZ gvb Abygvb Kiv hvq; Avi wbwðZ nIqv hvq †Kej †fvM-eënv‡ii c‡iB| G

Kvi‡YB ivm~j (m.) Ab¨ GK nvw`‡m e‡j‡Qb, ÔcY¨ m¤ú‡K© AbwfÁ e¨w³‡K †auvKv

†`qvi gva¨‡g AwZwi³ MÖnY Kiv wiev (my`)|Õ ZvB mgRvZxq cY¨ wewbgq bv K‡i

Zv cÖPwjZ evRvi`‡i wbgœgv‡bi cY¨wU wewµ K‡i cÖvß g~j¨ w`‡q cÖPwjZ evRvi`‡i

DbœZgv‡bi mgRvZxq cY¨ wKb‡j VKvi Avk¼v _v‡K bv| ZvB c‡Yï wewbgqKv‡j

cÖPwjZ g~‡jï †P‡q AwZwi³ MÖnY ev cÖ`vb Kivi duvK-†dvKi eÜ Kivi Rb¨ ivm~j

(m.) mgRvZxq cY¨ wewbgqKv‡j Kg‡ewk Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb Ges G †¶‡Î

AwZwi³ Av`vb-cÖ`vb‡K Ab¨ nvw`‡m my` e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|

08. Avey mvC` Ly`wi (iv.) †_‡K ewY©Z, ivm~jyjøvn (m.) e‡j‡Qb, Ô†mvbvi mv‡_ †mvbv,

iƒcvi mv‡_ iƒcv, M‡gi mv‡_ Mg, h‡ei mv‡_ he, †LRy‡ii mv‡_ †LRyi Ges je‡Yi

mv‡_ jeY wewbg‡qi †¶‡Î mgv‡b mgvb Ges nv‡Z nv‡Z wewbgq n‡Z n‡e| Giƒc

wewbg‡q †h †ewk ev Kg †`q ev †bq, †m myw` Kvievi K‡i| G †¶‡Î vZv I MÖnxZv

Df‡qB mgvb|Õ

24

09. Avbvm Be‡b gvwjK (iv.) †_‡K ewY©Z| ivm~jyjøvn (m.) e‡j‡Qb, Ô†Zvgv‡ì †KD

hw` KvD‡K FY `vI Zvici FYMÖnxZv hw` Zv‡K LvIqvi Rb¨ Aby‡iva K‡i,

FY`vZvi Zv MÖnY Kiv DwPZ bq; FYMÖnxZv hw` FY`vZv‡K Zvi cï-evn‡b ågY

Kivi cÖ¯Íve K‡i Zvn‡j Zv‡Z IVv FY`vZvi DwPZ bq hw` Zviv Av‡M †_‡K

Abyiƒc AvbyK‚j¨ wewbg‡q Af¨¯Í bv n‡q _v‡K|Õ

25

10. Avbvm Be‡b gvwjK (iv.) †_‡K ewY©Z| ivm~jyjøvn (m.) e‡j‡Qb, Ô†Zvgv‡ì †KD

hw` Ab¨‡K avi †`q, Zvn‡j †Kv‡bv Dcnvi-Dc‡XŠKb MÖnY Kiv Zvi DwPZ bq|Õ

26

DwjøwLZ nvw`m `ywU‡Z ÔwievÕ bvwmqv m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q|

24 †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv dwKni g‡Z, ïay nvw`‡m DwjøwLZ QqwU c‡Yï e¨vcv‡iB Ôwiev dv`jÕ-Gi mxgv wba©vwiZ| wKš‘ †ewki

fvM kixÔAvn& we‡klÁ g‡b K‡ib nvw`‡m DwjøwLZ KÕwU cY¨ D`vniY wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| mgRvZxq †h‡Kv‡bv

cY¨ nv‡Z nv‡Z e`‡ji †¶‡Î G bxwZ cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e| D‡jøL¨, Ôwiev dv`‡jÕi welqwU nvw`‡mi gva¨‡g wbwl× n‡q‡Q|

25 mybvb Avj-evqnvwK|

26 evqnvwK m~‡Î wgkKvZ; gybZvKv, Be‡b ZvBwgqv|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 35

my‡ì e¨vcv‡i mvnvwe I Zv‡eÔCM‡Yi `„wófw½

mvnvweIZv‡eÔCMYmy‡ìe¨vcv‡iAZ¨šÍmZK©ZvAej¤^bKi‡Zb|†Kv‡bv†jb‡`‡b

my‡ì AbycÖ‡ek NUvi we›`ygvÎ Avk¼v _vK‡jI Zviv Zv cwinvi Ki‡Zb Ges Ab¨‡ìI

Giƒc†jb‡`bKi‡Zwb‡laKi‡Zb|wb‡¤œDwjøwLZK‡qKwUNUbvInvw`m†_‡Kmy`

eR©‡bi e¨vcv‡i mvnvwe I Zv‡eÔCM‡Yi m`vmZK© g‡bvfv‡ei cÖgvY cIqv hvq :

Avey eyi`v (iv.) e‡jb, ÔAve`yjøvn Be‡b mvjvg (iv.) Avgv‡K Dc‡`k w`‡q e‡jb :

ÔZzwg Ggb GK GjvKvq evm K‡iv †hLv‡b my‡ì e¨vcK cÖPjb i‡q‡Q| hw` Kv‡iv

Kv‡Q †Zvgvi F‡Yi cvIbv _v‡K Ges †m hw` †Zvgv‡K f~wl, evwj©, cïLv`¨ (A_©vr Zz”Q

wRwbmI) Dc‡XŠKb w`‡Z Pvq Z‡e Zzwg Zv MÖnY †Kv‡iv bv, KviY Zv my`|Õ

27

GK e¨w³ Ave`yjøvn Be‡b gvmD` (iv.)-†K ej‡jb, Avwg GK e¨w³i KvQ †_‡K GB

k‡Z© cuvP kZ wìnvg FY wb‡qwQ †h, Zv‡K Avgvi †NvovwU evnb wn‡m‡e eënv‡ii Rb¨

†`‡ev| Be‡b gvmD` (iv.) ej‡jb, †m hZevi Zv‡K evnb wn‡m‡e eënvi Ki‡e Zv n‡e

my`

28

|evqnvwKimybvbMÖ‡š’nRiZDgidviæKIAvbvm(iv.)m¤ú‡K©IAbyiƒcNUbv

ewY©Z n‡q‡Q|

29

Gme nvw`m †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, ivm~jyjøvn (m.) I mvnvweM‡Yi hy‡M

Pzw³c‡Îi kZ©vbyhvqx F‡Yi wecix‡Z †h‡Kv‡bv cÖKv‡ii DØ„Ë wiev Avb-bvwmqv wn‡m‡e

cwiMwYZ n‡Zv Ges Øxb`vi †jvK‡ì Kv‡Q AwZwi³ cÖ`v‡bi kZ© bv _vK‡jI Dc‡XŠKb

ev evowZ Av`vq Kiv‡K N„Y¨ g‡b Kiv n‡Zv Ges my‡ì m‡›`n †_‡K `~‡i _vKvi Rb¨

Zv cwinvi Ki‡Zb|

wewkó Zv‡eÔC myjvBgvb Be‡b Bqvmvi (i.) Avey ûivBivn (iv.) †_‡K eY©bv K‡ib

†h, Avey ûivBivn (iv.) Lwjdv gviIqvb (623-685 wLª.)-†K ej‡jb, Avcwb wK myw`

†Kbv‡ePv nvjvj K‡i w`‡jb? gviIqvb ej‡jb, Avwg (Ggb) Kx K‡iwQ? Avey ûivBivn

(iv.) ej‡jb, Avcwb mvKvK (Lv‡`ï †ikb KvW©) †ePv‡Kbv‡K nvjvj K‡i‡Qb, A_P

ivm~j (m.) Lv`¨mvgMÖx n¯ÍMZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ Zv wewµ Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb| eY©bvKvix

e‡jb†h,LwjdvgviIqvbZLbRbmvavi‡YiD‡Ï‡kë³e¨w`‡jbGesZv†ePv‡Kbv

Kiv‡K wb‡la Ki‡jb| myjvBgvb e‡jb, (Gici) Avwg †`Ljvg †h cÖnixiv gvby‡li nvZ

†_‡K mvKvK¸‡jv (Lv‡`ï †ikb KvW©) wb‡q wb‡”Q|

30

27 eyLvwi, w`wjø ms¯‹iY, 1357 wn., 1g LÐ, 1538, gvbvwKe Avew`jøvn Be‡b mvjvg|

28 evqnvwK, mybvbyj- Kzeiv, 5g LÐ, 351|

29 Bmjvgx wek¦‡Kvl, 22 LÐ, c„ôv-436, BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k|

30 gymwjg (kvin beex), êiæZ, `viæj KzZzwej ÔBjwgq¨vn, 1g ms¯‹iY, 1995, 10/146|

36| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

GLv‡b †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, Avey ûivBivn (iv.) hLb †`L‡jb, wKQy †jvK Zv‡ì †ikb KvW©

wewµ Ki‡Q Ges ev¯Í‡e †Kv‡bv Lv`¨`ªe¨ ev c‡Yï †jb‡`b bv n‡q ïay KvW© †ePv‡Kbvi

gva¨‡g KvW©wU A‡bK nvZ e`j n‡”Q, Gfv‡e KvW© wewµi gva¨‡g †jv‡Kiv †Kv‡bv

eënvi‡hvM¨ c‡Yï wewbgq Qvov ïay GK LÐ KvMR †ePv‡Kbvi gva¨‡g GKai‡bi myw`

Kvievi Ki‡Q, ZLb wZwb †m mg‡qi DgvBqv Lwjdv gviIqv‡bi `„wó AvKl©Y K‡ib I

G RvZxq myw` Kvievi Pvjy Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡K `vqx K‡ib| Lwjdv gviIqvb mv‡_ mv‡_ G

ai‡bi†jb‡`beÜK‡i†`bGesAvBb-k„•Ljvevwnbxim`mïvG¸‡jvgvby‡liKvQ

†_‡K cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i †bb|

wewfbœ a‡g© my`

Avjøvnime©‡klbexIivm~jgynv¤§v` (m.)-GiIcibvwRjK…ZcweÎKziAv‡bmy`

wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q| d‡j mvaviYfv‡e g‡b Kiv nq †h, †Kej Bmjv‡gB my` wbwl×|

wKš‘ G K_v †gv‡UI wVK bq; eis cÖvPxb Kvj †_‡K `ywbqvi me a‡g©B my` wbwl× wQj|

Bûw` a‡g©

ewb BmivC‡ji g‡a¨ Avjøvn eûmsL¨K bex cvwV‡qwQ‡jb| GB bex‡ì (Av.) Kv‡Q

Avjøvn †ek KÕwU Avmgvwb wKZveI bvwRj K‡ib| g~mv (Av.)-Gi Ici bvwRj K‡iwQ‡jb

ZvIivZ Avi `vD` (Av.)-Gi Ici bvwRj K‡i‡Qb hveyi| Zuv‡ì Kv‡Q bvwRjK…Z MÖ‡š’

my` wbwl× wQj| G Qvov Bûw`‡ì myw` †jb‡`b Ki‡Z wb‡la Kiv n‡q‡Q; GgbwK

Bûw`‡ìg‡a¨ci¯úimy`†jb‡`‡bi†¶‡Îga¨¯’ZvKvixwn‡m‡eKvRKiv,M¨vivw›U

cÖ`vb Kiv, A_ev mv¶x n‡ZI wb‡la Kiv n‡q‡Q| Bûw`‡ì ag©MÖš’ Old Testament-Gi

wZbwU cy¯Í‡K my` wbqš¿YKiY-msµvšÍ weavb cvIqv hvq; †m¸‡jv n‡”Q:

1. Ô†Zvgvi fvB hw` `ytmg‡q wbcwZZ nq, Zvn‡j Zzwg Zv‡K evm¯’vb I Avkªq †`‡e,

†m hw` weRvZxq nq A_ev AwZw_ nq ZeyI| Zv‡K †Zvgvi mv‡_ evm Ki‡Z `vI|

Avi Zvi Rb¨ hv wKQy e¨q Ki‡e Zvi Ici my` MÖnY Ki‡e bv| cÖfz‡K fq K‡iv|

†Zvgvi fvB-Gi AwaKvi Av‡Q †Zvgvi mv‡_ evm Kivi| Zzwg hv LiP K‡iv ev gvd

K‡i `vI, Zvi Ic‡i my` MÖnY Kiv êa bq|Õ (†jwfwUKvm-G eëüZ kã n‡”Q

UviweU A_ev gviweU : Gi A_© n‡”Q FY`vZv KZ…©K F‡Yi Ici Av`vqK…Z my`|)

31

2. Ô†Zvgiv hw` Avgvi †Kv‡bv †jvK‡K A_© avi `vI hviv Mwie, Z‡e †Zvgiv Zvi

gnvRb n‡e bv Ges Zvi KvQ †_‡K my` Av`vq Ki‡e bv|Õ

32

31 Leviticus 25 : 35-37.

32 Exodus -22 : 24.

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 37

3. Ô†Zvgiv †Zvgv‡ì fvB‡K my‡` avi †`‡e bv; A‡_©i my`, Lv`¨-mvgMÖxi my` Ges Ab¨

†h‡Kv‡bv wRwbm, hv my‡` avi †`qv nq, Zvi my`|Õ

33

Bûw`‡ì Kv‡Q †cÖwiZ Avjøvni bex `vD` (Av.)-†K †`qv n‡qwQj hveyi wKZve|

Bûwìv GB MÖš’‡K e‡j ÔmvgmÕ| GB MÖ‡š’I my` wbwl× Kivi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq|

4. ÔcÖfz, Avcbvi Zuvey‡Z ¯’vb cv‡e †K? Avcbvi cweÎ wMwi‡Z †K evm Ki‡e? †m, †h

b¨vq c‡_ P‡j Ges cy‡Yï KvR K‡i Ges me©všÍKi‡Y mZ¨ K_v e‡j| †h Zvi A_©

my‡` LvUvq bv, A_ev wbixn wbiciva‡ì KvQ †_‡K cyi¯‹vi MÖnY K‡i bv|Õ

34

5. Ô†h‡KDmy`GesAb¨vqDcvR©‡biØvivZvim¤ú`-m¤úwËe„w×K‡i,†mZvwb‡Ri

Rb¨cyÄxf~ZK‡ihv`wi`ª‡ì`y`©kvevovq|Õ

35

6. ÔZviciAvwgwe‡e‡Kimv‡_†evSvcovK‡iwQGesm¤£všÍ‡ìfr©mbvK‡iwQGes

Zv‡ì bxwZeë¯’v‡KI Ges Zv‡ì e‡jwQ, †Zvgiv Rei`w¯Í my` Av`vq K‡iv Zvi

me fvB †_‡K Ges Avwg Zv‡ì weiæ‡× GK gnvmgv‡e‡ki eë¯’v †i‡LwQ|Õ

36

ewb BmivB‡ji Kv‡Q †cÖwiZ Avjøvni Avi GK bex wQ‡jb hyjwKdj, hv‡K Gwh‡Kj

ejv nq| Zvi Kv‡Q Avjøvn †h weavb bvwRj K‡ib Zv‡ZI my` wbwl× wQj| †KD

†KD g‡b K‡ib hyjwKdj GKRb Avi Gwh‡Kj Avi GKRb bex wQ‡jb|

7. Ô†h my‡` avi †`q bv, A_ev †Kv‡bv e„w× MÖnY K‡i bv, †m Ab¨vqciZv †_‡K Zvi

nvZ‡K mshZ K‡i‡Q, †m gvby‡l gvby‡l mZ¨ mywePvi Kvh©Ki K‡i‡Q, †m Avgvi

Qvqvq/c‡_ P‡j‡Q Ges m‡Zï Rb¨ Avgvi mywePvi i¶v K‡i‡Q| †m b¨vqcivqY, †m

Aek¨B euvP‡e, ej‡jb m`vcÖfz|Õ

37

8. ÔGLv‡b Zviv i³cv‡Zi Rb¨ Dc‡XŠKb MÖnY K‡i‡Q, my` †L‡q‡Q Ges e„w× MÖnY

K‡i‡Q,Zviv†jvfvZziI ^v_©cin‡qcÖwZ‡ekx‡ìwbh©vZbK‡im¤úÀR©bK‡i‡Q

Ges Avgv‡K FY‡j †M‡Q, ej‡jb m`vcÖfz|Õ

38

wLªóa‡g©

Cmv (Av.) wQ‡jb Avjøvni bex| wLªóvbMY Zv‡K whïwLªó e‡j _v‡K| wLªóvb‡ì ag©MÖš’

evB‡ej †_‡K K‡qKwU Ask wb‡P D×„Z Kiv n‡jv :

33 Deuteronomy -23:19.

34 Psalms- 15:1,2,5.

35 Proverbs- 28:8.

36 Nehemiah- 5:7.

37 Ezekiel- 18:8.

38 Ezekiel- 22:12.

38| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

1. Ôbv, †Zvgv‡ì kÎæ‡ì Aek¨B fv‡jvevm‡e Ges Zv‡ì mvnvh¨ Ki‡e; Ges Zv‡ì

avi †`‡e Z‡e †Kv‡bv wewbgq †b‡e bv; Avi †Zvgiv ÔAwZ eoÕ cyi¯‹vi jvf Ki‡e|

Avi †Zvgv‡ì Ae ’vb n‡e ÔAwZ D‡”PÕ| †Kbbv wZwb eoB qvkxj, GgbwK, AK…ZÁ

I cvcx‡ì cÖwZI|Õ

39

Ab¨ RvqMvq ejv n‡q‡Q, Ôavi `vI, Zvi wewbg‡q wKQy Avkv

bv K‡iÕ|

2. Ôwhï Avjøvni Ni (gvmwR`yj AvKmv)-G cÖ‡ek Ki‡jb Ges †mLv‡b hv wKQy †ePv‡Kbv

nw”Qj Zv me evB‡i Qy‡o †d‡j w`‡jb Ges A_© wewbgqKvix‡ì †Uwej¸‡jv Dwë‡q

†dj‡jb(hvivgvby‡lim¤ú`†kvlYK‡iwbw”Qj)Gesej‡jb,ÔGUvwjwLZAv‡Q

†h, Avgvi N‡i Bev`Z Kiv n‡e, wKš‘ †Zvgiv G‡K †Pvi‡ì AvÇvLvbv evwb‡q

wb‡qQ|Õ

40

wn›`y a‡g©

wn›`y a‡g©I my` wbwl×|

K. wn›`y a‡g© ÔgbyÕ-Gi (2q kZvãx) wewagvjvq my` †jb‡`b A‰ea ev wbqš¿Y Kiv

n‡q‡Q|

L. †e` : †e‡` Kzlxw›`be (my`‡Lvi) kãwU †ek K‡qKevi D‡jøL Av‡Q| Gi Øviv

FY`vZv KZ…©K my` MÖnY‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

M. m~Î : G‡Z evievi Ges we¯Í…Zfv‡e my‡ì cÖm½ D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|

N. ewkô : †m mg‡qi GKRb cÖL¨vZ wn›`y AvBbcÖ‡YZv GKwU we‡kl AvBb cÖYqb

K‡ib; G‡Z eªvþY I ¶wÎq‡ì Rb¨ my` LvIqv wbwl× Kiv n‡qwQj|

cÖvPxb wn›`ymgv‡R GKwU cÖev` Pvjy wQj †h, ÔbM‡”Qr ïwÐKvqjsÕ; A_©vr my`‡Lv‡ii

evwo‡Z †h‡qv bv|

†eŠ× a‡g©

ÔRvZvKvmÕ-G (wLªóc~e© 600-400 Aã) (†eŠ×a‡g©) my`‡K N„Yv Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges

my`‡Lvi‡ì ÔfÐ Zc¯^xÕ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

39 Gospel of St.Luke- 6:35.

40 Gospel of St. Mathew- 21:12-13.

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 39

my` m¤ú‡K© weL¨vZ `vk©wbK I A_©bxwZwe`‡ì `„wófw½

my` †h gvbweKZviIcicÖwZwôZbq; eis †kvl‡Yi nvwZqviZv wewfbœ `vk©wbKI

gbxlxi e³e¨ †_‡KI cÖgvwYZ| m‡µwUm, †cø‡Uv, A¨vwi÷Uj, Kvj© gvK©m I †R. Gg.

wKb‡mi g‡Zv weL¨vZ cwÐZ my`‡K mgvR I A_©bxwZi Rb¨ ¶wZKi we‡ePbv K‡i‡Qb|

G wel‡q KÕRb cÖL¨vZ gbxlxi AwfgZ wb‡P Zz‡j aiv n‡jv :

†cø‡Uv

cÖvPxb wMÖK `vk©wbK †cø‡Uv my‡ì wb›`v K‡i‡Qb| my`‡K gvbeZvwe‡ivax, Ab¨vq I Ryjyg

Ges K…wÎg eëmv e‡j Zxeªfv‡e Gi we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Qb|

41

A¨vwi÷Uj

A¨vwi÷Uj e‡jb, ÔA piece of money cannot beget another piece’ ev ÔA_© †Kv‡bv A_©

m„wóKi‡Zcv‡ibv|ÕZviwe‡ePbvqA_©aviw`‡qmyÀv`v‡qigva¨‡gm¤ú`cyÄxf~Z

Kivi Rb¨ A‡_©i eënvi Kiv DwPZ bq| wZwb my`‡K K…wÎg gybvdv AvL¨vwqZ K‡i

e‡j‡Qb, ÔAb¨vb¨ c‡Yï g‡Zv A_© †ePv‡Kbv Kiv GKwU K…wÎg I RvwjqvwZ eëmv|Õ

wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb,

ÔÔThe most hated sort (of wealth), and with the greatest reason, is usury, which makes gain out of money itself and from the natural objects of it. For money was intended to be used in exchange and not increase at interest of all modes of getting wealth, this is the most unnatural.’’42

A_©vr Ôm½Z Kvi‡YB me‡P‡q N„wYZ n‡”Q my` hvi Øviv A_© wbR †_‡K A_© DcvR©b K‡i|

KviYA‡_©iD‡Ïk¨n‡”Qwewbg‡qigva¨gwn‡m‡eKvRKiv,my‡ìgva¨‡gm¤úè„w×

Kivbq|m¤úÀR©‡bicš’vIc×wZmg~‡nig‡a¨GBc×wZwUme‡P‡qA¯^vfvweK|Õ

†R. Gg. wKbm

weªwUk mvgªv‡Rï A_©‰bwZK Dc‡`óv †R. Gg. wKbm A_©‰bwZK g›`v †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨

my‡ìnvik~‡bï†KvVvqbvwg‡qAvbvicÖ¯ÍveK‡ib|GcÖ¯Íveev¯Íevq‡bim¤¢ve¨ZvcÖgvY

K‡iwZwbe‡j‡QbÑGfv‡eBcyuwRev`xmgv‡RiA‡bK†`vlÎæwU ~iKivm¤¢e|my`wfwËK

wewb‡qv‡Mi cwie‡Z© Drcv`bgyLx D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ wZwb AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Qb|

43

41 †cø‡Uv, ÔjRÕ, eyK-5|

42 A¨vwi÷Uj, cwjwU·, 1258|

43 J. M. Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, London, Macmillan, Page-166,334,351.

40| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

Kvj© gvK©m

Kvj© gvK©m my‡ì eëmvqx‡K ÔweKU kqZvbÕ wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| my`‡Lvi‡K wZwb

Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb WvKvZ I wmu‡aj †Pv‡ii mv‡_|

44

Ugvm GKzBbvm

Ugvm GKzBbvm e‡j‡Qb, ÔA_© †_‡K A‡_©i eënvi c„_K Kiv hvq bv| ZvB A_© eënvi

Kiv gv‡b A_©‡K wbt‡kl ev LiP K‡i †djv| G †¶‡Î GKevi A‡_©i `vg †bqvi ci

cybivq A‡_©i g~j¨ †bqv n‡j, GKB cY¨‡K `yÕevi wewµ Kivi Aciva n‡e, A_ev

wØZxqevi Ggb wRwb‡mi `vg †bqv n‡e, hv cÖK…Zc‡¶ we‡µZvi `L‡j †bB| Zuvi g‡Z,

wbtm‡›`‡n GwU GKwU eo AwePvi I Ryjyg|Õ

my`‡K hviv mg‡qi g~j¨ e‡j hyw³ †`Lvb wZwb Zv‡ì hyw³ LÐb K‡i e‡jb, Ômgq n‡jv

GKwUmvaviYm¤ú`|GiIciFY`vZvi†hgbAwaKvii‡q‡Q†ZgwbFYMÖnxZviI

AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| GgZe¯’vq FY`vZv KZ©„K FYMÖnxZvi K‡Q mg‡qi g~j¨ `vwe Kiv

GKUv fÐvwg I Amvay eëmv|Õ

45

wgmvey¨

BUvjxq †jLK wgmvey¨ my`‡K A‡hŠw³K welq wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i e‡j‡Qb, ÔGK w`‡K

A_© n‡”Q GKwU cÖZxK gvÎÑ Gi wbR¯^ †Kv‡bv eënvi †bB; Aci w`‡K evwoNi I

Avmevec‡Îi g‡Zv A‡_©i †Kv‡bv ¶q¶wZ †bB|Õ

46

Kv‡RB Zvi g‡Z, ÔA‡_©i Ici my`

avh© Kivi †Kv‡bv hyw³ †bB|Õ

Rv‡nwj hy‡M Avi‡e cÖPwjZ wiev ev my‡ì A_© I wewfbœ aib

my`m¤ú‡K©cweÎKziAvb,nvw`m,wewfbœag©Igbxlx‡ì`„wófw½Av‡jvPbviciAvgiv

my` ev wiev ej‡Z Kx eySvq Zv Av‡jvPbv Kie| cweÎ KziAv‡bi AvqvZmg~n I ivm~j

(m.)-Gi nvw`‡m my`‡K eySv‡Z Aviwe ÔwievÕ kã eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| ÔwievÕi AvwfavwbK

A_©n‡jve„w×,AvwaK¨,AwZwi³,ùxwZ,m¤cÖmviYBZ¨vw`|ÔwievÕm¤ú‡K©cuvPwUav‡c

cweÎ KziAv‡bi 12wU AvqvZ bvwRj nIqvi mgq ÔwievÕi A_© Rvbvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv e¨w³

ivm~j (m.) †K GKwUeviI cÖkœ K‡ibwb| cÖkœ bv Kivi KviY n‡”Q, ÔwievÕ m¤ú‡K©

44 W.gynv¤§`BDm~dyÏxb,Bmjv‡giA_©‰bwZKgZv`k©,BmjvwgKdvD‡Ûkbevsjv‡`k,1983,L.2,c„.23-32|

45 †evg evIqvK©, w` cwRwUf w_Iwi Ae B›Uv‡i÷, c„ôvÑ 34|

46 cÖv¸³|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 41

DwjøwLZ AvqvZmg~n hLb bvwRj nq ZLb mgv‡Ri mevi Kv‡Q ÔwievÕ wQj AwZ cwiwPZ|

ÔwievÕm¤ú‡K©ZvivmevBRvbZ|nZ¨v,Pzwi,WvKvwZ,k~K‡iigvsmLvIqv,g`cvb,

Ryqv †Ljv, whbv-e¨wfPvi cÖf…wZ cvcKg© †hgb mevi Kv‡Q mycwiwPZ wQj Ges G¸‡jvi

†KvbwU w`‡q †Kvb welqevKvReySvq †me¨vcv‡i †Kv‡bvA¯úóZvev wØavØ›Ø wQj

bv,†ZgwbÔwievÕie¨vcviwUIwQjZv‡ìKv‡Qmy¯úó|Avieivcvi¯úwiK†jb‡`‡bi

†¶‡Î ÔwievÕ kã eënvi KiZ| ïay †m mg‡qi Avieiv bq; eis Zv‡ì Av‡Mi hy‡MI

A‡bK gvbyl Zv‡ì Avw_©K †jb‡`‡b ÔwievÕ wbZ Ges w`Z| †m hy‡M Avieiv Ômy`Õ ej‡Z

Kx eySZ Ges †m mgv‡R ÔwievÕi cÖPjb †Kgb wQj Zv cÖvPxb I †gŠwjK Zvdwmi MÖš’

†_‡KAvgivRvb‡Zcvwi|Rvwnwjhy‡MF‡YiAvm‡jiIciwewfbœiƒ‡cAwZwi³(A_©vr

ÔwievÕ) avh© Kivi cÖPjb wQj| wb‡P Zv we¯ÍvwiZ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv :

1. my`mn Avmj †diZ †`qvi k‡Z© FY`vb

cÖ_gZ FY`vZv FY cÖ`v‡bi mgqB Zvi Avm‡ji Ici AwZwi³ `vwe KiZ Ges

FYMÖnxZv AwZwi³ w`‡Z ivwR n‡j FY`vZv D³ ewa©Z cwigvYmn Avmj †di‡Zi

k‡Z© FY w`Z| G cÖm‡½ Bgvg Avey eKi Avj-Rvmmvm (g„Zz¨ 370 wnRwi) Zuvi

weL¨vZ Zvdwmi ÔAvnKvgyj KziAvbÕ-G ÔwievÕi e¨vL¨v w`‡q‡Qb Gfv‡e :

ÔAvieiv F‡Yi Avm‡ji Ici cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZµ‡g wba©vwiZ AwZwi³ cÖ`v‡bi

k‡Z© wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ wìnvg (†iŠc¨gy`ªv) ev w`bvi (¯^Y©gy`ªv) FY w`Z| GUv‡KB

Zviv ÔwievÕ e‡j RvbZ Ges GB ÔwievÕi †jb‡`‡bB Zviv Af¨¯Í wQj| Rvwnwj hy‡Mi

ÔwievÕ n‡”Q, †Kv‡bv wba©vwiZ mg‡qi Rb¨ cÖ`Ë F‡Yi Avm‡ji Ici FYMÖnxZv

KZ©„K †`q wba©vwiZ AwZwi³|Õ

47

2. Pµe„w× my`

wØZxqZ FY`vZv gv‡m gv‡m wba©vwiZ cwigvY AwZwi³ Av`vq KiZ; wKš‘ FY

cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv` †kl nIqv ch©šÍ Avm‡ji cwigvY AcwiewZ©Z _vKZ| cÖwm×

gydvmwmiBgvgdLiæÏxbAvjivwh(g„Zz¨-606wnRwi)ÔAvZ-ZvdwmiAvjKvweiÕ

MÖ‡š’Rvwnwjhy‡MiÔwievÕm¤ú‡K©e‡j‡Qb:

ÔRvwnwj hy‡M ÔwievÕ bvwmqv me©R‡b wQj mycwiwPZ I ¯^xK…Z| A_©vr Zviv A_© avi

w`Z Ges gvwmK wfwË‡Z wba©vwiZ cwigvY AwZwi³ Av`vq KiZ; wKš‘ Avmj wVK

_vKZ| Zvici †gqv` †kl n‡j FY`vZv FYMÖnxZvi Kv‡Q Avmj †diZ PvBZ|

47 Zvdwmi AvnKvgyj KziAvb, Avj Rvmmvm, LÐ-1, jv‡nvi, 1980, c„ôv- 465|

42| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

FYMÖnxZv Avmj †diZ w`‡Z AcviM n‡j FY`vZv Avm‡ji Ici evwo‡q w`Z Ges

†gqvÌ evwo‡q w`Z| GUvB n‡”Q ÔwievÕ hv Rvwnwj hy‡M †jv‡Kiv †jb‡`b KiZ|Õ

48

3. F‡Yi †gqv` evov‡bvi wewbg‡q my`

Z„Zxq †h aibwU cÖPwjZ wQj Zvi weeiY w`‡q‡Qb cÖvPxb ZvdwmiKvi gyRvwn`| wZwb

D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, FY cÖ`v‡bi mgq F‡Yi Avm‡ji Ici †Kv‡bv AwZwi³ avh© Kiv

n‡Zv bv| Z‡e †gqv` c~Y© nIqvi ci FYMÖnxZv hw` Avmj †diZ w`‡Z e¨_© n‡Zv,

Zvn‡j FY`vZv FYMÖnxZvi Kv‡Q `ywU weKí cÖ¯Íve †ck KiZ, nq FYMÖnxZv ZLbB

Avmj †diZ †`‡e; A_ev †gqv` e„w× Kivi wewbg‡q †m Avm‡ji cwigvY evwo‡q

†`‡e|

1. cY¨g~j¨ cwi‡kv‡ai †gqv` †k‡l mgq evov‡bvi wewbg‡q my`

PZz_© †h aibwU cÖPwjZ wQj Zv Be‡b Rvwii Zvi weL¨vZ Zvdwmi MÖš’ Zvevwi‡Z

eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| GwU g~jZ Z„Zxq ai‡bi g‡ZvB| wZwb e‡j‡Qb :

ÔRvwnwj hy‡Mi ÔwievÕ wQj Ggb GK †jb‡`b †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv e¨w³ fwel¨‡Zi †Kv‡bv

wba©vwiZ w`‡b `vg cwi‡kva Kivi k‡Z© †Kv‡bv cY¨-mvgMÖx weµq KiZ, Gici `vg

cwi‡kv‡ai wba©vwiZ Zvwi‡L †µZv hw` `vg cwi‡kv‡a e¨_© n‡Zv, Zvn‡j we‡µZv

Zvi cvIbvi cwigvY evwo‡q w`Z Ges cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ Av‡iv mgq w`Z| Avjøvgv

myq~wZ dvivwei m~Î †_‡K GKB K_v e‡j‡Qb : Zviv (Avieiv) fwel¨‡Z vg cwi‡kva

Kivi k‡Z© evwK‡Z cY¨ wKbZ, Gici `vg cwi‡kv‡ai wba©vwiZ w`‡b we‡µZv Zvi

cvIbvi cwigvY evwo‡q w`‡q mgqI evwo‡q w`Z|Õ

G cÖm‡½ Bebyj Avivwe (g„Zz¨ 514 wnRwi) Zvi ÔAvnKvgyj KziAvbÕ bvgK Zvdwmi

MÖ‡š’ e‡j‡Qb : Ôwiev n‡”Q †mB evowZ `vg, hv †Kv‡bv gv‡ji wewbgq bq|Õ

49

A_©vr

cY¨ wewµi mgq wba©vwiZ `vg wn‡m‡e bq; eis evwK‡Z `vg cwi‡kv‡ai k‡Z© wewµi

†¶‡Î wba©vwiZ mgq †k‡l bZzb †Kv‡bv cY¨ wewµ bv K‡i `vg cwi‡kv‡ai mgq

evwo‡q w`‡q Zvi wewbg‡q AwZwi³ A_© avh© Kiv n‡j Zv ÔwievÕ ev my` e‡j MY¨ n‡e|

cÖK…Ze¨vcvin‡”Q,Rvwnwjhy‡Mmy`†jb‡`‡biwewfbœaibwQj;Avi†mmg‡qi

Avieiv GB me cš’v‡ZB my` †jb‡`b KiZ| Z‡e me ai‡bi myw` †jb‡`‡bi

mvaviY †h êwkó¨ wQj Zv n‡”Q, †`bvi Avm‡ji Ici GKwU AwZwi³ cwigvY avh©

48 ZvdwmiKvwei,dLiæÏxbAvjivwh,(op.cit), LÐ-7, †Znivb, c„ôv-91|

49 W±igynv¤§`BDm~dzÏxb,Bmjv‡giA_©‰bwZKgZv`k©,BmjvwgKdvD‡Ûkbevsjv‡`k,c„ôv-36|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 43

Kiv| KL‡bv evwK †Kbv‡ePv †_‡K †`bv m„wó n‡Zv; KL‡bv ev FY ev KR© †_‡K †`bv

m„wó n‡Zv| GKBfv‡e AwZwi³ cwigvY KL‡bv gvwmK wfwË‡ZI Av`vq Kiv n‡Zv

Ges †gqv` †k‡l Avmj †diZ wbZ| KL‡bv Avevi AwZwi³ I Avmj †gqv` †k‡l

GK‡Î cwi‡kva Kiv n‡Zv|

Gme †¶‡ÎB ewa©Z AwZwi³ Ask‡K ejv n‡Zv ÔwievÕ; KviY, ÔwievÕ k‡ãi

AvwfavwbK A_©B n‡”Q Ôe„w×Õ| AZGe, FYPzw³‡Z g~ja‡bi Ici †h‡Kv‡bv e„w×B

ÔwievÕ ev my` hv KziAv‡b wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q|

ÔwievÕ ev my‡ì cÖKvi‡f`

Bmjvgx kixÔAvn& Abyhvqx ÔwievÕ ev my` cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi| h_v: 1. Ôwiev bvwmqvÕ I 2.

Ôwiev dv`jÕ|

wiev bvwmqv

mvaviYZ F‡Yi †¶‡Î Ôwiev bvwmqvÕi D™¢e nq| F‡Yi Ici mg‡qi eëav‡bi †cÖw¶‡Z

c~e©wba©vwiZ AwZwi³ wKQy MÖnY Ki‡j Zv n‡e Ôwiev bvwmqvÕ| FY`vZv †Kv‡bv A_© ev

cY¨ FY wn‡m‡e †`qvi wewbg‡q FYMÖnxZvi KvQ †_‡K mg‡qi wewbg‡q hv wKQy AwZwi³

MÖnY K‡i Zv‡K ejv nq Ôwiev bvwmqvÕ| mnR fvlvq, FYPzw³‡Z g~ja‡bi Ici †h‡Kv‡bv

e„w×B n‡”Q Ôwiev bvwmqvÕ| GLv‡b Ôwiev bvwmqvi K‡qKwU D`vniY †`qv n‡jv|

D`vniY-1 : A_© FY †`qvi †¶‡Î wiev bvwmqv

aiv hvK, K L-†K 100 UvKv GK eQ‡ii Rb¨ GB k‡Z© avi †`q †h, GK eQi ci L D³

100 UvKvi mv‡_ AwZwi³ Av‡iv 20 UvKv †diZ †`‡e| Zvn‡j GB AwZwi³ 20 UvKv

n‡e Ôwiev bvwmqvÕ| eZ©gvb e¨vswKs my` G ai‡bi Ôwiev bvwmqvÕi AšÍf©y³ hv KziAv‡b

wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q|

D`vniY-2 : cY¨ avi †`qvi †¶‡Î wiev bvwmqv

FY`vZv hw` FYMÖnxZv‡K 100 †KwR jeY GB k‡Z© avi †`q †h, Qq gvm ci FYMÖnxZv

120 †KwR jeY †diZ †`‡e, Zvn‡j GB AwZwi³ 20 †KwR jeY n‡e Ôwiev bvwmqvÕ|

Kv‡RB, A_© FY †`qvi †¶‡Î ÔwievÕ ev my` n‡Z cv‡i †Zgwb mgRvZxq cY¨ wewbg‡qi

†¶‡ÎImg‡qiwe‡ePbvqAwZwi³†bqvn‡jÔwievbvwmqvÕn‡Zcv‡i|Z‡ewfbœRvZxq

`ªe¨ wewbg‡qi †¶‡Î Kg‡ewk Kiv n‡j wiev n‡e bv|

44| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

D`vniY-3 : cY¨ evwK‡Z wewµ Kivi †¶‡Î wiev bvwmqv

Kv‡iv Kv‡Q evwK‡Z cY¨ wewµ Kivi ci wba©vwiZ mg‡q g~j¨ cwi‡kva Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡j

mgq evwo‡q w`‡q ev wb‡q Zvi wewbg‡q AwZwi³ A_© †jb‡`b KivI wiev bvwmqvi

AšÍfz©³| wKš‘ evwK‡Z cY¨ wewµi mgq (bM` wewµi †P‡q A‡c¶vK…Z) †ewk g~j¨

wba©viY Kiv n‡j Zv my` e‡j MY¨ n‡e bv; eis Zv n‡e gybvdv|

G cÖm‡½ cÖL¨vZ gydvmwmi Be‡b Avwe nvwZg my` wbwl‡×i AvqvZ bvwRj n‡j g°vi

Kvwdi‡ì AvcwËÑ Ô†ePv‡Kbv †Zv my‡ì g‡ZvBÕ

50

mywbw`©ófv‡e D‡jøL K‡i e‡j‡Qb

: Avgiv wewµi mgq †ewk `vg avh© Kwi ev †gqv` †k‡l cvIbvi cwigvY evwo‡q †`B,

K_v GKB| DfqB mgvb| KziAvb gvwR‡` DwjøwLZ Avqv‡Z Kvwdi‡ì G AvcwËi

K_vB D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| ejv n‡q‡Q, Zviv e‡j, †ePv‡Kbv †Zv my‡ì g‡ZvB|

51

A_P Avjøvn †ePv‡Kbv‡K nvjvj K‡i‡Qb Avi my`‡K K‡i‡Qb nvivg| Kv‡RB evwK

wewµi mgq bM‡ì Zzjbvq †ewk `vg avh© Kiv my` bq; eis evwK‡Z weµxZ c‡Yï

g~j¨ cwi‡kv‡ai wba©vwiZ †gqv` †k‡l AwZwi³ mg‡qi Rb¨ AwZwi³ A_© avh© Kiv

wiev bvwmqv| KviY, GB AwZwi³ A‡_©i wewbg‡q bZzb †Kv‡bv c‡Yï †ePv‡Kbv †bB|

†Kej F‡Yi †gqv` e„w× K‡i AwZwi³ †bqv| D‡jøL¨, wiev bvwmqv‡K wiev Avj-KziAvb

(KziAv‡b DwjøwLZ wiev), wiev Av`-`yq~b (F‡Yi mv‡_ mswkøó my`) I wiev Avj-Rwj

(cÖKvk¨ my`)I ejv nq|

wiev dv`j

mgRvZxq `ªe¨ nv‡Z nv‡Z wewbg‡qi †¶‡Î Ôwiev dv`jÕ-Gi D™¢e nq| †Kv‡bv `ª‡eï

mv‡_ GKB RvZxq `ªe¨ evowZ cwigvY wewbgq Ki‡j `ª‡eï D³ AwZwi³ cwigvY‡K

Ôwiev dv`jÕ ejv nq| wb‡P wiev dv`j-Gi wKQy D`vniY †`qv n‡jv|

D`vniY-1 : mgRvZxq cY¨ wewbg‡qi †¶‡Î wiev dv`j

†hgbGK†KwRDbœZgv‡bi†LRy‡iimv‡_`yB†KwRwb¤œgv‡bi†LRyiwewbgqKivn‡j

wb¤œgv‡bi†LRy‡iiIBAwZwi³GK†KwRBn‡eÔwievdv`jÕ|D‡jøL¨,mgRvZxq`ªe¨

bM` wewbgqKv‡j Kg‡ewk Kiv n‡j wiev dv`‡ji D™¢e nq| Av‡MB D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q,

mgRvZxq cY¨ wewbg‡q AwZwi³ †bqv ev †`qv‡Z wiev ev my` nq G welqwU ivm~j (m.)

ejvi Av‡M mvnvwe‡ì Rvbv wQj bv| ZvB Zviv wbwØ©avq Giƒc †jb‡`b Ki‡Zb| wKš‘


51 Zvdwm‡i Be‡b Avwe nvwZg, LÐ 2, g°v, 1997, c„ôv 454

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 45

ivm~j (m.) ejvi c‡i Zviv Giƒc †jb‡`b eR©b K‡i ivm~j (m.)-Gi wb‡`©wkZ cš’vq

†jb‡`bm¤úv`bK‡ib|wievdv`j‡Kwiev Avj nvw`m (nvw`m Øviv wPwýZ we‡kl my`),

wiev Avj eyq~¨ (cY¨ wewbg‡qi †¶‡Î my`) I wiev Avj-Lwd (AcÖKvk¨ my`)I ejv nq|

D`vniY-2 : †ePv‡Kbvi †¶‡Î wiev dv`j

cY¨wewbgqQvovI†ePv‡Kbvi†¶‡ÎevRvim¤ú‡K©AbewnZe¨w³‡KVwK‡qAwZwi³

g~j¨ MÖnY‡K my` e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i ivm~j (m.) GKwU nvw`‡m e‡j‡Qb, Ô†Kv‡bv

gymZvimvj‡K (A_©vr evRvi m¤ú‡K© AbewnZ e¨w³‡K) VKv‡bv ÔwievÕ (my`)|Õ

52

G

nvw`‡mi Av‡jv‡K eZ©gvb hy‡Mi wek¦weL¨vZ Bmjvgx A_©bxwZwe` W. Igi Pvcov wiev

d`‡ji msÁv w`‡q‡Qb Gfv‡e : ÔAny thing that is unjustifiably received as an extra by one of the two counter parties in a transaction of trading is Riba-al Fadl.Õ53

(A_©vr hv

wKQy †ePv‡Kbv RvZxq †jb‡`‡bi †¶‡Î †Kv‡bv c¶ KZ…©K Aci c¶ †_‡K Ab¨vqfv‡e

MÖnY Kiv nq, ZvB wiev Avj dv`j|)

eZ©gvb hy‡M mgRvZxq cY¨ wewbgqKv‡j wiev d`‡ji mxwgZ cÖPjb j¶ Kiv hvq| †hgb

: †Quov, dvUv I cyivZb gy`ªv I bZzb gy`ªv wewbgqKv‡j Kg‡ewk Kiv| c¶všÍ‡i, eZ©gvb

hy‡Mi F‡Yi wewbg‡q my‡ì Av`vb-cÖ`vb e¨vcKfv‡e cÖPwjZ| F‡Yi wecix‡Z cÖPwjZ

e¨vswKs my`B e¨vcKfv‡e cÖPwjZ hv KziAv‡b wbwl× ÔwievÕ ev my‡ì AšÍfz©³; G e¨vcv‡i

m‡›`‡ni †Kv‡bv AeKvk †bB|

e¨vswKs my` I KziAv‡b wbwl× ÔwievÕ GK I Awfbœ

Kv‡iv Kv‡iv aviYv, cweÎ KziAv‡b ÔwievÕ wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ KziAv‡b wbwl× ÔwievÕ

Ges eZ©gv‡b e¨vs‡K cÖPwjZ my` GK bq| ÔwievÕ n‡jv Pµe„w× my`| Pµe„w× my`‡KB

Bmjv‡g wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv mg‡qi eëav‡b Avm‡ji Ici eû ¸‡Y †e‡o hvq| wKš‘

e¨vswKs eë¯’vq †h my` avh© Kiv nq, †m my‡ì nvi GZ †ewk I D”P bq| e¨vswKs my`

n‡”Q mij my`| Kv‡RB Bmjv‡g e¨vswKs my` wbwl× bq e‡j Zv‡ì aviYv|

KziAv‡b wbwl× ÔwievÕ I e¨vswKs my` GK wRwbm bq Ges ÔwievÕ n‡”Q ÔPµe„w× my`Õ

ÑG aviYvwU fz‡ji Ici cÖwZwôZ| KviY, ÔwievÕi AvwfavwbK A_© n‡jv, e„w×, AvwaK¨,

AwZwi³,ùxZ,m¤cÖmviYBZ¨vw`|F‡Yiwecix‡Zmg‡qimv‡_†h‡Kv‡bve„w×Bn‡”Q

ÔwievÕ| Ômy`Õ GKwU dviwm kã| cweÎ KziAv‡b eëüZ ÔwievÕ k‡ãi A_© dviwm‡Z

52 mybvb Avj-evqnvwK m~‡Î myq~wZ KZ…©K Zuvi Rvwg mwMi-G D×„Z|

53 M. Umer Chapra, The Nature of Riba in Islam. Page-7.

46| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

my`| evsjv fvlvqI mvaviYfv‡e ÔwievÕ k‡ãi Abyev` Kiv nq Ômy`Õ kã w`‡q|

54

my`‡K

Bs‡iwR‡Z ejv nq BDRvwi (usury) ev B›Uv‡i÷ (interest)|

Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary-†Z Interest A_© ejv n‡q‡Q, ÔInterest (on sth) (finance) money charged for borrowing money or paid to sb who invests money; pay interest/make interest payment on a loan, charge interest @ 10%, a High/low rate of interest, ÔSee also compound interest, simple interestÕ. [Interest (†Kv‡bv wKQyi Ic‡i)

(A_©) UvKv avi Kivi Kvi‡Y UvKv avh© Kiv A_ev KvD‡K †`qv whwb UvKv wewb‡qvM

K‡ib; Interest †`qv/F‡Yi Ic‡i Interest cwi‡kva Kiv| 10% B›Uv‡i÷ avh© Kiv,

B›Uv‡i‡÷i D”P/wbgœnvi| Av‡iv †`Lyb Pµe„w× B›Uv‡i÷, mij B›Uv‡i÷|] Avi usury-

Gi A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q, ÔThe practice of lending money at excessively high rate of interestÕ (AZ¨šÍ D”Pnv‡ii Interest ÑG A_© avi †`qvi Abykxjb) A_©vr my‡ì AZ¨šÍ D”Pnvi‡K

usury ejv nq| cÖK…Zc‡¶ interest I usury `y‡Uvi A_©B my`| Z‡e cv_©K¨ n‡jv,

AZ¨šÍ D”Pnv‡ii my` (compound interest)-†K eySv‡Z Bs‡iwR usury kãwU eënvi Kiv

nq| Avi mij my` (simple interest)-†K eySv‡Z interest kãwU eënvi Kiv nq|

m¤¢eZe¨vswKsmy‡ìnviÔAZ¨šÍD”Pnv‡iimy`ÕbqÑGgb aviYv †_‡K e¨vswKs my`

eySv‡Z usury k‡ãi cwie‡Z© interest kãwUi cÖPjb Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ cweÎ KziAv‡b

my‡ìD”PnviIwbgœnvieySv‡bviRb¨†Kv‡bvAvjv`vkãeënviKivnqwb|KziAv‡b

my` eySv‡Z †Kej ÔwievÕ kãwU eëüZ n‡q‡Q| Avi my‡ì D”Pnvi eySv‡Z ÔwievÕi mv‡_

Av‡iKwU evK¨vsk ÔAv`&ÔAvdvg gy`vÔAvdvÕ hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| cweÎ KziAv‡b m~iv Av‡j

Bgiv‡bi130b¤îAvqv‡ZÔwievÕkãwUAv‡QGesÔAv`&ÔAvdvg gy`vÔAvdvÕ kã `ywUI

Av‡Q| A_©vr GKB Avqv‡Z ÔwievÕ I Pµe„w× `ywUB Av‡Q| †mLv‡b ÔwievÕ w`‡q my` Avi

ÔAv`&ÔAvdvg gy`vÔAvdvÕ w`‡q Pµe„w× (µgea©gvb) eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

55

A_©vr KziAv‡b

wbwl× my‡ì GKwU aib

56

n‡”QPµe„w×|D³AvqvZwUmy`m¤ú‡K©Z…Zxqch©v‡qbvwRj

nIqv AvqvZ| Gici Av‡iv `ywU ch©v‡q ÔwievÕi Ici AvqvZ bvwRj n‡q‡Q †hLv‡b

Pµe„w×i D‡jøL †bB|

Ô†Zvgiv Pµe„w× nv‡i my` †L‡qv bvÕ (3 : 130) ïay G Avqv‡Zi wfwË‡Z †Kej ÔPµe„w×Õ

my`wbwl×g‡bKivIPµe„w×bvn‡jmy`‡Kêag‡bKivm¤ú~Y©fzj|†Kbbv,D³

Avqv‡Zg~jZmy‡ì†gŠwjKaibGesGiGKwUwe‡klêwkó¨m¤ú‡K©ejvn‡q‡Q,

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Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 51

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52| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

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my` gvby‡li ˆbwZK PwiÎ‡K KjywlZ K‡i| my` gvby‡li we‡eK‡K KjywlZ Kivi gva¨‡g

Zv‡ì‡KPigA_©wjáyIK…cYK‡i†Zv‡j|gvby‡licvi¯úwiK†mŠnv`©¨c~Y©m¤úK©,

åvZ…Z¡‡eva, mn‡hvwMZv I mngwg©Zvi Abyf~wZ‡K bó K‡i †`q|

my‡ì mvgvwRK Kzdj

mywÀ_©eë¯’vq`wi`ªRb‡Mvôxim¤càx‡iax‡iabxiKzw¶MZnq|mgv‡Rabx-

`wi‡`ªi eëavb ev‡o| Avq elg¨ m„wó nq| F‡Yi my` cwi‡kva Kivi Rb¨ FYMÖnxZv‡ì

w`bivZ cwikÖg Ki‡Z nq| my`mn Avmj Av`vq bv nIqv ch©šÍ Zv Pµe„w× nv‡i evo‡Z

_v‡K| G cÖwµqvq FYMÖnxZviv my‡ì Rv‡j Av‡óc„‡ô Rwo‡q c‡o| Gfv‡e †m wi³,

wbt¯^ I me©¯^všÍ nq| `wi`ª FYMÖnxZv‡ì my‡ì †`bv cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ wf‡UgvwU ch©šÍ

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 53

wewµ Ki‡Z nqÑGgb NUbv mywèë¯’vq cÖvqB †`Lv hvq| d‡j my` gvby‡l gvby‡l wnsmv-

we‡Øl m„wó K‡i|

cÖK…Zc‡¶ my‡ì Awfkv‡c c„w_exi gvbyl AvR wech©‡qi m¤§yLxb| my` m¤ú`-eÈb

cÖwµqvqwek„•Ljvm„wóK‡iGesm¤úÌ`v‡qig‡a¨fvimvg¨nxbZvevwo‡q†Zv‡j|

GwU mvgvwRK AMÖMwZ‡K evavMÖ¯Í K‡i †Zv‡j| RbM‡Yi ¯^fve-cÖK…wZ, Pvwn`v, Zv‡ì

wek¦vm, HwZn¨ I g~j¨‡ev‡ai cwicš’x G eë¯’v gvbeRvwZi Rb¨ eû AKj¨v‡Yi Rb¥

w`‡q‡Q| AvaywbK `ywbqvq e¨vsKeë¯’vi cÖvwZôvwbK my` mgv‡R Av‡qi †¶‡Î êlg¨‡K

`ªæZevwo‡qZzj‡Q|m¤úÌ`v‡qig‡a¨fvimvg¨nxbZvm„wó‡Zmy`wfwËKe¨vsKeë¯’v

cvjb Ki‡Q `¶ I Kzkjx f~wgKv| Z„Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jv‡Z my‡ì ¸iæfvi KwVb

`yie¯’vi m„wó K‡i‡Q| my‡ì G Awfkvc †gvKv‡ejvq wek¦e¨vsK I Zvi A½msMVb¸‡jvI

weKí eë¯’v D™¢ve‡bi †Póv Pvjv‡”Q| RbM‡Yi ¯^fve-cÖK…wZ, Pvwn`v, Zv‡ì wek¦vm,

HwZn¨ I g~j¨‡ev‡ai cwicš’x G eë¯’v gvbeRvwZi Rb¨ eû AKj¨v‡Yi Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q|

Avi ZvB AvaywbK cyuwRev` I mgvRev‡ì weKv‡ki A‡bK Av‡M Bmjvg my‡ì AcKvwiZv

m¤ú‡K©my¯úóIewjôe³e¨Dcw¯’ZK‡i‡Q|my`‡KAvj-KziAv‡bnvivg†NvlYvKiv

n‡q‡Q| G eë¯’vi weiæ‡× Avjøvn I ivm~j (m.)-Gi c¶ †_‡K D”PviY Kiv n‡q‡Q

hy‡×i †NvlYv|

my` ebvg Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

my` wbwl× Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ Bmjvg Avw_©K †jb‡`‡bi nvjvj weKí bxwZ I c×wZi

wb‡`©kbv w`‡q‡Q| Bmjvgx e¨vsKmg~n Bmjv‡gi G wb‡`©kbvi Av‡jv‡K Avw_©K †¶‡Î

my` eR©b K‡i kixÔAvn&m¤§Z wewfbœ nvjvj eëmvc×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Q| Bmjvgx

e¨vswKs‡qi †Kv‡bv †jb‡`‡b my` MÖnY ev cÖ`vb Kiv nq bv| †ePv‡Kbv c×wZ I jvf-

†jvKmv‡bAskx`vwic×wZIm¤ú`fvov`vbc×wZmnBmjvgxkixÔAvn&Aby‡gvw`Z

wewfbœc×wZ‡ZKvh©µgcwiPvjbvK‡i|Bmjvgxwewb‡qvMeë¯’vid‡jDrcv`b,eÈb

I †fv‡Mi †¶‡Î fvimvg¨ cÖwZwôZ nq| d‡j Bmjvgx e¨vsKeë¯’vi cÖPjb my‡ì cvc

I †kvlY †_‡K gy³ K‡i gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK gyw³i w`MšÍ D‡b¥vPb K‡i‡Q|

cÖPwjZ e¨vswKs I Bmjvgx e¨vswKs Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

Kv‡iv Kv‡iv aviYv, my`wfwËK cÖPwjZ e¨vswKs I Bmjvgx e¨vswKs Avm‡j GKB; Bmjvgx

e¨vsK GKUz Nywi‡q Lvq| wKš‘ G aviYv wVK bq| KviY, e¨vswKs †mev`vbKvix Avw_©K

cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi mv‡_ cÖPwjZ e¨vs‡Ki g‡a¨ wewfbœ †¶‡Î wgj

54| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

i‡q‡Q;AvevibxwZ-Av`‡k©iwfbœZviKvi‡Y`yBwUc×wZig‡aëûcv_©KÏi‡q‡Q|

†hgbwewfbœag©vej¤^xgvby‡lig‡a¨gvbylwn‡m‡eeûwgji‡q‡Q;Aveviag©xqwek¦vm

I Av`wk©K we‡ePbvq Zv‡ì g‡a¨ A‡bK †¶‡Î †gŠwjK cv_©KÏ i‡q‡Q| Bmjvgx

e¨vswKs‡qi mv‡_ cÖPwjZ e¨vswKs‡qi wKQy cv_©K¨ GLv‡b Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|

bxwZ I Av`k©MZ cv_©K¨

Bmjvgx e¨vsK I cÖPwjZ e¨vs‡Ki g‡a¨ Avw_©K cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e wewfbœ †¶‡Î wgj

_vK‡jI bxwZ I Av`k©MZ A‡bK cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| Zvi g‡a¨ K‡qKwU cv_©K¨ wb‡P D‡jøL

Kiv n‡jv :

K. D‡Ïk¨MZ cv_©K¨ : BmjvgxkixÔAvn&iKZ¸‡jvj¶¨-D‡Ïkï‡q‡Qhv‡KgvKvwm`

Avk&kixÔAvn&e‡j|Bmjvgxe¨vsKkixÔAvn&i†mmej¶¨-D‡ÏkÄR©‡biRb¨KvR

K‡i| wKš‘ cÖPwjZ e¨vsK g~jZ Gi gvwjK‡ì cuywR evov‡bvi Rb¨B KvR K‡i _v‡K|

L. wewb‡qvMc×wZi wfbœZv : Rgv MÖnY I wewb‡qvM cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki

mv‡_cÖPwjZe¨vs‡Kic×wZMZwfbœZvi‡q‡Q|†hgb,Bmjvgxe¨vsKgy`vivevI

Avj Iqvw`qvi wfwË‡Z Rgv MÖnY K‡i Ges gy`vivev, gykvivKv, evB ev †ePv‡Kbv,

BRvivBZ¨vw`kixÔAvn&m¤§Zc×wZ‡Z wewb‡qvMcÖ`vbK‡i|Ab¨ w`‡K,cÖPwjZ

e¨vsK my‡ì wfwË‡Z RgvMÖnY I FY`vb K‡i _v‡K|

M. kixÔAvn& cwicvjb : Bmjvgx e¨vsK Zvi Kvh©µ‡gi mech©v‡q Bmjvgx kixÔAvn&i

wewbwb‡la cwicvjb K‡i _v‡K| wKš‘ my`wfwËK cÖPwjZ e¨vs‡K †mme wewawb‡la

†g‡b Pjvi †Kv‡bv evaëvaKZv †bB|

N. e¨vsK I MÖvn‡Ki SzuwK MÖnY : gy`vivev RgvKvix‡ì A_© wewb‡qvM K‡i Bmjvgx e¨vsK

†Kv‡bv†jvKmv‡bim¤§yLxbn‡jRgvKvixMY†m†jvKmvben‡biSzuwK†bb|wKš‘

cÖPwjZ e¨vs‡Ki RgvKvixMY G ai‡bi †Kv‡bv SzuwK †bb bv| Ab¨ w`‡K gykvivKv,

gy`vivevcÖf„wZc×wZiwewb‡qvMMÖvnKMYeëmv‡q†jvKmv‡bim¤§yLxbn‡jBmjvgx

e¨vsK wbqgvbyhvqx †m †jvKmvb en‡bi SzuwK †bq| wKš‘ cÖPwjZ e¨vsK Zv K‡i bv|

O. MÖvnK-e¨vsK m¤úK :Bmjvgxe¨vsKeë¯’vqe¨vs‡Kimv‡_MÖvn‡Kim¤úK©mvwneyj

gvj I gy`vwie, gyÕ`v BjvBwn I gyÕw`q, †µZv I we‡µZv, Kviev‡ii Askx`vi wKsev

fvov`vZv I fvovMÖnxZvi| Avi cÖPwjZ e¨vswKs‡q MÖvnK I e¨vs‡Ki ga¨Kvi cÖavb

m¤úK©nqFYMÖnxZvIFY`vZvi|

P. g~ja‡bi eënvi : Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki wewb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î evB c×wZ mivmwi c‡Yï

mv‡_ mswkøó e‡j GLv‡b GK Lv‡Zi Znwej Ab¨ Lv‡Z mwi‡q †bqvi my‡hvM Kg|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 55

wKš‘ cÖPwjZ e¨vs‡K A_© FY †`qv nq e‡j †mLv‡b GK Lv‡Zi Znwej Ab¨ Lv‡Z

mwi‡q †bqvi my‡hvM †ewk|

Q. wewb‡qvMc×wZi êwPÎ¨ : Bmjvgx e¨vsKeë¯’vq eû ai‡bi wewb‡qvMc×wZ i‡q‡Q|

BRwZnv‡ì d‡j w`b w`b Gi msL¨v †e‡o P‡j‡Q| wKš‘ cÖPwjZ e¨vsKeë¯’vq

FY`v‡bi c×wZ mxwgZ Ges bZzb c×wZ D™¢ve‡bi my‡hvMI Kg|

R. cÖKí g~j¨vqb : †Kv‡bv cÖKí KZUv mdj I jvfRbK n‡e Zv g~j¨vqb Kivi Ici

Bmjvgx e¨vsKeë¯’v †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`q| d‡j cÖK‡íi ev¯Íevqb, g~j¨vqb I `¶Zv

Dbœqb wbwðZnq|Ab¨ w`‡KcÖPwjZe¨vsKeë¯’vqcÖKíev¯Íevqb, g~j¨vqbI

`¶ZvDbœq‡bi†P‡qmnvqKRvgvb‡ZiIci†ewk¸iæZ¡†`qvnq|

S. hvKvZ cÖ`vb : Bmjvgx e¨vsK Zvi wbR¯^ hvKvZ‡hvM¨ Znwe‡ji Ici cÖwZ eQi

hvKvZ †`q| wKš‘ cÖPwjZ e¨vs‡K hvKvZ cÖ`v‡bi †Kv‡bv eë¯’v †bB|

c×wZMZ cv_©K¨

cÖPwjZ I Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki g‡a¨ bxwZ I Av`k©MZ cv_©‡Kï cvkvcvwk wKQy c×wZMZ

cv_©KÏ wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv|

cÖPwjZ e¨vsK my`wfwËK Bmjvgx e¨vsK my`gy³

1. FYPzw³‡Z g~ja‡bi Ici †h‡Kv‡bv e„w×B

ÔwievÕ ev my` (Any additional amount over the principal in a contact of loan is Riba)|

cÖPwjZ e¨vsKeë¯’vq A_© FY w`‡q Zvi

Ici wba©vwiZ my` AR©b Kiv nq|

1. †ePv‡Kbv ev eëmvwqK Pzw³‡Z g~ja‡bi

Ici †h‡Kv‡bv e„w×B ÔwienÕ ev gybvdv

(Any additional amount over the principal in a contact of trade is profit)| Bmjvgx

e¨vsK †ePv‡Kbv, fvov, Askx`vwi BZ¨vw`

Pzw³i wfwË‡Z wewb‡qvM K‡i Zvi Ici

gybvdv AR©b K‡i|

2. cÖPwjZ e¨vsK A_© Rgv MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î

KziAv‡b wbwl× Ômy`Õ cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|

2. Bmjvgx e¨vsK kixÔAvn& Aby‡gvw`Z

gy`vivev Pzw³i wfwË‡Z A_© Rgv MÖnY K‡i

Ges RgvKvix‡K AwR©Z gybvdvi GKwU

Ask Pzw³‡Z ewY©Z AbycvZ Abyhvqx cÖ`vb

K‡i _v‡K|

3. cÖPwjZ e¨vsKeë¯’vq A_© RgvKvix‡K

†Kv‡bv †jvKmvb enb Ki‡Z nq bv| me

Ae¯’vq e¨vsK A_© RgvKvix‡K wba©vwiZ

my`mn g~jab †diZ w`‡Z eva¨|

3. Bmjvgx e¨vsKeë¯’vq ev¯Í‡e †jvKmvb

n‡j A_© RgvKvix‡K Zv enb Ki‡Z nq|

Aek¨ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Lv‡Z †jvKmvb n‡jI

mvgwMÖKfv‡e e¨vsK jvf Kivq mvaviYfv‡e

A_© RgvKvixMY †jvKmvb en‡bi welqwU

†`L‡Z cv‡ib bv|

56| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

4. cÖPwjZ e¨vsK A_© FY w`‡q Zvi Ici

wba©vwiZ Ômy`Õ MÖnY K‡i _v‡K|

4. Bmjvgx e¨vsK wba©vwiZ jv‡f cY¨ wewµmn

Ab¨vb¨ kixÔAvn& Aby‡gvw`Z eëmvwqK cY¨

weµq K‡i Zvi Ici gybvdv MÖnY K‡i|

5. cÖPwjZ e¨vsK gvwb gv‡K©U †_‡K UvKv FY

†`qv‡bqvi †¶‡Î KziAv‡b wbwl× Ômy`Õ

MÖnY I cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|

5. Bmjvgx e¨vsK cÖPwjZ gvwb gv‡K©U †_‡K

FY MÖnY I cÖ`vb K‡i bv eis gy`vivevi

wfwË‡Z AvšÍtBmjvgx e¨vsK dvÛ gv‡K©‡U

A_© Av`vb-cÖ`vb K‡i|

6. cÖPwjZ e¨vsK wba©vwiZ my‡` evRv‡i eÛ

Bmy¨ K‡i _v‡K|

6. Bmjvgx e¨vsK my`wfwËK eÛ Bmy¨ K‡i bv|

7. cÖPwjZ e¨vsK wd·W wW‡cvwR‡Ui †¶‡Î

Ômy`Õ cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|

7. Bmjvgx e¨vsK gy`vivev c×wZ‡Z wd·W

wW‡cvwRU MÖnY K‡i Pzw³‡Z DwjøwLZ

Abycv‡Z gybvdv cÖ`vb K‡i|

8. cÖPwjZ e¨vs‡K FY (Loan) kãwUi cÖPjb

I Abykxjb nq|

8. Bmjvgx e¨vs‡K wewb‡qvM (Investment) kãwUi eënvi I Abykxjb nq|

cY¨ †ePv‡Kbv I my‡ì g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

Avi‡ei Kvwdi-gykwi‡Kiv ejZ Ô†ePv‡Kbv †Zv my‡ì g‡ZvÕ| GL‡bv A‡b‡K fv‡jvfv‡e

bv Rvbvi Kvi‡Y GKB K_v e‡j _v‡Kb| A_P cY¨ †ePv‡Kbv I my` GK wRwbm bq| cweÎ

KziAv‡b Avjøvn ZvÔAvjv †NvlYv K‡ib, ÔGUv (my`‡Lvi‡ì kvw¯Í) G Kvi‡Y †h, Zviv e‡j,

†ePv‡Kbv †Zv my‡ì g‡ZvB, A_P Avjøvn †ePv‡Kbv‡K K‡i‡Qb nvjvj Avi my`‡K K‡i‡Qb

nvivg|Õ cY¨ †ePv‡Kbv I my‡ì g‡aï K‡qKwU cv_©K¨ wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv :

1. cY¨ †ePv‡Kbv nvjvj Avi my` nvivg|

2. cY¨ †ePv‡Kbvq jv‡fi mv‡_ mv‡_ †jvKmvbI Av‡Q| my‡ì g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv †jvKmv‡bi

my‡hvM †bB|

3. †ePv‡Kbvq †µZv I we‡µZv cY¨ I A_© wewbgq K‡i gybvdv cvq gvÎ GKevi| wKš‘

mgq evwo‡q w`‡q GKvwaKevi my` Av‡ivc Kiv ev my` evwo‡q †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i|

4. †ePv‡KbvKvixi kÖg, wPšÍv, eyw× I mgq BZ¨vw` e¨q Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘ my‡ì †¶‡Î

mgq cvi nq gvÎ; Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cwikÖg †bB|

5. †ePv‡Kbvim¤cK©c‡Yïmv‡_Avimy‡ìm¤cK©FYImg‡qimv‡_|

6. †ePv‡Kbvi †¶‡Î KL‡bv gybvdv nq, KL‡bv †jvKmvb nq Avevi KL‡bv gybvdv ev

†jvKmvb †Kv‡bvUvB nq bv| wKš‘ my‡ì †¶‡Î FY`vZv me mgq AwZwi³ †c‡q

_v‡K, KL‡bv †jvKmvb enb K‡i bv|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 57

gybvdv I my‡ì g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

Bmjv‡gi `„wó‡Z Ômy`Õ (interest) nvivg I gybvdv nvjvj| cÖPwjZ e¨vsK my` †`q I my`

†bq, wKš‘ Bmjvgx e¨vs‡K my` eR©b Kiv nq Ges my‡ì cwie‡Z© gybvdv †`qv I †bqv

nq| my` I gybvdvi g‡a¨ K‡qKwU †gŠwjK cv_©K¨ wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv|

K. KvD‡K FY w`‡q wba©vwiZ mg‡qi ci F‡Yi k‡Z©i Av‡jv‡K c~e©wba©vwiZ nv‡i

AwZwi³ hv wKQy Av`vq Kiv nq Zv‡K my` e‡j| Ab¨ w`‡K, c‡Yï wewµg~j¨

µqg~j¨ †_‡K †ewk n‡j D³ ewa©Z A_©cÖvwß‡K gybvdv e‡j |

L. my` c~e©wba©vwiZ nv‡i cvIqv hvq| d‡j, Gi †¶‡Î FY`vZvi SzuwK ev AwbðqZv

†bB| wKš‘ cY¨ wewµ †k‡l gybvdv wba©vwiZ nq| A_©vr bM` A_©‡K cÖ_‡g c‡Y¨

iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq Ges Gici cY¨‡K Avevi bM` A‡_© iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq| G cÖwµqvq

gybvdv n‡q _v‡K|

M. my‡ì †¶‡Î FY`vZv me mgq ÔevowZÕ †c‡q _v‡K, Zvi KL‡bv †jvKmvb nq bv|

KviY, AwZwi³ †`qvi k‡Z©B †m FY †`q| wKš‘ gybvdv AwbwðZ| †Kbv‡ePv ev

eëmv‡qi gva¨‡g KL‡bv gybvdv nq, KL‡bv †jvKmvb nq Avevi KL‡bv gybvdv ev

†jvKmvb †Kv‡bvUvB nq bv|

N. my‡ìm¤cK©A_©m¤úÌmg‡qimv‡_|Avigybvdvim¤cK©eëmvwKsevµq-

weµ‡qi mv‡_|

O. my‡ì †¶‡Î UvKv ev gy`ªv‡K cY¨ wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| gybvdv AR©‡bi †¶‡Î gy`ªv

wewbg‡qi gva¨g wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq |

P. FY`vZv F‡Yi Ici GKvwaKevi my` avh© Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ gybvdv ïay GKeviB

Av‡ivc Kiv hvq |

Q. my` webv kÖ‡g cvIqv hvq| G‡Z †Kv‡bv SzuwK †bB| wKš‘ gybvdv AR©‡b cwikÖg Ki‡Z

nq| kÖg, †gav I mgq e¨q K‡i gybvdv cvIqv hvq| G‡Z SzuwK Av‡Q|

R. my‡ì †¶‡Î g~ja‡bi AwZwi³ †h A_© MÖnY Kiv nq Zvi †Kv‡bv wewbgq †`qv nq

bv| c¶všÍ‡i, gybvdv AR©‡b cY¨ wewbgq Kiv nq|

Dcmsnvi

my` †kvl‡Yi nvwZqvi weavq Bbmv‡di ag© Bmjv‡g Zv cy‡ivcywi wbwl×| Bmjvgx

e¨vsKeë¯’v Zvi hvÎv ïiæ K‡iwQj gvbeZvi Rb¨ ¶wZKi my` eR©b K‡i I Bmjv‡gi

mve©Rbxb Kj¨vYbxwZi Ici wfwË K‡i| G eë¯’v µgvš^‡q RvwZ-ag©-eY© wbwe©‡k‡l me

gvby‡li AvMÖn I Av¯’vi cÖZx‡K cwiYZ n‡”Q| mvwe©K we‡ePbvq Bmjvgx e¨vsKeë¯’v

†Kej my`gy³ ev we‡kl †Kv‡bv ag©xq m¤cÖ`vq‡Kw›`ªK wew”Qbœ e¨vsKeë¯’v bq; eis

gvbeRvwZi Rb¨ Zv GKwU DËg I AwaKZi †UKmB mgvavb|

58| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

wiev I Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

Avey Igi dviæK Avn‡g` Ges Gg Kwei nvmvb

1

mvigg©

ivm~j(m.)Zviwe`vqn‡Rifvl‡Ymeai‡biÔwievÕm¤ú‡K©mveavbK‡i‡Qb|GB

wbe‡ÜÔwievÕibxwZgvjvGesivm~j(m.)-GimybœvnIcweÎKziAv‡bewY©Zweavb†g‡b

Bmjvgx A_©bxwZi cwimxgvq GwU Av‡`Š Lvc Lvq wK bv Zv cixÿv K‡i †`Lv n‡q‡Q| G

e¨vcv‡iAvj-KziAv‡biwewfbœAvqv‡ZieY©bvGesgnvbex(m.)-Ginvw`‡mie¨vL¨vZz‡j

aiv n‡q‡Q| AvaywbK Kv‡ji wKQz gvbyl weZK© m„wói Rb¨ e‡jb, Avj-KziAv‡b †h ai‡bi

ÔwievÕi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q Zv Avm‡j Bmjvg-c~e© hy‡Mi mgv‡R cÖPwjZ GKai‡bi Ôavi

cÖ`vbÕ c×wZ| GB wbe‡Ü Zv‡ì e³e¨ cy‡ivcywi evwZj K‡i hyw³ w`‡q †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q,

ÔAvmjÕ-Gi Ici †h‡Kv‡bv n«vm-e„w×B n‡jv ÔwievÕ Ges Zv wbwl×| AvaywbKZvev`xiv

Ôwiev I BDRvwiÕi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Ges Ôe¨w³MZ I cÖvwZôvwbK wievÕ Ggb wKQz weZwK©Z

BmyÏ Zz‡j a‡ib| kixÔAvn& wewai ch©vß we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g DcwiD³ `vwe¸‡jvi

AmviZv cÖgvY Kiv n‡q‡Q| G wbe‡Ü mywbw`©ófv‡e Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi mnRvZ †mŠ›`h©

Zz‡j aivi cvkvcvwk Bmjvgx I cÖPwjZ e¨vs‡Ki g‡a¨ cv_©K¨¸‡jv eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

ms‡ÿ‡c ej‡Z †M‡j GLv‡b m‡e‡P‡q †ewk †Rvi w`‡q ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

eë¯’vq †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi ÔwievÕ K‡Vvifv‡e Gwo‡q Pj‡Z n‡e|

1. m~Pbv

we`vq n‡Ri mgq †`qv wek¦bex †gvnv¤§` (m.)-Gi fvlY gvbeRvwZi Rb¨ GKwU

Ôg¨vMbvKvU©vÕ| AwZ mswÿß A_P AZ¨šÍ kw³kvjx GB fvlY wQj bex (m.)-Gi AvRxeb

cÖPvwiZ Bmjvg a‡g©i wbh©vm| wZwb g~jZ wZbwU †gŠwjK welq GB fvl‡Y Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb : K.

GK Avjøvni Ici †gŠwjK wek¦vm; L. AvB‡bi kvmb I ˆbwZKZv; M. b¨v‡qi kvmb| wZwb

1 W. Avey Igi dviæK Avn‡g` B›Uvib¨vkbvj kixÔAvn& wimvP© A¨vKv‡Wwg di BmjvwgK wdb¨vÝ (AvBGmAviG)-

Gi wmwbqi M‡elK; †Pqvig¨vb, kixÔAvn& A¨vWfvBRwi †evW© Ae BmjvwgK †Kv-Acv‡iwUf wdb¨vÝ A‡÷ªwjqv wj.;

†Pqvig¨vb, A‡÷ªwjqvb gymwjg I‡qj‡dqvi †m›Uvi BbK&; B›Uvib¨vkbvj Rvb©vj Ae Gw·‡jÝ Bb BmjvwgK e¨vswKs

A¨vÛwdb¨vÝ-GicÖwZôvZvm¤úv`K|GQvovBmjvgxA_©bxwZIA_©vqbwelqKeûcÖwZôvbIM‡elYvc‡Îim‡½hy³|

W. Gg Kwei nvmvb wWcvU©‡g›U Ae BKbwgK A¨vÛ wdb¨vÝ, BDwbf©vwmwU Ae wbD Awj©Ý-Gi Aa¨vcK, hy³ivóª;

wdb¨vwÝqvjB‡Kvbwg÷,DbœqbA_©bxwZ,A_©IcyuwRevRvi,BmjvgxA_©vqb,Ki‡cv‡iU wdb¨vÝ, wewb‡qvM,mvgwóK

A_©bxwZ I AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ we‡klÁ|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 59

ÔwievÕ‡K nvivg †NvlYv K‡i A_©‰bwZK b¨vqwePv‡ii Ici ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡i‡Qb| cvkvcvwk,

Rxeb,m¤úÌm¤úwËiAj•NbxqZv†NvlYvK‡ib|we`vqn‡Rifvl‡Ymy‡ìe¨vcv‡i

bex (m.) e‡jb : ÒAvjøvn †Zvgv‡ì‡K BDRvwi (my`) MÖnY Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb; ZvB

GLb†_‡KmeF‡Yi vqgyw³†NvlYvKivn‡jv|†Zvgv‡ìm¤ú`†Zvgv‡ìKv‡Q_vK‡e|

†Zvgiv Kv‡iv m‡½ Ab¨vq Ki‡e bv Ges †Zvgv‡ì m‡½I Ab¨vq Kiv n‡e bv| †Kv‡bv

my` _vK‡e bv e‡j Avjøvn wm×všÍ w`‡q‡Qb|Ó GB wbe‡Ü ÔwievÕi bxwZgvjv Ges wKfv‡e

Zv Bmjvgx A_©bxwZ I e¨vswKs‡qi †ÿ‡Î myPviæfv‡e †g‡b Pjv hvq Zv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| G

e¨vcv‡ibex(m.)-GimybœvnGescweÎKziAv‡bieY©bvZz‡jaivn‡q‡Q|

2. wiev : kixÔAvn& Av‡ivwcZ wb‡lavÁv

ÔwievÕAviwekã|Gi wµqviƒc ÔivevÕ, hvikvwãKA_© Ô†e‡oIVvÕ ev Ôm¤úªmviYÕ

ev Ôe„w×Õ ev ÔùxZ nIqvÕ ev ÔAwZwi³Õ|

2

GBme¸‡jvA‡_©BAvj-KziAv‡bi wewfbœ

¯’v‡b ÔwievÕ kãwU eëüZ n‡q‡Q|

3

Z‡e †h‡Kv‡bv Ô†e‡o IVvÕ ev Ôe„w×Õ Bmjv‡g ewY©Z

Ôwiev wbwl‡×Õi AvIZvq c‡o bv| G‡K mvaviYfv‡e Bs‡iwR‡Z ÔBDRvwiÕ ev Ômy`Õ

wn‡m‡e Abyev` Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ kixÔAvn&q ÔwievÕi A_© Av‡iv e¨vcK| kixÔAvn&q

†KŠkjMZfv‡e ÔwievÕ ej‡Z ÔwcÖwgqvgÕ‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GB wcÖwgqvg n‡jv ZvB, hv

FY`vZv‡K Avmj A‡_©i m‡½ Aek¨B FYMÖnxZv cwi‡kva K‡ib| GUv FY cvIqv ev FY

cwic° nIqvi ci mgq evov‡bvi GKwU kZ©|

4

wdKvn& kv‡¯¿i

5

cwifvlvq ÔwievÕ n‡jv ywU

mgiƒc wRwbm †jb‡`‡bi NUbvq Gi GKwU cÖZ¨veZ©bKv‡j hLb g~‡ji Ici e„w×i NUbv

N‡U|

6

kixÔAvn&q `ywU A‡_© ÔwievÕ kã eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ_gZ Ôwiev Avj-bvwmqvnÕ

Ges wØZxqZ : Ôwiev Avj-dv`j|Õ

7

wKQz gymwjg cwÐZ ÔwievÕ k‡ãi msÁv Ggbfv‡e

2 Avj-ivwRe Avj Bùvnvwb, Avj-ûmvBb, Al-Mufradat Fi Gharaib Al-Qur’an, Kvq‡iv, 1961, c„: 186-187|

K¬vwmK¨vjAviweAwfavb¸‡jv‡Zme©m¤§Zfv‡eGBA_©wU‡KBMÖnYKivn‡q‡QGesAvj-KziAv‡bifv‡lÏGKB

K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|

3 Avj-KziAvb, 30:39; 23:50; 2:265, 276|

4 Pvcov, Gg. Dgi, Towards a Just Monetary System, wj‡P÷vi, 1986, c„: 56-57|

5 cÖv_wgKfv‡eKziAvbImybœvnGescieZx©‡ZBRgvIwKqv‡miwfwË‡ZcÖYxZgymwjgAvBbkv¯¿|

6 Avj-RvwRwi, Ave`vj-ivngvb, Kitab al-Fiqh àla al-Madhahib al-Àrbaàh, êiæZ, c„: 245|

7 wiev Avj-bvwmqvn n‡jv †m ai‡bi wiev gnvbex (m.) hv‡K e‡j‡Qb : Òbvwmqvn Qvov Avi †Kv‡bv wiev †bBÓ ev

A‡cÿgvY (eyLvwi, wKZve Avj-eyq~¨, eve evB Avj-w`bvi we Avj w`bvi bvmvqvb; Av‡iv †`Lyb gymwjg, wKZve Avj-

gymvKvZ, eve evB Avj-Zvg wg_jvb we wg_wjb)| Ôwiev Avj dv`jÕ-Gi welqwUI bex (m.) GKvwaKevi D‡jøL

K‡i‡Qb : Ò†mvbvi e`‡j †mvbv, iæcvi e`‡j iæcv, M‡gi e`‡j Mg, h‡ei e`‡j he, †LRy‡ii e`‡j †LRyi Ges

je‡Yie`‡jjeYÑGgbGKwUie`‡jAbyiƒcGKwU,mgvb-mgvbGesnv‡Z-nv‡Z;cY¨hw`wfbœiƒcnqZvn‡jB”Qv

Ki‡j Zzwg Zv wewµ K‡i w`‡Z cv‡iv, Z‡e kZ© n‡jv nv‡Z-nv‡Z Gi wewbgq NU‡eÓ (gymwjg, wKZve Avj-gymvKvZ,

eve Avj-mid Iqv evB Avj-avnve we Avj-IqvivK bvK`vb; Av‡iv †`Lyb wZiwgwR)|

60| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

wba©vi‡Yi †Póv K‡i‡Qb hv‡Z G e¨vcv‡i KziAvb I nvw`‡m ewY©Z e³‡eï AšÍwb©wnZ

Zvrc‡h©im‡½Nwbôm¤úK©hy³nq|ZvivÔwievÕ‡KmsÁvwqZK‡i‡Qbe„w×evAwZwi³

wn‡m‡e| †Kv‡bv cY¨ wewbgq ev wewµKv‡j Gi gvwjK (FY`vZv) Ab¨ cÿ‡K mgg~‡jï

wKQz ev ÿwZc~iY bv w`‡qB evowZ jvf K‡i|

8

Bmjvg-c~e© Ges Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g hy‡M, FY cwicK¡Zvi mgqmxgv m¤úªmvi‡Yi kZ©

wn‡m‡e A‡_©i e„w×‡K ÔwievÕ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡Zv| †m hy‡M Avie AÂ‡j A_©

FY †`qv n‡Zv Ges GB F‡Yi Rb¨ ÔA‡_©i g~j cwigvYÕ AÿZ †i‡L FY`vZv evowZ

wKQz A_© jvf KiZ| FY cwicK¡Zvi mxgv DËxY© n‡j FY`vZv FYMÖnxZvi Kv‡Q Avmj

A_© `vwe KiZ| FYMÖnxZv A_© cwi‡kv‡a e¨_© n‡j g~j A‡_©i A¼wU †e‡o †hZ Ges

mgq evwo‡q †`qv n‡Zv| ZLb †jb‡`b n‡Zv mywbw`©ó mgq I my` cwi‡kva Ges bvbv

iKg dUKvevwRi wfwË‡Z| Bmjvg-c~e© hy‡M meai‡bi evwYwR¨K †jb‡`‡b G¸‡jv wQj

Acwinvh© Dcv`vb|

†Kv‡bv FYMÖnxZv hw` †gqv` †k‡l my`mn IB FY cwi‡kva Ki‡Z bv cv‡i Zvn‡j Zv‡K

Zv cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ mgq evwo‡q †`qv nq| wKš‘ GKB mg‡q Zvi F‡Yi A¼wU wØ¸Y n‡q

hvq|Gwel‡qmy¯úófv‡eAvj-KziAv‡bejvn‡q‡Q:

Ò†n Cgvb`viMY! †Zvgiv Pµe„w× nv‡i my` †L‡qv bv| Avi Avjøvn‡K fq Ki‡Z _v‡Kv,

hv‡Z †Zvgiv Kj¨vY AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡iv|Ó (3:130)

3. ÔwievÕ wbwl× K‡i‡Q Avj-KziAvb

Avj-KziAv‡b ch©vqµ‡g ÔwievÕ wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges G e¨vcv‡i Pvievi AvqvZ bvwRj

n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g AvqvZ bvwRj nq g°vq Ges Zv ÔwievÕ wbwl× nIqvi Av‡M| Gi ga¨ w`‡q

Ôwbwl‡×Õi c_ cÖk¯Í Kiv nq| G‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q :

Ògvby‡liab-m¤ú‡`†Zvgv‡ìab-m¤úè„w×cv‡eGBAvkvq†Zvgivmy‡`hv wKQy

`vI, Avjøvni Kv‡Q Zv e„w× cvq bv| c¶všÍ‡i, Avjøvni mš‘wó jv‡fi Avkvq cweÎ AšÍ‡i

hviv w`‡q _v‡K, AZGe ZvivB wØ¸Y jvf K‡i|Ó (m~iv Avi-iƒg, 39)

wØZxq AvqvZ bvwRj nq gw`bvq| Zv‡Z ÔwievÕi welqwU G‡m‡Q Gfv‡e :

Òe¯‘Z Bûw`‡ì Rb¨ Avwg nvivg K‡i w`‡qwQ eû c~Z-cweÎ e¯‘ hv Zv‡ì Rb¨ nvjvj

wQjÑ Zv‡ì cv‡ci Kvi‡Y Ges Avjøvni c‡_ AwaK cwigv‡Y evav`v‡bi ìæY| Avi G

8 nK, wRqvDj, Islam and Feudalism: The Moral Economics of Usury, Interest and Profit, Kzqvjv jvgcyi, 1995,

c„: 16, wievi msÁv Av‡iv †`Lyb, †Rv‡md ¯‹P, GbmvB‡K¬v‡cwWqv Ae Bmjvg, 1939 ms¯‹iY|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 61

Kvi‡Y †h, Zviv my` MÖnY KiZ, A_P G e¨vcv‡i wb‡lavÁv Av‡ivc Kiv n‡qwQj Ges

GKvi‡Y†h,ZvivAc‡iim¤ú`†fvMKiZAb¨vqfv‡e|e¯‘ZAvwgKv‡di‡ìRb¨

ˆZwi K‡i †i‡LwQ †e`bv`vqK AvRve|Ó (m~iv Avj-wbmv, 160-61)

GB AvqvZ gymwjg cwÐZ‡ì g‡a¨ wKQzUv weåvwšÍ m„wó K‡i †h, GB wb‡lavÁv wK gw`bvi

gymjgvb‡ì Ici bvwK Bûw`‡ì Ici Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡eI Bûw`‡ì †P‡q

gymjgvb‡ìIciGBwb‡lavÁvRvwiic‡ÿhyw³cÖej|KviYbexgynv¤§`(m.)hLb

g°vq Ae¯’vb Ki‡Qb ZLbB cÖ_g ÔwievÕi cÖwZ weZ…òvÕi g‡bvfve cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| Zv

Qvov, G AvqvZ bvwR‡ji mgq gw`bvq Bûw`‡ì msL¨v wQj bMY¨| Ab¨ w`‡K, gw`bvi

Bûwìv g~jZ wQj K…wlRxex, eëmvqx bq|

m~iv Av‡j-Bgiv‡bI GB wb‡lavÁvi welqwU eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges GLv‡b cÖ_g ÔwievÕ

k‡ãi D‡jøL K‡i Zv wbwl‡×i †NvlYv †`qv nq :

Ò†n Cgvb`viMY! †Zvgiv Pµe„w× nv‡i my` †L‡qv bv| Avi Avjøvn‡K fq Ki‡Z _v‡Kv,

hv‡Z †Zvgiv Kj¨vY AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡iv|Ó (3:130)

GB cÖ_g gw`bvq bvwRj nIqv Avqv‡Z wievi Ici wb‡lavÁv Av‡ivc Kiv nq| GB

Avqv‡Zi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z wM‡q †ewki fvM gydvmwmi GKgZ †h GLv‡b ÔPµe„w× nv‡i

my`Õ-Gi †h K_v ejv n‡q‡Q Zv wiev wbwl× nIqvi e¨vcv‡i †Kv‡bv mxgve×Zv Av‡ivc

K‡i bv| gvbyl wiev †jb‡`‡b Af¨¯Í wQj| ZvB a‡i †bqv hvq GB ÔPµe„w×Õi welqwU

†jb‡`‡bi GKwU Ae¯’vi eY©bv Qvov Avi wKQz bq Ges Zv wbwl× nIqvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv

kZ© bq|

9

m~iv Avj-evKvivq wiev wbwl× nIqvi welqwU Av‡iv we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

GBAvqvZ¸‡jvwievwbwl×nIqvm¤ú‡K©gw`bvqbvwRjnIqvme©‡klAvqvZ|GLv‡b

ejv n‡q‡Q :

Òhviv my` Lvq, Zviv wKqvg‡Z `Ðvqgvb n‡e, †hfv‡e `Ðvqgvb nq H e¨w³, hv‡K

kqZvb AvQi K‡i †gvnvweó K‡i †`q| Zv‡ì G Ae¯’vi KviY GB †h, Zviv e‡jÑ

†Kbv‡ePvI †Zv my` †bqviB g‡Zv! A_P Avjøvn ZvÕAvjv †Kbv‡ePv êa K‡i‡Qb Ges

my` K‡i‡Qb nvivg| AZtci hvi Kv‡Q Zvi cvjbKZ©vi c¶ †_‡K Dc‡`k G‡m‡Q Ges

†m weiZ n‡q‡Q, c~‡e© hv n‡q †M‡Q, Zv Zvi| Zvi e¨vcvi Avjøvni Ici wbf©ikxj|

Avi hviv cybivq my` †bq, ZvivB †`vR‡L hv‡e| Zviv †mLv‡b wPiKvj Ae¯’vb Ki‡e|

Avjøvn ZvÕAvjv my`‡K wbwðý K‡ib Ges `vbLqivZ‡K ewa©Z K‡ib| Avjøvn †Kv‡bv

9 KzZze, mvBwq¨`, wd Rvjvwjj KziAvb, êiæZ, 1997, c„: 60|

62| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

Awek¦vmx cvcx‡K cQ›` K‡ib bv| wbðqB hviv wek¦vm ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q, mrKvR K‡i‡Q,

bvgvR Kv‡qg K‡i‡Q Ges hvKvZ `vb K‡i‡Q, Zv‡ì Rb¨ Zv‡ì cvjbKZ©vi Kv‡Q

i‡q‡Q cyi¯‹vi| Zv‡ì †Kv‡bv k¼v †bB Ges Zviv `ytwLZ n‡e bv| †n Cgvb`viMY,

†Zvgiv Avjøvn‡K fq K‡iv Ges my‡ì †h me e‡Kqv Av‡Q, Zv cwiZ¨vM K‡iv, hw`

†Zvgiv Cgvb`vi n‡q _v‡Kv| AZtci hw` †Zvgiv cwiZ¨vM bv K‡iv, Z‡e Avjøvn

I Zuvi ivm~‡ji m‡½ hy× Ki‡Z cÖ¯‘Z n‡q hvI| wKš‘ hw` †Zvgiv ZIev K‡iv, Z‡e

†Zvgiv wb‡Ri g~jab †c‡q hv‡e| †Zvgiv Kv‡iv cÖwZ AZ¨vPvi †Kv‡iv bv Ges †KD

†Zvgv‡ì Ici AZ¨vPvi Ki‡e bv| hw` LvZK Afvex nq Z‡e Zv‡K m”QjZv Avmv

ch©šÍ mgq †`qv DwPZ| Avi hw` ¶gv K‡i `vI, Z‡e Zv LyeB DËg, hw` †Zvgiv

DcjwäK‡iv|IBw`b‡KfqK‡iv,†hw`b†ZvgivAvjøvniKv‡QcÖZ¨veZ©bKi‡e|

AZtci cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Zvi K‡g©i dj cy‡ivcywi cv‡e Ges Zv‡ì cÖwZ †Kv‡bviƒc AwePvi

Kiv n‡e bv|Ó (2: 275-281)

GB AvqvZ¸‡jv‡Z wievi Zxeª wb›`v Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q Ges me‡P‡q †Rviv‡jv fvlvq Zv

wbwl×Kivn‡q‡Q|Avj-KziAv‡b(280b¤îAvqvZ)FYMÖnxZv‡ìm‡½b¨vh¨Ges

b¨vqm½Z AvPiY Kivi Rb¨ FY`vZv‡ì cÖwZ AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| FYMÖnxZv FY

cwi‡kv‡a e¨_© n‡j, FY`vZvi cÖwZ AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q: K) wievi †hme e‡Kqv Av‡Q

Zv cwiZ¨vM Kivi Rb¨, L) FYMÖnxZv Avw_©K mgm¨vMÖ¯Í _vK‡j _vK‡j Zv‡K F‡Yi g~j

A¼ cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ mgq cÖ`vb, ev, M) GKwU `vZe¨ Kg© wn‡m‡e FY cy‡ivcywi gvd

K‡i †`qv|

ZvBwievm¤úwK©ZAvqvZ¸‡jv‡Z†`LvhvqGLv‡bA‡bïKvQ†_‡KA‰eafv‡eAv`vq

Kivmeai‡bim¤ú‡ìwb›`vRvbv‡bvn‡q‡Q|Gai‡bimeKg©KvÐwb‡lavÁviAvIZvq

Avm‡e| Zv e¨w³ ev ivóª †h-B KiæK bv †Kb| Gi g~jbxwZ n‡jv : KvD‡K gybvdv AR©b

Ki‡Z n‡e wb‡Ri cwikÖ‡gi gva¨‡g, Ab¨‡K †kvlY K‡i bq| Avj-KziAv‡b wiev‡K

Awek¦vmx‡ì KvR wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| GwU wek¦vmx‡ì Rb¨ GKwU cixÿv, Zviv

wiev cwiZ¨vM K‡i Pj‡e|

DwjøwLZ AvqvZ¸‡jv wievi Ici †h wb‡lavÁv Rvwi K‡i‡Q †mLv‡b Drcv`b ev †fv³v

F‡Yi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ Kiv nqwb| Gi KviY wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv nq †h, KziAvb

bvwR‡jihy‡MFY†bqvn‡Zv†Kej†fv‡MiD‡Ï‡k¨|Aek¨Ge¨vcv‡iAv‡ivM‡elYv

nIqv iKvi|KviY,bexgynv¤§v`(m.)-Gimg‡qDrcv`‡biD‡Ï‡k¨FY†bqviA‡bK

`vwjwjK cÖgvY cvIqv hvq|

10

Zv‡Z †`Lv hvq, ZLb ga¨cÖv‡Pï †`k¸‡jvi ivR‰bwZK

10 Avj-AvdMvbx, mvC`, Aswaq al-Àrab Fi al-Jahiliyyah Wa al-Islam, êiæZ, wØZxq ms¯‹iY, c„: 15|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 63

IA_©‰bwZKRxe‡bim‡½AvieewYK‡ìNwbôm¤úK©wQj|Gme†`‡kDrcv`‡bi

D‡Ï‡k¨FY†bqvi†iIqvRkZkZeQia‡iP‡jAvmwQj|HwZnvwmK`wjj¸‡jv‡Z

Av‡iv †`Lvhvq, †ivgIcvim¨mvgªv‡Rïg‡aïvR‰bwZKm•Nv‡ZiKvi‡YBmjvg

m~Pbv-c~e© hy‡M †ivg g°vi Avie ewYK‡ì gva¨‡g Pxb, B‡›`v‡bwkqv, fviZ I c~e©

Avwd«Kvi m‡½ evwYwR¨K Kg©KvÐ cwiPvjbv KiZ| ZvB ZLb Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ F‡Yi

†jb‡`b nqwb GUv fvev KwVb| DcwiwjwLZ AvqvZ¸‡jvi e¨vL¨v-we‡kølY m¤úwK©Z

gydvmwmi‡ì hZ eY©bv Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q G‡m‡Q Zv g~jZ bex (m.)-Gi KvQvKvwQ mg‡qi|

ZvBZLbeëmvwqKD‡Ï‡k¨†bqvF‡Yi†jb‡`‡bI†hwievhy³wQj,Zvmy¯úó|

11

hv‡nvK Avj-KziAv‡b wbi¼zkfv‡e wiev wbwl× nIqvi gv‡b n‡jv Ggb GK A_©‰bwZK

eë¯’v cÖwZôvi wb‡`©k †hLv‡b meiKg †kvl‡Yi m¤ú~Y© wejywß NU‡e| we‡kl K‡i,

†Kv‡bviKg SzuwK MÖnY QvovB A_©vqbKvixi gybvdvcÖvwßi wbðqZv Ges eë¯’vcbv I

K‡Vvi cwikÖg Kivi ciI D‡`¨v³vi gybvdvcÖvwßi AwbðqZvi g‡Zv AwePvi `~i n‡e|

ÔwievÕ wbwl× Kivi gva¨‡g Avj-KziAvb A_©vqbKvix I D‡`¨v³vi g‡a¨ mgZv wbwðZ

K‡i|ZvBwiev‡KGKwUwew”Qbœagx©qwewawb‡lag‡bKivGesG‡Kmvwe©KA_©‰bwZK

Kg©Kv‡ÐibxwZ,D‡ÏkÏg~j¨‡ev‡aiAwe‡”Q`Äskg‡bbv Kiv n‡j weåvwšÍ ˆZwi

n‡Z eva¨|

4. mybœvn&q wiev wbwl‡×i ZvwM`

Avj-KziAv‡b wievi †Kv‡bv msÁv †`qv nqwb| GgbwK G‡Z wievi we¯ÍvwiZ †Kv‡bv

e¨vL¨vI †bB| nvw`‡m G e¨vcv‡i we¯ÍvwiZ e¨vL¨v Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| hwÌ KL‡bv KL‡bv

†Kv‡bv we‡kl †ÿ‡Î GKwU nvw`‡mi eY©bvi m‡½ Ab¨ nvw`‡mi eY©bvq wKQzUv Awgj †`Lv

hvq| ZvB G wel‡q nvw`‡mi wKQz eY©bv †`qvB h‡_ó n‡e| Avj-KziAv‡b wiev ej‡Z

eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q Ôwiev Avj-bvwmqvn&Õ

12

evwej‡¤^cwi‡kvwaZmy`|Ab¨w`‡K,nvw`‡mG‡K

ejv n‡q‡Q Ôwiev Avj-dv`jÕ ev ewa©Z my`|

13

11 G e¨vcv‡i †`Lyb, mvBwq¨` KzZze, Zvdwmi ÔAvqvZ Avj-wievÕ, êiæZ; `vi Avj-eyû_ Avj-Bjwgqvn&|

12 Ôbvwmqvn&Õk‡ãiA_©¯’wMZKiv,Ôwej¤^ÕevÔA‡cÿvÕ|

13 _vwKd †MvÎ hLb gywNiv †Mv‡Îi KvQ †_‡K F‡Yi cvIbv `vwe K‡i ZLbB cÖ_g bex (m.) Ôwiev Avj-dv`jÕ wb‡q

Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| Bmjvg-c~e© mg‡q GB F‡Yi †jb‡`b n‡qwQj| bex (m.) _vwKd †MvÎ‡K e‡jb, Avj-KziAv‡b

Bmjvg-c~e© hy‡Mi me wiev cwiZ¨v‡Mi wb‡`©k †`qv n‡q‡Q| wØZxqevi wZwb we`vq n‡Ri fvl‡Y welqwU D‡jøL K‡ib|

wZwb e‡jb, ÔRv‡nwj hy‡Mi mg¯Í my` evwZj K‡i †`qv n‡jv| me©cÖ_g Avwg wbR Lv›`v‡bi my`ÑAveŸvm web Ave`yj

gyËvwj‡ei my` evwZj K‡i w`jvg| me evwZj n‡q †MjÓ| †`Lyb, Avng` Avj-evqnvKx, Avj-mybvb Avj-Kzeiv,

nvq`ªvev`, 1854, Aby‡”Q` 5, nvw`m 275|

64| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

cÖ_gwU n‡jv FY cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ aviMÖnYKvix‡K evowZ mgq `vb| Gi wewbg‡q

FYKvix wba©vwiZ ev cwiewZ©Z nv‡i g~j A‡_©i AwZwi³ ev evowZ A_© cÖ`vb K‡ib A_ev

FY`vZv F‡Yi kZ© wn‡m‡e evowZ †Kv‡bv Dcnvi ev †mev MÖnY K‡ib| Avi wØZxqwU

n‡jv, evRv‡i mnRjf¨ Ggb GKwU c‡Yï wewbg‡q evRv‡i mnRjf¨ bq Ggb †Kv‡bv

cY¨ wewµ| GgbwK my` Gov‡Z `ywU cY¨ mgvb cwigv‡Y wewbgq Kiv n‡jI| wewbg‡qi

†ÿ‡Î cY¨¸‡jv mgcwigvY wK bv Zv GLv‡b we‡eP¨ bq| cY¨¸‡jvi êmv`„k¨ GLv‡b

we‡eP¨| cÖv‡qvwMK †ÿ‡Î nvw`‡m wiev Avj-bvwmqvn& Ges wiev Avj-dv`j `yB ai‡bi

wiev wb‡qB Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e cÖ_g ai‡bi wiev n‡jv †mB ai‡bi, †hLv‡b

Avjøvni wb‡`©kbv ejer-Gi K_v ejv n‡”Q Ges Zv `„pfv‡e wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q|

eûmsL¨Knvw`‡mÔwievAvj-dv`jÕ¯úófv‡eeY©bvKivn‡q‡Q|G¸‡jvig‡a¨me‡P‡q

Av‡jvwPZ Ges MÖnY‡hvM¨ nvw`m n‡jv, Ò†mvbvi e`‡j †mvbv, iæcvi e`‡j iæcv, M‡gi

e`‡j Mg, h‡ei e`‡j he, †LRy‡ii e`‡j †LRyi Ges je‡Yi e`‡j jeY, Gfv‡e

GKwUi Abyiƒc Av‡iKwU, (wewµ K‡iv) bM`-bM`, (wKš‘) aib hw` e`‡j hvq, Zvn‡j

†Zvgv‡ì cQ›`g‡Zv wewµ K‡iv bM`-bM`|Ó

14

Avey mvC` Avj-Lyìx bex (m.) †_‡K Av‡iKwU nvw`m eY©bv K‡i‡Qb : Ò†Zvgiv Kg‡ewk

K‡i ¯^‡Y©i wewbg‡q ¯^Y© wewµ †Kv‡iv bv| nu¨v, mgvb mgvb wewµ Ki‡Z cv‡iv| †Zvgiv

Kg‡ewk K‡i †iŠ‡cï wewbg‡q †iŠc¨ wewµ †Kv‡iv bv| nu¨v, mgvb mgvb wewµ Ki‡Z

cv‡iv| †Zvgiv Gme wRwbm evwKi wewbg‡q bM‡` wewµ †Kv‡iv bv|Ó

15

ZvB,†mvbv,iæcv,Mg,heevevwj©,†LRyiIjeYhw`ci¯ú‡iig‡a¨ wewbgqKiv

nq Zvn‡j †m¸‡jv NUbv¯’‡jB wewbgq Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Zv n‡Z n‡e mgcwigvY I

mgiƒc| DwjøwLZ 6wU c‡Yï g‡a¨ †mvbv I iæcv wbtm‡›`‡n A‡_©i (UvKv) cÖwZwbwaZ¡

K‡i| evwK 4wU cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i Lv`¨k‡mï| †Kej G 6wU c‡Yï g‡a¨ wiev Avj-dv`j

mxgve× _vK‡e, bvwK Zv mvaviYfv‡e me c‡Yï †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡eÑG wb‡q gymwjg

AvBbwe`‡ì g‡a¨ weZK© i‡q‡Q| A_©-cY¨ wn‡m‡e ¯^Y© I †iŠ‡cï eûj eënv‡ii

Kvi‡Y mvaviYfv‡e ejv hvq wewbgq-gva¨g wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq Ggb †h‡Kv‡bv cY¨B

wiev Avj-dv`j-Gi AvIZvq Avm‡e| Ab¨ Pvi c‡Yï e¨vcv‡i gymwjg cwÐZ‡ì g‡a¨

wKQzUv gZ‡f` i‡q‡Q|

14 Avngv`, eyLvix, gymwjgmn Ab¨vb¨ wbf©i‡hvM¨ nvw`mMÖš’|

15 eyLvix, c~‡e© DwjøwLZ, wKZve Avj-eyq¨, eve evC Avi-wd``vn we Avj-wd``vn; Av‡iv †`Lyb, mwnn gymwjg, mybvb

Avj-wZiwgwR, mybvb Avj-bvmvwq Ges gymbv‡` Avngv`|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 65

Z‡e me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq n‡jv, cÖ_gZ GB gZ‡f`¸‡jv Bmjvgx AvBbkv‡¯¿i GKwU

¯^vfvweK e¨vcvi; Ges wØZxqZ Av‡iv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡jv, GB gZ‡f` m‡Ë¡I †ewki fvM

gymwjg AvBbwe` wiev Avj-bvwmqvn ev wiev Avj-dv`j wbwl× bv nIqv wb‡q †Kv‡bv

K_ve‡jbwb|BmjvgxkixÔAvn&ig~jDrmAvj-KziAvbImybœvni wb‡`©kbvAbyhvqx

wiev wbwl× nIqvi e¨vcv‡i †Kv‡bv gymwjg AvBbwe‡ì g‡a¨ wØgZ †bB| 1965 mv‡j

BmjvwgKwimvP©A¨vKv‡WwgiwØZxqm‡¤§j‡bgymwjgAvBbÁivGe¨vcv‡iGKwUd‡Zvqv

(AvBwbweavb)RvwiK‡ib|Zv‡Zwievm¤ú~Y©fv‡ewbwl×nIqvicÖwZ†Rviv‡jvmg_©b

e¨³ Kiv nq|

16

c‡i Bmjvgx m‡¤§jb ms¯’vi (IAvBwm) wdKvn& A¨vKv‡Wwg Av‡Mi

gymwjg AvBbwe`‡ì †`qv wiev wbwl‡×i e¨vL¨v¸‡jv mg_©b Ges me myw` †jb‡`‡bi

wb›`v Rvbvq I Zv evwZj e‡j †NvlYv K‡i|

17

5. wiev m¤ú‡K© AvaywbK I iÿYkxj `„wófw½

18

wiev wb‡q AvaywbK I iÿYkxj cwÐZ‡ì g‡a¨ weZ‡K©i GKwU Ask Bmjv‡gi †mB

m~PbvjMœ†_‡KP‡jAvm‡Q|Avj-KziAvbAvm‡j†Kv‡bvai‡biwievwbwl×K‡i‡Q†m

cÖkœ‡KwN‡iZv‡ìg‡a¨Pj‡QweZK©|GUvwKFY†jb‡`bm¤úwK©ZwievAvj-bvwmqvn&

bvwK†Kbv‡ePvm¤úwK©ZwievAvj-dv`j?

19

GKwU gZ n‡”Q, Bmjv‡gi ïiæi w`‡K g‡b

Kiv n‡Zv wievi Ici KziAv‡bi wb‡lavÁv †Kej A_© I Lv`¨ FY cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î Av‡ivc

Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Gi evB‡i hv MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv cieZx©Kv‡ji NUbv|

20

Av‡iKwU

`„wófw½ n‡jv, nvw`m †_‡K wiev Avj-dv`‡ji eY©bv cvIqv hvq Ges nvw`‡mi wfwË‡Z

wiev msÁvwqZ Kivi †Kv‡bv D‡`¨vM mwZ¨Kvifv‡e mdj nqwb|

21

AwZm¤úªwZ wKQz

M‡elYvq `vwe Kiv nq †h †Kbv‡ePv I FY †`qv Dfq †ÿ‡Î wiev Bmjvg Avwef©v‡ei

16 Avn‡g`, Imgvb evwewKi, The Contribution of Islamic Banking to Economic Development: The Case of The Sudan, wcGBPwW w_wmm; A_©bxwZ wefvM, Wvinvg wek¦we`¨vjq, 1990, c„: 32|

17 Avj-Igi,dzqvÌAve‡`jnK†gvnv¤§`,Islamic Banking: Theory, Practice and Challenges, jÛb; †RW eyKm wj:,

1996, c„: 8|

18 GB wbe‡Ü ÔAvaywbKÕ ej‡Z mv¤úªwZK Kv‡ji gymwjg wPšÍvwe` †hgb dRjyi ingvb (1964), †gvnv¤§` Avmv`

(1984), mvC` Avj-bv¾vi (1989), mvC` ZvbZvwe (1997) Ges Ab¨‡ì eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Zviv g‡b K‡ib, wiev

wbwl× nIqvi KviY hZUv bv Ômy‡ì nviÕ aviYvi Rb¨, Zvi‡P‡q †ewk `wi`ª‡K †kvl‡Yi Rb¨| GB `„wófw½ AbymiY

K‡iZv‡ìA‡b‡KcÖPwjZe¨vswKseë¯’viwewfbœKvh©µ‡gwewfbœai‡biwievig‡a¨cv_©K¨m„wói†PóvK‡ib|Zviv

G¸‡jviwKQzA‰eaGeswKQzêae‡j†`Lv‡bvi†PóvK‡ib|Ab¨w`‡K,iÿYkxjgZn‡jvwievm¤ú‡K©cÖPwjZ

e¨vL¨v| GLv‡b †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi my` Ôwiev wbwl‡×Õi AvIZvq Avm‡e e‡j †Rvi †`qv nq|

19 nK, wRqv-Dj, cÖv¸³, Islam and Feudalism: The Moral Economy of Usury, Interest and Profit, c„: 67-114|

20 ¯‹P, †Rv‡md, An Introduction to Islamic Law, A·‡dvW©, 1964, c„: 147|

21 ingvb, dRjyi, Riba and Interest, BmjvwgK ÷vwWR, bs 1, gvP© 1964, c„: 30|

66| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

Av‡MB mgv‡R wievRgvb wQj Ges Avj-KziAv‡b my¯úófv‡e †mw`‡KB Bw½Z Kiv

n‡q‡Q| AwaKš‘ nvw`m Ges AvBbwe`‡ì cÖYxZ wewaweavb Avj-KziAv‡b ewY©Z aviYviB

e¨vL¨v-we‡kølY| Av‡iv hyw³ †`Lv‡bv nq †h wiev Avj-dv`j, wiev Avj-bvwmqvn&i GKwU

djvdj Qvov Avi wKQz bq| KviY UvKv †h‡Kv‡bv mgq c‡Y¨ iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv hvq|

22

mgmvgwqK Kv‡ji weZK© n‡”Q wievi msÁv wb‡q| GUv wK ïay my`hy³ F‡Yi gva¨‡g

gybvdv AR©‡bi m‡½ hy³, †hLv‡b kw³kvjx I abvX¨ e¨w³‡ì Øviv A_©‰bwZKfv‡e `ye©j

gvbyl†kvwlZn‡”Q;bvwKD‡Ïk¨hv-B†nvKbv†KbmeiKgFYGiAvIZvqAvm‡e?

bvwK Bmjvg-c~e© hy‡M cÖPwjZ wQj Ggb ai‡bi wiev †jb‡`b wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q? bvwK

Bmjvg BDRvwi wbwl× K‡i‡Q my` bq; A_ev mvwe©Kfv‡e me ai‡bi my`v‡ivc wbwl×

Kiv n‡q‡Q; GB wb‡lavÁv †fv³v FY bvwK wewb‡qvM ev eëmvwqK D‡`¨v‡M eëüZ

F‡Yi m‡½ hy³; GUv bv‡ggvÎ bvwK cÖK…Z my` wbwl× K‡i‡Q; GB wb‡lavÁv mij my‡ì

Ici bvwK Pµe„w× my‡ì Ici cÖ‡hvR¨; A_ev GB wb‡lavÁv e¨w³ bvwK cÖvwZôvwbK

FYMÖnxZvi Ici Kvh©Ki n‡e? wievi

23

e¨vcv‡i AvaywbKcš’x‡ì e³e¨ n‡jv †mme

†ÿ‡Î F‡Yi Ici AwZwi³ Pvh© Aby‡gv`b‡hvM¨, FY hLb :

1. mgv‡R kw³gvb‡ì Øviv `ye©j‡ì †kvwlZ nIqvi Avk¼v bv _v‡K;

2. Bmjvg-c~e© hy‡M †h ai‡bi FY †jb‡`b Kiv n‡Zv, Zvi Abyiƒc;

3. eZ©gvb myw` e¨vsK¸‡jv‡Z †hai‡bi †jb‡`b Kiv nq, wKš‘ my`‡Lvwi †jb‡`‡bi

Rb¨ bq;

4. eëmvwqK wewb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨, wKš‘ †fv³vF‡Yi Rb¨ bq;

5. gy`ªvùxwZiKvi‡YFY`vZv†hÿwZim¤§yLxbnq;

6. mij gybvdvi Rb¨, wKš‘ Pµe„w× my‡ì †ÿ‡Î bq; Ges

7. cÖvwZôvwbK F‡Yi Rb¨|

Z‡e, iÿYkxjiv †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi w¯’i I c~e©wba©vwiZ my`B wbwl× e‡j g‡b K‡ib|

24

Zv‡ì e³e¨, Avj-KziAv‡b av‡ii Dci evowZ †h‡Kv‡bv A_© Av‡ivc wbwl× Kiv

n‡q‡Q| GB gZ Abymv‡i, mnbxq ev Amnbxq hv-B †nvK bv †Kb my` †h‡nZz av‡ii

22 nK, wRqv-Dj, cÖv¸³, Islam and Feudalism: The Moral Economy of Usury, Interest and Profit, cÖv¸³, c„: 102|

23 ingvb, dRjyi, wkKv‡Mv, Transformation of an Intellectual Tradition, BDwbfvwm©wU Ae wkKv‡Mv †cÖm, 1982, c„:

30-33|

24 iÿYkxj gZev` mg_©b K‡ib Ggb A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Kz‡iwk, Islam and the Theory of Interest, jv‡nvi, 1991,

c„:100;gvbœvb,Islamic Economics: Theory and Practice, w`wjø, 1980, c„: 218|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 67

A‡¼i AwZwi³, GUv GKai‡bi wiev Ges Zv KziAv‡bi wb‡`©kbvi m‡½ m½wZc~Y© bq|

ZvB A_© eënv‡ii Rb¨ †h‡Kv‡bv c~e©wba©vwiZ w¯’i gybvdv‡K ÔwievÕ wn‡m‡e msÁvwqZ

Kiv n‡q‡Q| Bmjv‡g wievi K‡Vvi wb›`v Rvbv‡bvi †cQ‡b cÖavb wZbwU KviY :

25

1. wiev ¸wUKZK gvby‡li nv‡Z m¤ú` mwÂZ nIqvi cÖeYZv m„wó K‡i| G‡Z

Acivci gvby‡li cÖwZ Zv‡ì gvbweK g‡bvfve gy‡Q hvq|

2. Bmjvg Ggb †Kv‡bv Avw_©K Kg©KvÐ Aby‡gv`b K‡i bv †hLv‡b DcKvi‡fvMx

m¤¢ve¨ÿwZiSzuwKen‡biAskx`vinqbv;bvggvÎmy‡ìAvBwbwbðqZvwUI

wbwðZ jvf wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i|

3. BmjvgK‡VvicwikÖgIe¨w³MZZrciZvigva¨‡gm¤úÀvni‡Yiwecix‡Z

myèvBDRvwiigva¨‡gm¤ú`mÂq‡K¯^v_©ciZve‡jg‡bK‡i|

wievm¤ú‡K©†ekK‡qKRbAvaywbKIiÿYkxjcwÐ‡Zi`„wófw½GesZv‡ìhyw³wb‡P

Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :

5.1. Ryjyg I †kvlY cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ wiev wbwl×

AvaywbKcš’xiv wiev wbwl× Kivi †ÿ‡Î ˆbwZK `„wófw½i Ici †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`qvi c‡ÿ|

Zviv hyw³ †`Lvb, Avj-KziAvb GB wb‡lavÁv‡K †hŠw³K K‡i‡Q Ryjyg I cwikÖ‡gi

welq¸‡jv Zz‡j a‡i|

26

Zviv wb‡R‡ì e³‡eï mg_©‡b Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g hy‡Mi wKQz gbxlx

†hgb- Bgvg ivRvqx

27

Ges Be‡b KvCwq‡gi

28

†jLbx Zz‡j a‡ib| †mLv‡b †`Lv hvq,

my‡ì Rb¨ my` wbwl× Kiv nqwb, GwU wbwl× n‡q‡Q AfveMÖ¯Í‡K †kvlY Kivi Rb¨|

GBg‡ZiAbymvixA‡bK†jLKcÖPwjZe¨vswKseë¯’vqPvjywewfbœai‡bimy‡ìg‡a¨

cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z Pvb| Zviv G¸‡jvi wKQz êa Ges wKQz A‰ea e‡j gZ †`b|

29

GB g‡Zi weiæ‡× Zv‡ì hyw³ n‡Z cv‡i †h, Avj-KziAv‡b wiev wbwl× nIqvi hyw³hy³

e¨vL¨v n‡jv Ggb GK A_©‰bwZK eë¯’v cÖwZôv †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv ai‡bi Ryjyg I †kvlY

_vK‡e bv| we‡kl K‡i GLv‡b Ryjg n‡jv, A_©vqbKvix‡K GKwU BwZevPK gybvdvi

25 Kvi‡÷b, Bb‡Mv, Islam and Financial Intermediation, IqvwksUb wWwm, AvBGgGd ÷vd †ccvim, 1982, c„: 111|

26 Avj-KziAvb, 2:279|

27 Avj-ivRvqx, dLi Avj-Øxb, Avj-Zvdwmi Avj-Kvwei, LÐ 7, †Znivb, c„: 94|

28 Be‡bAvj-KvBwq¨g,gynv¤§`,AvbivweŸjAvjvwgb-GÔAvjgAvj-gyqvw°bÕ,LÐ2,Kvq‡iv,1955,c„:157|

29 mv‡jn, bvwej G., Unlawful Gain and Legitimate Profit in Islamic Law: Riba, Gharar and Islamic Banking,

K¨vgweªR, 1992, c„: 34|

68| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

wbðqZv †`qv †hLv‡b wZwb †Kv‡bv kÖg †`b bv ev †Kv‡bv SzuwK enb K‡ib bv|

30

Ab¨

w`‡K, eë¯’vcbv cwiPvjb I K‡Vvi kÖg †Ìqvi ciI D‡`¨v³v †Kv‡bv BwZevPK gybvdvi

wbðqZv cvb bv| ZvB wiev wbwl× Kivi gv‡b n‡jv FY`vZv I FYMÖnxZvi g‡a¨ mywePvi

cÖwZôvi GKwU Dcvq|

31

5.2. Bmjvg-c~e© hy‡Mi wiev wbwl×

AvaywbKcš’x wKQz cwÐZ `vwe K‡ib, Avj-KziAvb IB ai‡bi wiev wbwl× K‡i‡Q hv

Bmjvg-c~e© hy‡M avi †`qv-†bqvi †ÿ‡Î AbymiY Kiv n‡Zv| Bmjvg-c~e© hyM Ges Avie

f~L‡Ð wiev av‡h©i †ÿ‡Î wKQz A™¢zZ cÖeYZv jÿ Kiv hvq| FYMÖnxZv‡K GKwU wbw`©ó

mg‡qi Rb¨ †bqv F‡Yi A‡_©i Ici FY`vZv‡K GKwU wba©vwiZ A_© cwi‡kva Ki‡Z

n‡Zv| FY e‡Kqv c‡o †M‡j GB AwZwi³ A_© wØ¸‡YiI †ewk n‡q coZ| GB AwZwi³

A_© Av`vq wbwl× K‡i w`‡q‡Q Avj-KziAvb| AvaywbKcš’xiv g‡b K‡ib, †gqvw` F‡Yi

†ÿ‡Î cÖ_gevi e„w× êa| wKš‘ †gqv` †k‡l ev FY cwicK¡ nIqvi ci hw` cwicK¡Zvi

mgq ¯’wMZ Kivi wm×všÍ †bqv nq Ges Gi wecix‡Z AwZwi³ A_© avh© Kiv nq, Z‡e Zv

n‡e wbwl×| GB gZev` G‡m‡Q, Bmjvg-c~e© hy‡M wievi Abykxjb †Kgb wQj †m wel‡q

Be‡b Rvwii Avj-Zvevwii Zvdwm‡i DwjøwLZ eY©bv †_‡K|

32

Z‡e, †Kv‡bv Acwinvh© kZ©

QvovB wiev MÖnY‡hvM¨, Ggb †Kv‡bv e³e¨ GLv‡b cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e cvIqv hvq bv|

GB gZev‡ì mgv‡jvP‡Kiv †Rvi w`‡q e‡jb, KziAv‡bi m~iv Av‡j-Bgiv‡bi 130

bs AvqvZ bvwR‡ji mgq wQj wiev wbwl‡×i cÖ_gch©vq| GB Avqv‡Z ÔAv`vdvb gy`v

AvdvZvbÕ (wØ¸Y Ges cybt wØ¸Y, A_©vr Pµe„w×) cwifvlv D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †Kej

Avie‡ì PP©v eySv‡bvi Rb¨| Av‡ivwcZ A_© wØ¸Y bv n‡j wiev êa n‡e †m K_v GLv‡b

ejv nqwb|

30 gy`ªvùxwZi welqwU hw` Avgiv †`wL : Bmjvg Ø¨_©nxbfv‡e meai‡bi g~j¨ cwigv‡c b¨vh¨Zvi Ici †Rvi w`‡q‡Q|

gy`ªvùxwZ A‡_©i cÖK…Z g~j¨ Ae¨vnZfv‡e ÿq K‡i P‡j| ZvB Bmjvg fvimvg¨ I myw¯’wZi wel‡q †h ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Q GUv

Zvim‡½m½wZc~Y©bq|Z‡eG†ÿ‡Îejvnq†heZ©gvbêwk¦Kgy`ªvùxwZicwi‡e‡kmeAvqIAvw_©Km¤ú‡ì

Bb‡W‡·kb ev A_©g~j¨ ms‡kva‡bi gva¨‡g Bmjv‡gi Av_©mvgvwRK b¨vqwePv‡ii ¸iæZ¡ cwiZzó Kiv hv‡e| 1978 mv‡ji

A‡±ve‡i†RÏvqwKsAve` yjAvwRRwek¦we`¨vjqAv‡qvwRZGKwU†mwgbv‡iW.myjZvbAveyAvjxGBAwfgZe¨³

K‡ib| Gici Zvi GB AwfgZ wb‡q A_©bxwZwe` I kixÔAvn& we‡klÁ‡ì GKwU KwgwU‡Z Zzgyj Av‡jvPbv nq| G

e¨vcv‡iwe¯ÍvwiZRvb‡Z†`Lyb,†gvnv¤§Àvwid(m¤úvw`Z),Monetary and Fiscal Economics of Islam,†RÏv,1982,c„: 145-186| Av‡iv †`Lyb, iwdK IqvB Avj-gvmwi, Avj Rvwg wd Dmyj Avj-wiev, `v‡g¯‹, 1991, c„: 237-239|

31 Avj-Igi,dzqv`GesAve‡`j-nK†gvnv¤§`,Islamic Banking: Theory, Practice and Challenges, cÖv¸³, c„: 9|

32 Avj-Zvevwi,†gvnv¤§`Be‡bRvwii,RvwgAvj-eqvbwdZvdwmiAvj-KziAvb,LÐ-6,êiæZ,4_©ms¯‹iY,1980,

c„: 27|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 69

AwaKš‘ Zviv g‡b K‡ib, me©‡kl bvwRj nIqv AvqvZ¸‡jv‡Z (m~iv evKviv, AvqvZ 275-

278) my¯úófv‡eD‡jøLKivn‡q‡Q†hg~‡jiIci†h‡Kv‡bve„w×wievwn‡m‡ecwiMwYZ

n‡e Ges Zv A‰ea| GB gZev‡ì Abymvixiv e‡jb, c‡i bvwRj nIqv Avqv‡Zi gva¨‡g

c~‡e©i AvqvZ¸‡jvi wb‡`©kbv evwZj n‡q †M‡Q| cieZx© Avqv‡Zi wb‡`©kB me ai‡bi

wievÑ A_©vr mij, †hŠwMK, w¯’i ev cwieZ©bkxj wievi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e|

33

GB

`„wófw½ mwVK e‡j Avj-Zvevwimn Ab¨vb¨ gydvmwmi ivq w`‡q‡Qb Ges Zviv Gi c‡ÿ

GKwU mwnn nvw`m Zz‡j a‡ib| IB nvw`‡m bex (m.) e‡j‡Qb : ÒAvjøvn Av‡`k K‡i‡Qb

†h‡Kv‡bv wiev _vK‡e bv; Rv‡nwjqv‡Zi (Bmjvg-c~e© hyM) cÖwZwU wiev Avgvi `yB cv‡qi

wb‡P Ges Avwg Avgvi PvPv AveŸv‡mi cvIbv my` evwZj K‡i behvÎvi m~Pbv KijvgÓ|

34

5.3. my` ebvg BDRvwi

wievi Ici KziAv‡bi wb‡lavÁv wb‡q Av‡iKwU weZK© i‡q‡Q, Zv n‡jv GUv Ômy`Õ, bvwK

ÔBDRvwiÕ|

35

AvaywbKcš’x‡ì e³e¨ n‡jv, wiev ZLbB Ômy`Õ n‡e hLb Zv g~j-Gi mgvb

ev †ewk; Z‡e Zv ÔBDRvwiÕ bq|

GBHk¦wiKwb‡lavÁvie¨vcv‡iwewfbœai‡bie¨vL¨vP‡jAvm‡Q†mBBmjv‡gicÖ_g

kZ‡K ÔIgi Bebyj LvËv‡eÕi mgq †_‡K| wZwb e‡j‡Qb : Òme©‡kl bvwRj nIqv AvqvZ

BDRvwim¤úwK©ZGesGBBDRvwim¤ú‡K©my¯úówKQzD‡jøLKiviAv‡MBbex(m.)-

Gi IdvZ nq| ZvB, BDRvwi Ges Gi Abyiƒc me wKQz cwiZ¨vM K‡iv|Ó

36

jÿYxq welq

n‡jv GLv‡b wiev k‡ãi Abyev` Ômy`Õ-Gi cwie‡Z© ÔBDRvwiÕ Kiv n‡q‡Q| hwÌ Igi

(iv.) wiev ej‡Z BDRvwi bv my` eywS‡q‡Qb Zv GLv‡b cwi®‹vi bq| Z‡e AvaywbKKv‡j

gynv¤§Àvmv‡ì

37

g‡Zv Avj-KziAv‡bi wKQz Bs‡iwRfvlx ZdwmiKviK wievi Abyev`

wn‡m‡e BDRvwi kãwU eënvi K‡i‡Qb| GB e¨vL¨v IB hyw³i KvQvKvwQ †hLv‡b ejv nq,

33 mvC`, Ave`yjøvn, Islamic Banking and the Interest : A Study of the Prohibition of Riba and its Contemporary Interpretation, †jB‡Wb, 1996, c„: 43|

34 Be‡b Kvwmi, ÔBmgvBj, Zvdwmiæj KziAvb Avj-Avwhg, 1982, LÐ 1, c„: 327-331, gymwjg I Avey `vD` kix‡di

†idv‡iÝmn; Avj-Zvevwi, Be‡b Rvwii, Rvwg Avj-eqvb, LÐ 6, cÖv¸³, c„: 27; Avj-Rvmvm, Avngv`, AvnKvg Avj-

KziAvb, LÐ 1, c„: 558|

35 †`Lyb, G. Gm. nb©‡e, A·‡dvW© A¨vWfvÝW jvibvm© wWKkbvwi, wbD BqK©, 2000, c„: 1433| G‡Z ÔBDRvwiÕi msÁvq

ejv n‡q‡Q, ÔAb¨vh¨ DuPz nv‡i my‡ì wewbg‡q gvbyl‡K A_© avi †`qvi KvieviÕ| ZvB, we‡kl K‡i miKvi wba©vwiZ

nv‡ii †P‡q AwZwi³ nviB n‡jv my‡ì BDRvwi nvi|

36 Avngv`, Avj-Bgvg, Avj-gymbv`, Ôeve Avj-wievÕ, LÐ 2, c„: 239; Be‡b gvRvn&, Avj-mybvb, wKZve Avj-wZRvivn,

LÐ 2, c„: 764|

37 Avmv`,gynv¤§`,The Message of The Qur’an, wReªvjUvi, 1984, c„: 61-62|

70| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

GKRb AvaywbK cyuwRev`x eûgvwÎK SzuwKi Kvi‡Y m„ó AwbðqZvi g‡a¨ eëmvwqK F‡Yi

†ÿ‡Î BwZevPK nv‡i my` Av‡iv‡ci c‡ÿ _v‡Kb| Ave`yjøvn BDmyd Avwji AmvaviY

Zvdwm‡i wiev‡K BDRvwi wn‡m‡e Abyev` Kiv n‡q‡Q| wZwb AvaywbK e¨vswKs eë¯’vq

cÖPwjZmy‡ìwelqwUme‡P‡qmy¯úófv‡eZz‡ja‡ib|wZwbe‡jb:ÒAvwg†hmsÁvwU

MÖnY K‡iwQ Zv n‡jv : †mvbv I iæcv Ges Lv‡`ï g‡Zv cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbm †hgb, Mg,

he, †LRyi I jeY (Avj KziAv‡b Avjøvn †hfv‡e eY©bv K‡i‡Qb) †_‡K A‰ea evwY‡Rï

gva¨‡g Ab¨vh¨ gybvdv AR©b| Avgvi msÁvq A_©‰bwZK FY Qvov me ai‡bi gybvdv‡Lvix

AšÍfy©³| GB gybvdv‡Lvix †_‡KB AvaywbK e¨vswKs I A_©vqb eë¯’vi m„wó|Ó

38

Aek¨wievm¤ú‡K©GBe¨vL¨vA‡bKAvaywbK†jLKcÖZ¨vL¨vbK‡i‡Qb|G‡ìg‡a¨

i‡q‡Qb gI`~`x|

39

Gme †jLK wiev ej‡Z BDRvwii cwie‡Z© mvaviYfv‡e my`‡KB

eywS‡q‡Qb|

40

Zviv hyw³ †`Lvb †h Bûw` ag© ev wµwðqvwbwUÑ†Kv‡bv a‡g©B Ômy`Õ I

ÔBDRvwiÕi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ Kiv nqwb| BD‡iv‡c †i‡bmvu m„wói AvM ch©šÍ GUv

wQj|

41

Bmjv‡gI wiev‡K my` bv e‡j BDRvwi ejvi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM †bB| KviY Gi Ici

†h wb‡lavÁv Zvi cÖK…wZ AZ¨šÍ K‡Vvi, wbi¼zk Ges Ø¨_©nxb|

42

AwaKš‘ Zviv Zv‡ì

Awfg‡Zi mg_©‡b eûmsL¨K nvw`m nvwRi K‡ib| †`Lv hvq, bex (m.) FY cÖ`v‡bi kZ©

wn‡m‡e g~‡ji AwZwi³ mvgvb¨ †Kv‡bv Dcnvi, †mev ev AvbyK~j¨ MÖnY Ki‡ZI wb‡la

K‡i‡Qb|

43

wievm¤ú‡K©nRiZIgi(iv.)-Gie¨vL¨vmg_©bK‡iZvive‡jb,wievwbwl×nIqv‡K

†Kv‡bvfv‡eB Lv‡Uv Kiv hv‡e bv| KviY Igi (iv.) e‡j‡Qb, ÒBDRvwi Ges Gi Abyiƒc

mewKQz cwiZ¨vM K‡ivÓ| Zv Qvov, bex (m.) e‡j‡Qb, Òhv m‡›`nRbK Zv cwiZ¨vM

K‡i hv‡Z m‡›`n †bB Zv MÖnY K‡iv|Ó

44

Zviv Av‡iv e‡jb, we‡kl K‡i wievi ¸iæZi

38 Avwj, G. BDmyd, The Holy Qur’an: Text, Translation and Commentary, jv‡nvi, 1975, c„: 111 I 324|

39 gI`~`x, Aveyj Avjv, Towards Understanding the Qur’an, wj‡P÷vi, 1988, c„: 213-286|

40 D`vniY¯îƒc †`Lyb, kvBL Gg. Avngv`, Economics of Islam: A Comparative Study, wØZxq ms¯‹iY, jv‡nvi,

1958; Av‡bvqvi BKevj †Kv‡iwk, Islam and the Theory of Interest,cÖv¸³,Gg.†bRvZzjøvn wmwÏKx, wj‡P÷vi,1997;GesGm.G.wmwÏKx,Public Finance in Islam, jv‡nvi, 1962|

41 Avj-gvmwi, iwdK BDwbm, gvkivd Avj-Zvbwgqvn Avj-Bmjvgx, cÖv¸³, c„: 81|

42 Avj-Rvwiwi, Ave` Avj-ivngvb, Kitab al-Fiqh àla al-Madhahib al-’Arbaàh, cÖv¸³, c„: 245|

43 cÖgvY¯îƒc †`Lyb, evqnvKx‡Z DwjøwLZ nRiZ Avbvm Be‡b gvwjK (iv.) ewY©Z nvw`m : bex (m.) e‡j‡Qb, Ò†Zvgv‡ì

†KD hLb FY `vI, Avi ZLb FYMÖnYKvix hw` Zv‡K Lvev‡ii Rb¨ Avgš¿Y Rvbvq, Z‡e Zv MÖnY Kiv DwPZ n‡e bv;

Ges FYMÖnYKvix hw` †Kv‡bv cï‡Z mIqvwi nIqvi cÖ¯Íve †`q †m Zv‡Z mIqvwi n‡e bv, hw` Zviv B‡Zvc~‡e© G ai‡bi

AvbK~j¨ wewbg‡q Af¨¯Í bv nq|Ó

44 eyLvix, mwnn Avj-eyLvix, wKZve Avj-eyq~¨, LÐ 3, c„: 4; Avj-`vwiwg, Avj-mybvb, wKZve Avj-eyq~¨, c„: 337|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 71

cÖK…wZi Kvi‡Y G ai‡bi cwiw¯’wZ‡Z mZK©Zvi gvÎv A‡bK †e‡o hvq| bex (m.) AZ¨šÍ

K‡Vvifvlvq wievi wb›`v Rvwb‡q‡Qb|

45

Zviv Ave`yjøvn BDmyd Avwji msÁv GB e‡j

cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡ib †h, Ab¨vh¨ †e‡o †M‡j GKai‡bi wiev ˆZwi n‡e Ggb K_v Avj-

KziAv‡b ejv nqwb| Avj-KziAvb ev Avj-nvw`m †Kv_vI wiev‡K KL‡bv ÔAb¨vh¨ gybvdvÕ

wn‡m‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv nqwb| Zv‡ì AwfgZ n‡jv, avi`vZv aviMÖnYKvixi KvQ †_‡K

av‡ii AwZwi³ †h‡Kv‡bv e¯‘MZ myweav MÖnY Ki‡j Zv wievi AšÍfz©³ n‡e| e¨vsK K…cv

K‡i UvKv avi †`q bv, gy`ªvùxwZi Kvi‡Y m„ó ÿwZ cywl‡q wb‡ZI my` Av‡ivc K‡i| Zviv

GUv K‡i gybvdv AR©‡bi Rb¨| ZvB Zv‡ì `vwe Abyhvqx ÒAvaywbK e¨vswKs I A_©vq‡bi

Rb¥`vÎx A_©‰bwZK FYÓ wbwðZfv‡e wiev| Gi my‡ì nvi Kg bv †ewk, mij bv †hŠM Zv

we‡eP¨ bq| d‡j Ômy`Õ I ÔBDRvwiÕi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ m„wói †Póv‡K AvaywbKcš’x‡ì

kixÕAvn&m¤úwK©ZA¯^vfvweKaviYve‡jGme†jLKg‡bK‡ib|

5.3. †fv³v FY ebvg wewb‡qvM FY

KwZcq AvaywbKcš’x †jLK Ô†fv³v FYÕ I Ôwewb‡qvM FYÕ‡K Avjv`v K‡i †`L‡Z Pvb|

Zv‡ì g‡Z, †fv³v F‡Yi Ici wiev A‰ea, wKš‘ wewb‡qvM ev Drcv`b F‡Yi Ici

Zv êa|

46

Zviv `vwe K‡ib, wievi Ici KziAvb †h wb‡lavÁv Rvwi K‡i‡Q Zvi wfwË

n‡jv, †haviMÖnYKi‡QZvib~¨bZgRxebgvbeRvqivLviD‡Ï‡k¨Zv †bqvn‡”Q

wKbv| AZGe Avj-KziAvb mgv‡Ri A_©‰bwZKfv‡e `ye©j RbMY‡K †kvlY †_‡K iÿvi

cvkvcvwk AwZwi³ †fvM wbiærmvwnZ Ki‡Z Pvq| Ab¨ w`‡K eëmvwqK wewb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨

F‡Yi †ÿ‡Î hyw³ †`Lv‡bv nq †h, wiev wbwl× Kivi †gŠwjK KviY n‡jv GUv FY`vZv‡K

†Kv‡bv kÖg QvovB Avq jv‡fi my‡hvM K‡i †`q|

47

GB Awfg‡Zi mg_©‡b Zviv wKQz

HwZnvwmK `wjj Zz‡j a‡ib| Zviv e‡jb, Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g hy‡M eëmv ev evwYwR¨K

D‡Ï‡k¨FYMÖn‡YicÖPjbwQjbv|Ab¨w`‡K,fvMvfvwMGesAskx`vwiZ¡ wQjcyuwR

e„w×i GKgvÎ Dcvq| AwaKš‘ hyw³ †`Lv‡bv nq, mßg kZ‡Ki Avi‡e FY †bqv n‡Zv

g~jZ †fvM ev Avc`Kvjxb D‡Ï‡k¨ eënv‡ii Rb¨| Drcv`‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ bq| ZvB

eëmvwqK F‡Yi Ici ÔwievÕ avh© Kiv Bmjv‡g wbwl× Kiv nqwb|

Ab¨ w`‡K iÿYkxj †jL‡Kiv GB weZK© LÐb Ki‡Z Av‡iv GK avc AMÖmi nb|

Zviv e‡jb, wiev-msµvšÍ wb‡`©k bvwRj nIqvi mgq wievwfwËK wKQz ai‡bi †jb‡`‡bi

45 gym‡jn-DwÏb,gynv¤§`,Mohammad, Insurance and Islamic Law, bqv w`wjø, 1982, c„: 96|

46 †`Lyb,gynv¤§ÀveyRvniv,Buhuth Fi al-Riba, Kz‡qZ; `vi Avj-eyûZ Avj-Bjwgqvn&, 1970, c„: 52|

47 byiRq,Gg.wmwÏK,Islamic Laws on Riba (Interest) and their Economic Implications, B›Uvib¨vkbvj Rvb©vj Ae

wgWj B÷ ÷vwWR, LÐ 14, 1982, c„: 4|

72| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

cÖPjb bv _vK‡jI †m¸‡jvI GB AvB‡bi AvIZvq Avm‡e| G e³‡eï mg_©‡b Zviv

hyw³ †`b †h hLb gv`KRvZxq cvbx‡qi e¨vcv‡i KziAv‡bi ûKzg bvwRj n‡qwQj ZLb

AvR‡Ki g‡Zv A‡bK cvbxqB wQj bv| GiciI mevB Gme cvbxq wbwl× nIqvi e¨vcv‡i

GKgZ| AwaKš‘ GB gZev‡ì cÖe³viv AvaywbKcš’x‡ì e³e¨ LÐb K‡i HwZnvwmK

cÖgvY nvwRi K‡i †`Lvb †h Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g hy‡MI evwYwR¨K FY `v‡bi cÖPjb wQj|

48

GB e³e¨ mg_©b K‡i wgm‡ii cwÐZ †kL Avey Rvivn e‡jb :

ÒRv‡nwjqv‡Zi (Bmjvg-c~e©) hy‡M †Kej †fv³vF‡Yi cÖPjb wQj GB weZ‡K©i mg_©‡b

wbi¼zk †Kv‡bv cÖgvY †bB| eis †m mgq Drcv`b FY eënv‡ii cÖgvY cvIqv hvq

GK M‡el‡Ki M‡elYvq| Avi‡ei cwiw¯’wZ, g°vi Ae¯’vb Ges †KvivBk‡ì evwYR¨

mewKQzB `„„pfv‡e G K_v mg_©b K‡i †h ZLb Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ FY †`qv n‡Zv, ïay

†fv‡Mi Rb¨ bq|Ó

49

GB iÿYkxj `„wófw½i cÖe³viv Av‡iv `vwe K‡ib †h wievi Ici

Avj-KziAv‡bi ûKzg Rvwii mgq bex (m.) wb‡RI †fv³v I Drcv`b F‡Yi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv

cv_©K¨ K‡ibwb| ZvB GB AwfgZ Abyhvqx wievi Ici wb‡lavÁv Dfq †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨

e‡j MY¨ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges FY Drcv`‡b eënvi Kiv n‡”Q bvwK †fv‡Mi Kv‡R jvM‡Q Zv

wb‡q weZK© AcÖvmw½K|

50

5.4. bwgbvj (Nominal) ebvg wi‡qj (Real) B›Uv‡i÷ †iU

wiev wb‡q AvaywbK I iÿYkxj‡ì g‡a¨ Av‡iKwU weZK© †`Lv hvq Gi gy`ªvùxwZ

(inflationary) I gy`ªvm‡¼vPb (deflationary) cwiw¯’wZ‡K wN‡i| AvaywbKcš’xiv e‡jb bex

(m.) hwÌgy`ªvùxwZm¤ú‡K© m‡PZb wQ‡jb,

51

wKš‘ FY †jb‡`‡bi †ÿ‡Î gy`ªvùxwZ

ev gy`ªvm‡¼vP‡bi cÖfvemsµvšÍ †Kv‡bv nvw`m †bB| gy`ªvùxwZ A‡_©i cÖK…Z µqÿgZv

Kwg‡q †`q, Ab¨ w`‡K gy`ªvm‡¼vPb Zv evovq| ZvB AvaywbKcš’x‡ì AwfgZ n‡jv,

gy`ªvùxwZg~jK A_©bxwZ‡Z gy`ªvùxwZi Kvi‡Y FY`vZv †h ÿwZi wkKvi nb Zv ms‡kva‡bi

Rb¨ A‡_©i µqÿgZv nviv‡bvi ÿwZc~iY wn‡m‡e my‡ì GKwU nvi †hŠw³K n‡Z cv‡i|

GB Awfg‡Zi mg_©‡b Zviv FY Bb‡W‡·kb (indexation-g~j¨ mgš^q)-Gi K_v e‡jb|

A_©vr FY`vZv‡K †Kv‡bv c~e©wba©vwiZ myweav bv w`‡q gy`ªvùxwZi mgnv‡i Ômy`Õ MÖn‡Yi

48 nvwewe, bv‡ì, The Economic Consequences of the Interest-Free Islamic Banking Systems, wcGBPwW w_wmm:

wgwkMvb †÷U BDwbfvwm©wU, 1987, c„: 14-15|

49 †`Lyb, Gg. Avey Rvivn, Buhuth Fi al-Riba, cÖv¸³, c„: 53-54|

50 nK,Gg.Avwhhyj,AvZvDjnK(m¤úvw`Z),Readings in Islamic Banking-Gi wbeÜ, Prohibition of Interest and Some Common Misgivings, XvKv, 1987, c„: 42-43|

51 Avwj, Gm.G., Economic Foundations of Islam, jv‡nvi, 1964, c„: 22-23|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 73

AbygwZ†`qv†h‡Zcv‡i|Gigva¨‡gFY`vZv†KejZviAvw_©Km¤ú‡ìcÖK…Zg~j¨

AÿzYœAe¯’vqcv‡eb|gy`ªvùxwZFY`vZviAvw_©Km¤ú`ÿqK‡i†d‡j|A_PGLv‡b

Zvi †Kv‡bv †`vl †bB|

52

Bmjvg FYKvixi cÖwZ b¨vqcivqYZvi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡jI Zv

FY`vZvi cÖwZ AwePv‡ii AbygwZ †`q bv| gy`ªvùxwZ wbtm‡›`‡n wievwenxb FY`vZvi

cÖwZ AwePvi K‡i| KviY G‡Z Zvi wn‰Zlx F‡Yi cÖK…Z g~j¨ ÿq n‡q hvq|

53

bwgbvj

B›Uv‡i÷ Ø¨_©nxbfv‡e wbwl× Kiv n‡j Zv A_© FY`v‡bi Ici GKwU AšÍivqg~jK cÖfve

†dj‡e|Gid‡jA_©bxwZ‡ZAbvKvw•ÿZ†bwZevPKcwiw¯’wZ Zwin‡e|ZvB,g~jë„w×

I g~j¨n«v‡mi cÖfve cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z hyZmB my` Av‡ivc Ges Qvo †`qvi cÖ¯Íve Kiv nq|

iÿYkxjiv †ek wKQz hyw³ Zz‡j a‡i GB AwfgZ evwZj K‡i †`b| Zviv e‡jb, bwgbvj

ev wi‡qj †iU Ae B›Uv‡i÷ wbwe©‡k‡l FY †jb‡`‡bi Ici †h‡Kv‡bv e„w× n‡e wievi

e¨vcv‡i Avj-KziAvb †NvwlZ wb‡lavÁvi cwicš’x| Zviv e‡jb, my` Av‡ivc K‡i

gy`ªvùxwZ cÖwZ‡iv‡ai gv‡b n‡jv GKwU eo Ôg›` KvRÕ w`‡q GKwU †QvU Ôg›` KvRÕ

†gvKv‡ejv Kiv| Avi Bmjvg KL‡bv cÖPwjZ GKwU Ôg›` KvRÕ cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ bZzb

Av‡iKwU Ôg›` KvRÕ Pvjy Aby‡gv`b K‡i bv|

54

G ch©šÍ me gymwjg AvBbwe‡ì mvaviY

AwfgZ ÔFY Bb‡W‡·kbÕ-Gi weiæ‡×| KviY GLv‡b Avw_©Kfv‡e n‡jI F‡Yi GKwU

BwZevPK gybvdvi wbðqZv _v‡K|

55

ZvBbwgbvjevwi‡qj†iUAeB›Uv‡i÷-GicÖkœ

†Zvjvi my‡hvM †bB| †h‡Kv‡bv e„w× ev my` ÔwievÕ weavq Zv A‰ea wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ|

AwaKš‘ Bmjv‡g Av_©mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi cÖwZôvi Ici †h ¸iæZ¡ †`qv n‡q‡Q Zv wbwðZ

Kivime‡P‡qfv‡jvDcvqn‡jvg~‡jïw¯’wZkxjZv,FYIm¤ú‡ìBb‡W‡·kbbq|

5.5. Pµe„w× ebvg mij my`

wievm¤ú‡K©AvaywbK`„wófw½icÖe³vive‡jb†hGi wb‡lavÁvPµe„w×my‡ì†ÿ‡Î

cÖ‡hvR¨, mij my‡ì †ÿ‡Î bq| G e³‡eï mg_©‡b Zviv Avj-KziAv‡bi IB AvqvZ Zz‡j

a‡ib †hLv‡b wek¦vmx‡ì cÖwZ wØ¸Y Ges PZz¸©Y BDRvwi MjvatKiY bv Ki‡Z wb‡`©k

†`qv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨vb¨ weZK© QvovI we‡ivaxiv AvaywbKcš’x‡ì nvwRi Kiv Avqv‡Zi ci

bvwRj nIqv Av‡iKwU AvqvZ Zz‡j a‡ib| †mLv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q ÒGes Zzwg hw` AbyZß

52 nK, Gg. Avwhhyj, AvZvDj nK (m¤úvw`Z), cÖv¸³, Prohibition of Interest and Some Common Misgivings, c„: 45-46|

53 Pvcov, Gg. Dgi, Towards a Just Monetary System, cÖv¸³, c„: 40|

54 nK,Gg.Avwhhyj,AvZvDjnK(m¤úvw`Z),cÖv¸³,Prohibition of Interest and Some Common Misgivings, c„: 46|

55 Pvcov, Gg. Dgi, Towards a Just Monetary System, cÖv¸³, c„: 40|

74| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

nI, Zvn‡j Zzwg †Zvgvi Avmj †diZ cv‡e (my` Qvov)|Ó

56

GBAvqv‡Zmy¯úófv‡e

e‡j †`qv n‡q‡Q †h FY`vZvi Rb¨ g~‡ji AwZwi³ wKQz Aby‡gvw`Z bq| gnvbex (m.)-

Gi we`vq n‡Ri fvl‡YI G e³e¨ Av‡iv †Rviv‡jvfv‡e mg_©b Kiv n‡q‡Q : Òme wiev

iwnZ Kiv n‡jv, Z‡e †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡ì Avmj †diZ cv‡e, Ryjyg K‡iv bv Ges ZzwgI

Ryjy‡gi wkKvi n‡e bvÓ|

57

Zviv ZK© K‡i e‡jb, fvl‡Yi wKQz kã ÒRyjyg K‡iv bv Ges

ZzwgI Ryjy‡gi wkKvi n‡e bvÓÑcÖ_‡g Avj-KziAv‡b G‡m‡Q (2:279) Ges bex (m.) Gi

cybive„wË K‡i Rvwb‡q †`b †h FYMÖnYKvix †hgb Avm‡ji AwZwi³ cÖ`v‡b eva¨ nIqvi

gva‡g Ryjy‡gi wkKvi n‡e bv, †Zgwb FY`vZv Zvi g~j †diZ cvIqvi e¨vcv‡i ÿwZi

wkKvi n‡e bv|

58

AZGeGLv‡bmy`mijbvPµe„w×†mcÖkœ†Zvjvimy‡hvM†bB|

5.6. e¨w³ ebvg cÖwZôvb

wKQz AvaywbKcš’x hyw³ †`b †h bex (m.)-Gi mg‡q AvR‡Ki g‡Zv wekvjvqZb Avw_©K

cÖwZôvb, †hgbÑ e¨vsK I Ab¨vb¨ AeKvVv‡gvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj bv| ZvB e¨vs‡Ki my` I

Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZôv‡bi my` wiev wbwl‡×i AvIZvq Avm‡e bv| GB wb‡lavÁv †Kej e¨w³i

Ici cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e| Zviv Av‡iv g‡b K‡ib, †Kv‡bv e¨w³ hw` IBme cÖwZôvb †_‡K

my` MÖnY K‡i Zvn‡j Zv wb‡lavÁvi AvIZvq co‡e bv| KviY †Kv‡bv e¨w³i c‡ÿ

e¨vs‡Kig‡Zvwekvj†Kv‡bvcÖwZôvb‡K†kvlYKivm¤¢ebq|

59

GB Awfg‡Zi we‡ivwaZv K‡i hyw³ †`Lv‡bv nq, Avgiv hw` †Kv‡bv AvaywbK e¨vsK‡K

GKRb e¨w³i m‡½ Zzjbv Kwi Z‡e †`Le GB cÖwZôvbwU A_© FY †bq Zv avi †`qvi

Rb¨| A_©vr e¨vsKwU FY`vZv I FYMÖnxZv cÖwZôv‡bi g‡Zv AvPiY Ki‡Q Ges A_© FY

†`qv-†bqvi cÖwµqvq GwU my` wb‡”Q Ges w`‡”Q| Avj-KziAvb wievi Ici †h wb‡lavÁv

Rvwi K‡i‡Q Zvi cÖK…wZ mve©Rbxb| G e¨cv‡i KziAvb e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv

cv_©K¨ K‡iwb| ZvB wiev Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Ici KziAv‡bi wb‡lavÁv e¨w³ Ges cÖwZôvb

Dfq †ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv Qvo †`qv QvovB mgfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e| Zv Qvov eZ©gv‡b Avgiv †h

ai‡bi eëmvwqK cÖwZôvb †`wL KziAvb bvwR‡ji mgq †ZgbwU wQj bv| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv

eëmvwqK cÖwZôvb nq‡Zv Zv‡ì eëmvi GKwU Ask wn‡m‡e wiev †jb‡`b K‡i| cÖwZwU

†ÿ‡ÎB wievi Ici Av‡ivwcZ wb‡lavÁv mgfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e|

56 Avj-KziAvb, 2:279|

57 Be‡bwnkvg,Aveygynv¤§Àve`yjgvwjK,Avj-wmivnAvj-bvevweqvn,LÐ2,êiæZ,1996,c„:603|

58 Avj-Zvevwi,gynv¤§`Be‡bRvwii,RvwgAvj-evqvbwdZvdwmiAvj-KziAvb,cÖv¸³,1980,c„:28|

59 Lvb, Avãyj RveŸvi, Divine Banking System”, Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance, DB›Uvi 1984, c„: 30-32|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 75

Awfg‡Zi GB cv_©K¨ m‡Ë¡I AvaywbKcš’xiv wiev wb‡q mgmvgwqK weZK©‡K †Zgb

cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| wiev wbwl× nIqv wb‡q Zv‡ì e³‡eï wKQzUv Reve w`‡q‡Qb

mvB‡q¨` KzZze

60

I gI`~`xÕi

61

g‡Zv wKQz be¨-cybR©vMiYev`x mgv‡jvPK| Zviv

A_©‰bwZK Ges Ava¨vwZ¥K Dfq †cÖÿvc‡U AvaywbKcš’x‡ì e³e¨ we‡kølY K‡ib| Zv

Qvov, AvaywbKcš’xiv Avj-KziAv‡b wiev wbwl‡×i †hŠw³Zvi wfwË‡Z †Kv‡bv my`„p ZË¡I

Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| AwaKš‘ wek¦e¨vcx Bmjvgx e¨vswKs cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi DÌvb

N‡U‡Q wiev wb‡q be¨-cybR©vMiYev`x cwÐZ‡ì wPšÍvavivi wfwË‡Z| Zviv †h‡Kv‡bv

my`‡KB wiev wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡ib| ZvB my` wbwl×|

6. Bmjvgx e¨vswKs I A_©vqb bxwZgvjv

Bmjvg mywbw`©ófv‡e Zvi Abymvix‡ì wievmswkøó me †jb‡`b cwinvi Kivi wb‡`©k

w`‡q‡Q|GiciIgymjgvb‡ìAb¨mevig‡ZvwewfbœKv‡R†hgb:bZzbeëmvwqK

D‡`¨v‡M A_©vqb, GKwU evwo †Kbv, GKwU Mvwo †Kbv, cyuwR wewb‡qvM mnRZi Kivi Rb¨,

evwYwR¨K †jb‡`‡bi Rb¨ Ges mÂ‡qi GKwU wbivc` ¯’vb cvIqvi Rb¨ e¨vswKs †mev

MÖnY cÖ‡qvRb n‡q c‡o| gymjgvbiv êa gybvdv AR©‡bi we‡ivax bq| Bmjvg RbMY‡K

Zv‡ì A_© Ajm †d‡j bv †i‡L kixÔAvn&i `„wó‡Z êa Ggb D‡`¨v‡M eënv‡i DrmvwnZ

K‡i‡Q| G K_v g‡b †i‡L, Bmjvgx e¨vsKeë¯’vi g~j êwkó¨ n‡jv wiev ev my` wbwl×|

wiev ïay BDRvwii g‡a¨ mxgve× bq, me ai‡bi my` Gi AvIZvq Avm‡eÑ eZ©gvb hy‡Mi

gymwjgA_©bxwZwe‡ìvGwel‡q†gvUvgywUGKgZ|Avj-KziAvbIbexwRimybœvn&†_‡K

AvgivBmjvgx e¨vswKsIA_©vqbm¤úwK©Z †hbxwZgvjvcvBZvLyeBmvaviYGes

†m¸‡jv m¼wjZ Kiv hvq Gfv‡e :

62

6.1. g~j A‡_©i AwZwi³ †h‡Kv‡bv c~e©wba©vwiZ cwi‡kva wbwl×

Bmjvg †Kej GKai‡bi FY Aby‡gv`b K‡i| Avi Zv n‡jv K‡R© nvmvbv (kvwãK A‡_©

hv‡K wn‰Zlx FY ejv hvq)| GLv‡b FY`vZv g~‡ji Ici †Kv‡bv my` ev AwZwi³ A_© avh©

K‡i bv| wPivPwiZ gymwjg cwÐZiv DcwiD³ bxwZ GZUvB K‡Vvifv‡e AbymiY K‡ib

†h Zv‡ì GKR‡bi AwfgZ n‡jv, ÒFY †`qvi Rb¨ FYMÖnxZvi KvQ †_‡K FY`vZvi

†Kv‡bv my‡hvM-myweav jv‡fi Ici wb‡lavÁv Ggbfv‡e ejer n‡e †h FYMÖnxZvi L”P‡ii

Ici mIqvi nIqv, Zvi †Uwe‡j e‡m LvIqv, GgbwK Zvi †`qv‡ji Qvqvq ch©šÍ AvkÖq

60 †`Lyb, mvB‡q¨` KzZze, Zvdwmi AvqvZ Avj-wiev, cÖv¸³, Av‡iv †`Lyb, wd Rvjvwjj KziAvb, cÖv¸³|

61 Av‡ivwe¯ÍvwiZRvb‡Z†`Lyb,AveyjAvjvgI`~`x,Avj-wiev,Abyev`gynv¤§ÀvwmgAvj-nvÏv`,êiæZ,1970|

62 wb`vDjBmjvgg¨vMvwRb,ÔwcÖwÝcvjmAeBmjvwgKe¨vswKsÕ,msL¨v10,b‡f¤î-wW‡m¤î1995|

76| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

†bqv hv‡e bv|Ó

63

mswkøó ev c‡ivÿ myweav MÖnY bv Kivi Ici †h †Rvi †`qv n‡q‡Q

†mLvb †_‡K G‡m‡Q GB bxwZ|

6.2. eëmvwqK D‡`¨v‡Mi A_© FY †`qv n‡j FY`vZv‡K Aek¨B Gi jvf-†jvKmv‡b

Askx`vi n‡Z n‡e

Bmjvg GKRb gymjgvb‡K FY`vZv nIqvi e`‡j Zvi A_© wewb‡qvM Ges Askx`vi n‡q

jvf-†jvKmvb fvMvMvwM K‡i wb‡Z DrmvwnZ K‡i| kixÔAvn& g‡Z, Bmjvgx A_©vq‡bi

wfwË n‡jv cyuwR mieivnKvix I cyuwR eënviKvix eëmvwqK D‡`¨v‡M SzuwKi mgvb

Askx`vi n‡eb| GUv n‡Z cv‡i wk‡ív‡`¨vM, Lvgvi, †mevg~jK cÖwZôvb ev mvaviY

†Kbv‡ePvi D‡`¨vM| Avgiv Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi †ÿ‡Î hw` †`wL Zvn‡j AvgvbZKvix,

e¨vsK Ges FYMÖnxZv mevB‡K Avw_©K eëmv D‡`¨v‡Mi SzuwK Ges gybvdvq Askx`vi n‡Z

n‡e|GUvmywèvwYwR¨Ke¨vswKseë¯’vim¤ú~Y©wecixZ|GLv‡bmePvcenbKi‡Z

nqFYMÖnxZv‡K:Zv‡Km¤§Znv‡imy`mnFY†diZw`‡Znq,e¨vs‡KiA_©vqbKiv

D‡`¨vM mdj ev e¨_© hv-B †nvK bv †Kb Zv‡Z wKQz hvq-Av‡m bv| Bmjv‡gi bxwZ n‡jv

mgv‡Ri DcKviv‡_© wewb‡qvM DrmvwnZ Kiv| Bmjvg Kv‡iv Rb¨ Ggb duvK ivL‡Z Pvq

bv, †h wewb‡qvM I SzuwK bv wb‡q e¨vs‡K UvKv Rgv †i‡L †Kej Zv evwo‡q Pj‡e (e¨vsK

†`Dwjqv bv nIqv ch©šÍ)|

6.3. UvKv †_‡K UvKv evbv‡bv Bmjv‡g MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq

Bmjvg A_©‡K ïay wewbg‡qi GKwU gva¨g e‡j g‡b K‡i| Gi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv wRwb‡mi

g~j¨ wba©viY Kiv hvq| Gi wbR¯^ †Kvb g~j¨ †bB| ZvB ïay e¨vs‡K ivLv ev KvD‡K

avi†`qvig‡Zvmyw`cš’vAej¤^bK‡iGwUwb‡Rwb‡R†e‡o†h‡Zcv‡ibv|†Kv‡bv

Drcv`bkxj D‡`¨v‡M A_©vq‡bi Kv‡R eëüZ A‡_©i †P‡q gvbweK cÖ‡Póv, D‡`¨vM Ges

SzuwKA‡bK†ewk¸iæZ¡c~Y©|A_©†Kv‡bveëmvqwewb‡qvMKivn‡jBZv‡Km¤¢ve¨cyuwR

wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡ib gymwjg AvBbwe‡ìv| GKBfv‡e eëmvq †Kv‡bv FY †`qv n‡j

Zv eëmvi GKwU FY wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e, cyuwR wn‡m‡e bq| ZvB GLvb †_‡K †Kv‡bv

gybvdv (A_©vr my`) cvIqv hv‡e bv| gymjgvb‡ì‡K †KbvKvUvq DrmvwnZ Ges A_©‡K

Ajm †d‡j ivL‡Z wbiærmvwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| A_© Rwg‡q ivLv Bmjv‡g MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq|

Bmjv‡g A_© w`‡q µqÿgZv eySvq| ZvB cY¨ ev †mev †Kbvi g‡Zv gaëZx© avç‡jv

AwZµg bv K‡i AwaK ÿqÿgZv (A_©) jv‡fi g‡Zv Kv‡R GUv eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i bv|

63 Avj-gvmwi, Avj Rvwg wd Dmyj Avj-wiev, cÖv¸³, 1991, c„: 256|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 77

6.4. Nvivi (cÖZviYv) Ges gvBwmi (Ryqv) wbwl×

KL‡bv KL‡bv Nvivi k‡ãi A_© cÖZviYvi cwie‡Z© ÔAwbðqZvÕ wn‡m‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv nq|

Nvivi-Gie¨vcv‡iBmjvgxAvBbmy¯úó,Zvn‡jvPzw³c‡ÎGgbwKQz_vK‡Zcvi‡ebv|

D`vniY¯îƒc,†KDGgbwKQzwewµKi‡Zcvi‡ebvhvm¤ú‡K©†µZvwKQzRv‡bbv|

KviYGUvGKai‡bicÖZviYv|GKBfv‡e†KDAÁvZ¸Ym¤úbœwKQzwewµKi‡Zcv‡i

bv, †hgb- Rb¥ nqwb Ggb †Kv‡bv evQzi| KviY, GLv‡b we‡µZv ev †µZv †KDB Rv‡bb

bv Avm‡j Zviv Kx †Kbv‡ePv Ki‡Q|

gvBwmi‡KBmjvgA‡bïm¤úÀvZ¥mv‡Zig‡ZvGKwUAwePviwn‡m‡eMY¨K‡i|

64

wievi aviYvi m‡½ Gi A‡bK wgj i‡q‡Q| Ryqv ev fwel¨‡Zi †Kv‡bv NUbvi Ici evwR

aiv wbwl×| GB wb‡lavÁvi gv‡b n‡jv, †h‡Kv‡bv Pzw³‡Z Ave× nIqvi Rb¨ Pzw³wU n‡Z

n‡e AwbðqZv, SzuwK Ges Kíbv (dUKvevwR) †_‡K gy³| Pzw³i ci †jb‡`‡bi d‡j Gi

g~j¨ Kx ùvov‡e †m wel‡q Pzw³e× cÿ¸‡jvi mg¨K aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e|

65

hwÌ †Kv‡bv

cÿB wbwðZ gybvdvi cÖwZkÖæwZ w`‡Z cv‡i bv| Ôjvf AwbwðZÕÑ GB bxwZi wfwË‡Z

Pzw³wU Kiv nq| GB bxwZi mivmwi e¨vL¨vq ejv n‡q‡Q, gy`ªvùxwZ we‡ePbvq wb‡q

avi †bqv A‡_©i AwZwi³ wKQz cwi‡kva Kiv n‡e, MÖvn‡Ki KvQ †_‡K Ggb cÖwZkÖæwZ

†bqviI AbygwZ †bB| GB wb‡lavÁvi †hŠw³KZv n‡jv `ye©j‡K me‡ji †kvlY †_‡K

iÿv Kiv| ZvB weKí I fwel¨r we‡ePbvq †bqv A‰bmjvwgK Ges AvMvg `‡i ê‡`wkK

gy`ªv †jb‡`bI GKB| KviY GLv‡b ì wba©vwiZ nq my‡ì cv_©K¨ wbY©‡qi gva¨‡g|

Z‡e GUv g‡b Kivi KviY †bB †h fwel¨r djvdj ARvbv weavq †Kv‡bv Pzw³‡K AKvh©Ki

e‡j a‡i †bqv n‡e| gvby‡li „wó‡KvY †_‡K fwel¨r me©`v ARvbv| wKš‘ wewb‡qvM Pzw³‡Z

Ave× nIqvi d‡j †KD gybvdv Ki‡Z cvi‡e wK bv Zv Rvb‡Z bv cviv, Avi †Kv_vq

wewb‡qvM Pzw³i †ÿÎwUB AwbwðZ †m wel‡q Ávb bv _vKv GK K_v bq|

66

eû gymwjg we‡klÁ gy`ªvùxwZi m‡½ FwYZvi (indebtedness) Bb‡W‡·kb Aby‡gv`b

K‡ibwb Ges K‡R© nvmvbvi gva¨‡g GB wb‡lavÁvi e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| IBme we‡kl‡Ái

g‡Z, FY`vZv FY †`b Avjøvn&i dRj jv‡fi Rb¨ Ges wZwb ïay Avjøvni KvQ †_‡KB

cyi¯‹v‡ii cÖZ¨vkv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e Ggb A‡bK †jb‡`b Av‡Q †h¸‡jv ÔNviviÕ

64 Avj-KziAvb, 2:219

65 Avng`, Avey Igi dviæK, Legislations and Issues on Islamic Banking in Bangladesh, ZiæY eyw×Rxex‡ì Rb¨ cÖ_g

AvšÍR©vwZK†dvivgAbBmjvwgKB‡KvbwgKm,wdb¨vÝA¨vÛweR‡bmm‡¤§j‡bcwVZwbeÜ,jsKvwf,GwcÖj18-20,

2006|

66 Avj w`Dqvwb, Zv‡iK, The Problem With Interest, jÛb, 1997, c„: 143-144|

78| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

bxwZgvjvie¨wZµg wn‡m‡eMY¨Kivnq, †hgb-evBgyqv¾vjev wejw¤^Zcwi‡kva

msewjZ wewµ, evB Avj-mvjvg ev mieivnmn cY¨ wewµ Ges BRviv ev wjwRs| Aek¨,

Gai‡biPzw³iRb¨GgbAvBwbeë¯’vicÖ‡qvRbhv‡ZSzuwK_v‡Kme©wb¤œch©v‡q|

67

6.5. Bmjv‡g wbwl× ev wbiærmvwnZ Kiv nqwb †Kej Ggb cY¨ ev D‡`¨v‡M wewb‡qvM

kixÔAvn& AvBb Abyhvqx Bmjv‡g wbwl×, GgbwK wbiærmvwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Ggb cY¨

Drcv`‡b wewb‡qvM Kiv hv‡e bv| D`vniY¯îƒc, A¨vj‡Kvnj †Kbv‡ePvi Kv‡R †Kv‡bv

Bmjvgx e¨vsK A_©vqb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Bmjvgx e¨vsK K¨vwm‡bv wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ Ôwi‡qj

G‡÷U †jvbÕ w`‡Z cv‡i bv| G e¨vsK my‡ì Rb¨ Ab¨ e¨vsK‡K UvKv avi w`‡Z cv‡i bv|

ms‡ÿ‡c ej‡Z †M‡j, Bmjvgx e¨vswKs I A_©vqb GKwU ÔBKzBwU †kqvwisÕ (equity-sharing) Ges †÷K-†UwKs (stake-taking) eë¯’v m„wói Rb¨ KvR K‡i| cwieZ©bkxj

gybvdv bxwZi (principle of variable return) wfwË‡Z Gi Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq| GwU

mywbw`©ó ev mvaviY, e¨w³MZ ev cÖvwZôvwbK, †emiKvwi ev miKvwi cÖK‡íi cÖK…Z

Drcv`bkxjZv I `ÿZvi Ici wbf©i K‡i| Pvwn`v Abyhvqx A‡bKfv‡e A_©‰bwZK

mn‡hvwMZv †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ bxwZ n‡e BKzBwU I jvf-†jvKmv‡b Askx`vwiZ¡ Ges

ZvcÖPwjZe¨vswKseë¯’vig‡ZvmvaviYFY-my`m¤ú‡K©iwfwË‡Zn‡ebv|

7. Bmjvgx I cÖPwjZ e¨vswKs : GKwU Zzjbv

eZ©gv‡b †h ai‡bi e¨vswKs‡qi Aw¯ÍZ¡ †`Lv hvq Zvi DrcwË Zzjbvg~jK mv¤úªwZK|

AvaywbK e¨vswKs eë¯’v Avwef©v‡ei Av‡M mivmwi A_©vqb ixwZi cÖPjb wQj| †mLv‡b cyuwRi

gvwjK mivmwi cyuwR eënviKvixi m‡½ †jb‡`b KiZ| Znwej ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii MZvbyMwZK

aib wQj mÂqKvix †_‡K wewb‡qvMKvix| evwYR¨ I wk‡íi cÖmvi Ges Drcv`bkxj

cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡Z A_©vq‡bi Pvwn`v e„w× †c‡Z _vK‡j Znwej ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î mivmwi

A_©vqb GKwU Ach©vß cÖwµqv e‡j cÖgvwYZ nq| ZLb mÂqKvix I wewb‡qvMKvixi g‡a¨

Avw_©K ga¨¯’ZvKvixi f~wgKv cvj‡bi Rb¨ `„k¨c‡U e¨vs‡Ki Avwef©ve N‡U| AwaKš‘

AvaywbKKv‡j†m¸‡jvGgbcÖwZôvbwn‡m‡eAvwef~©©Znqhve¨vswKs‡qiwewfbœKg©Kv‡Ði

†h‡Kv‡bvGKwUevme¸‡jvm¤úv`bK‡i_v‡K,†hgb:MÖnY,msMÖn,¯’vbvšÍi,cwi‡kva,

FY`vb, wewb‡qvM, Kvievi, wewbgq Ges Af¨šÍixY I AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e gvwb mvwf©wms

67 Avng`, Avey Igi dviæK, Problems of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh, BmjvwgK wimvP© ey¨‡iv‡Z Dc¯’vwcZ wbeÜ,

XvKv, evsjv‡`k, Rvbyqvwi 21, 2001|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 79

(servicing money) BZ¨vw`|

68

Av‡iv mywbw`©ófv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, e¨vsK ej‡Z Ggb

cÖwZôvb‡K eySvq hv mvaviY RbMY‡K AvgvbZ myweav †RvMvb †`q|

AvaywbK e¨vswKs I A_©vqbeë¯’vi me‡P‡q AvKl©Yxq êwkó¨ m¤¢eZ m¤ú` mÂ‡q

†µwWUBÝwUwUDkb¸‡jvieënvi|mÂqZnwejwfwËKF‡Yigva¨‡gwewfbœeëmvwqK

IwkícÖwZôvb‡KAvw_©KmnvqZvcÖ`vb|e¨vsKwW‡cvwRUevRgvKivigva¨‡gm¤ú‡ì

mÂq AvaywbK we‡k¦i GKwU MwZkxj kw³‡Z cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| e¨vswKs eë¯’vi gva¨‡g

mgvR †Kej G¸‡jvi Avgvb‡Zi cÖK…Z g~‡jï †mevB cvq bv, cvkvcvwk e¨vsK wWmKvD›U

I wiRvf©eë¯’vi gva¨‡g Gme Znwe‡ji Kvh©Ki eënvi eû Y evwo‡q †Zv‡j, hvi D™¢e

AwZm¤úªwZK|

69

evwYwR¨Ke¨vsK¸‡jvGmeKg©m¤úv`bK‡iGesG¸‡jv‡KeZ©gvb

hy‡Mi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cY¨ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq|

ZvB e¨vsK AvaywbK A_©bxwZ‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q| mÂqKvix I

wewb‡qvMKvixi g‡a¨ Avw_©K ga¨¯’ZvKvixi f~wgKv cvj‡bi gva¨‡g Zviv cÖPzi Kg©ms¯’vb

Ges Avq m„wói cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i- hv †kl ch©šÍ A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZ I mgv‡Ri Kj¨vY

e‡q Av‡b| e¨vs‡Ki Av‡iKwU mvgvwRK Kj¨v‡Yi w`K n‡jv AvgvbZKvix‡ì gybvdv

cÖ`v‡bi eë¯’v| Giv g~jZ ÿz`ª mÂqKvix| hv‡ì g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q mgv‡Ri `ye©jZi Ask

†hgb : weaev, cÖwZeÜx, Abv_ Ges †mme eq¯‹ gvbyl hviv Zv‡ì mÂq‡K †Kv‡bv

jvfRbK Kv‡R jvMv‡Z Aÿg| AwaKš‘ e¨vsK n‡jv F‡Yi m„wóKvix (manufactories of credit),70

hv mgv‡Ri †mev K‡i Ges wkíevwY‡Rï PvKv mPj iv‡L| wewb‡qvM myweav

GesmÂ‡qi wbivc`msiÿ‡YicÖ¯ÍveK‡iG¸‡jvmÂ‡qiAf¨vmm„wóGesm¤ú`

Rwg‡qivLvevevowZm¤ú‡ìAbyrcv`bkxjeënviwbiærmvwnZK‡i|G‡Zwewb‡qvM

I cyuwRi cÖe„w× †Rvi`vi nq| GKwU wePÿY e¨vswKs cwjwm A_©‰bwZK m¼‡Ui av°v

mvgjv‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨ w`‡K, e¨vswKs eë¯’v hw` Lvivcfv‡e M‡o

I‡V ev AcwicK¡ nv‡Z mvgjv‡bv nq Zvn‡j Zv wkí I evwY‡Rï gvivZ¥K ÿwZ K‡i,

GgbwK cy‡iv A_©bxwZi Rb¨ wech©q m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|

Bmjvgx A_©vqbeë¯’vi me‡P‡q AMÖmi Ask n‡jv Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| GB eë¯’vi vk©wbK

wfwËwU Drcv`b I A_©‰bwZK AvPi‡Yi m‡½ mswkøó PjK¸‡jvi AvšÍtwµqvi g‡a¨

mxgve× bv †_‡K Av‡iv A‡bK `~i ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z| Ab¨ w`‡K, cÖPwjZ A_©vqb eë¯’v g~jZ

†jb‡`‡bi A_©‰bwZK I Avw_©K †cÖÿvc‡Ui cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvM †`q| Bmjvgx eë¯’v mgv‡Ri

68 I‡qj‡dj, Pvj©m †R. GbmvB‡K¬v‡cwWqv Ae e¨vswKs A¨vÛ wdb¨vÝ, wkKv‡Mv, 1993, c„: 69|

69 cÖv¸³, c„: 151| wbdwdb, WweøD.GBP., How to Use Your Bank, wbD BqK©, 1973, c„: 31|

70 wbdwdb, WweøD.GBP., How to Use Your Bank, wbD BqK©, 1973, c„: 31|

80| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

mvwe©K fv‡jvi Rb¨ mvg¨ I b¨vqcivqYZv †Rvi`v‡ii Rb¨ GKB m‡½ ˆbwZK, gvbweK,

mvgvwRK I agx©q welqvewji Ici mgvb ¸iæZ¡ †`q| `yB eë¯’vi g‡a¨ wg‡ji w`K¸‡jv

n‡jv Bmjvgx eë¯’vq e¨vsK¸‡jv kixÔAvn& AvBb Øviv wbqwš¿Z n‡jI G¸‡jv cÖPwjZ

eë¯’vie¨vs‡Kig‡ZvGKBai‡biKvh©µgm¤úv`bK‡i,†hgb:G¸‡jvA_©‰bwZK

†jb‡`beë¯’v cwiPvjbvi cvkvcvwk Avw_©K ga¨¯’ZvKvixi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

71

Avw_©K

evRv‡iiAm¤ú~Y©ZvKv‡RjvMv‡biRb¨Dfqeë¯’vqGKBKvi‡YG¸‡jvcÖ‡qvRb|

GmeAm¤ú~Y©Zvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡QAvw_©K `vweiAc~Y© wefvR¨Zv (imperfect divisibility of financial claims),Am¤ú~Y© Z_¨,AbymÜvbI †¯^vcvR©b (acquisition)Kvh©m¤úv`be¨q, DØ„Ë I NvUwZ BDwb‡Ui gva¨‡g êwPÎ¨ m„wó Ges †jb‡`b ch©‡eÿ‡Y we‡klÁ

Ávb I A_©‰bwZK gvb`Ð m„wó|

72

Bmjvgx eë¯’vq kixÔAvn& weavb Abyhvqx cwiPvwjZ

Avw_©K ga¨¯’ZvKvix cÖPwjZ eë¯’vi cÖwZc‡ÿi g‡Zv GKB iKg A_©‰bwZK gvb`Ð

cÖ`k©b Ki‡e e‡j †hŠw³Kfv‡e Avkv Kiv hvh| cÖPwjZ eë¯’vi g‡Zv Bmjvgx eë¯’vI

wW‡cv‡RUwi wdbvwÝqvj B›Uvi‡gwWqvwi (depository financial intermediarie) eëmvwqK

`vq¸‡jv‡K Ggb wewPÎ evaëvaKZvq iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i hv DØ„Ë BDwbU¸‡jvi Pvwn`v I

cwiw¯’wZi m‡½ Lvc Lvq|

Ab¨ w`‡K, Kvh©cÖYvwji cÖK…wZi Kvi‡Y cÖPwjZ Ges Bmjvgx e¨vswKs eë¯’vi g‡a¨

i‡q‡Q A‡bK cv_©K¨| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi wecix‡Z cÖPwjZ e¨vswKs‡K msÁvwqZ Kiv

nq Gfv‡e ÒFY`vb ev wewb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ A_© MÖnY, RbM‡Yi A_© Mw”QZ ivLv, hv Pvwn`v

Abyhvqx ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bvfv‡e †diZ‡hvM¨ Ges †PK, Wªvd&U, AW©vi ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bvfv‡e

cÖZ¨vnvi‡hvM¨|Ó

73

B›Uvib¨vkbvj A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb Ae BmjvwgK e¨vsK‡mi (AvBGAvBwe)

msÁv Abyhvqx : ÒBmjvgx e¨vsK g~jZ GKwU bZzb ai‡bi e¨vswKs aviYv ev¯Íevqb

Ki‡Q, hv Avw_©K I Ab¨vb¨ †jb‡`‡bi †ÿ‡Î K‡Vvifv‡e Bmjvgx kixÔAvn& weavb †g‡b

P‡j| AwaKš‘, GB e¨vsK Ggbfv‡e Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i hv‡Z ev¯Íe Rxe‡b Bmjvgx

bxwZgvjvi cÖwZdjb N‡U| GB e¨vsK GKwU Bmjvgx mgvR cÖwZôvi j‡ÿ¨ KvR Ki‡e|

ZvB, RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ my`„p agx©q †PZbv m„wó Gi Ab¨Zg jÿ¨|Ó

74

AZGeGUvmy¯úó†h

wgkbID‡Ï‡kïw`Kw`‡qBmjvgxe¨vswKseë¯’vcÖPwjZe¨vswKseë¯’v†_‡Km¤ú~Y©

71 Avng`, Avey Igi dviæK, Islamic Banking in Bangladesh, AcÖKvwkZ GjGjGg w_wmm, BDwbfvwm©wU Ae I‡q÷vb©

wmWwb, A‡÷ªwjqv, 2003|

72 BKevj, RyevBi I wgiv‡Lvi, AveŸvm, Islamic Banking, IqvwksUb wWwm, 1987, c„: 3|

73 wgbvqx,Av‡bvqviAvn‡¤§`,Islamic Banking – Where Are We Going Wrong?, wbD nivBRb, jÛb, †deªæqvwi 1998,

c„: 3|

74 AvBGAvBwe (B›Uvib¨vkbvj A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb Ae BmjvwgK e¨vsKm&), WvB‡i±wi Ae BmjvwgK e¨vsKm& A¨vÛ wdbvwÝqvj

BÝwUwUDkb,†RÏv,2001|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 81

Avjv`v| d‡j mgv‡Ri cÖwZ Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki evaëvaKZv cÖPwjZ e¨vs‡Ki †P‡q A‡bK

†ewk| Gi KviY¸‡jv n‡jv :

K. mywbw`©ó Av`wk©K wgkb AR©‡bi Rb¨ cwiPvwjZ nq BmjvwgK e¨vswKs| Avi Zv

n‡jv,Avjøvnmem¤ú‡ìmªóvGesP~ovšÍgvwjK;e¨w³evcÖwZôvbmgv‡R†Kej

Zvi cÖwZwbwai f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e| ZvB Bmjvgx e¨vsK wb‡Ri †LqvjLywk g‡Zv

wKQz Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Zvi e`‡j G‡K A_©‰bwZK Kvg©Kv‡Ð bwZK g~j¨‡ev‡ai mgš^q

NUv‡Z n‡e|

L. †gav I AwfÁZv i‡q‡Q wKš‘ cÖPwjZ Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi g‡Zv RvgvbZ †`qvi mvg_©¨

†bB Ggb e¨w³‡ì FY cÖ`vb| Gi gva¨‡g mgv‡Ri Z…Yg~j wfwË‡K kw³kvjx Kiv|

Ges,

M. A_©‰bwZK, Avw_©K I ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv AR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨ Bmjv‡gi Ô†kqvwis

A¨vÛ †KqvwisÕ (sharing and caring) †PZbvi wfwË‡Z mgv‡R GKwU †mŠnv`©¨c~Y©

cwi‡ek m„wó|

cÖPwjZ e¨vswKs eë¯’v wbi¼zkfv‡e GK w`‡K AvgvbZKvix I e¨vsK Ges Ab¨ w`‡K

FYMÖnxZv I e¨vs‡Ki g‡a¨ MÖnxZv-`vZv m¤ú‡K©i wfwË‡Z cÖwZwôZ| my`‡K we‡ePbv

Kiv nq F‡Yi g~j¨ (price of credit) wn‡m‡e, hv A‡_©i my‡hvM-g~‡jï (opportunity cost) cÖwZdjb| Ab¨ w`‡K Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡q F‡Yi †jb‡`b †h‡nZz PvR©wenxb ZvB †Kv‡bv

Riæwi cÖ‡qvRb c~iY Ki‡Z wM‡q FY`vZv FYMÖnxZvi KvQ †_‡K †Kv‡bv my‡hvM MÖnY

Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| my‡ì wfwË‡Z UvKv avi †`qv n‡j GKai‡bi Ryjyg Kiv nq| ZvB G

ai‡bi †jb‡`‡bi †ÿ‡Î Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g bxwZ n‡jv ÒKv‡iv cÖwZ AwePvi K‡iv bv Ges

†KD †Zvgv‡ì cÖwZ AwePvi Ki‡e bvÓ (2:279)| ZvB Bmjvgx KvVv‡gvi AvIZvq

evwYwR¨Ke¨vswKsFY`vZv-FYMÖnxZvm¤ú‡K©iwfwË‡Zbq|

Bmjv‡g Avw_©K †jb‡`‡bi wØZxq bxwZ n‡jv, SzuwK MÖnY Qvov †Kv‡bv cÖwZ`vbI cvIqv

hv‡e bv| kÖg Ges cyuwR Dfq †ÿ‡Î GB bxwZ cÖ‡hvR¨| †Kv‡bv Kv‡R kÖg cÖhy³ bv nIqv

ch©šÍ †hgb Gi cvwikÖwgK cvIqv hvq bv, †Zgwb eëmvwqK SzuwK MÖnY Qvov †Kv‡bv cyuwR

cÖwZ`v‡bi †hvM¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv|

75

AZGeBmjvgxKvVv‡gviAvIZvq†hAvw_©Kga¨¯’ZviDbœqbN‡U‡QDc‡iv³`yBbxwZ

n‡jvZviwfwË|Gid‡jBmjv‡gAvw_©Km¤ú‡K©icÖK…wZn‡jvAskMÖnYg~jK|GLv‡b

myw` cÖwZôvb jvf-†jvKmv‡b AskMÖn‡Yi bxwZ Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq| Gi gv‡b n‡jv w¯’i

75 Avng`, AvDmvd, The Evaluation of Islamic Banking in Encyclopedia of Islamic Banking, jÛb, 1995, c„: 17|

82| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

nv‡i my‡ì e`‡j GLv‡b ev¯Íe A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ði wfwË‡Z cwieZ©bkxj nv‡i gybvdv

cvIqv hvq|

76

MZvbyMwZK my`wfwËK evwYwR¨K e¨vswKs eë¯’v †_‡K ¯^Zš¿ Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi †h

êwkó¨¸‡jv Avgiv cvB Zvi cÖavb w`K¸‡jv n‡”Q : (K) Bmjvgx e¨vswKs GKvšÍfv‡eB

GKwU jvf I †jvKmvb fvMvfvwMg~jK eë¯’v Ges GwU †Kvb my`wfwËK e¨vswKs eë¯’v

bq; Ges (L) GB e¨vswKs eë¯’vi AvIZvq wewb‡qvM (cÖPwjZ aviYvi FY I AvMvg)

GKB m‡½ wewb‡qvMKvix I ¯’vbxq KwgDwbwUi Rb¨ mydj e‡q Avb‡e|

cÖPwjZ e¨vswKs Ges Bmjvgx e¨vswK‡qi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© êwkó¨¸‡jv Avgiv GKwU Q‡Ki g‡a¨

mvRv‡Z cvwi :

cÖPwjZ e¨vswKs Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

1. cÖPwjZ avivi e¨vsK¸‡jvi Kvh©µg

cwiPvwjZ nq gvbeiwPZ bxwZgvjvi

wfwË‡Z|

1. Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jvi Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ

nq Bmjv‡gi kixÔAvn& bxwZgvjvi

wfwË‡Z|

2. wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì c~e©wba©vwiZ nv‡i my`

cÖvwßi wbðqZv †`qv nq|

2. GLv‡b cyuwR`vZv (wewb‡qvMKvix) Ges

cyuwReënviKvixi (D‡`¨v³v) g‡a¨ SzuwK

fvMvfvwM K‡i †bqvi K_v ejv nq|

3. †Kv‡bv wewawb‡l‡a Ave× bv †_‡K

me‡P‡q †ewk gybvdv AR©b Gi jÿ¨|

3. kixÔAvn& wewaweav‡bi g‡a¨ †_‡K m‡e©v”P

gybvdv AR©b Gi jÿ¨|

4. GwU hvKvZ wb‡q †Kv‡bv Kvh©µg

cwiPvjbv K‡i bv|

4. AvaywbK Bmjvgx e¨vswKs eë¯’vq hvKvZ

msMÖn Ges weZiY GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©

†mevgyLx Kvh©µ‡g cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|

5. cÖPwjZ e¨vsK¸‡jvi †gŠwjK KvR n‡jv

A_©jwMœKivGesmy`mnZvAv`vq|

5. Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jvi †gŠwjK KvR n‡jv

Askx`vwiZ¡g~jK eëmvq AskMÖnY|

6. Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki m‡½ Zzjbv Ki‡j

cÖPwjZ e¨vsK¸‡jvi Kvh©µ‡gi †ÿÎ

m¼xY©|

6. cÖPwjZ e¨vsK¸‡jvi m‡½ Zzjbv Ki‡j

Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©µ‡gi †ÿÎ

we¯Í…Z| cwi‡k‡l GwU GKwU eûgyLx

cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ nq|

76 gvsjv, AvB.IqvB., Ges Dàj, †R.IqvB., Islamic Banking: a Survey and Some Operational Issues, wdbvwÝqvj

mvwf©‡mi M‡elYv, LÐ 2, 1990, c„: 179, 185, 215|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 83

cÖPwjZ e¨vswKs Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

7. †Ljvwc n‡j GwU evowZ A_© (Pµe„w×

nv‡i my`) avh© Ki‡Z cv‡i|

7. †Ljvwc‡ì Ici evowZ †Kv‡bv A_© avh©

Kivi weavb Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv‡Z †bB|

8. cÖvqB e¨vs‡Ki wbR¯^ my`-Gi welqwU

gyL¨ n‡q I‡V| BKzBwUi m‡½ m½wZ

†i‡L cÖe„w× wbwðZ Kivi †Kv‡bv cÖ‡Póv

GLv‡b †bB|

8. GwU RbM‡Yi ¯^v_©‡K ch©vß ¸iæZ¡ †`q|

BKzBwUi m‡½ m½wZc~Y© cÖe„w× wbwðZ

KivB Gi P~ovšÍ jÿ¨|

9. my`wfwËK evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jvi Rb¨

A_©evRvi †_‡K avi †bqv Zzjbvg~jK

mnR|

9. Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jvi Rb¨ A_©evRvi

†_‡K avi †bqv Zzjbvg~jK KwVb|

10. †h‡nZz gybvdvi welqwU Av‡Mfv‡M

wba©vwiZ, ZvB cÖKí hvPvB I g~j¨vq‡b

we‡klÁch©v‡qi `ÿZv Dbœq‡b Kg

¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq|

10. †h‡nZz jvf-†jvKmvb fvMvfvwM Kiv nq

ZvB Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv cÖKí hvPvB I

g~j¨vq‡b m‡e©v”P gb‡hvM †`q|

11. cÖPwjZ e¨vsK¸‡jv K¬v‡q‡›Ui

FYcwi‡kva‡hvM¨Zv‡K m‡e©v”P ¸iæZ¡

w`‡q _v‡K|

11. Ab¨w`‡K Bmjvgx e¨vsK cÖK‡íi ev¯Íe

Dc‡hvwMZv‡K m‡e©v”P ¸iæZ¡ †`q|

12. cÖPwjZ e¨vs‡Ki gh©v`v Gi K¬v‡q›U Z_v

FY`vZv I FYMÖnxZvi m‡½ m¤ú‡K©i

wfwË‡Z|

12. Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki gh©v`v Gi K¬v‡q›U

Z_v Askx`vi, wewb‡qvMKvix I

†jb‡`bKvix‡ìm‡½m¤ú‡K©iwfwË‡Z|

13. cÖPwjZ e¨vsK‡K Zvi cÖ‡Z¨K

wW‡cvwRUi‡K A_© †diZ cvIqvi

M¨vivw›U w`‡Z nq|

13. KwVbfv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, Bmjvgx e¨vsK

Zvi me wW‡cvwRUi‡K A_© †diZ

cvIqvi M¨vivw›U w`‡Z cv‡i bv|

Bmjvgx I cÖPwjZ avivi e¨vsK¸‡jvi g‡a¨ DcwiD³ cv_©K¨ m‡Ë¡I wKQz wel‡q Df‡q

Awfbœ|Bmjvgxe¨vsK¸‡jvA_©avi†`qbv,d‡jmyÀv‡iv‡ciIcÖ‡qvRbc‡obv|ZvB

G¸‡jv A_© wewb‡qvM K‡i gybvdv jv‡fi Rb¨ wKQz wewb‡qvM †KŠkj D™¢veb K‡i, †hgbÑ

evB gyivevnv, gykvivKv I gy`vivev| GB cÖwZwU †KŠk‡jB jvfRbKZv (profitability) I

wKw¯Í‡Z cwi‡kv‡ai welqwU Av‡MB wPwýZ Kiv nq| AwaKš‘ wKQz Bmjvgx e¨vsK mywbw`©ó

ai‡bi BRviv (wjwRs) Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i|

77

cÖPwjZ e¨vs‡Ki Ggb A‡bK †mev Av‡Q

†h¸‡jvi m‡½ my` RwoZ bq, †hgb : †jUvi Ae †µwWU, msMÖn (collection), ê‡`wkK

77 Avng`, Avey Igi dviæK Ges nvmvb, Gg. Kwei, The Time Value of Money Concept in Islamic Finance, Av‡gwiKvb

Rvb©vj Ae BmjvwgK †mvm¨vj mv‡qÝ, nvb©Wb, BDGmG, 23, 66-89|

84| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

gy`ªv, Avw_©K civgk© (financial advising) cÖf…wZ| Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv Gme Kvh©µgI

cwiPvjbv K‡i| gymjgvb‡ì cÖwZôvb¸‡jv cY¨ evRv‡i Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki A‡_©i GKwU

eo Ask cwiPvjbv K‡i| hw` a‡i †bqv nq †h, e¨vsK I Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jv Zv‡ì

mvd‡jïgvcKvwV wn‡m‡em¤ú‡ìAbycv‡Zgybvdv‡K (Returns on Assets) we‡ePbv

Ki‡Q, Zvn‡j mswkøó cÿ¸‡jv, Z_v Bmjvgx e¨vsK, cÖPwjZ e¨vsK I Gi MÖvnK, D³

jÿ¨nvwm‡jiRb¨cY¨wewbg‡qiDbœqbNUv‡Zcv‡i|

78

8. Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi Av_©mvgvwRK djvdj

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi m¤¢ve¨ Av_©mvgvwRK djvdj wb‡q mv¤úªwZK mvwn‡Z¨ we¯ÍvwiZ

Av‡jvPbvKivn‡”Q|G‡Zejvn‡”Q,A_©vq‡biwewfbœaibGKBm‡½KvRKi‡jI

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi wcGjGm (profit and loss sharing) ai‡bi A_©vqbB fwel¨‡Z cÖfve

we¯Ívi Ki‡e|

79

Bmjvgxe¨vswKs‡qim¤¢ve¨cÖfveco‡Zcv‡iGgbAv‡jvPbvq†hme

†ÿ‡Î me‡P‡q †ewk g‡bv‡hvM †`qv n‡”Q †m¸‡jv n‡jv :

K) mÂq I wewb‡qv‡Mi Ici cÖfve

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs-welqK iPbv w`‡Z Ggb D‡ØM cÖKvk Kiv nq †h, my`gy³ eë¯’v MÖnY

Kiv n‡j Zv mÂ‡qi Ici †bwZevPK cÖfve †dj‡e| KviY GLv‡b gybvdvi AwbðqZv

†e‡o hvq|

80

gymwjg A_©bxwZwe‡ìv e‡jb, cÖK…Z Avq A‡bK¸‡jv wel‡qi Ici wbf©i

K‡i, †hgb- BDwUwjwU dvsk‡bi aib Ges Gi SzuwKi Dcv`vbmg~n (risk properties)|81

Av‡iv hyw³ †`Lv‡bv nq †h, eZ©gvb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z my`gy³ Bmjvgx eë¯’vi w`‡K AMÖmi n‡j

Zv mÂ‡qi Rb¨ ewa©Z nv‡i gybvdvi g‡Zv cwiw¯’wZ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j, wcGjGm-

wfwËK eë¯’v MÖn‡Yi d‡j m„ó AwbðqZvi ewa©Z gvÎvi ÿwZc~iY w`‡Z n‡Z cv‡i mÂ‡qi

Ici ewa©Z nv‡i gybvdv cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g| d‡j mvwe©K mÂ‡qi gvÎv AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e

A_ev mÂq †e‡oI †h‡Z cv‡i|

82

78 Kvwmg, Gg. Kvwmg, Islamic Banking, New Opportunities for Cooperation Between Western and Islamic Financial Institutions,evUviIqv_©mm¤úvw`ZIslamic Banking and Finance, jÛb, 1986, c„: 19-20|

79 Avng`, Avey Igi dviæK Ges nvmvb, Gg. Kwei, Regulation and Performance of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh,

_vÛvievW© B›Uvib¨vkbvj weR‡bm wiwfD, 49, 2007|

80 †cÖqi, †d«WvwiK Gj., The Islamic Economic System, Rvb©vj Ae Kgcv‡iwUf B‡KvbwgKm, LÐ 19, 1985, c„: 197|

81 †`Lyb, RyevBi BKevj Ges AveŸvm wgiv‡Lvi, BmjvwgK e¨vswKs, cÖv¸³, c„: 5|

82 nK, bvw`g Dj Ges AveŸvm wgiv‡Lvi, Optimal Profit-Sharing Contracts and Investment in an Interest Free Economy,gnwmbGm.LvbGesAveŸvmwgiv‡Lvim¤úvw`ZTheoretical Studies in Islamic Banking and Finance, wnD÷b, 1987, c„: 141-166|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 85

wewb‡qv‡Mi Dci Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi m¤¢ve¨ cÖfv‡ei †ÿ‡Î gymwjg A_©bxwZwe‡ìv

†`Lvb †h my`wfwËK e¨vswKs‡qi RvqMvq wcGjGm Pvjy n‡j wewb‡qvM Znwe‡ji Pvwn`v

mieivn DfqB †e‡o †h‡Z c‡i| cÖwZôv‡bi gybvdv wnmv‡ei Rb¨ †h‡nZz cÖwZôv‡bi

cyuwRi w¯’i e¨q (fixed cost) †gUv‡bvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e bv ZvB wewb‡qvM Znwe‡ji Pvwn`v

†e‡o †h‡Z cv‡i|

83

cyuwRi cÖvwšÍK cY¨ (marginal product of capital)Ggbch©v‡qDbœxZn‡Z cv‡i †hLv‡b cuywRi w¯’i e¨q †gUv‡bvi Uvbvc‡ob QvovB m‡e©v”P gybvdv AR©b Kiv

hvq| wcGjGm-wfwËK e¨vs‡Ki SzuwK mvgvj †`qvi (risk absorbing capacity) ÿgZv

†ewk weavq GwU AwaKmsL¨K SzuwKc~Y© cÖK‡í wewb‡qv‡Mi mvg_©¨ iv‡L|

84

L) cÖe„w× nvi I c¨vUv‡b©i Ici cÖfve

A‡bK A_©bxwZwe` †`Lvb †h wewb‡qvM †ÿ‡Î wcGjGm-wfwËK e¨vswKs‡qi cÖZ¨vwkZ

AbyK‚j cÖfv‡ei Kvi‡Y A_©bxwZ‡Z ¯^Zš¿ cÖe„w×gyLx cÖeYZv m„wó n‡e|

85

Bmjvgx eë¯’vi

AvIZvq SzuwKc~Y© cyuwRi cÖvc¨Zv †e‡o †M‡j Zv cÖhyw³MZ D™¢veb Ges cixÿv-wbixÿv

†Rvi`vi Ki‡e, hv cÖe„w×i †ÿ‡Î n‡e Av‡iKwU BwZevPK d¨v±i| Bmjvgx mgvR I

A_©bxwZi P~ovšÍ D‡Ïk¨ (purposes) AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖe„w× †hb nq e¨vcKwfwËK Ges

e¨vs‡Kim¤ú‡ì†hbme‡P‡qKvw•ÿZeënvinq†mj‡ÿ¨Bmjvgxe¨vsK¸‡jvme©`v

mywbe©vwPZ Avw_©K Kg©Kv‡Ði gva¨‡g cÖe„w×i aib‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z Pvq|

M) eÈb `ÿZvi Ici cÖfve

A_©bxwZ wb‡q gymwjg A_©bxwZwe`‡ì †jLv mvwnZ¨¸‡jv‡Z Bmjv‡gi jvf-†jvKmv‡b

Askx`vwiZ¡wfwËKA_©vqbeë¯’vqm¤ú‡ìeÈbg~jK`ÿZvi welqwU weZ‡K©iGKwU

eo †ÿÎ|

86

ejvnq†h,m¤úèÈ‡bi†ÿ‡Îmy`wfwËKcÖPwjZe¨vsK¸‡jviZzjbvq

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs eë¯’v A‡bK †ewk `ÿ|

83 Avn‡g`, Avey Igi dviæK, Bmjvgx A_©vqbwelqK lô nvf©vW© BDwbfvwm©wU †dviv‡g Dc¯’vwcZ wbeÜ, Islamic Banking in Bangladesh: Legal and Regulatory Issues, †g 8-9, K¨vgweªR, GgG|

84 G wel‡q wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †jLv : †`Lyb, BZtc~‡e© DwjøwLZ bvw`g Dj nK Ges AveŸvm wgiv‡Lvi-Gi M‡elYv Ges Gg.

Dgi Pvcov, Towards a Just Monetary System,cÖv¸³,c„:111-117,Ges†b¾vZzjøvnwmwÏKx,Issues in Islamic Banking, cÖv¸³, c„: 88-89|

85 D`vniY¯îƒc †`Lyb, Pvcov, Gg. Dgi, Towards a Just Monetary System, cÖv¸³, c„: 122-125|

86 we‡klfv‡e †`Lyb, Gg. Avbvm RviKv, Capital Allocation, Efficiency and Growth in an Interest-Free Islamic Economy, Rvb©vj Ae B‡KvbwgKm A¨vÛ A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªkb, 1982, c„: 43-55|

86| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

GB e³‡eï mg_©‡b hyw³ GKwU mvaviY cÖwZÁv (general proposition)| Avi Zv n‡jv,

wewb‡qvM weKí m„wó K‡i Ggb †Kv‡bv Avw_©K c×wZ‡Z cy‡ivcywi Drcv`bkxjZv I

gybvdvi wfwË‡Z wewb‡qvM Kiv n‡j †mLv‡b eÈbg~jK DbœwZ m„wó n‡Z eva¨| Avi

GB cÖwZÁvB Bmjvgx A_©vqbeë¯’vi wfwËcÖ¯Íi (cornerstone)| gymwjg cwÐZiv Zv‡ì

†jLbx‡Z †Rvi w`‡q e‡j‡Qb, my‡ì Aw¯ÍZ¡ bv _vKvi gv‡b GB bq †h my`gy³ A_©bxwZ‡Z

fwel¨r A_©cÖev‡ni g~j¨ wnmv‡ei †KŠkj wn‡m‡e wWmKvDw›Us (discounting) c×wZ eënvi

Kiv hv‡e bv| Zviv Av‡iv hyw³ †`Lvb †h, GgbwK my`wfwËK A_©bxwZ‡ZI AwbwðZ

cwiw¯’wZ‡Z my‡ì nvi h_vh_ wWmKvD›U d¨v±i (discount factor) bq| AwbwðZ Ae¯’vq

BKzBwU cÖwZ gybvdvi nvi n‡jv cÖK…Z wWmKvD›U †iU| ev¯Íe wek¦ †h‡nZz AwbðqZvq fiv

ZvBSzuwKbvwb‡q†Kv‡bvA_©bxwZ‡ZBcÖK…Zc‡ÿwewb‡qvMKivm¤¢ebq|Gai‡bi

wewb‡qv‡M A_©cÖevn Aek¨B ÔwWmKvD›UÕ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Zv‡K †Kej SzuwKwenxb my‡ì

nv‡ii wfwË‡Z Ki‡jB Pj‡e bv, D‡`¨v³v cyuwRi (venture capital)mwZ¨Kvim¤¢vebvg~j¨KZUzKz, Zvi wfwË‡ZI Ki‡Z n‡e|

87

N) e¨vswKs eë¯’vi w¯’wZkxjZvi Ici cÖfve

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs wel‡q †jLv‡jwL‡Z wKQz †jLK Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wel‡qi AeZviYv

K‡i‡Qb| Zv n‡jv my`gy³ e¨vswKs †_‡K wcGjGm-wfwËK e¨vswKs‡q hvIqv n‡j cy‡iv

e¨vswKs eë¯’vq Gi ¸iæZi cÖfve co‡Z cv‡i| my`wfwËK eë¯’vq AvgvbZ `v‡qi

DwjøwLZ g~j¨ (nominal value) w¯’i ev wba©vwiZ Ges GLv‡b me FY Ges AvMvg †diZ

cvIqvhv‡eZviI†Kv‡bvwbðqZv†bB|G‡Zm¤ú‡ìIci†hAwfNvZAvm‡eZvi

d‡j m¤ú` I `v‡qi g‡a¨ wecixZgyLx Pjb (divergence) m„wó n‡e| d‡j e¨vswKs

eë¯’v Av¯’v nviv‡Z cv‡i Ges hv e¨vswKs m¼‡Ui Rb¥ †`‡e| Ab¨ w`‡K wcGjGm-

wfwËK eë¯’vq wewb‡qvM Avgvb‡Zi bwgbvj f¨vjy wbwðZ (guaranteed)bqGesm¤ú‡ìAe¯’vi Ici AvNvZ `ªæZZvi m‡½ wewb‡qvM Avgvb‡Zi g~j¨ Øviv wbjxb (absorbed) n‡q

hvq|d‡je¨vs‡Kie¨_©nIqviSzuwKme©wb¤œch©v‡q †b‡gAv‡mGese¨vswKseë¯’vi

w¯’wZkxjZv †Rvi`vi nq|

88

87 GBaviYvie¨vcv‡iAv‡ivwe¯ÍvwiZRvb‡Z†`Lyb,wRqvDwÏbAvng`m¤úvw`Z Fiscal Policy and Resource Allocation in Islam eB‡q Gg. Avbvm RviKvi wbeÜ, An Islamic Perspective on the Economics of Discounting in Project Evaluation, 1983, c„: 203-234|

88 †`Lyb,gnwmbGm.LvbIAveŸvmwgiv‡Lvim¤úvw`ZIslamic Interest Free Banking: A Theoretical Analysis eB‡qi

wbeÜ Theoretical Studies in Islamic Banking and Finance, 1987, c„: 15-35|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 87

O) A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vi w¯’wZkxjZvi Ici cÖfve

gymwjg cwÐZiv Bmjvgx e¨vswKs-welqK iPbv`x‡Z Avk¼v e¨³ K‡ib †h wKQz †ÿ‡Î my‡ì

cwie‡Z© wcGjGm Av‡ivc Kiv n‡j Zv cy‡iv A_©eë¯’v‡K AZ¨šÍ Aw¯’wZkxj K‡i Zzj‡Z

cv‡i| KviY A_©bxwZi GKwU As‡k †Mvj‡hvM †`Lv w`‡j Zv evwK As‡kI Qwo‡q co‡e|

89

Zviv †h Avk¼vi K_v ej‡Qb Zv mwZ¨ e‡j g‡b nq bv| Ab¨Î ZvivB ej‡Qb †h my`

we‡jv‡ci m‡½ m‡½ Bmjvgx A_©bxwZi Ab¨vb¨ cÖvwZôvwbK êwkó¨ w¯’wZkxjZv‡K µ‡gB

my`„p K‡i Zzj‡e| D‡jøL Kiv nq †h cyuwRev`x A_©bxwZ‡Z A_©‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv m„wói

GKwU eo KviY n‡jv my`wfwËK FY A_©vqb| D`vniY¯îƒc, †Kv‡bv my`wfwËK e¨vsK hLb

Zv‡ì A_©vqb Kiv †Kv‡bv eëmv‡K †jvKmvb ¸b‡Z †`‡L Zviv mnvqZv Kwg‡q †`q Ges

FY cÖZ¨vnv‡ii Rb¨ Pvc †`q| G cwiYwZ‡Z IB eëmv cÖwZôvb eÜ n‡q hvq| G‡Z

†eKviZ¡ †e‡o hvq hv Pvwn`v‡K Av‡iv Kwg‡q †`q Ges Gi cÖfve †Quvqv‡P †iv‡Mi g‡Zv

Qwo‡q c‡o| Ab¨ w`‡K Bmjvgx e¨vsK †jvKmv‡bi Ask enb Ki‡Z cÖ¯‘Z _v‡K| hv

eëmvwqK g›`vi cÖvejZ¨ Kwg‡q †`q Ges Drcv`bkxj cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K eÜ bv n‡q KwVb

mgq cvwo †`qvi †hvM¨ n‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| ZvB, Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡K Aw¯’wZkxjZv m„wói

cwie‡Z© w¯’wZkxjZvi cÖeZ©K wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

90

8. Dcmsnvi

n¨vÛeyK Ae BmjvwgK e¨vswKs (GBPAvBwe)

91

-G DwjøwLZ Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi g~j

D‡Ïk¨n‡jv,A_©vqbmyweavcÖ`v‡biRb¨GgbAvw_©KBÝUªy‡g‡›UiDbœqbevm„wóhv

BmjvgxAvBbIcÖ_v,Z_vkixÔAvn&im‡½mvgÄm¨c~Y©|n¨vÛey‡KD‡jøLKivn‡q‡Q:

ÒBmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi cÖv_wgK jÿ¨ my`wfwËK e¨vsK¸‡jvi g‡Zv gybvdv m‡e©v”PKiY bq|

gymjgvb‡ì Kv‡Q Av_©-mvgvwRK mydj †cuŠ‡Q †`qvB Gi Avmj jÿ¨|Ó

92

AwaKš‘ Bmjv‡gi vk©wbK wfwË‡K mywbwðZ K‡i Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| Avjøvn GB wek¦RM‡Zi

mªóv I P~ovšÍ gvwjK Ges gvbyl ev cÖwZôvb mgv‡R Zvi cÖwZwbwai f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

ZvB e¨vswKs cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡KI A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ð ˆbwZK g~j¨‡ev‡ai mgš^q NUv‡Z

n‡e|ZvBA_©IAb¨vb¨m¤ú`n‡jvmgv‡Rim‡e©v”PmydjIKj¨vYAR©‡biRb¨

mvgvwRK nvwZqvi|

89 †`Lyb, G.Gb.GBP. bvKfx, Ethics and Economics: An Islamic Synthesis, wj‡P÷vi, 1981, c„: 136|

90 †`Lyb, Gg. Avbvm RviKv, Stability in an Interest-Free Islamic Economy: A Note, cvwK¯Ívb Rvb©vj Ad A¨vcøvBW

B‡KvbwgKm, DB›Uvi 1983, c„: 181-188|

91 GBPAvBwe(n¨vÛeyKAeBmjvwgKe¨vswKs),AvBGAvBwe,†RÏv,1982,LÐ5,c„:153|

92 cÖv¸³, c„: 153-55|

88| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

Ic‡iiAv‡jvPbviwfwË‡Zejvhvq,Bmjvgxe¨vswKs‡qijÿ¨-D‡Ïk¨n‡jvA_©vqb,

e¨vswKs I mswkøó eëmvwqK †jb‡`‡b Bmjvgx HwZn¨, bxwZ I weav‡bi cÖ‡qvMc×wZi

Dbœqb,jvjbIweKvkGesBmjvgxbxwZwfwËKAvw_©KcY¨Dbœqb|

GBwbe‡ÜiAv‡jvPbvqAv‡ivejvn‡q‡Q,BmjvgGKwUm¤ú~Y©RxebweavbGesGKRb

gymjgv‡bi Rxe‡bi me Kg©KvÐ Gi wfwË‡Z cwiPvwjZ n‡Z n‡e| ZvB GKRb gymjgv‡bi

Rb¨ e¨vswKsmnmeRvMwZKKg© kixÔAvn& †g‡bm¤úv`bKiv eva¨Zvg~jKGesZv

Bev`Zwn‡m‡ewe‡ewPZ|Bmjvgxe¨vs‡KiKg©Kv‡ÐGmeD‡Ï‡kïmwZ¨KvicÖwZdjb

_vK‡Z n‡e|G welqwU wb‡¤œv³ K‡qKwU ev‡K¨ wba©viY K‡i w`‡q‡Q B›Uvib¨vkbvj

A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb Ae BmjvwgK e¨vsKm (AvBGAvBwe) :

ÒBmjvgx e¨vsK g~jZ GKwU bZzb e¨vswKs aviYv ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Q hv A_©vqb I Ab¨vb¨

†jb‡`‡bi †ÿ‡Î Bmjvgx kixÔAvn& AvBb K‡Vvifv‡e gvb¨ K‡i P‡j| AwaKš‘ e¨vsK

Ggbfv‡e KvR Ki‡e †hb ev¯Íe Rxe‡b Bmjvgx bxwZi cÖwZdjb N‡U| GKwU Bmjvgx

mgvR cÖwZôvi j‡ÿ¨ KvR Ki‡e Bmjvgx e¨vsK| gvby‡li g‡b Mfxi ag©xq †PZbv ˆZwi

Kiv n‡e Gi Ab¨Zg cÖavb jÿ¨Ó|

93

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs `k©‡bi g~j wfwË n‡jv Avj-KziAvb I ivm~j (m.)-Gi nvw`m Ges

G¸‡jvi gva¨‡gB Zv cwiPvwjZ n‡e Avkv Kiv nq| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs I Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi

Rb¨ mwVK Av`wk©K wfwË iPbv Kiv cÖavbZ `ywU Kvi‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

cÖ_gZ,Ki‡cv‡iUjÿ¨-D‡ÏkÏbxwZcÖYqbcÖwµqvqBmjvgxe¨vs‡Kieë¯’vcbvev

bxwZwba©vi‡Kiv GB `k©b AbymiY Ki‡eb|

wØZxqZ, Gme `k©b GKwU wbw`©ó Bmjvgx e¨vsK mwZ¨Kvi Bmjvgx bxwZgvjv AbymiY

Ki‡Q wK bv Zvi GKwU wb‡`©kK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| G welqwU‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e †h

Bmjv‡g wiev wbwl× Kiv n‡jI eëmv I evwY‡R¨ wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g gybvdv AR©‡bi

AbygwZ cÖ`vb Ges DrmvwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e kZ© n‡jv Gi m‡½ RwoZ SzuwK I jvf

GKcÿxq bv n‡q fvimvg¨c~Y© n‡e| ZvB agx©q `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Bmjvgx e¨vsK cÖwZôv

GKwU agx©q c`‡ÿcI e‡U| Gi d‡j kixÔAvn& wewaweavb AbymiY K‡i e¨vswKs eëmv

Kiv hvq|

e¨vswKs eë¯’v †_‡K wievi we‡jvc Bmjvgx eëmvi GKwU Acwinvh© Ask| gybvdv

m‡e©v”PKi‡Yi ¯^vfvweK D‡Ïk¨ wVK †i‡L Bmjvgx eëmvwqK bxwZi wfwË‡Z eëmv

cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z GB eë¯’vi eë¯’vcbv I ÷vdiv eva¨| GB bxwZgvjvi g‡a¨ _vK‡e

93 Avwj, gvbRyi, Islamic Banking: Concept and Practice, cvwK¯Ívb A¨vÛ Mvjd B‡Kvbwg÷, Rvbyqvwi 1985, c„: 13|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 89

Avjøvn wb‡`©wkZ Ges Avjøvni ivm~j (m.) cÖ`wk©Z mZZv, b¨vqciZv Ges mvg¨| eëmv

cwiPvjbv cÖwµqvq Bmjvgx e¨vswKs m‡e©v”P mvgvwRK mydj nvwm‡ji Rb¨ Avq I e¨‡qi

g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z Pvq| Bmjvg †Rvi w`‡q e‡j‡Q, Avq n‡Z n‡e êa|

m¤úè¨‡qi†ÿ‡Î,Bmjv‡gi`vwen‡jvGiAbymvixivgvby‡liKj¨v‡YZve¨qKi‡e|

AcPqevA‰eac‡_LiPKi‡ebv|Bmjvgxe¨vs‡Kim‡½MÖvn‡Kim¤úK©FY`vZvI

FYMÖnxZvibq,GBm¤úK©GKRbeëmvwqKAskx`v‡ii|Bmjvgxe¨vsK¸‡jv†h‡nZz

GKwUm¤ú~Y© wfbœ`k©‡bi wfwË‡ZeëmvcwiPvjbvKi‡ZA½xKvie×,ZvBmgv‡Ri

`wi`ªAskwUiw`‡Km¤ú‡ìcÖevnm„wóiRb¨GiGKwUwe‡NvwlZ†SuvK(orientation) _vK‡Zn‡e, hv‡ZBmjv‡giAv_©mvgvwRKjÿ¨-D‡Ï‡kïm‡½ wgj †i‡LGB`wi`ª

AskwUiAvw_©KAe¯’viDbœqbN‡U|

Bmjvgxe¨vswKseë¯’viwKQzD‡Ïk¨GesKvRcÖPwjZe¨vswKseë¯’vig‡ZvGKBÑ

Ggb hyw³I †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i| evwn¨Kfv‡e G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wgj _vK‡jI ¸iæ‡Z¡i †ÿ‡Î

G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ A‡bK| GB Awg‡ji DrcwË `yB eë¯’vi Ava¨vwZ¥K g~j¨‡ev‡ai

cÖwZwfbœgyLxA½xKv‡i|Bmjv‡gijÿ¨-D‡Ï‡k¨wn‡m‡eAv_©mvgvwRKb¨vqwePviGes

gvbweKåvZ…Z¡n‡jvgymjgvb‡ìAv`k©Iwek¦v‡miGKwUAj•NbxqAsk|

Abyev` : gvmyg wejøvn

Z_¨m~Î :

Avey Rvniv, gynv¤§`, eyûZ wd Avj-wiev, Kz‡qZ; `vi Avj-eyûZ Avj-Bjwgqvn, 1970|

Avng`, Avey Igi dviæK, Islamic Banking in Bangladesh, AcÖKvwkZ GjGjGg w_wmm; BDwbfvwm©wU Ae

I‡q÷vb© wmWwb, A‡÷ªwjqv, 2003|

Islamic Banking in Bangladesh: Legal and Regulatory Issues, Bmjvgx A_©vqbwelqK lô nvf©vW©

BDwbfvwm©wU †dviv‡g Dc¯’vwcZ M‡elYvcÎ, 8-9 †g, K¨vgweªR, GgG|

Problems of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh, BmjvwgK B‡KvbwgKm wimvP© ey¨‡iv, XvKvq Dc¯’vwcZ

M‡elYvcÎ, Rbyqvwi 21, 2001|

Legislations and Issues on Islamic Banking in Bangladesh, gvj‡qwkqvi jsKvwf‡Z AbywôZ ZiæY

M‡elK‡ì Rb¨ dv÷ B›Uvib¨vkbvj †dvivg Ab BmjvwgK B‡KvbwgKm, dvBb¨vÝ A¨vÛ weR‡bm-G Dc¯’vwcZ

M‡elYvcÎ, 18-20 GwcÖj, 2006|

Avng`, Avey Igi Ges nvmvb, Gg Kwei, Regulation and Performance of Islamic Banking in Bangladesh,

_vÛvievW© B›Uvib¨vkbvj weR‡bm wiwfD, 49, 2007|

90| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

The Time Value of Money Concept in Islamic Finance, Av‡gwiKvb Rvb©vj Ae BmjvwgK †mvm¨vj mv‡qÝ,

nvb©Wb, hy³ivóª, 23, 66-89|

Avng` Avj-evqnvKx, Avj-mybvb Avj-Kzeiv, nvq`ªvev`, 1854|

Avng`, AvDmvd, The Evaluation of Islamic Banking, GbmvB‡K¬v‡cwWqv Ae BmjvwgK e¨vswKs, jÛb,

1995|

Avng`, †kL gvngy`, Economics of Islam: A Comparative Study, (wØZxqms¯‹iY),jv‡nvi:kvngynv¤§Àvkivd, 1958|

Avn‡g`, Imgvb evwewKi, The Contribution of Islamic Banking to Economic Development: The Case of The Sudan, wcGBPwW M‡elYvcÎ; wWcvU©‡g›U Ae B‡KvbwgKm, BDwbfvwm©wU Ae Wvinvg, 1990|

Avj-AvdMvbx, mvC`, Aswaq al-Àrab Fi al-Jahiliyyah Wa al-Islam, êiæZ; wØZxq ms¯‹iY, 1975|

Avwj, gvbRyi, Islamic Banking: Concept and Practice, cvwK¯Ívb A¨vÛ Mvjd B‡Kvbwg÷, Rvbyqvwi 1985|

Avjx, Gm.G, BKwbwgK dvD‡Ûkbm Ae Bmjvg, jv‡nvi, 1964|

Avng`, Avj-Bgvg, Avj-gymbv`, ‘Bab al-Riba’, LÐ 2|

Avj-`vwiwg,Avey gynv¤§Àve`yjøvn Be‡bAvãyi ingvb,Avj-mybvb,Ave`yjøvn nvwkgBqvgvwbAvj-gv`vbx

(m¤úvw`Z),dqmvjvev`:nvw`mA¨vKv‡Wwg|

Avjx, G. BDmyd, The Holy Qur’an: Text, Translation and Commentary, jv‡nvi; BmjvwgK cÖcv‡Mkb

†m›Uvi B›Uvib¨vkbvj, 1975|

Avj-Bmdvnvbx, Avj-ivwNe Avj-ûmvBb, Al-Mufradat Fi Gharaib al-Qur’an, Kvq‡iv, 1961|

Avj-Rvmvm, Avngv`, Ahkam al- Qur’an, êiæZ; `vi Avj-wdK&i|

Avj-RvwRwi, Ave`vj-ingvb, Kitab al-Fiqh àla al-Madhahib al-‘Arbaàh, êiæZ|

Avj-gvmix, iwdK BDwbm, Masrif al-Tanmiyah al-Islami, êiæZ; gyqvmmvn Avj-wimvjvn, 1978|

Al-Jami` Fi ‘Usul al-Riba, `v‡g¯‹, `vi Avj-Kvjvg, 1991|

Avj-bvmvwq, mybvb Avj-bvmvwq|

Avj-Igi, dzqv` I Ave‡`j nK, †gvnv¤§`, Islamic Banking: Theory, Practice and Challenges, jÛb; †RW

eyKm wj:, 1996|

Avj-ivRx, dvLi Avj-Øxb, Avj-Zvdwmi Avj-Kvwei, LÐ 7, †Znivb|

Avj-Zvevwi, gynv¤§` Be‡b Rvwii, Jami` al-Bayan Fi Tafsir Al-Qur’an, LÐ 6, êiæZ, PZz_© ms¯‹iY, 1980|

Avj-wZiwgRx, mybvb Avj-wZiwgRx|

Avwid, †gvnv¤§`(m¤úvw`Z),Monetary and Fiscal Economics of Islam,†RÏv;B›Uvib¨vkbvj†m›UvidiwimvP© Bb BmjvwgK B‡KvbwgKm, wKs Ave`yj AvwRR BDwbfvwm©wU, 1982|

Avmv`, gynv¤§`, The Message of the Qur’an, wReªvjUvi; `vi Avj-Av›`vjym, 1984|

eyLvix, wKZve Avj-eyq~¨Õ, eve ev‡q Avj-w`bvi we Avj-w`bvi bvmvÕb|

Pvcov, Gg Dgi, Towards a Just Monetary System, wj‡P÷vi, 1986|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 91

Avj wÌqvbx, Zv‡iK, The Problem With Interest, jÛb, 1997|

nvweex, bv‡ì, The Economic Consequences of the Interest-Free Islamic Banking Systems, wcGBPwW

w_wmm; wgwkMvb †÷U BDwbfvwm©wU, 1987|

nK, bv`xg Dj Ges AveŸvm wgiv‡Lvi, Optimal Profit-Sharing Contracts and Investment in an Interest Free Economy;gnwmbGmLvbGesAveŸvm wgiv‡Lvim¤úvw`ZTheoretical Studies in Islamic Banking and Finance eB‡qi †jLv, wnD÷b, 1987|

nK, wRqv-Dj, Islam and Feudalism: The Moral Economics of Usury, Interest and Profit, Kzqvjv jvgcyi,

1995|

n¨vÛeyK Ae BmjvwgK e¨vswKs,AvBGAvBwe,†RÏv,1982,LÐ5|

nb©‡e, G. Gm., Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, wbD BqK©, A·‡dvW© BDwbfvwm©wU †cÖm, 2000|

AvZvDj nKm¤úvw`ZReadings in Islamic Banking, eB‡q Gg AvwRRyj nK-Gi “Prohibition of Interest and Some Common Misgivings”, XvKv, 1987|

B›Uvib¨vkbvj A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb Ae BmjvwgK e¨vsKm (AvBGAvBwe), Directory of Islamic Banks and Financial Institutions,†RÏv,2001|

Be‡b wnkvg, Avey gynv¤§` Avãyj gvwjK, Avj-wmivn Avj-bvevweqvn, LÐ 2, êiæZ, 1996|

Be‡b Kvwni, BmgvBj, Tafsir al-Qur’an al-‘Azim, 1982, LÐ 1|

Be‡b gvRvn, gynv¤§`,Avj-mybvb,gynv¤§`dzqvÀveÀvjevwKm¤úvw`Z,Kitab al-Tijarah, LÐ 2, Kvq‡iv,

Bmv Avj-evwe Avj-nvjvwe|

BKevj, RyevBb Ges wgiv‡Lvi, AveŸvm, Islamic Banking, IqvwksUb wWwm, 1987|

Kv‡÷b, Bb‡Mv, Islam and Financial Intermediation, IqvwksUb wWwm, AvBGgGd ÷vd †ccvim, 1982|

Lvb, Avãyj RveŸvi, Divine Banking System, Rvb©vj Ae BmjvwgK e¨vswKs A¨vÛ wdb¨vÝ, DB›Uvi, 1984|

nK, bv`xg Dj I AveŸvm wgiv‡Lvi, Optimal Profit-Sharing Contracts and Investment in an Interest Free Economy Ges

gnwmb Gm Lvb I AveŸvm wgiv‡Lvim¤úvw`ZTheoretical Studies in Islamic Banking and Finance eB‡q Lvb,

†gvnwmb, Gm. Islamic Interest Free Banking: A Theoretical Analysis, 1987|

†Kwbwdb, WweøD.GBP, How to Use Your Bank, wbD BqK©, 1937|

gI`~`x, Aveyj AvÕjv, Towards Understanding the Quràn, wj‡P÷vi; BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb, 1988|

gynv¤§` Avwmg Avj-nvÏv` Ab~w`Z Al-Riba, êiæZ, `vi-Avj wdK&i, 1970|

gv½jv, AvB IqvB Ges Dàj, †R IqvB, Islamic Banking: a Survey and Some Operational Issues, wdb¨vwÝqvj

mvwf©m-Gi M‡elYv, LÐ 2, 1990|

gvbœvb, Gg G., Islamic Economics: Theory and Practice, w`wjø; B`viv-B Av`vweqvZ B w`wjø, 1908|

gxqvwb, Av‡bvqvi Avn‡g`, Islamic Banking – Where Are We Going Wrong?, wbD nivBRb, jÛb, †deªæqvwi,

1998|

92| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

gym‡jn DwÏb, †gvnv¤§`, Insurance and Islamic Law, wbD w`wjø, 1982|

gymwjg, wKZve Avj-gymKvZ, eve evB Avj-ZvÕg wg_jvb we wg_wjb|

wKZve Avj-gymKvZ, evej Avj-mvid Iqv evB Avj-avnve we Avj-IqvivK bvKZvb|

wb`vDj Bmjvg g¨vMvwRb, Principles of Islamic Banking,msL¨v10,b‡f¤î-wW‡m¤î1995|

b~i‡RvB, Gg. wmwÏK, Islamic Laws on Riba (Interest) and their Economic Implications, B›Uvib¨vkbvj

Rvb©vj Ae wgwWj B÷ ÷vwWR, LÐ 14, 1982|

wcÖqi, †d«WwiK Gj., The Islamic Economic System, Rvb©vj Ae Kgcv‡iwUf B‡KvbwgKm, LÐ 19, 1985|

Kv‡mg, Gg. Kv‡mg, Islamic Banking, New Opportunities for Cooperation Between Western and Islamic Financial Institutions,evUviIqv_©m¤úvw`Z,BmjvwgKe¨vswKsA¨vÛwdb¨vÝ,jÛb,1986|

wKD Kz‡iwk, Av‡bvqvi BKevj, Islam and the Theory of Interest,jv‡nvi;kvn†gvnv¤§Àvkivd,1991|

KzZze, mvBwq¨`, wd Rvjvwjj KziAvb, êiæZ, 1997|

Tafsir ‘Ayat al-Riba, êiæZ; `vi Avj-eyû_ Avj-Bjwgqvn|

ivngvb, dRjyi, Riba and Interest, BmjvwgK ÷vwWR, msL¨v 1, gvP© 1964|

Islam and Modernity: Transformation of an Intellectual Tradition, wkKv‡Mv; wkKv‡Mv BDwbfvwm©wU

†cÖm, 1982|

mvBwq¨`, Ave`yjøvn, Islamic Banking and the Interest: A Study of the Prohibition of Riba and its Contemporary Interpretation, †jB‡Wb, 1996|

mv‡jn, bvwej G., Unlawful Gain and Legitimate Profit in Islamic Law: Riba, Gharar and Islamic Banking,

K¨vgweªR, 1992|

¯‹P, †Rv‡md, GbmvB‡K¬v‡cwWqv Ae Bmjvg, 1939 ms¯‹iY|

An Introduction to Islamic Law, A·‡dvW©, 1964|

wmwÏKx, gynv¤§` †bRvZzjøvn, Banking Without Interest, wj‡P÷vi; BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb, 1997|

wmwÏKx, Gm. G., Public Finance in Islam, jv‡nvi, 1962|

Dj‡dj, Pv‡j©m †R., Encyclopedia of Banking and Finance, wkKv‡Mv, 1993|

RviKv, Gg. Avbvm, Capital Allocation, Efficiency and Growth in an Interest-Free Islamic Economy, Rvb©vj

Ae B‡KvbwgKm A¨vÛ A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªkb, 1982|

wRqvDÏxb Avng` m¤úvw`Z eB Fiscal Policy and Resource Allocation in Islam-Gi wbeÜ An Islamic Perspective on the Economics of Discounting in Project Evaluation, 1983|

Stability in an Interest-Free Islamic Economy: A Note, cvwK¯Ívb Rvb©vj Ae A¨vcøvBW B‡KvbwgKm,

DB›Uvi 1983|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 93

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

mg‡qi A_©g~j¨ I wbwl× ÔwievÕ

Gi‡`g evdiv

1

mvigg©

†hme Dcv`vb Bmjvgx e¨vswKs eë¯’v‡K mivmwi ¶wZMÖ¯Í K‡i, wiev Zvi Ab¨Zg| Z‡e

Bmjvgx A_©eë¯’vi me w`K‡K GwU ¶wZMÖ¯Í K‡i wK bv Rvb‡Z wiev aviYvwUi Av‡iv

e¨vL¨v-we‡kølY cÖ‡qvRb| cweÎ KziAvb hwÌ Bmjvgx A_©‰bwZK I Avw_©K eë¯’v,

Gme cÖwZôvb I aviYv wbqš¿Y K‡i bv, wKš‘ cweÎ KziAvb mvaviYfv‡e GKwU Bmjvgx

mgv‡Ri ˆbwZK gvb`Ð wba©viY K‡i w`‡q‡Q Ges A‰bwZK †jb‡`‡bi wb›`v Rvwb‡q‡Q|

Bmjvgx AvB‡bi †ewki fvM avivq (gvhnve) Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi m‡½ m½wZc~Y© wKQy

bxwZgvjv Avewk¨Kfv‡eB i‡q‡Q| GB „wó‡KvY †_‡K, Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi wKQy bxwZgvjv

cÖYq‡bi ¯^v‡_© wKQy ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wel‡qi e¨vL¨v AZ¨šÍ Riæwi| †hgb, UvKv ev A_©‡K g~jab

wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡e wK bv, †Kv‡bv Ae¯’vq UvKv‡K g~jab wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡e Ges

Kx ai‡bi †jb‡`‡b A‡_©i mgqg~j¨ _vK‡e|

1. m~Pbv

mvaviYfv‡e G wbe‡Üi g~j j¶¨ n‡jv, wiev ev my‡ì aviYv I Zvrch© cix¶v K‡i †`Lv|

†h‡nZz Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡q wiev wbwl× Ges Bmjvgx AvBb mgvRRxe‡bi cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î

cwie¨vß, ZvB Avw_©K cÖwZôvb I Gi †jb‡`‡bi e¨vcv‡iI Bmjvgx AvB‡b wKQy bxwZgvjv

i‡q‡Q|Ab¨w`‡KGKwUBmjvgxmgv‡RivóªIkixÔAvn&ci¯úi†_‡KAvjv`vbq,

eis GKB gy`ªvi GwcV-IwcV| G cwiw¯’wZ‡Z GKwU Bmjvgx iv‡óªi me AvBbKvbyb I

wewaweavb Bmjv‡gi m‡½ m½wZc~Y© n‡Z n‡e| GB `„wó‡KvY †_‡K, ÔwievÕ †h‡nZz cweÎ

KziAv‡bwbwl×,Kv‡RBBmjvgxe¨vswKseë¯’vqwewb‡qvMKvix‡ìwewb‡qv‡MiRb¨wfbœ

DcvqAej¤^bKi‡Zn‡e|

gymjgvbiv kixÔAvn&& †g‡b P‡jb| ZvB Zviv nvjvj bq Ggb †Kv‡bv ai‡bi †jb‡`b Ki‡Z

cv‡ib bv Ges Zviv my` wb‡Z ev w`‡Z cv‡i bv| Ab¨ w`‡K MZ Pvi `k‡K Bmjvgx Avw_©K

1 W. Gi‡`g evdiv, Zzi‡¯‹i mv‡eK wePvicwZ (2002-2003); cvewjK cÖwKDi‡g›U we‡klÁ; eZ©gv‡b †`kwUi

cvewjK cÖwKDi‡g›U A_wiwUi wjM¨vj A¨vWfvBRvi wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Qb|

94| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi wekvj cÖe„w× I weKv‡ki ev¯ÍeZvi †cÖ¶vc‡U GB Lv‡Z G iKg GKwU

cÖkœcÖvqBD”PvwiZn‡”Q†h,ÔBmjvgxA_©eë¯’v wKfv‡ecÖPwjZevcwðgvA_©eë¯’vi

†gvKv‡ejv Ki‡e?Õ Bmjvgx A_©eë¯’vi my`gy³ `„wófw½ (perspective) †_‡KGUv¯úó†h,Bmjvgxe¨vswKs‡qi†jb‡`bcÖPwjZe¨vsKeë¯’vi†jb‡`bc×wZ†_‡Km¤ú~Y©wfbœ|

GB wbe‡Ü Avgiv g~jZ Bmjvgx e¨vsKeë¯’vq ÔwievÕ aviYvi Zvrch© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|

ZviAv‡M wievm¤ú‡K©GKwUaviYv†`qvn‡e|c‡i†`L‡ev wKfv‡eGes†Kb wiev

wbwl×, wievi Dcv`vb¸‡jv Kx Kx, A_© ev UvKvi mgqg~‡jï wecix‡Z wievi Ae¯’v Ges

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs Pzw³i wfwË¸‡jv Kx|

2. wievi aviYv

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs wewa Abyhvqx wiev n‡”Q †mme Dcv`v‡bi Ab¨Zg, hv Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

eë¯’vi cÖZ¨¶ cwicš’x (Kvb, 1986, AvjMD` I jyBm 2007, Ps I wjI, 2009;

û‡mBb, 2011; Rvgvb 2011)| wiev QvovI Bmjvgx A_©vqb c×wZ‡Z nvivg-nvjvj,

Nvivi-gvBwmi I RvKv‡Zi aviYv cÖavb Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq (AvjvMD` I jyBm,

2007)| ms‡¶‡c welqUv Gfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i: Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv Bmjv‡g

wbwl× Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM ev †jb‡`b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| D`vniY¯îƒc ejv hvq, k~K‡ii gvsm

wKsev g`RvZxq cvbxq eëmvi AbygwZ kixÔAvn& †`q bv| GKBfv‡e kixÔAvn& Bmjvgx

e¨vswKs‡q Ggb †Kv‡bv †jb‡`‡bi AbygwZ †`q bv †hLv‡b dUKvevRxi mswkøóZv i‡q‡Q|

G¸‡jv‡K ejv nq Nvivi (AwbðqZv)| Nvivi-Gi Kvi‡Y ÔRyqvÕ Bmjv‡g wbwl×| Gi

gv‡b n‡jv, mgy`ª †_‡K †h gvQ GL‡bv aiv nqwb, Zv wewµ Kiv êa bq|

ÔNviviÕ k‡ãi Av¶wiK A_© ÔAwbðqZvi j¶YÕ, ÔSzuwKÕ, ÔPzw³‡Z dUKvg~jK Ae¯’vÕ

(Gj Mvgvj, 2006)| ejv hvq, Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi j¶¨ †h‡nZz mgv‡Ri Kj¨vYmvab,

ZvBÔNviviÕwbevi‡YicÖavbD‡Ïk¨n‡jvAwbwðZAvw_©KSzuwK†_‡KBmjvgxe¨vs‡Ki

MÖvnK‡ì i¶v Kiv| hwÌ Nvivi wb‡q Av‡jvPbv nq ÔGUv AwZwi³ SzuwKc~Y© wK bvÕ †mB

`„wó‡KvY †_‡K| Z‡e Ave`yj-ivngvb G‡K ÔcÖeÂbvÕ e‡jB AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb (Ave`yj-

ivngvb, 2010)| G cÖm‡½ wKQz wewµ Pzw³i D`vniY †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i; †hgb, †Kv‡bv

c‡Yï `vg wb‡q hw` AwbðqZv _v‡K, cY¨wUi gvwjKvbv hw` mswkøó c¶Ø‡qi nv‡Z

bv _v‡K, cY¨wU hw` †Kv‡bv c‡ÿi wbqš¿‡Y bv _v‡K A_ev c¶Ø‡qi `vq wb‡q †Kv‡bv

AwbðqZv _v‡K, Zvn‡j G¸‡jv‡K ÔNviviÕ ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨ w`‡K Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

bxwZ‡Z,GKwUBmjvgxmgv‡Rm¤ú`cybe©È‡bRvKvZme‡P‡q¸iæZ¡c~Y©Dcv`vbGes

†hme †`‡k ivóª RvKvZ msMÖn K‡i bv, †mLv‡b cÖwZwU Bmjvgx e¨vsK ev cÖwZôvb‡K

GKwU RvKvZ Znwej MVb Ki‡Z n‡e (AvjMD` I jyBm, 2007)|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 95

wiev Aviwe kã| Gi Av¶wiZ A_© ÔAwZwi³Õ, ÔcÖe„w×Õ A_ev ÔevowZÕ (wgDm I Iqvjm,

2011)| Ab¨ K_vq Gi A_©, ¸YMZ ev cwigvYMZfv‡e e„w× cvIqv| cweÎ KziAv‡b

(3:130) wiev‡K ÔwØ¸Y I PZz¸©YÕ e‡j eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Bmjvgx AvB‡b `yB ai‡bi

wievi K_v G‡m‡Q| cÖ_gZ, wiev Avj-K`© ev wiev Avj-bvwmqvn Ges wØZxqZ, wiev

Avj-eyq~¨ (AvjMD` I jyBm, 2007)| wiev Avj-K`© n‡jv FY w`‡q my` †bqv| Ab¨

w`‡K wiev Avj-eyq~¨ n‡jv gnvRbx ev myw` Kvievi| wiev Avj-eyq~¨‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv

hvq| cÖ_g fvMwU‡K ejv hvq Ôwiev Avj dv`jÕ| cY¨ wewbgq ev wewµi gva¨‡g GLv‡b

my` †jb‡`b nq| wØZxq n‡”Q Ôwiev Avj-wbmvÕ| GwU GKB c‡Yï GKB ¸YMZ gvb

IcwigvYcY¨ wewbg‡qim‡½m¤úwK©Z,†h wewbgqGKBmg‡qm¤úbœnqbv|cÖK…

Zc‡¶ wievi Gme cÖKvi‡f` Bmjvgc~e© hyM †_‡K P‡j Avm‡Q| wKQy cY¨‡K Bmjvgx

AvB‡b ÔwievwqÕ (myw`) e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb bM` A_©, ¯^Y©, †iŠc¨, Mg, he,

†LRyi I jeY| Gme cY¨ KvD‡K FY wn‡m‡e w`‡q c‡i ewa©Z cwigv‡Y Av`vq KivB

Ômyw` KvieviÕ| Bmjvgc~e© hy‡M cÖavbZ ¯^Y©, †iŠc¨, jeY, Mg, he I †LRyi IRb K‡i

wewµ n‡Zv| †m hy‡M FY‡K ejv n‡Zv wiÕmvj-gvj Ges FY w`‡q Av`vq Kiv AwZwi³

A_©‡K ejv n‡Zv wiev| G †_‡K Avgiv wm×v‡šÍ Avm‡Z cvwi †h, wiev Avj-bvwmqvn n‡”Q

cÖPwjZ A_©vqbeë¯’vi wfwË, hv Bmjvgx mgv‡R MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq|

3. wiev wbwl‡×i Drm

cweÎ KziAv‡bi `„wó‡Z wiev

wiev wbwl× Kivi †gŠwjK hyw³ n‡”Q cweÎ KziAv‡b me ai‡bi my‡ì wb›`v Kiv n‡q‡Q|

D`vniY¯îƒc m~iv Avj-evKvivi 279 bs Avqv‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q, Ôhw` Zzwg AbyZß nI,

Z‡e Zzwg †Zvgvi g~jab †c‡Z cv‡iv|Õ 275 bs Avqv‡Z Av‡Q, ÔAvjøvn †Kbv‡ePvi

AbygwZ w`‡q‡Qb, Avi my`‡K K‡i‡Qb wbwl×|Õ Avevi, 276 bs Avqv‡Z mywbw`©ófv‡e

ejv n‡q‡Q, ÔAvjøvn my‡ì Kviev‡ii cÖwZ bv‡Lvk Ges `vb‡K K‡i‡Qb djcÖ`|Õ m~iv

Avj-Bgiv‡bi 130 bs Avqv‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q, Ô†n Cgvb`viMY, †jvfxi g‡Zv my` wM‡jv

bv| Avjøvni cÖwZ †Zvgvi †h `vwqZ¡ Zv cvjb K‡iv| Zvn‡jB nq‡Zv Zzwg mdj n‡eÕ

(†Uji, 2003; wgDm I Iqvjk, 2011)| Gme AvqvZ †_‡K Avgiv Dcmsnv‡i DcbxZ

n‡Z cvwi †h, cweÎ KziAvb me ai‡bi my`B wbwl× K‡i‡Q| Aek¨ cweÎ KziAv‡bi

GBmy¯úówb‡lavÁvm‡Ë¡IKwZcqcwÐZ,hv‡ìg‡a¨cwðgvivIi‡q‡Qb,g‡bK‡ib

Avj-KziAv‡b ÔBDRvwiÕ k‡ãi gv‡b n‡”Q Ômy‡ì D”P nviÕ (`vivZ 1988; iq 1991)|

Z‡e †ewki fvM Av‡jg GB Awfg‡Zi m‡½ GKgZ bb| Zviv g‡b K‡ib, wiev ej‡Z

ïay ÔBDRvwiÕ‡K †evSv‡bv nqwb, eis cweÎ KziAvb me iKg my`‡KB wbwl× K‡i‡Q|

96| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

nvw`‡m wiev cÖm½

cweÎKziAv‡big‡ZvgnvbexnRiZgynv¤§`(m.)Imy‡ìwb›`vK‡i‡QbGesAjmZvI

AmnvqZ¡ cwinv‡ii wk¶v w`‡q‡Qb (jyBm, 2011)| Zey gnvbex (mv.)-Gi my` wbwl× Kiv

cÖm‡½ mvaviYfv‡e wiev Avj dv`j-Gi K_v ejv n‡q _v‡K| ejv nq, wiev Avj bvwmqvn

cÖm‡½ nvw`mmsL¨v Lye Kg| †ewki fvM nvw`m g‡Z, wiev n‡”Q GKB ai‡bi c‡Yï

Dcw¯’Zevnv‡Znv‡Zwewbgq,hvcwigv‡Ywewfbœ(Rvgvb,2011)|GcÖm‡½Rvgvb†Rvi

w`‡q e‡jb, cweÎ KziAv‡b wiev cÖm½wU G‡m‡Q F‡Yi †ejvq Ges nvw`‡m wewµi †ejvq

(Rvgvb, 2011)| D`vniY¯îƒc, ¯^‡Y©i e`‡j ¯^Y©, †iŠ‡cï e`‡j †iŠc¨ wKsev †LRy‡ii

e`‡j †LRyi Dcw¯’Z (on the spot) wewbgq n‡Z cv‡i| GB wewbg‡q hw` †KD †ewk cvq,

Zv‡K wiev ejv hv‡e| †KD hw` KvD‡K bM` A_© avi †`q, Zvn‡j FY`vZv †mB e¨w³i

KvQ †_‡K mgcwigvY A_©B †diZ wb‡Z cvi‡eb| Rvgvb Av‡iv e‡jb, †KD hw` Kv‡iv

KvQ †_‡K wKQy cY¨ avi †bq, hv Ônv‡Z nv‡ZÕ wewbgq n‡e bv, wKQy w`b ci †diZ †`‡e,

†m †¶‡Î AwZwi³ Av`vq wiev Avj-bvwmqvni AšÍfz©³ n‡e (Rvgvb, 2011)|

4. weZK© : my` wKfv‡e nq

mvaviY w`K

Ic‡iejvn‡q‡Q,AviwekãÔwievÕej‡Zmy¯úófv‡e †evSvq ÔAwZwi³Õ, Ôe„w×Õev

ÔevowZ|Õ Z‡e GKwU Bmjvgx mgv‡R wiev me ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ‡K cÖfvweZ

K‡i wK bv, Zv †evSvi Rb¨ G aviYvwU wb‡q Av‡iv e¨vL¨v-we‡køl‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q|

Bmjvgx mgv‡R wiev‡K Ab¨vq I †kvlYg~jK e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| cweÎ KziAvbI wiev

wbwl×K‡i‡Q|GBwb‡lavÁviKvi‡YBmjvgxmgv‡Rwiev‡K†`Lvnqmxgvj•Nbev

cvc wn‡m‡e| cweÎ KziAv‡b wb‡l‡ai d‡j FYMÖnxZvi KvQ †_‡K evowZ wKQy ev my`

†bqv hvq bv| †Kej †h cwigvY (A_© ev cY¨) FY wn‡m‡e †`qv n‡qwQj, ZZUzKzB †diZ

†bqv hvq| Gi Ab¨_v Avjøvni Av‡`k Agvb¨ Kivi kvwgj e‡j MY¨ nq|

cweÎ KziAvb A_©‰bwZK c×wZ, aviYv I cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i bv e‡U, Z‡e

G‡Z GKwU Bmjvgx mgv‡Ri ˆbwZK gvb`ÐwU e‡j †`qv Av‡Q| Av‡iv Av‡Q Ab¨vq

†jb‡`‡bi wb›`v|GQvovBmjvgxAvB‡bi wewfbœfveavivq (School) †ewki fv‡Mi

g‡Zv GB †h, GKwU Bmjvgx A_©eë¯’v M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡j wKQy †gŠjbxwZgvjv Aek¨B MÖnY

Ki‡Z n‡e (AvjMD` I jyBm, 2007; Rvgvb 2011)| †hgb, wiev wbwl×KiY GKwU

bxwZ,hv‡KAek¨BBmjvgxA_©eë¯’vig‡a¨_vK‡Zn‡e|GQvovIAv‡ivwKQyme©m¤§Z

bxwZgvjv, †hgbÑ SzuwK-fvMvfvwM, dUKvevwR AvPiY wbwl×KiY, Pzw³ cÖYq‡b mZZv

Ges me Kg©KvÐ †hb Bmjvgx AvBb-AbyeZx© nq †m w`‡K jÿ ivL‡Z n‡e|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 97

G†¶‡ÎGKwUcÖkœI‡V:Ôwievwbwl×Ki‡YiAvIZvqwKmeai‡bimy`BAšÍfz©³?Õ

hwÌ wiev `yB ai‡bi, wKš‘ Avw_©K †jb‡`‡bi †ejvq wiev ej‡Z my`‡KB eySvq (`vivZ,

1988; iq, 1991; jyBm 2011)| G Ae¯’vq Bmjvgx A_©eë¯’v‡K wbR¯^ cš’v D™¢veb

IAbymiYKi‡Zn‡e,hvn‡ekixÕAvnm¤§ZGesGiwfwË‡ZBmy`gy³c×wZ‡Z†mev

w`‡Z n‡e|

G w`‡K iq-Gi g‡Z, AvšÍR©vwZK e¨vswKs KwgDwbwU G e¨vcv‡i GKgZ †h, Bmjvgx

(Avw_©K) cÖwZôvb¸‡jv Av`wk©K w`K †_‡K `yb©xwZcivqY Ges †jvK‡`Lv‡bv ÔBmjvgxÕ

(iq, 1991)| wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb, Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jvi eë¯’vcKiv cÖPwjZ e¨vsK¸‡jvi

mn‡hvwMZvq bvbv iKg msÁv I e¨vL¨vi gvicu¨vP LvwU‡q Ômy`Õ wb‡q _v‡Kb| we‡klZ

AvšÍR©vwZK †jb‡`‡bi †¶‡Î GUv N‡U (iq, 1991)|

A‡bK we‡klÁ Avw_©K †jb‡`‡bi †¶‡Î wiev I my`‡K GKB iKg fvevi hyw³wU gvb‡Z

bvivR|cÖkœDV‡Q,hw`my`MÖn‡Yi†¶‡Î†kvl‡Yij¶¨bv_v‡K,†m†¶‡ÎkixÔAvn&wK

Zv‡K(my`)†g‡b†b‡e?GiRev‡eejv†h‡Zcv‡i,†kvl‡YicÖkœbv-_vK‡j†mBmy`‡K

MÖnY‡hvM¨ ejv hv‡e, Bmjvg Zv g‡b K‡i bv (dviæK I nvmvb, 2006)| Ab¨fv‡e

welqwU ejv hvq, GKwU FY †_‡K FY`vZv I MÖnxZv `yÕRbB jvfevb n‡”Qb Ges MÖnxZv

Lye MwieI bb| †m †¶‡Î Kx n‡e? †ewki fvM Av‡j‡gi g‡Z, G iKg me †jb‡`bB

wiev e‡j MY¨ n‡e Ges Zv wbwl×|

cÖm½µ‡g Avgv‡ì G K_vI ej‡Z nq †h, my`gy³ e¨vswKs I Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki MÖvnK‡ì

†cvU©dwjI †evSv‡Z hLb Ôe¨vsKÕ K_vwU eëüZ nq, †mLv‡b Zv cÖavbZ avwg©KZvi

IciB wbf©i K‡i| D`vniY¯îƒc Zzi‡¯‹i ÔcÖvB‡fU wdb¨vwÝqvj BÝwUwUDkbÕ¸‡jvi

K_v ejv P‡j| eû eQi a‡i Gme cÖwZôvb IB †`‡k KvR Ki‡Q| wKš‘ mvaviY gvby‡li

GKvs‡ki aviYv, Giv Ab¨vb¨ Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi †P‡q †ewk myweav †c‡q Avm‡Q, wKš‘

Zv‡ì hv Kivi K_v Zv Ki‡Q bv| Kv‡RB Zv‡ì ÔcÖvB‡fU wdb¨vwÝqvj BÝwUwUDUÕ

bvgwU e`jv‡bv DwPZ (IRKvb I nvwR‡ivMøy, 2000; evËvj 2009)| Ab¨ w`‡K Gme

cÖwZôv‡bi fveaviv (concept) Abyhvqx G¸‡jv‡K Ôe¨vsKÕI ejv hvq bv| wKš‘ Zzi‡¯‹ Zv

ejv n‡”Q, hv ¯’vbxq I AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e weåvwšÍ m„wó Ki‡Q|

hv‡nvK, GKch©v‡q cÖwZôvb¸‡jv bvg e`‡j ÔcvwU©wm‡ckb e¨vsKÕ bvg MÖnY K‡i| Gme

e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb êwkó¨ `yÕwU : cÖ_gwU †Zv Gi bvg ï‡bB cwi®‹vi| wØZxqwU n‡jv my`gy³

e¨vswKs| Gme e¨vs‡Ki me †jb‡`b I †KbvKvUv ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i ejv hvq, bZzb

aviYv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi d‡j AbvbyôvwbK A_©bxwZi (Informal economy) gy‡L jvMvg

civ‡bv hv‡e Ges my`gy³ e¨vswKs LvZ Av‡iv kw³kvjx n‡e| Avgiv †`‡LwQ, Zzi‡¯‹

Gme e¨vs‡Ki Rb¨ Ô†mwfsm wW‡cvwRU exgvÕ eë¯’v cÖeZ©b Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv e¨vsK¸‡jvi

98| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

weKv‡kmnvqKn‡e|Z‡eÔe¨vsKÕbvgeënviK‡iZzi‡¯‹iGc×wZmxgvj•NbGes

my`gy³ e¨vswKs eë¯’vi Mv‡q Kj¼wPý AuvK‡Q wK bv, Zv G gyn~‡Z© ejv KwVb|

wiev, myw` Kvievi I A‡_©i mgqg~j¨

GiKgGKwUcÖkœmvaviYfv‡eBD”PvwiZnq†h,meai‡bimy`BwKwiev?GcÖ‡kœi

Reve †c‡Z n‡j HwZnvwmK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ÔBDRvwiÕ (myw` Kvievi) welqwUi e¨vL¨v

cÖ‡qvRb (wgDm I Iqvjm, 2011; jyBm 2007)| Bmjvg hwÌ ÔwievÕ I ÔBDRvwiÕ

kãØ‡qi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ K‡i bv, Zey ejv nq †h, ÔBDRvwiÕ †_‡K wKfv‡e ÔwievÕ

G‡jv, HwZnvwmK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Zvi e¨vL¨v cÖ‡qvRb|

BDRvwi (Usury) K_vwUi kvwãK A_© Ômy‡ì k‡Z© UvKv avi †`qvi PP©vÕ| G Qvov UvKv

avi w`‡q ÔPovÕ I ÔA‰eaÕ cwigvY my` †bqvI eySvq (Rvgvb, 2011)| GLv‡b cÖkœ

Av‡m, ÔPov my` ej‡Z Kx eySvq?Õ †R‡iwg †eb_v‡gi g‡Z, BDRvwi A_© n‡”Q ÔAvB‡b

wba©vwiZ nv‡ii †P‡q wKsev cÖPwjZ nv‡ii †P‡q †ewk my` MÖnYÕ (wgDm I Iqvjm,

2011)|GcÖm‡½AvgivD`vi‰bwZKA_©bxwZweÀ¨vWvg w¯§‡_iK_vej‡Zcvwi|

GKwURvwZim¤úè„w×cÖm‡½ej‡ZwM‡qwZwbwKQyˆbwZKhyw³Zz‡ja‡i‡Qb|G

j¶ÄR©‡bBDRvwiwbwl×KivicÖ‡qvRbxqZvm¤^‡ÜwZwbwQ‡jbAZ¨šÍm‡PZb|wZwb

BDRvwi wbwl× Kivi cvkvcvwk bvMwiK‡ì FY`v‡b †kvlYg~jK Pov my` Av`vq Ges

G †¶‡Î †Kv‡bv iKg dUKvevwR cÖkÖq bv w`‡ZI e‡j‡Qb (wgDm I Iqvjm, 2011)|

A¨vWvgw¯§‡_iˆbwZKZvm¤úwK©Ze³eë¨vL¨vK‡inj¨vÛvie‡j‡Qb,Zvi(A¨vWvg)

GB e³‡eï wfwË n‡”Q wiev I Nvivi| nj¨vÛviI cÖK…Z Drcv`bkxjZv e„w×i ¯^v‡_©

BDRvwi wbwl× Kivi Ici ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡ib|

cweÎ KziAv‡bi g‡Zv wneªæ evB‡e‡jI BDRvwi wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q| ejv n‡q‡Q, GUv

n‡”Q abx I `wi‡`ªi g‡a¨ GKUv Ab¨vq †jb‡`b (jyBm, 2007)| G †¶‡Î Bmjv‡gi

g‡ZvwLªóag©vej¤^xivwelqwU‡KˆbwZK`„wó‡KvY†_‡KwePviK‡iwbGesZvivA_©vqb

cÖ‡kœ†Kv‡bv bwZKweavbcÖYq‡bicÖ‡qvRbxqZvIAbyfeK‡iwb,wKš‘Øv`kkZ‡KG‡m

wLªóag©vej¤^xivIej‡ZïiæK‡i,BDRvwin‡”QPzwi|Î‡qv`kkZ‡KigvSvgvwSG‡m

AvBbRxexiv BDRvwi Gwo‡q †jb‡`b wel‡q Pzw³ Kiv ïiæ K‡ib| Aek¨ ZLbI wKQy

m‡›`nRbK e¨vcvi †h N‡Uwb Zv bq| G Ae¯’vq wLªóa‡g©i kxl© AvBbRxexiv †h‡Kv‡bv

Avw_©K Kg©Kv‡Ði AvBwb êaZv wbwðZ Kivi cÖ‡qvRb Abyfe K‡ib| †lvok kZ‡Ki

gvSvgvwSBDRvwiwb‡lavÁviwewfbœAvBbPvjyicvkvcvwkeûms¯‹viKRbmvavi‡Yi

cÖwZ Av‡e`b Rvbv‡Z _v‡Kb †hb BDRvwi ev Pov my‡ì eëmv †_‡K Zviv `~‡i _v‡K|

GB kZvãx‡Z Bsj¨v‡Û BDRvwi wbwl× K‡i AvBb cvm nq| AvB‡b my`nv‡ii mxgv

wba©viY K‡i †`qv nq, hv ch©vqµ‡g cuvP kZvs‡k †b‡g Av‡m|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 99

jyBm †`wL‡q‡Qb, BDRvwi cÖ‡kœ Bmjvg I wLªóa‡g©i `„wófw½ Awfbœ| GKRb gymjgvb

ZZ¶Y ch©šÍ LuvwU gymjgvb e‡j MY¨ n‡eb bv, hZ¶Y bv wZwb ¯^xKvi K‡ib †h, whï

(nRiZ Cmv Av.) Avjøvni †cÖwiZ bex| Avjøvni †cÖwiZ me bex-ivm~j I Bmjvg Ggb wKQy

gZevÌbxwZgvjvw`‡q‡Q,hvAvjøvnImgv‡Rim‡½GKRbgymjgv‡bim¤úK©wba©viY

K‡i (jyBm, 2007)| jyBm Av‡iv g‡b K‡ib, Bmjvg †Kej GKwU ag©gvÎ bq, eis GwU

GKwURxebweavb,hvgvbeRvwZiAvwZ¥KIev¯ÍeRxeb‡Kwbqš¿YImyk„•LjK‡i|

FY`vbKvh©µ‡g A‡_©i mgqg~j¨ wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi Av‡M Bmjvgx `„wó‡KvY †_‡K ÔA‡_©i

aviYvÕwU (Concept of money) cix¶v K‡i †`Lv DwPZ| G welqwUi e¨vL¨v †hme Kvi‡Y

AZ¨šÍ iæZ¡c~Y© Zv n‡jv, A_© wK g~jab bvwK bq; Kx Ae¯’vq GwU g~jab wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ

n‡Z cv‡i Ges †Kvb ai‡bi †jb‡`‡b A‡_©i mgqg~j¨ _vK‡e| Bmjvgx `„wófw½ n‡jv

GB †h, GKwU cÖPwjZ A_©eë¯’vq A_© hwÌ eëmvi GKwU cÖavb Dcv`vb, Zv m‡Ë¡I

GwU Ggb †Kv‡bv cY¨ bq, hv fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ msi¶Y Kiv hv‡e Ges GgbI bq †h,

†ewnmvex Ace¨q Kiv hv‡e (Av‡bvqvi, 2003; dviæK I nvmvb, 2006)| gymjgvb‡ì

Kv‡Q A_© n‡”Q †Kv‡bv cY¨ ev †mev †Kbvi GKwU Dcv`vb gvÎ| Z‡e A_©‡K A_© DcvR©b

ev gybvdv jv‡fi Rb¨ ÔLvUv‡bvÕ hv‡e bv| ÔA_©Õ-welqK aviYvi g~j¨vqb cÖm‡½ GB `yB

iKg AwfgZ †_‡KB cÖPwjZ I Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡q †jb‡`‡bi g~j cv_©K¨‡iLvwU AuvKv

n‡q‡Q (Kvb, 1991; dviæK I nvmvb, 2006)|

G †¶‡Î Bmjvgx weavb G iKg : hw` †KD Zvi bM` A_© Ab¨‡K avi †`qvi Kv‡R eënvi

K‡i, Z‡e Zv g~jab e‡j MY¨ n‡e bv| Z‡e hw` IB A_© †Kv‡bv eëmvq wewb‡qvM K‡i

wKsev cY¨ †Kbvi Kv‡R jvMvq, Z‡e Zv g~jab e‡j MY¨ n‡e| G cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Avgiv

ej‡Z cvwi †h, kixÕAvn& g‡Z, cY¨ †Kbvq eëüZ wKsev eëmvq wewb‡qvM Kiv A_©

g~jab wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e Ges Gi GKUv mgqg~j¨ _vK‡e; Ab¨_vq A‡_©i †Kv‡bv

mgqg~j¨ _vK‡e bv| G Qvov `yÕwU Kvi‡Y Bmjv‡g A_© I †fvM¨cY¨‡K Avjv`v K‡i †`Lv

nq (dviæK I nvmvb, 2006)| cÖ_gZ, A_© w`‡q cY¨ †Kbv hvq, A_© eëmvqI wewb‡qvM

Kiv hvq| Kv‡RB, GwU eëmvi welqe¯‘ (Subject matter) bq| wØZxqZ, A‡_©i eëmv

wbwl×| hw` KvD‡K A_© avi †`qv nq, mgcwigvY A‡_©B †diZ †bqv hv‡e| gybvdv

jv‡fi Rb¨ †KD A_© avi w`‡Z cvi‡e bv|

hyw³ †`Lv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, A‡_©i mgqg~j¨ †h‡Kv‡bv A_©eë¯’vi GKwU †gŠwjK Dcv`vb|

GB hyw³i Av¶wiK A_© n‡jv ÔwKQy mg‡qi Rb¨ A_© eënv‡ii Rb¨ GKUv fvov|Õ Bmjvgx

mgv‡Riwek¦vmn‡jv,m¤ú`g~‡j¨FYcÖe„w×wbwl×bq,Z‡eA‡_©iwewbg‡qA_©Av`vq

wbwl× (dviæK I nvmvb, 2006)| †mvRv K_vq, Av‡M A_© avi w`‡q c‡i A_© eënv‡ii

mg‡qi Ici MÖnxZvi KvQ †_‡K AwZwi³ Av`vq Kiv Bmjvg mg_©b K‡i bv| Z‡e GB

100| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

mgqg~j¨ cY¨ †Kbv‡ePvi †¶‡Î êa| G Qvov g~j¨ c‡i wKsev wKw¯Í‡Z cwi‡kva Kiv

n‡eÑ Ggb µqPzw³i †¶‡Î cY¨wUi ewa©Z g~j¨ wba©viY hwÌ êa, wKš‘ A‡_©i mgqg~j¨

c~e©wba©vwiZ g~j¨ e‡j MY¨ n‡e bv| D`vniY¯îƒc ejv hvq, gy`ªvùxwZi Kvi‡Y cÖ`Ë FY

e„w×†c‡Zcv‡i|wKš‘kixÕAvn&AbyhvqxZvnvjvjn‡ebv|GLv‡bGKwUcÖkœG‡mc‡o

: Bmjvgx A_©eë¯’vi my`gy³ c×wZ‡Z GUv wK GKUv g‡Wj (Model)?

†h‡nZz kixÔAvn& me ai‡bi my`‡KB wbwl× K‡i‡Q, Kv‡RB FY w`‡q A‡_©i mgqg~j¨

Av`vq KivI wievi m‡½ hy³ n‡q hvq| kixÔAvn& †Kej ÔK‡R© nvmvbvÕi AbygwZ †`q, hv

wKbv my`wenxb| Bmjvgx mvg‡R AvZ¥xq¯^Rb I eÜzevÜe‡ì g‡a¨ G ai‡bi FY †jb‡`b

LyeB mvaviY NUbv| G Qvov kixÕAvn& Aby‡gvw`Z Av‡iKwU FYc×wZ n‡”Q ÔIqvw`qvn|Õ

GwU wewbgq‡hvM¨ c‡Yï mvgwqK eënv‡ii m‡½ mswkøó (AvievDbv, 2007)|

wiev wbwl× Kivi cvkvcvwk Pzw³Kvix c¶¸‡jv‡K Pzw³i kZ©vewj †g‡b Pjvi IciI

†RviZvwM`w`‡q‡QcweÎKziAvb(2:275-79)|G‡Z¯úó†h,Avw_©Km½wZm¤úbœ

†Kv‡bv †`bv`v‡ii FYPzw³ Agvb¨ Kiv‡K cweÎ KziAvb wb›`v K‡i‡Q| Aci w`‡K cweÎ

KziAvb KR©‡K †mev e‡j MY¨ K‡i Ges GUv mvaviYfv‡e ¯^xK…Z †h, A‡_©i mgqg~j¨

n‡”Q wiev Ges Gi (wiev) gva¨‡g KR© ev FY`v‡bi gvbweK w`KwU D‡cw¶Z nq| ZvB

wiev †jb‡`b wbwl×| Aek¨ Av‡jg‡ì AwZ ¶z`ª GKwU Ask g‡b K‡ib, cY¨ †Kbvi

†¶‡Î †h‡nZz c~e©wba©vwiZ g~j¨ A_©vr mgqg~j¨ êa, †m Kvi‡Y A_© F‡Yi †¶‡ÎI Zv

MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e †ewki fvM Av‡jgB G gZ‡K mwVK g‡b K‡ib bv (Lvb,

1991: dviæK I nvmvb, 2006)|

5. Bmjvgx e¨vswKs Pzw³i wfwË

Bmjvgxmgv‡RivóªIkixÕAvn&ci¯úiAvjv`vbqeisGLv‡bmvgvwRKIA_©‰bwZK

Kg©Kv‡Ði cÖwZwU w`KB Bmjv‡gi wewaweavb Øviv cwiPvwjZ| Kv‡RB gymjgvb‡ì

eëmv-evwYRÏ Bmjvgx weavb Abyhvqx cwiPvwjZ n‡e, GUvB cÖZ¨vwkZ| Ab¨ K_vq,

gymjgvb‡ì‡K Ryqv †Ljv, g`cvb I k~K‡ii gvsm LvIqvi g‡Zv meiKg nvivg KvR

†_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z n‡e| wiev G¸‡jvi g‡ZvB GKwU nvivg ev wbwl× KvR| Kv‡RB

Avw_©K †jb‡`bI n‡Z n‡e nvjvj Dcv‡q| Gme hyw³ GKwU Bmjvgx A_©vqb cwi‡e‡ki

`vwe K‡i Ges we‡klÁiv wKQy BmjvgwfwËK Ggb wKQz Avw_©K DcKi‡Yi (financial instrument) D™¢e NUv‡Z AvMÖnx n‡q‡Qb, hv Bmjv‡gi `„wó‡Z êa ev nvjvj|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi †jb‡`b Pzw³¸‡jv‡K yÕwU fv‡M wef³ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i : †fv³vwfwËK

(Consumer based) I Ki‡cv‡iUwfwËK (Corporate based)| G Qvov Av‡iv A‡bK ai‡bi

Pzw³ Kiv nq| Z‡e GKwU Av`k© Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki Pzw³¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖavb n‡jv jvf-

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 101

¶wZ fvMvfvwM (profit and loss sharing) Pzw³| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡q eûj eëüZ Pzw³¸‡jv

GKwU Q‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡jv (QK-1):

QK-1 : mvaviYfv‡e eëüZ Bmjvgx e¨vswKs Pzw³i aib

†fv³vwfwËK c‡Yï bvg eëüZ c×wZ

Rgv PjwZ wnmve

mÂqx wnmve

÷vd wW‡cvwRU A¨vKvD›U

Iqvw`qvn

gy`vivev

K‡R© nvmvbv

†µwWU †µwWU KvW© ZvIqviiæL (K÷ cøvm KbUªv±

A_©vqb nvDm wdb¨vwÝs evB we_vgvb Avwhj (weweG)

(wej‡¤^g~j¨cwi‡kv‡aiPzw³‡Zwewµ)

gymvqvivL gyZvbvwKqvk

(Diminishing Partnership)

e¨w³K A_©vqb

(Individual firancinggyivevnv (Cost Plus)

†fwnKj wdb¨vwÝs evB we_vgvb AvwRj

(wej‡¤^g~j¨cwi‡kv‡aiPzw³‡Zwewµ)

÷vd wdb¨vwÝs K‡R© nvmvbv

Ki‡cv‡iUwfwËK c‡Yï bvg eëüZ c×wZ

†UªW wdb¨vwÝs IqvKvjvn

gy`vivev

gyivevnv (Cost Plus)

A¨v‡mU e¨vKW wdb¨vwÝs BRviv (wdb¨vwÝqvj wjwRs)

Ki‡cv‡iU wewb‡qvM evB we_vgvb Avwhj

BRviv

BmwZmbv

gyivevnv

gy`vivev

gykvivKv (jvf-¶wZ fvMvfvwM)

m~Î : A¨vwim, Imgvb, Avhwj, kvnwi, Ave`yj ivRvK I Ave`yj ingvb, 2013

Dcmsnv‡i Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, Bmjvgx we‡klÁiv mvaviYfv‡e GKgZ †h, me iKg

my`B wiev e‡j MY¨ n‡e| Kv‡RB Bmjvgx e¨vswKs eë¯’v‡K n‡Z n‡e my`gy³ (Av‡bvqvi,

2003;Avieybv,2007; wmwÏKx,2008)|Aek¨, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †¶‡ÎGgbcÖkœI


D‡V‡Q †h, Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi †¶‡Î kixÕAvn& AvBb cÖ‡hvR¨ wK bv|

2

†hgb, †ew·g‡Kv

ebvg kvwgj e¨vsK Ae evnivBb gvgjv| G‡Z wePvicwZ e‡jb, GLv‡b kixÕAvn& AvB‡bi

g‡Zv †Kv‡bv c×wZ †e‡Q †bqvi weavb †bB| Kv‡RB Avwcj Av`vjZ AvwcjwU LvwiR

K‡i †`q|

ev¯Í‡e wKš‘ Ôme iKg my`B wievÕ-G aviYv MÖnY Kiv mnR bq| G cÖm‡½ cvwK¯Ív‡bi

`„óvšÍ¯§Z©e¨|1991mv‡j†`kwUi†dWv‡ijkixÕAvn&†KvU©GKêcøweK(radical) iv‡q

e‡j, Ôg~ja‡bi †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi cÖe„w×, GgbwK gyivevnv, wiev e‡j MY¨ n‡e|Õ GB iv‡qi

wfwË‡Z cvwK¯Ívb miKvi †`‡ki e¨vswKs Lv‡Zi cÖwZ Av‡e`b Rvbvq †hb Zviv †Kej

jvf-¶wZi wfwË‡Z wewb‡qvM K‡i| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs cÖeZ©‡b e¨_©Zvi GKwU R¡jšÍ `„óvšÍ

n‡”Q cvwK¯Ívb (Kvb, 2006; Kvb; 2008; Avjg, Avm©jvb, mvwjg, ivwRK I Avwjg,

2011)| kixÔAvn& †Kv‡U©i IB ivq gvb‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡ib †`kwUi e¨vswKs Lv‡Zi m‡½

mswkøóiv| Zviv Avwcj Av`vj‡Z †M‡j 1999 mv‡j Avwcj Av`vjZ †dWv‡ij Av`vj‡Zi

ivqwU LvwiR K‡i †`q| d‡j cvwK¯Ív‡b Bmjvgx I cÖPwjZ `yB ai‡bi e¨vswKs eë¯’vB

envj _v‡K (Kvb, 2006; Kvb 2008; Avjg, Avm©jvb, mvwjg, ivwRK I Avwjg, 2011)|

G K_v mZ¨ †h cÖPwjZ I Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi g‡a¨ †gŠwjK cv_©K¨wU n‡”Q jvf-

¶wZieÈbwelqK|BmjvgxA_©eë¯’vig~‡jAv‡QGwU| †h‡Kv‡bv Bmjvgx e¨vswKs

c×wZBmy`wenxbjvf-¶wZeÈbeë¯’viIciwbf©ikxj|Geë¯’vi`yÕwUaibi‡q‡QÑ

ÔgykvivKvÕIÔgy`vivevÕ(Av‡bvqvi,2003,Avieybv,2007,wmwÏKx,2008)|Bmjvgx

e¨vswKs‡qi †ewki fvM ZvwË¡K g‡Wj GB `yÕwU aib‡K wfwË K‡i MwVZ nq| wb‡P

ms‡¶‡c G¸‡jvi wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

gykvivKv c×wZ‡Z e¨vsK I Acic¶ (D‡`¨v³v) GKwU g~jab MVb K‡ib Ges Gi SzuwK

I jf¨vsk `y‡UvB fvMvfvwM K‡i †bb| mvaviYfv‡e ejv hvq, GwU n‡”Q †hŠ_ D‡`¨v‡M

cwiPvwjZ GKwU eëmv| Aci w`‡K, gy`vivev c×wZ‡Z cy‡iv g~jab †RvMvb †`‡e e¨vsK

Ges †Kejc~e©wba©vwiZAbycv‡Z gybvdv ewÈZn‡e|G †¶‡Î e¨vsK‡K †jvKmv‡bi

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Abyev` : ûgvqyb mv‡`K †PŠayix

Z_¨m~Î

Ave`yj-ivngvb, IqvB., (2010); The Art of Islamic Banking and Finance, wbDR Rvwm© : Rb I‡qwj A¨vÛ

mÝ, BbK&|

Avjg, GBP.Gg. / Avm©vjvb Gg. / mvwjg Gg. / ivwRK B. Ges Avwjg G., (2011); Development of Islamic Banking in Pakistan, B›Uvib¨vkbvj Rvb©vj Ae Kb‡Ugcivwi wimvP© Bb weR‡bm, 3 (1), 261|

nvmvb Gg. †K. Ges jyBm Gg. †K.(m¤úvw`Z)Handbook of Islamic Banking eB‡q AvjvMD`, Gj. Gg. Ges

jyBm, †K.Gg., (2007)-Gi wbeÜ, Islamic Critique of Conventional Financing, 34|

Av‡bvqvi, Gg, (2003); Islamicity of Banking and the Modes of Islamic Banking, Give j †KvqvU©viwj,

18 (1), 62|

Avieybv, we.Gg. (2007); The Combination of Contracts in Shariah: A Possible Mechanism for Product Development in Islamic Banking and Finance, _vÛvievW© AvBweAvi, 49 (3), 341|

Avwim, Gb.G. / Imgvb, Avi. / AvRwj, Avi.Gg. / kvnwi, Gg. / Ave`yj ivRvK, wW Ges Ave`yj ivngvb †RW.


(2013); Islamic Banking Products: Regulations, Issues and Challenges, w` Rvb©vj Ae A¨vcøvBW weR‡bm

wimvP©, 29 (4), 1145|

evËvj, G., (2009); Katılım Bankacılığında Kırmızı Çizgiler; Kalkıyor mu? Kalkmalı mı? [Red Lines in Participation Banking; Cancelling? Should be Cancelled?], A¨vKwUf e¨vswKs A¨vÛ wdb¨vÝ Rvb©vj, 62, 6|

Pzs, we.Gm. Ges wjD, Gg-GBP, (2009); Islamic Banking: Interest Free or Interest Based?, c¨vwmwdK-

evwmb wdb¨vÝ Rvb©vj, 17, 125|

`vi&ivZ, Gd.G., (1988); The Islamic Interest-Free Banking System: Some Empirical Evidence, A¨vcøvBW

B‡KvbwgKm, 20, 427|

Gj Mvgvj, Gg.G., (2006); Islamic Finance: Law, Economics and Practice, wbD BqK©, K¨vgweªªR

BDwbfvwm©wU †cÖm|

dviæK, BD.G. Ges nvmvb †K.Gg. (2006); The Time Value of Money Concept in Islamic Finance, w`

Av‡gwiKvb Rvb©vj Ae AvBGmGm, 23 (1), 66|

û‡mBb, Gm., (2011); Islamic Banking: A Study of Relevant Operating Modes in Current Financial Scenario, wimvP© Rvb©vj Ae wdb¨vÝ A¨vÛ A¨vKvDw›Us, 2 (7/8), 1|

Lvb, Gd. Gg., (2008); Islamic Banking by Judiciary: The ‘backdoor’ for Islamism in Pakistan, Rvb©vj

Ae mvD_ Gwkqvb ÷vwWR, 635|

Lvb, Gd. Gg., (1991); The Value of Money and Discounting in Islamic Perspective, wiwfDR Ae

BmjvwgK B‡KvbwgKm, 1 (2), 35|

Lvb, Gg. Gg., (2006); Main Features of Interest-Free Banking Movement in Pakistan, g¨v‡bRvwiqvj

wdb¨vÝ, 39 (9), 661|

Lvb, Gm. Gg. (1986); Islamic Interest Free Banking, ÷vd †ccvim-AvBGgGd, 1|

†gvnv¤§` Avwid I g‡bvqvi BKevj m¤úvw`Z The Foundations of Islamic Banking Theory, Practice and Education, c„ôv 39, jyBm, †K.Gg. (2011G); Ethical Principles in Islamic Business and Banking Transactions|

Gg Kwei nvmvb I †giwfb †K. jyBmm¤úvw`ZHandbook of Islamic Banking, 64 c„ôv, jyBm, †K.Gg.,

(2007we); Comparing Islamic and Christian Attitudes to Usury|

†gvnv¤§` Avwid I g‡bvqvi BKevjm¤úvw`ZThe Foundations of Islamic Banking Theory, Practice and Education, c„ôv 211, wgDm, wm. Ges Iqvjm G., (2011); Usury and its Critics; From the Middle Ages to Modernity|

IRKvb, Gg.B. Ges nvwRiæMøy wU., (2000); Bankacılıkta Yeni Bir Boyut: Katılım Bankacılığı [A New Dimension in Banking: Participation Banking], Albaraka Türk Bereket Dergisi [Albaraka Türk Bereket Journal], 9, 8.|

iq, G.wW. (1991); Islamic Banking, wgwWj B÷vb© ÷vwWR, 27 (3), 427|

wmwÏKx, Gg., (2008); Islamic Banking,w`wgwWjB÷,b‡f¤î,35|

†Uji, Gg. †R. (2003); Islamic Banking-The Feasibility of Establishing an Islamic Bank in the United States, Av‡gwiKvb weGj‡R, 40, 385|

†gvnv¤§` Avwid I g‡bvqvi BKevj m¤úvw`ZThe Foundations of Islamic Banking Theory, Practice and Education, c„ôv 222, Rvgvb, Avi., (2011); Riba and Interest in Islamic Banking: An Historical Review|


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BmjvgxA_©vqbeë¯’vBmjvgxAvBbm¤§Z(kixÔAvn&)Avw_©KcY¨†RvMvb†`q|g~jZ

gymwjg wewb‡qvMKvixiv Gi MÖvnK Ges wKQz Bmjvgx cY¨ cÖPwjZ eë¯’vi wewb‡qvMKvix

I wewb‡qvMMÖnYKvix‡KI AvK…ó Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q (†nv‡mBb Ges Abïv, 2011)|

cÖPwjZ eë¯’v‡K Aw¯’wZkxj e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| KviY, GwU g~jZ FY I my‡ì Ici wfwË

K‡i cwiPvwjZ Ges Zv †µwWU gvwëcøvqvi (credit multiplier) I Ab¨vb¨ cš’vq Ab¨vh¨

FY m„wó K‡i| Z‡e, cÖPwjZ FY-A_©vqb eë¯’vi Av‡M BKzBwU A_©vqb eë¯’v mycwiwPZ

wQj|GiciI†ekwKQzKvh©KviYGescvwicvwk¦©Kcwiw¯’wZiKvi‡YSzuwK-eÈbg~jK

Pzw³i e`‡j FYwfwËK Pzw³ AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi K‡i| Gme Kvh©Kvi‡Yi g‡a¨ wQj miKvwi

wW‡cvwRU BÝy‡iÝ w¯‹g, A_©vqb Pzw³i AvBb I wewa Ges Kieë¯’v| FYwfwËK eë¯’vi

AvIZvqSzuwK-¯’vbvšÍi‡KDrmvwnZGesSzuwK-eÈ‡bimydj‡KD‡cÿvKivnq|ZvB,

†Kv‡bv †`‡kiDbœq‡bcÖv_wgKch©v‡qSzuwK‡ZAskx`vwiZ¡AZ¨šÍRiæwiGes †ewki

fvM †`‡k G‡K GKwU AwaKZi cwiwgZ AvšÍR©vwZK Abykxjb wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq

(†nv‡mBb Ges Abïv, 2011)|

g~jZ, Bmjvgx A_©vqb n‡jv SzuwK fvMvfvwM Ges FY A_©vqb (my`) wbwl‡×i Ici wfwË

K‡i cÖYxZ GKwU A_©vqbeë¯’v| Bmjvgx A_©vqbeë¯’vi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖwZÁv (proposition) n‡jv,Ggb†h‡Kv‡bv†jb‡`b†eAvBwb†NvlYvhv†Kv‡bvF‡YiRbÏBFYm¤ú‡ì

Ici gvwjKvbvi `vwe ¯’vbvšÍi QvovB mywbw`©ó †gqv‡` AvbycvwZK nv‡i jvf m„wó K‡i

GesPzw³iRb¨SzuwKicy‡iv`vqAev‡aFYMÖnxZviIciPvwc‡q†`q|ZvBcvi¯úwiK

wewbgq‡K FYwfwËKA_©vq‡bi GKiKg weKí wn‡m‡e †`Lv nq, hv m¤ú‡ì Ici

AwaKvi wewbg‡qi †ÿÎ ˆZwi K‡i| d‡j, Dfq cÿ‡K Drcv`b, cwienb I wecY‡bi

SzuwK fvMvfvwM K‡i wb‡Z nq| G‡Z wewbg‡qi mydj †e‡o hvq I †fvM nq mylg| hv

SzuwK fvMvfvwMi g~j wfwË Ges Zv RwoZ cÿ¸‡jv‡K Avq-Aw¯’iZvi SzuwK `~i Kivi

my‡hvM G‡b †`q (†nv‡mBb Ges Abïv, 2011)|

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs eë¯’vi †kKo Bmjvgx bxwZgvjvi g‡a¨ Mfxifv‡e cÖw_Z| GLv‡b

me Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq K‡Vvi ˆbwZKZvi wfwË‡Z| ZvB ejv hvq, Bmjvgx Avw_©K

†jb‡`b n‡jv ˆbwZK wewb‡qvM (ethical investment)| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi bxwZ `ywU :

jvf-†jvKmv‡b Askx`vwiZ¡ Ges BDRvwi Z_v my` †jb‡`b wbwl×| Bmjvgx cwifvlvq

my`‡K ÔwievÕ ejv nq|BmjvgxAvB‡bmvaviYfv‡eAvq eÈbg~jKeë¯’viAbygwZ

i‡q‡Q| Ab¨ w`‡K my` †jb‡`‡bi AbygwZ †bB| me †jb‡`b, we‡kl K‡i †hLv‡b A_©

†jb‡`b wb‡q we‡iv‡ai welq RwoZ, †mLv‡b Hk¦wiK wb‡`©kbv AbymiY Ges Gi cÖwZ

AvbyM‡Zï wfwË‡Z Bmjvgx e¨vswKs cÖwZwôZ| Z‡e, Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡K †Kej wievi


g~‡jvrcvU‡bi Kv‡R mxgve× ivLv b¨vh¨ n‡e bv| †h‡Kv‡bv A_©‰bwZK †jb‡`‡b me‡P‡q

AbvKvw•ÿZ Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q BDRvwi (wiev), wewfbœ ai‡bi Nvivi (SzuwK

I AwbðqZv) Ges wKgvi (dUKvevwR)| ZvB Avw_©K †jb‡`‡bi `~lYxq êwkó¨¸‡jvi

wejywß NUv‡bvB Bmjvgx e¨vswKs-Gi P~ovšÍ jÿ¨ (gBb, 2008)|

my` K‡Vvifv‡e wbwl× GB wek¦v‡mi Ici Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi `k©b cÖwZwôZ Ges GB

e¨vsK wKfv‡e cwiPvwjZ n‡e Bmjvgx wkÿv Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq w`Kwb‡`©kbv †`q| myZivs,

Bmjvgx e¨vswKs wel‡q me A¨vKv‡WwgK cÖ‡Póv GKwU †gŠwjK Av`k©‡K mvg‡b †i‡L

cÖevwnZ| Avi Zv n‡jv my` wbwl× Ges eëmv I gybvdv myiwÿZ| cÖPwjZ e¨vswKs eë¯’v

Zvi meai‡bi Avw_©K †jb‡`‡b my`wfwËK BÝUªy‡g›U eënvi K‡i _v‡K|

Avjøvn e‡j‡Qb : Ò†h my` †Zvgiv (Ab¨‡K) w`‡q _v‡Kv, (GB cÖZ¨vkvq †h) hv‡Z gvby‡li

m¤ú‡ìmv‡_wg‡kZv†e‡ohvq,AvjøvniKv‡QZvev‡obv|Avi†hhvKvZ(mv`vKvn&,

`vbBZ¨vw`)†ZvgivAvjøvnimš‘wóAR©‡biD‡Ï‡k¨w`‡q_v‡Kv,ZvcÖ`vbKvixAvm‡j

wb‡Rim¤úè„w×K‡i|Óm~ivAvi-iƒg(30:39)

Avj-KziAv‡b Av‡iv ejv n‡q‡Q :

ÒZv‡ì my` MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ hv MÖnY Ki‡Z Zv‡ì‡K wb‡la Kiv n‡qwQj Ges Ab¨vqfv‡e

†jvK‡ìab-m¤ú`MÖvmKiviRb¨,AvwgGgbA‡bKcvK-cweÎwRwbmZv‡ìRb¨

nvivg K‡i w`‡qwQ, hv c~‡e© Zv‡ì Rb¨ nvjvj wQj| Avi Zv‡ì ga¨ †_‡K hviv Kv‡di

Zv‡ì Rb¨ KwVb hš¿Yv`vqK kvw¯Í ˆZwi K‡i †i‡LwQ|Ó m~iv Avb-wbmv (4:161)

ZvB, Bmjvgx AvB‡bi †gŠwjK bxwZ n‡jv SzuwK I dUKvevwR wbwnZ Ggb †Kv‡bv

†kvlYg~jK I Ab¨vh¨ Pzw³i AbygwZ bv †`qv| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi AvIZvq Avw_©K

†jb‡`‡bi m‡½ me Askx`vi‡K Aek¨B eëmvi SzuwK I jvf-ÿwZi fvwM`vi n‡Z

n‡e Ges gybvdv c~e©wba©vi‡Yi my‡hvM †bB| Bmjvgx I cÖPwjZ e¨vswKs eë¯’vi g~j

cv_©K¨n‡jvwewb‡qvMIgybvdvig‡a¨cÖZ¨ÿcvi¯úwiKm¤úK©|GB†PZbvcÖPwjZ

eë¯’v†_‡KG‡Kev‡iBwfbœ|cÖPwjZeë¯’vqg~jjÿ¨_v‡K†kqvi‡nvìvi‡ìm¤ú`

m‡e©v”Pch©v‡q wb‡q hvIqv (`vi I wcÖmwj, 2000)|

Avj-KziAv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q :

Ò†n Cgvb`viMY! Avjøvn‡K fq K‡iv Ges †jvK‡ì Kv‡Q †Zvgv‡ì †h my` evwK i‡q

†M‡Q Zv †Q‡o `vI, hw` h_v_©B †Zvgiv Cgvb G‡b _v‡Kv|Ó m~iv Avj-evKviv (2:278)

ÒwKš‘ hw` †Zvgiv GgbwU bv K‡iv Zvn‡j †R‡b iv‡Lv, GUv Avjøvn I Zvui ivm~‡ji c¶

†_‡K †Zvgv‡ì weiæ‡× hy× †NvlYv| GL‡bv ZvIev K‡i bvI (Ges my` †Q‡o `vI)


Zvn‡j †Zvgiv Avmj g~ja‡bi AwaKvix n‡e| †Zvgiv Ryjyg Ki‡e bv Ges †Zvgv‡ì

IciI Ryjyg Kiv n‡e bv|Ó m~iv Avj-evKviv (2:279)

Ab¨ w`‡K, Gi gv‡b GB bq †h g~j A‡¼i Ici †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi jvf (gain) Bmjv‡g

wbwl×| Bmjv‡g gybvdv cyuwRi cÖwZ`vb (reward) wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z| Bmjvgx kixÔAvn& †g‡b

†Kv‡bv MÖnY‡hvM¨ eëmvq hw` GB cyuwR LvUv‡bv nq Z‡e Gi gvwj‡Ki Rb¨ cÖwZ`vb `vwe

Kiv b¨vqm½Z I êa| Avevi, jvf ev cÖwZ`vb †Kej ZLbB `vwe Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i hLb

SzuwK ev ÿwZi Avk¼v _v‡K ev kÖg e¨q Kiv nq|

3. cÖPwjZ Ges Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

G K_v ejvi A‡cÿv iv‡L bv †h, Bmjvgx Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jv Ggb GK cwi‡e‡k

KvR Ki‡Q †hLv‡b cÖPwjZ eë¯’vi e¨vsK¸‡jv mycÖwZwôZ| ZvB, Bmjvgx e¨vsK cÖPwjZ

Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi g‡ZvB me ai‡bi Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i wKš‘ Gi meB Avjøvni

†`qvwewaweavb†g‡b|Gigv‡bn‡jv,Bmjvgxe¨vswKs‡qi`k©bIKvh©µgc×wZwfbœ|

GB wbe‡Ü cÖPwjZ Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi wecix‡Z Bmjvgx cÖwZôvb¸‡jv Kx ai‡bi cY¨

I Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q Zv we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| AvgvbZKvix‡ì KvQ †_‡K mÂq

msMÖn K‡i Zv wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì Kv‡Q †cuŠQv‡bvi gva¨‡g A_©bxwZ‡K myPviæfv‡e Pj‡Z

mnvqZvKivB†h‡Kv‡bvA_©vqbcÖwZôv‡big~jD‡Ïk¨|cvkvcvwk,wbw`©ówdÕiwewbg‡q

Znwej¯’vbvšÍi,AvšÍR©vwZKevwY‡R¨mnvqZv,civgk©K†mev,g~jëvbm¤ú`wbivc‡`

Mw”QZ ivLv Ges Ab¨vb¨ †mev cÖ`vb| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡q Gme †mev cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î

kixÕAvn& †Kv‡bv wewawb‡la Av‡ivc K‡iwb|

3.1 AvgvbZ (Deposit)

Bmjvgx ev cÖPwjZ †h‡Kv‡bv eë¯’vq cwiPvwjZ cÖwZôvb¸‡jv mÂqKvix‡ì KvQ †_‡K

cÖ‡Yv`bvi (incentive)wewbg‡q AvgvbZ (deposit) msMÖn K‡i| hwÌ Df‡qi cÖwZ`vb

(reward) cÖ`v‡bi Pzw³i k‡Z© i‡q‡Q cv_©K¨| cÖPwjZ eë¯’vq cÖwZ`vb c~e©wba©vwiZ Ges

w¯’i| Ab¨ w`‡K, Bmjvgx eë¯’vq gykvivKv ev gy`vivev bxwZ †g‡b AvgvbZ msMÖn Kiv

nq Ges GLv‡b cÖwZ`vb cwieZ©bkxj| cÖPwjZ e¨vswKs‡q `xN©‡gqvw` AvgvbZ D”PZi

gybvdv (return) Ges ^í‡gqvw` AvgvbZ ^ínv‡i gybvdv m„wó K‡i| Abykxj‡bi w`K w`‡q

Bmjvgxe¨vswKs‡q†Zgb†Kv‡bvwfbœZv†bB|KviY,GLv‡bIgybvdvAvgvbZKvix‡ì

m‡½ fvMvfvwM K‡i †bqv nq| gybvdv fvMvfvwMi †ÿ‡Î e¨vs‡Ki cÖvcbxq (available) `xN©‡gqvw` AvgvbZ D”PZi fvi (higher weight) enb K‡i| KviY `xN©‡gqvw` cÖKí


†_‡K AwaKZi gybvdv AwR©Z nq| ¯^í‡gqvw` AvgvbZ ¯^í fvi (lower weight) enb

K‡i, KviY Ggb AvgvbZ `xN©‡gqvw` cÖK‡í wewb‡qvM Kiv hvq bv|

cÖPwjZ Ges Bmjvgx e¨vswKs eë¯’vi GKgvÎ cv_©K¨wU SzuwK I cÖwZ`vb (gybvdv) fvMvfvwMi

g‡a¨ wbwnZ| cÖPwjZ eë¯’vq e¨vsK cy‡iv SzuwK enb K‡i Ges w¯’i nv‡i AvgvbZKvix‡ì

cÖ`v‡bi ci †m cy‡iv gybvdvi gvwjK nq| Ab¨ w`‡K, Bmjvgx eë¯’vq AvgvbZKvix I

e¨vsK Df‡qB SzuwK I gybvdvi Askx`vi nq| Bmjvgx Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi wewb‡qvM

djvd‡ji m‡½ AvgvbZKvix‡ì cÖwZ`vb (gybvdv) hy³ (nvwbd, 2011)|

3.2 A_©vqb I wewb‡qvM

Bmjvgx I cÖPwjZ A_©vqb cÖwZôvb Df‡qB Drcv`bkxj P¨v‡bj m„wó K‡i gybvdvi

Rb¨ eëmv Ges wk‡í FYmyweav †`q| cv_©K¨ m„wó K‡i †Kej A_©vqb Pzw³| cÖPwjZ

e¨vsK¸‡jv MÖvnK‡ì‡K w¯’i gybvdvi wewbg‡q FY`v‡bi cÖ¯Íve †`q| Ab¨ w`‡K, Bmjvgx

A_©vqb cÖwZôvb¸‡jv kixÔAvn&q wb‡lavÁvi Kvi‡Y my‡ì wewbg‡q F‡Yi cÖ¯Íve w`‡Z

cv‡i bv| Bmjvgx A_©vqb cÖwZôvb wewb‡qvM †_‡K jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡jI F‡Yi Ici my`

avh© Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| cÖPwjZ eë¯’v Zvi MÖvnK‡K wZb ai‡bi FY w`‡q _v‡K: ^í‡gqvw`

FY, Ifvi WªvdU Ges `xN©‡gqvw` FY| Ab¨ w`‡K, Bmjvgx e¨vsK †Kej my`wenxb

FY (K‡R© nvmvbv) w`‡Zcv‡i|Ab¨ w`‡K,GBcÖwZôvbMÖvnK‡KcÖ‡qvRbxqm¤ú`

mieiv‡ni gva¨‡g eëmv Ki‡Z cv‡i (nvwbd)|

3.3 IfviWªvdU/†µwWU KvW©

cÖPwjZ e¨vsK¸‡jv my‡ì wewbg‡q MÖvnK‡K Zvi wnmve †_‡K AwZwi³ A_© D‡Ëvj‡bi

(overdrawing) myweav †`q| hv MÖvn‡Ki Rb¨ wba©vwiZ ÔIfviWªBsÕ myweavi AvIZvq

†µwWU Kv‡W©i gva¨‡gI n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB †µwWU KvW©avix MÖvn‡Kiv A_©vqb I cøvw÷K

gvwbi g‡Zv ˆØZ myweav †fvM K‡ib| Gi d‡j MÖvnK bM` A_© enb QvovB mn‡R Zvi

Avw_©K cÖ‡qvRb c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e Bmjvgx e¨vsK †Kej gyivevnv c×wZ‡Z MÖvnK

ZuviKvw•ÿZcY¨mieivnKi‡Zcv‡i,wKš‘bMÀ_©w`‡Zcv‡ibv|

hwÌ †WweU Kv‡W©i gva¨‡g †KbvKvUv Kiv ev cÖ‡qvRb c~i‡Yi myweav †`q Bmjvgx

e¨vsK| GKRb MÖvnK Zvi A¨vKvD‡›U †µwWU e¨vjvÝ (credit balance) _vKv ch©šÍ G

KvW© eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cÖPwjZ e¨vswKs eë¯’vq GKRb MÖvnK‡K cY¨ †KbvKvUvi

myweav †`qv n‡j †m Rb¨ my` Pvh© Kiv nq| Ab¨ w`‡K, gyivevnv eë¯’vq MÖvnK‡K cY¨wU

mieiv‡ni ci e¨vsK †Kej wewµi jvf cvIbv nq| cÖPwjZ eë¯’vq, MÖvnK hw` †Ljvwc


n‡q c‡ob Z‡e evowZ mg‡qi Rb¨ Zv‡K evowZ my` ¸b‡Z nq| Ab¨ w`‡K, gyivevnv

eë¯’vq AwZwi³ Pvh© Av‡ivc K‡Vvifv‡e wbwl×|

Avevi, cÖPwjZ eë¯’vq ewa©Z mg‡qi Rb¨ my` cÖ`v‡bi e¨vcv‡i MÖvn‡Ki m‡½ bZzb K‡i

Pzw³Kivhvq|gyivevnveë¯’vqGUvcy‡ivcywiwfbœ|KviY,BmjvgxA_©©vqbcÖwZôvb¸‡jv

†KejPzw³iïiæ‡ZDfqc‡ÿim¤§Zg~jA_©cvIbvwn‡m‡e`vweKi‡Zcv‡i|Z‡e,

gyivevnv Pzw³i AvIZvq B”QvK…Zfv‡e †KD †Ljvwc n‡j wZwb fwel¨‡Z †hb Ggb Avi

†Kv‡bv A_©vqb myweav bv cvb †m Rb¨ Bmjvgx A_©©vqb cÖwZôvb (AvBGdAvB)-Gi Kv‡jv

ZvwjKvfz³ n‡eb| G Qvov, Bmjvgx Avw_©K cÖwZôvb (AvBGdAvB) Pzw³c‡Î D‡jøL K‡i

†`‡e †h †Ljvwci NUbv NU‡j me wKw¯Í GKB m‡½ e¨vs‡Ki cvIbv n‡q hv‡e Ges G

Rb¨ Rwigvbv Kiv n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e IB Rwigvbvi A_© AvBGdAvBi Avq wn‡m‡e MY¨

n‡e bv, Zv `vZe¨ Kv‡R e¨q n‡e (Dmgvbx, 2002)|

3.4 ¯^í‡gqvw` FY

cÖPwjZ e¨vsK¸‡jv MÖvnK‡ì PjwZ g~ja‡bi (working capital) cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡Z

¯^í‡gqvw` Ges ga¨‡gqvw` FY w`‡q _v‡K| †h‡Kv‡bv wkícÖwZôv‡bi †ÿ‡Î Bb‡fbUwi

I cÖvc¨ wnmve (accounts receivable)-Gi †cQ‡b wewb‡qvM Ges e¨q †gUv‡bvi Rb¨

PjwZ g~ja‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq| Bmjvgx e¨vsK eëmvi ˆ`bw›`b e¨q †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ †gqvw`

mvwU©wd‡KU (term certificate)-G AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g Bb‡fbUwi wewb‡qvM mieivn K‡i|

GLv‡b GKwU mywbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ AvBGdAvB AvbycvwZK nv‡i jv‡fi Askx`vi nq|

Ab¨ w`‡K, AvBGdAvBi †jb‡`‡b SzuwK _vKvq Gi †gqvw` mvwU©wd‡KU-G AskMÖn‡Yi

gva¨‡g A_©vqb hZUv mnR, cÖPwjZ e¨vs‡Ki ¯^í‡gqvw` FY ZZUv mnR bq| ZvB,

†hme cÖwZôvb AvBGdAvB †_‡K ¯^í‡gqvw` myweav wb‡Z Pvq †m¸‡jv‡K wewb‡qvMKvixi

mš‘wóAv`v‡qig‡ZveëmvwqKm¤¢eciZv(feasibility) cÖgvY Ki‡Z nq| AvR ch©šÍ

†Kvb AjvfRbK cÖwZôv‡bi PjwZ g~jab cÖ‡qvRb c~~i‡Y Bmjvgx A_©vqb eë¯’v GwM‡q

Av‡mwb| d‡j AvBGdAvB †Kv‡bv e¨w³MZ †fvM¨c‡Y¨ FY (personal consumption loan) †`q bv|

Z‡eAvw_©Kfv‡em”Qj†Kv‡bve¨w³gyivevnvA_©vqb‡KZviKvw•ÿZ†Kv‡bvcY¨jv‡fi

Rb¨ eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| AvBGdAvB IB wRwb‡mi g~‡jï Ici jvf †hvM K‡i Zv

mieivn Ki‡Z cv‡i (nvwbd, 2011)|

eëmv/AjvfRbK cÖwZôvb Ges e¨w³MZ ¯^í‡gqvw` I ga¨‡gqvw` Avw_©K cÖ‡qvRb

†gUv‡ZgyivevnvA_©vqbGKwUKvh©KinvwZqvi|KviYGwUGKwUm¤ú`wfwËKA_©vqb|


AvBGdAvB †hKvD‡Kg~j¨vq‡bigva¨‡g we‡klK‡i nvjvj (êa) †Kv‡bvD‡Ï‡k¨

A_©vqb Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ G¸‡jv my‡ì wfwË‡Z bM` A_© avi w`‡Z cv‡i bv| Z‡e K‡R©

nvmvbv (wn‰Zlx FY) w`‡Z cv‡i|

3.5. ga¨ I `xN©‡gqvw` FY

†Kv‡bvcÖwZôvb‡KZvim¤úªmviYeveZ©gvbm¤ú`cwieZ©‡biRb¨, ’vqxm¤ú`msMÖ‡ni

j‡ÿ¨ ga¨ I `xN©‡gqvw` FY †`qv nq| Bmjvgx A_©vqb eë¯’vq †Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb ev

e¨w³i cÖ‡qvRb c~iY Kiv nq ÔgyivevnvÕ (B›Uvi‡gwW‡qkb; MÖvn‡Ki cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨wU

wK‡b Zv D”PZi g~‡j¨ MÖvn‡Ki Kv‡Q wewµ), ÔevB gyqv¾vjÕ (evwK‡Z wewµ), ÔmvjvgÕ

I ÔBmwZmbvÕ ev AvMvg wewµ Pzw³ (fwel¨‡Z mieivn Kiv n‡e Ggb †Kv‡bv c‡Yï

Rb¨ e¨vsK Znwej †RvMvb †`q, IB wbw`©ó w`‡b c‡Yï g~j¨ Kx n‡e Zv AvMvg wba©viY

Kiv nq) c×wZ AbymiY K‡i| Zv bvn‡j, `xN©‡gqvw` A_©vq‡bi †ejvq A_©vq‡bi weKí

n‡jv ÔgykvivKvÕ I Ôgy`vivevÕi g‡Zv gybvdv fvMvfvwM c×wZ| gy`vivev, evB gyqv¾vj

I BmwZmbvÕ‡K cÖPwjZ avivi FY`vb c×wZ e‡j g‡b n‡jI Pzw³i kZ©vewj‡Z G

`yÕ‡qi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q we¯Íi dvivK| `yB c×wZ‡Z SzuwK I gybvdvi ai‡bI i‡q‡Q cv_©K¨|

AvBGdAvB Ges wewb‡qvMMÖnYKvix cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Rb¨ gykvivKv (Askx`vwi) Ges

gy`vivev(ga¨¯’Zv)†ekP¨v‡jwÄs|KviYwewb‡qvMnviv‡bviSzuwK_vKvqAvBGdAvBi

kixÔAvn&wfwËK A_©vqb cÖK‡íi AvIZvq †Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb wewb‡qvM †c‡Z PvB‡j Zv‡K

eëmvim¤¢eciZvIjvfRbKZv(feasibility and profitability) cÖgvY Ki‡Z nq|

3.6 BRviv (Leasing)

BRvivn‡jvA_©vq‡biZzjbvg~jKAvaywbKDrm|Gigva¨‡gm¤§Zfvovik‡Z©†Kv‡bv

m¤ú‡ìDRydiv³BRviv`v‡iiKv‡Q¯’vbvšÍwiZnq|Z‡eBRvivm¤ú‡ìgvwjKvbv

¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡Z cv‡i, Avevi bv-I cv‡i| BRviv Pzw³i AvIZvq AvBGdAvB GKB

ai‡bi myweav cÖ¯Íve Ki‡Z cv‡i|

BRviviAvIZvqMÖvnK‡Km¤§Zfvoviwewbg‡qgvwjKvbvn¯ÍvšÍibvK‡iwbw`©ó†gqv‡ì

Rb¨†Kv‡bvm¤úèënv‡iiD‡Ï‡k¨†`qvnq|Z‡eBRviv†gqv`†k‡lIBm¤ú‡ì

gvwjKvbvcvi¯úwiKm¤§wZiwfwË‡ZMÖvnK‡Kn¯ÍvšÍiKivhvq|BRviv†gqv‡`m¤ú‡ì

gvwjKvbvmswkøó SzuwK AvBGdAvB enb K‡i|

Bmjvgx Ges cÖPwjZ eë¯’vq BRviv †jb‡`‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| cÖ_gZ, BRviv

m¤ú‡ìmieivnbvcvIqvch©šÍBRviv`vifvovcwi‡kv‡aiDchy³nbbv|wØZxqZ,


†Ljvwc n‡j AwZwi³ fvov `vwe Kiv hvq bv| g~j BRviv Pzw³‡Z D‡jøL _vK‡j Rwigvbv

Kivhvq|Z‡eZvAvBGdAvBiAvqwn‡m‡eMY¨n‡ebv|Z…ZxqZ,BRvivm¤ú‡èo

ai‡bi †Kv‡bv ms¯‹vi Kiv n‡j IB mg‡qi Rb¨ AvBGdAvB fvov `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡i

bv|PZz_©Z,BRvivm¤ú‡ìgvwjKvbvSzuwKenbK‡iAvBGdAvB|ZvBm¤ú`wUnvwi‡q

†M‡j ev aŸsm n‡j G Rb¨ AvBGdAvB evowZ †Kv‡bv wKw¯Í `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

3.7 K…wlFY

K…wlFY ¯^í I `xN©‡gqvw` `yB ai‡biB n‡Z cv‡i| K…lK‡ì ¯^í‡gqvw` F‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb

nq exR I mvi †Kbvi Rb¨| Ab¨ w`‡K, `xN©‡gqvw` FY cÖ‡qvRb nq Rwg evov‡bv wKsev

hš¿cvwZ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨| mvaviYZ, K…lK dmj †Zvjvi ci Zv wewµ K‡i G F‡Yi

A_© cwi‡kva K‡i| G Lv‡Z cÖPwjZ e¨vsK¸‡jv my‡ì wfwË‡Z FY †`q| AvBGdAvB

K…lK‡ì GKB myweav †`q, Z‡e evB mvjvg, evB gy`vivev gykvivKv I gy`vivev c×wZ‡Z|

K…lK‡ì exR I mvi †Kbvi Rb¨ evB mvjvg c×wZ‡Z bM` A_© †`qv n‡jI Zv FY

wn‡m‡e bq| Zv †`qv nq K…l‡Ki KvQ †_‡K dmj wK‡b †bqvi wewbg‡q, hv fwel¨‡Z

mieivn Kiv n‡e| hš¿cvwZ †Kbvi Rb¨ AvBGdAvB gyivevnv myweav w`‡jI gykvivKv I

gy`vivevmyweav†`qvnqevowZRwgDbœq‡biRb¨|Gai‡bi†jb‡`‡bSzuwK_vKvqK…

lK‡KRwgDbœq‡biFY†c‡Zn‡jD‡`¨vMwU†hjvfRbK†mwel‡qAvBGdAvB‡K

mš‘ó Ki‡Z nq|

3.8 M„nwbg©v‡Y A_©vqb

Bmjvgx I cÖPwjZ Dfq eë¯’vq e¨vsK¸‡jvi Rb¨ M„nwbg©v‡Y A_©vqb/eÜKx n‡jv

Av‡iKwU myiwÿZ ai‡bi A_©vqb| cÖPwjZ eë¯’vq my‡ì wewbg‡q FY †`qv nq| Ab¨

w`‡K Bmjvgx A_©vqb eë¯’vq FY myweav †`qv nq µgn«vmgvb gykvivKv c×wZ‡Z| G

c×wZ‡Z MÖvnK I AvBGdAvB †hŠ_fv‡e evwo †K‡b| c‡i AvBGdAvB Zvi Ask GKwU

m¤§Zfvoviwewbg‡qMÖvn‡KiKv‡Qfvov†`q|A_©vqbKvixiAskwUÿz`ªÿz`ªfv‡MfvM

Kiv nq| G‡Z evwo †Kbvq AvBGdAvBi Ask Ges Gi Rb¨ fvov AšÍfz©³ _v‡K| MÖvnK

wKw¯Í‡ZAvBGdAvBicvIbvcwi‡kvaK‡i|cÖwZwKw¯Ícwi‡kv‡aim‡½m‡½m¤úwË‡Z

MÖvn‡Ki Ask e„w× cvq Ges AvBGdAvBi Ask Kg‡Z _v‡K| cwi‡k‡l, †kl wKw¯Í

cwi‡kv‡aim‡½m‡½AvBGdAvBiAsknqk~b¨Gesm¤ú‡ìgvwjKvbvMÖvn‡Kibv‡g

¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq (nvwbd, 2011)|


3.9 wewb‡qvM

Zvij¨ eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ cÖPwjZ e¨vsK¸‡jvi A‡bK my‡hvM i‡q‡Q, †hgbÑ miKvwi

wmwKDwiwU, ¯^í‡gqvw` FY I Kjgvwb, wjwRs †Kv¤úvwbi eÛ Ges †kqvi| cÖPwjZ

e¨vsK¸‡jv †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡K eva¨Zvg~jK Mw”QZ wiRv‡f©i Rb¨ my` cvq| cvkvcvwk Zviv

Zv‡ìm¤¢ve¨cvIbvi(receivables) wecix‡Z eÛ Bmy¨ K‡i Zvij¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i|

`yw`©‡b evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K myiÿv w`‡Z †K›`ªxq e¨vsK my‡ì wewbg‡q Zvij¨ †RvMvb

†`q| evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jvi Rb¨ Av‡iKwU myiÿv n‡jv AvšÍte¨vsK AvgvbZ (interbank deposits)| Ab¨ w`‡K, cÖ‡qvRbxq Zvij¨ m„wói †ÿ‡Î AvBGdAvBi my‡hvM AZ¨šÍ

mxwgZ| G¸‡jv †Kej ¯^í‡gqvw` wewb‡qvM Ges wjKzBW wmwKDwiwU †_‡K wKQz ivR¯^

Avq Ki‡Z cv‡i| AvBGdAvB miKvwi wmwKDwiwU, ¯^í‡gqvw` FY, eÐ I Kjgvwb‡Z

wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY, Gi me¸‡jvB myw` eëmv|

Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv‡KI †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡K eva¨Zvg~jK wiRvf© ivL‡Z nq, wKš‘ cÖPwjZ

e¨vsK¸‡jvi Zzjbvq GUv Zv‡ì Rb¨ jvfRbK bq| †K›`ªxq e¨vsK my` †bq weavq

`yw`©‡b Zvij¨ eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ Gi Øvi¯’ n‡Z cv‡i bv AvBGdAvB| Zviv AvšÍte¨vsK

Avgvb‡Zi myÌ `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| AvBGdAvB B‡”Qg‡Zv †h‡Kv‡bv BKzBwU

wmwKDwiwU‡ZI wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY Zvi wewb‡qv‡Mi †ÿÎ n‡Z n‡e nvjvj

ev kixÔAvn&m¤§Z| ZvB cÖPwjZ e¨vswKs I eëmvi †h AvwacZ¨ Pj‡Q Zv‡Z Lye

KgmsL¨K cÖwZôvbB Bmjvgx A_©vqb eë¯’vi Dfq kZ© cwic~i‡Y mÿg nq (nvwbd,

2011)|

AvBGdAvB¸‡jv Zv‡ì Zvi‡jï cÖ‡qvRbxqZv c~i‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU Dcvq †ei K‡i‡Q|

Avi Zv n‡jv, myKzK (Bmjvgx eÛ)| GLv‡b gybvdv (servicing) cÖPwjZ e¨vs‡Ki g‡ZvB

wba©vwiZn‡jIGai‡bimyKzKBmy¨KivnqBRvivm¤ú‡ìm¤¢ve¨cvIbviwecix‡Z|

BRvivmyKzK-GiAvIZvqMÖvnK‡Kwbw`©ó†gqv‡ìRb¨†Kv‡bvm¤ú‡ìfvovcwi‡kva

Kivnq,wKš‘IBm¤ú‡ìgvwjKvbv_v‡KAvBGdAvBi|Zvi‡jïcÖ‡qvRb†gUv‡Z

AvBGdAvB wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì Kv‡Q m¤ú‡ì mgg~‡jï ÔmyKzKÕ wewµ K‡i| G‡Z

m¤ú‡ìgvwjKvbvmyKzKavix‡ìKv‡Q¯’vbvšÍinq|gyivevnvmyKzKwewµKivhvqbv|

Avevi, gykvivKv myKzK †m‡KÛvwi gv‡K©‡U †Kbv‡ePv Kiv †M‡jI Zv †Kv‡bv w¯’i Avq

enb K‡i bv| †h †cvU©‡dvwjIi wecix‡Z myKzK Bmy¨ Kiv nq Zv‡Z Zij m¤ú‡ì

AvwacZ¨ _vK‡eÑ GB bxwZi wfwË‡Z myKzK Bmy¨ Kiv nq| Bmjvgx A_©vqb eë¯’vq myKzK

n‡jv gvwjKvbvi mb`, GUv mvaviY †Kv‡bv FY wmwKDwiwU bq| ZvB me SzuwK I jv‡fi

Askx`vi n‡eb myKzKavixiv|


4. cÖPwjZ Ges Bmjvgx e¨vsK‡Ki êwkó¨

cÖPwjZ e¨vsK Bmjvgx e¨vsK

1. cÖPwjZ e¨vs‡Ki ixwZ I Kvh©c×wZ

cy‡ivcywi gvbeiwPZ bxwZgvjvi Ici

wfwË K‡i cwiPvwjZ|

1. Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki ixwZ I Kvh©c×wZ

Bmjvgx kixÔAvn& weavb Abyhvqx

cwiPvwjZ|

2. wewb‡qvMKvixi Rb¨ c~e©wba©vwiZ nv‡i

my`cÖvwß mywbwðZ|

2. Bmjvgx A_©vqb cÖwZôvb cyuwR

mieivnKvix (wewb‡qvMKvix) Ges cyuwR

eënviKvixi (D‡`¨v³v) g‡a¨ SzuwK

fvMvfvwMi Ici †Rvi †`q|

3. Gi jÿ¨ †Kv‡bv mxgve×Zv QvovB

gybvdv m‡e©v”PKiY |

3. GLv‡b gybvdv m‡e©v”PKi‡Yi jÿ¨

_vK‡jI Zv kixÔAvn& Av‡ivwcZ mxgvbvi

g‡a¨ †_‡K|

4. GB eë¯’vq RvKvZwfwËK †Kv‡bv

Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq bv|

4. Bmjvgx e¨vswKs eë¯’v RvKvZ wb‡q

Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i| GgbwK

AvaywbK Bmjvgx e¨vswKs eë¯’vq

RvKvZ msMÖn †K›`ª i‡q‡Q Ges G¸‡jv

wb‡R‡ì RvKvZI cwi‡kva K‡i|

5. cÖPwjZ e¨vsK¸‡jvi g~j KvR n‡jv

FY †`qv Ges Pµe„w× nv‡i my`mn Zv

†diZ cvIqv|

5. Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jvi g~j KvR n‡jv

AskMÖnYg~jK Askx`vwi‡Z¡i eëmv|

6. †Ljvwc n‡j GLv‡b kvw¯Í wn‡m‡e

AwZwi³ A_© Ges Pµe„w× nv‡i my`

Av‡ivc Kiv nq|

6. Bmjvgx e¨vswKs eë¯’vq †Ljvwc‡ì

KvQ †_‡K AwZwi³ A_© Av`v‡qi weavb

†bB| Z‡e, `vZe¨ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ mvgvb¨

cwigv‡Y ÿwZc~iY Avq Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

e¨vs‡Ki †jb‡`b AvMvg wgwU‡q †djvi

Rb¨ wi‡eU (rebate) †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i|

7. AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î e¨vs‡Ki cvIbv my`

cÖavb welq n‡q ùvovq| d‡j, GLv‡b

BKzBwUi m‡½ cÖe„w× wbwðZ Kivi

†Kv‡bv cÖ‡Póv †bB|

7. Rb¯^v‡_©i cÖwZ h_vh_ ¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq|

BKzBwUi m‡½ cÖe„w× wbwðZ KivB Gi

P~ovšÍ jÿ¨|

8. my`wfwËK evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jvi Rb¨

A_©evRvi †_‡K FY †bqv A‡bK mnR|

8. Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv †Kej kixÔAvn&

Aby‡gvw`Z avi †jb‡`‡bi Ici ¸iæZ¡

†`q|


9. w¯’i Avq Av‡Mfv‡M wba©vwiZ nIqvq

GLv‡b cÖKí g~j¨vq‡b Kg ¸iæZ¡ †`qv

nq|

9. Bmjvgx e¨vsK cÖKí g~j¨vq‡bi cÖwZ

AZ¨waK iæZ¡ †`q| KviY GB cÖwZôvb

jvf-†jvKmv‡bi Askx`vi|

10. MÖvn‡Ki FY cwi‡kva †hvM¨Zv‡K

cÖPwjZ e¨vsK¸‡jv me‡P‡q †ewk ¸iæZ¡

†`q|

10. Ab¨ w`‡K, Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv me‡P‡q

†ewk¸iæZ¡ †`qcÖK‡íim¤¢eciZv‡K

(feasibility)|

11. MÖvn‡Ki m‡½ GKwU cÖPwjZ e¨vs‡Ki

m¤úK©n‡jvFY`vZvIFYMÖnxZvi|

11. MÖvn‡Ki m‡½ Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki m¤úK©

n‡jv Askx`vi I wewb‡qvMKvix Ges

ewYK, †µZv I we‡µZvi|

12. cÖwZwU Avgvb‡Zi (deposit) Rb¨ cÖPwjZ

e¨vsK‡K M¨vivw›U w`‡Z nq|

12. Bmjvgx e¨vsK ïay Avj-Iqvw`qvn bxwZi

wfwË‡Z cwiPvwjZ AvgvbZ wnmv‡ei

M¨vivw›U †`q| GLv‡b AvgvbZKvixiv

Zv‡ì Znwej †diZ cvevi M¨vivw›U cvb|

wKš‘, wnmvewU gy`vivev bxwZwfwËK n‡j

MÖvnK‡K †jvKmv‡bi Askx`vi n‡Z n‡e|

5. cÖPwjZ Ges Bmjvgx e¨vsKeë¯’vi Ici iPbvw` ch©v‡jvPbv

wmivBwi (2010) 1999 †_‡K 2007 mv‡ji g‡a¨ DcmvMixq mn‡hvwMZv cwil`fz³

(wRwmwm) †`k¸‡jvi 71wU evwYwR¨K e¨vs‡Ki ÷K¨vw÷K d«w›Uqvi A¨v‡cÖvP (stochastic frontier approach)-Gi cÖksmv K‡ib| wek¦e¨vcx we‡kl K‡i DcmvMixq AÂ‡j Bmjvgx

I cÖPwjZ e¨vsK¸‡jvi `ÿZv Zzjbvi wfwË‡Z GB g~j¨vqb Kiv nq| GB Rwi‡c †`Lv

hvq, DcmvMixq AÂ‡ji e¨vsK¸‡jv we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ AÂ‡ji Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk Av¯’v

AR©‡b mÿg n‡”Q| †`Lv hvq, cÖPwjZ e¨vsK¸‡jv Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jvi †P‡q †ewk `ÿ|

Kwjg Ges Bmv (2003) weKí A_©‰bwZK cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g Bmjvgx I cÖPwjZ e¨vs‡Ki

Avgvb‡Zi wecix‡Z gybvdvcÖvwßi g~j¨vqb K‡ib| Zviv GKwU Avgvb‡Zi gybvdvi Ici

Av‡iKwU Avgvb‡Zi gybvdv Kx cÖfve †d‡j Zv-I LwZ‡q †`‡Lb| Zviv †`Lvb, gymwjg

†`k¸‡jviDbœq‡bBmjvgxe¨vswKswkíewjôf~wgKvivL‡Q|

Beªvwng (2000) e‡jb, gymjgvbiv GB wek¦‡K `yB `„wó‡Z wePvi K‡ib (BnKvjxb I

ciKvjxb Rxeb)| Ab¨ w`‡K, cwðgv †mKzjvi fveavivi Abymvixiv G‡K wePvi K‡ib ïay

e¯‘MZ „wó‡Z| Bmjvgx cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡Z cÖPwjZ A¨vKvDw›Us wm‡÷g eënvi ïiæ nIqvq Zv

BmjvgxcÖwZôvb¸‡jvijÿ¨-D‡Ï‡kïg‡a¨êcixZ¨m„wóK‡i|M‡elK‡ìg‡Z,cÖPwjZ

A¨vKvDw›Us wm‡÷g cwðgv g~j¨‡ev‡ai evnK Ges Zv gybvdv AR©‡bi e¯‘MZ ev¯ÍeZv aviY

K‡i| Ab¨ w`‡K, Bmjvgx Av`‡k©i wfwË n‡jv mvgvwRK Kj¨vY, mywePvi I mgZv|


my‡ì nvi cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki gybvdvq Kx cÖfve c‡o Ges Bmjvgx I

cÖPwjZ avivi e¨vs‡Ki Avgvb‡Zi Ici Kx ai‡bi Bwìs B‡d± (yielding effects) m„wó

nq Zv †`wL‡q‡Qb Rqbyyj I Kvwmg (2010)| Zv‡ì M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq, gvj‡qwkqvq

Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jvi SzuwK eë¯’vcbvi Ici Gi e¨vcK cÖfve c‡o‡Q| Zviv Av‡iv

†`Lvb †h, Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jvi gybvdv Ges cÖPwjZ e¨vsK¸‡jvi my`-nv‡ii g‡a¨

GKwUZvrch©c~Y© m¤úK© i‡q‡Q|Zviv D‡jøLK‡ib,my‡ì nvi †e‡o †M‡jBmjvgx

e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K Avgvb‡Zi nvi evwo‡q evRv‡ii cÖeYZv AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e| nvwbd

(2011) Bmjvgx I cÖPwjZ e¨vs‡Ki g‡a¨ wgj Ges Awgj wb‡q M‡elYv K‡ib| wZwb

†`‡Lb, Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv kixÔAvn& wewaweav‡bi g‡a¨ †_‡KB AvaywbK cÖPwjZ e¨vswKs-

Gi g‡Zv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| GB M‡elK D‡jøL K‡ib, Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡K

cÖPwjZ e¨vswKs‡qi wbZvšÍB GKwU bKj (copy) ej‡j fzj n‡e| cÖPwjZ I Bmjvgx

e¨vswKs eë¯’vi Kvh©cÖYvjx‡Z we¯Íi eëavb i‡q †M‡Q|

mvgv` (2004) 1991 †_‡K 2001 mvj ch©šÍ GK `k‡K evnivB‡bi my`gy³ Bmjvgx

e¨vsK I my`wfwËK cÖPwjZ e¨vsK¸‡jvi Zzjbvg~jK `ÿZv LwZ‡q †`‡Lb| wZwb `yB

avivi e¨vs‡Ki †µwWU cvidig¨v‡Ýi g‡a¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q e‡j ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z

eva¨ nb| hwÌ Zvi M‡elYvq Bmjvgx I cÖPwjZ e¨vsK¸‡jvi jvfRbKZv I Zvij¨

mvg‡_©ï g‡a¨ eo ai‡bi cv_©K¨ cwijwÿZ nqwb|

n¨vib Ges Avng` (2000) Abygvb K‡ib, Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki MÖvnK‡ì Ici hw` cÖPwjZ

Z‡Ë¡i †Kv‡bv cÖfve c‡o Zvn‡j cÖPwjZ e¨vsK Avgvb‡Zi Ici my‡ì nv‡ii m‡½

Bmjvgxe¨vsKAvgvb‡Zigybvdvnv‡iiGKwUkw³kvjxm¤úK©i‡q‡Q|gvj‡qwkqvi

e¨vsK¸‡jv‡Z A¨vWvcwUf G·‡cK‡Ukb g‡Wj (adaptive expectation model) cÖ‡qvM K‡i

Zviv cÖPwjZ e¨vsK¸‡jvi Avgvb‡Zi Ici my`-nv‡ii cÖfve Ges Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jvi

Avgvb‡Zi Ici Ôcv÷ wWwf‡W›U †iUÕ-Gi cÖfve †`wL‡q‡Qb| Zviv Av‡iv †`Lvb †h,

gymwjg MÖvnK‡ì †ejvq cÖPwjZ e¨vsK¸‡jvi my‡ì nv‡ii m‡½ my`gy³ e¨vs‡Ki cÖ¯ÍvweZ

gybvdvinv‡iig‡a¨GKwU†bwZevPKm¤úK©i‡q‡Q|

†ewj Ges Kz‡nb (2003) wek¦we`¨vjqch©v‡q wkÿv_x©‡ì g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ Ges Bmjvgx

e¨vswKsm¤úwK©ZaviYvIwewfbœAvw_©Kcwifvlvig‡a¨m¤úK©cixÿv-wbixÿvK‡ib|

G‡Z †`Lv hvq, Bmjvgx e¨vswKs cwifvlv †_‡K cÖPwjZ e¨vswKs cwifvlv msL¨v A‡bK

†ewk| G‡Z Av‡iv D‡jøL Kiv nq, Bmjvgx e¨vswKs †mev¸‡jvi `ÿZv wePv‡ii GKgvÎ

Drm ag©xq wbôv bq| G‡Z mycvwik Kiv nq †h, Bmjvgx cY¨ m¤úwK©Z Rvbv‡kvbv

†Rvi`v‡ii Rb¨ wkÿv n‡Z n‡e cÖPwjZ c‡Yï mgZzj¨| G‡Z †fv³viv Av‡iv fv‡jvfv‡e

Zv‡ì cQ‡›ì cY¨ †e‡Q wb‡Z cvi‡eb| wf‡fwiZv (2011) D‡jøL K‡ib †h, Bmjvgx


e¨vsK¸‡jv AZ¨šÍ g~j¨mvkÖqx, cÖPwjZ e¨vs‡Ki †P‡q 5% †ewk Ges †`Lvb †h, Bmjvgx

e¨vsK¸‡jv cÖPwjZ e¨vs‡Ki Zzjbvq AwaK gybvdv I †iwfwbD m„wó K‡i|

BKev‡ji(1997)g‡Z,FYA_©vqbwe‡jvcGes†Rviv‡jveÈb`ÿZvid‡jBmjvgx

A_©vqb A‡bK †ewk w¯’wZkxj Ges Zv ev¯Íe A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ I Avw_©K ZrciZvi

g‡a¨ GKwU Nwbô †hvMm~Î m„wó K‡i| ZvB WvqvMbw÷K g‡Wj¸‡jv‡Z †`Lv hvq,

jvqvwewjwUR ÷ªvKPv‡ii (liabilities structure) †ÿ‡Î Bmjvgx e¨vswKs eë¯’v w¯’wZkxj

GesjvfeÈ‡bigva¨‡gAvbycvwZKnv‡im¤ú‡ìmymgš^qN‡U|GLv‡b w¯’imy‡ì

†cQ‡b e¨q Ges F‡Yi gva¨‡g cybt A_©vq‡bi my‡hvM †bB (†b`vj, 2011)|

mywèë¯’vi †P‡q jvf fvMvfvwMi aviYv Zzjbvg~jK w¯’wZkxj| Pvciv (1992), Kvnd

(1998),wmwÏKx(2002)GesRviKv(2003)mevBGwelqwU†g‡bwb‡q‡Qb|GB

eë¯’v gybvdvi nv‡ii IVvbvgv cÖwZ‡iva K‡i| Ggb AwfgZ e¨³ Kiv nq †h, cyuwRev`x

A_©bxwZ‡Z Aw¯’wZkxjZv m„wói GKwU eo KviY n‡jv my`wfwËK FY A_©vqb|

mvgv` I nvmvb (1997) G wel‡q Av‡iv M‡elYv K‡ib| Zv‡ì eivZ w`‡q †b`vj

(2011) D‡jøL K‡ib, †ek wKQz cÖPwjZ e¨vs‡Ki m‡½ Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki Zzjbv K‡i †`Lv

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†eø, †R. Ges Kz‡nb, †K. (2003), Conventional Versus Islamic Finance: Student Knowledge and Perception in the United Arab Emirates, B›Uvib¨vkbvj Rvb©vj Ae BmjvwgK wdb¨vwÝqvj mvwf©‡mm, 5(4): 17-30|

Pvcov, Gg. (1992), The Role of Islamic Banks in Non-Muslim Countries, w` Rvb©vj Ae gymwjg gvBbwiwU

A¨v‡dqvm©, 13(2):1-17|

Pvcov, Gg.BD. (2001), Islamic Banking and Finance: The Dream and the Reality, Rvb©vj Ae BmjvwgK

e¨vswKs A¨vÛ wdb¨vÝ, 18(2): 7-39|

`vi, GBP. (2003), n¨vÛeyK Ae B›Uvib¨vkbvj e¨vswKs, P¨vj‡Ubn¨vg, G¨vWIqvW© GjMvi cvewjwks wj:|

nvwbd, Gg. (2011), Differences and Similarities in Islamic and Conventional Banking, B›Uvib¨vkbvj

Rvb©vj Ae weR‡bm A¨vÛ †mvm¨vj mv‡qÝ, 2(2), 168-172|

n¨vib, wW.Gm. Ges Avng`, Gb. (2000), The Effects of Conventional Interest Rates and Rate of Profit on Funds Deposited with Islamic Banking System in Malaysia, B›Uvib¨vkbvj Rvb©vj Ad BmjvwgK wdb¨vwÝqvj

mvwf©‡mm, 1(4), 1-7|

†nv‡mBb, G., Rvwgi, AvB., wµ‡kb, Gb. Ges AveŸvm, Gg. (2011), The Islamic Financial System Alternative. http://www.worldfinancialreview.com/?p=533, 16 gvP© 2014 †bqv n‡q‡Q|

Beªvwng, Gm.GBP.Gg. (2000), The Western Philosophical Assumptions Underlying Conventional (Anglo-American) Accounting, B›Uvib¨vkbvj Rvb©vj Ae BmjvwgK wdb¨vwÝqvj mvwf©‡mm, 2(2), 19-38|


BKevj, †RW. (1997), Islamic Financial Systems, wdb¨vÝ A¨vÛ †Wfjc‡g›U, 42-45|

Kv‡ì, †R.Gg. Ges Avmvi‡cvZv G.†K. (2007), Comparative Financial Performance of Islamic vis a vis Conventional Banks in the UAE,BDGBwek¦we`¨vj‡q2006-2007mv‡j÷z‡W›UwimvP©wm‡¤úvwRqv‡gDc¯’vwcZ wbeÜ|

Kvnd, Gg. (1998), Islamic Banks at the Threshold of the Third Millennium, †mŠw` Avie, AvBAviwUAvB|

Kvwjg, G. Ges Bmv, Gg.Gg. (2003), Casual Relationship Between Islamic and Conventional Banking Instruments in Malaysia, B›Uvib¨vkbvj Rvb©vj Ae BmjvwgK wdb¨vwÝqvj mvwf©‡mm, 4(4), 2-4|

KvqAs, wc.Avi., my, †RW.wc. Ges bvg, wW.WweøD. (2012), A Comparative Study between the Islamic and Conventional Banking Systems and Its Implications, Rvb©vj Ae weR‡bm A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªkb, 2(5), 48-54|

gBb, Gg.Gm. (2008), Performance of Islamic Banking and Conventional Banking in Pakistan: A Comparative Study, University of Skovde-Gi ¯‹zj Ae †UKbjwR A¨vÛ †mvmvBwU‡Z Dc¯’vwcZ gv÷vi wWwMÖ cÖ‡R±|

†b`vj, BwR. (2011), Islamic Banking’s Role in Economic Development: Future Outlook Centre of Islamic Finance, evnivBb, evnivBb BÝwUwUDU Ae e¨vswKs A¨vÛ wdb¨vÝ|

iv‡Rk, †K., AvMviIqvj Ges BD‡md, wU. (2000), Islamic Banks and Investment Financing, Rvb©vj Ae

gvwb, †µwWU A¨vÛ e¨vswKs, 32(1), 93-120|

mvgv`, G. Ges nvmvb, †K. (2000), The performance of Malaysian Islamic Bank During 1984 – 1997: An exploratory study, B›Uvib¨vkbvj Rvb©vj Ae BmjvwgK wdb¨vwÝqvj mvwf©‡mm, 1(3), 1-14|

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miKvi, G. (2000), Islamic Banking in Bangladesh, Performance problems and prospects, B›Uvib¨vkbvj

Rvb©vj Ae BmjvwgK wdb¨vwÝqvj mvwf©‡mm, 1(3)|

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wgwWj B÷vb© ÷vwWR, nvf©vW© BDwbfvwm©wU, c„: 183-188|

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wf‡fiv (2011), Performance Analysis of Indonesian Islamic and Conventional Banks. hhtp://ssrn.com/abstract=1868938 dated 22.09.2011, 22 gvP© 2014 †bqv|

RvBbyj, †RW. Ges Kvwmg, Gm. GBP. (2010), An Analysis of Islamic Banks’ Exposure to Rate of Return Risk, Rvb©vj Ae B‡KvbwgK †Kv-Acv‡ikb A¨vÛ †W‡fjc‡g›U, 31(1), 59-84|

RviKv, Gg. (2003), Islamization of Economics: The Concept and Methodology, Rvb©vj Ae †KGBD:

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Zv AwZwi³ wiev (wiev Avj-dv`j) ev DØ„Ë wiev wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e| Avi Ônv‡Z nv‡ZÕ

(Z_vZvrÿwYK†jb‡`b)kZ©c~iYbvn‡jZv wejw¤^Zwiev(wievAvj-bvwmqvn)ev

ÔF‡Yi wievÕ wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e (Avn‡g`, 20011:31)| G Qvov †m hy‡M Ô¯^‡Y©i wewbg‡q

¯^Y©Õ Ges Ôiæcvi wewbg‡q iæcvÕ Avw_©K †jb‡`‡bi (mvd©) f~wgKv cvjb KiZ (Avn‡g`,

2011:31)| hw` GKB RvZxq wievwq c‡Yï †jb‡`b nq, Zvn‡j Zv n‡Z n‡e GKB

¯’v‡b Ges mgcwigv‡Y (Avn‡g` 2011:31)| hw` wewbgqK…Z c‡Yï cwigv‡Y cv_©K¨

_v‡K Zvn‡j GKB ¯’v‡b wewbgq Kiv n‡jI Zv AwZwi³ wiev (wiev Avj-dv`j) ev

DØ„Ëwievwn‡m‡eMY¨n‡e(Avn‡g`2011:31)|AwZwi³wieviwewawfbœgv‡biGKB

RvZxqcY¨wfbœcwigv‡Ywewbgq‡KIwbwl×K‡i‡Q(†hgbÑfv‡jvgv‡bi†LRy‡iim‡½

Lvivc gv‡bi †LRyi wewbgq wievi AšÍfz©³ n‡e) (Avng` 2011:31)|

wfmv‡iig‡Z,`ywUwb¤œgv‡bi†LRy‡iim‡½GKwUfv‡jvgv‡bi†LRyiwewbg‡qiIci

wb‡lavÁvi‡q‡Q|Z‡eA‡_©iwewbg‡qwb¤œgv‡bi†LRyiwewµGes†mBA_©w`‡qfv‡jvwU

†Kbvi AbygwZ i‡q‡Q (2009:35)| RynvBwj e‡jb, ÒDØ„Ë my` n‡”Q ag©xqfv‡e wbwl×

QqwU cY¨ †hgbÑ †mvbv, iæcv, Mg, he, jeY I ïK‡bv †LRy‡ii g‡a¨ GKB ai‡bi

wRwbm wfbœ cwigv‡Y wewµ (2006:26)|GUv mgRvZxqc‡YïZvrÿwYK †jb‡`‡b

Ômgv‡bmgvbÕbxwZij•Nb|

RynvBwj e¨vL¨v K‡i e‡jb, ÒG ai‡bi wiev wbwl‡×i KviY, GUv †hb ÔF‡Yi wievÕi

ARynvZ wn‡m‡e eëüZ bv nq| †hgbÑ †Kv‡bv †jvK evwK‡Z ^Y© wewµ Kij| Zv‡K †µZv

iæcvq g~j¨ cwi‡kva K‡i ¯^‡Y©i cwigv‡Yi †P‡q †ewk w`‡jv (2006:26)| GKRvZxq

cY¨ Ab¨RvZxq c‡Yï m‡½ wewbgq Ki‡j Zv wiev n‡e bv (†hgbÑ D”P gv‡bi †LRy‡ii

m‡½MgeviæcvGesGiciMgeviæcvim‡½wb¤œgv‡bi†LRyi)(Avn‡g`,2011:32)|


Avey mvB` Avj-Ly`wi (iv.) Ges Avey †nvivBiv (iv.) †_‡K ewY©Z: Avjøvni ivm~j (mv.)

GK e¨w³‡K LvBevi AÂ‡ji kvmbKZ©v wbhy³ Ki‡jb| wZwb Avjøvni ivmy‡ji Rb¨

(LvBevi †_‡K) Lye fv‡jv gv‡bi †LRyi wb‡q Av‡mb| ZLb ivm~j Zv‡K wR‡Ám Ki‡jb,

LvBev‡ii me †LRyiB wK Ggb DËg? wZwb DËi w`‡jb, Avjøvni Kmg, Zv bq| †n

Avjøvni ivm~j Avgiv GB gv‡bi GKQv †LRy‡ii mv‡_ Avgv‡ì `yB Qv †LRyi wewbgq

K‡iwQ Ges Gi `yB Qv-Gi wewbg‡q Avgv‡ì wZb Qv wewbgq K‡iwQ| ZLb Avjøvni

ivm~j ej‡jb, †Zvgiv G iKg Ki‡e bv (KviY, GUv GK ai‡bi BDRvwi), Dfq‡K

GK‡Îwgwk‡q(wb¤œgv‡bim‡½)UvKviwewbg‡qwewµK‡ivGesGici†mBUvKvw`‡q

fv‡jv gv‡bi †LRyi wK‡b bvI (eyLvix, LÐ 3, eB 34, bs 405; Av‡iv †`Lyb, gymwjg,

eB 10, bs 3875) (wfmvi 2009:34)|

nvbvwd I nv¤^wj gvRnv‡ei Bgvg‡ì g‡Z, wewfbœ cwigv‡Y Lv`¨`ªe¨ wewbgq wbwl×

Kivi AvBbMZ KviY n‡jv IRb Ges AvqZb; Bgvg gvwj‡Ki g‡Z, Gi cywógvb Ges

msiÿY‡hvM¨Zv; Ges Bgvg kvdxi g‡Z, my` wbwl× nIqvi wbQK KviY n‡”Q Zv Lv`ë¯‘

(RynvBwj, 2006:39)|

Nvivi

Aviwe kã ÔNviivÕ †_‡K ÔNviviÕ (AwbðqZv) cwifvlvi DrcwË| hvi A_© Qjbv ev

cÖZviYv Kiv| Ryqvi Aviwe kã n‡”Q ÔgvBwmiÕ hv ÔBqvm&mvivÕ kã †_‡K G‡m‡Q| Gi

A_©ˆèmy‡hvMevwebvcwikÖ‡g†Kv‡bvwKQyAR©b(Kvgvwj2000:151)|wewfbœai‡bi

ÔNviviÕ i‡q‡Q: wbLv` dUKvevwR, †hLv‡b my‡hvM ev Ryqvi Ici djvdj wbf©ikxj;

AwbwðZ djvdj, †hLv‡b wewbgqg~j¨ AwbwðZ ev ev¯ÍweK bq; e¯‘i h_v_©Zv †bB

(inexactitude of object); Ges e¯‘i AÁvZ fwel¨r| Kvgvwji g‡Z, dUKvevwR n‡”Q

GgbcÖZ¨vkvq†Kv‡bvm¤ú`†Kbv‡ePv†h,IBm¤ú‡ìg~j¨†_‡KjvfKivimy‡hvM

i‡q‡Q (2000:147)| GUv GK cÿ Ges mvwe©Kfv‡e †MvUv gvbeZvi Kj¨v‡Yi wewbg‡q

Ab¨ c‡ÿi e¯‘MZ myweav jv‡fi Rb¨ cÖZviYvi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i|

Kvgvwjig‡Z,Avj-KziAv‡bgvBwmiwbwl×nIqviKviY,GLv‡bA¯úóIA‰bwZK

cÖ‡jvf‡bi wfwË‡Z `yÕwU c‡ÿi g‡a¨ GKwU bv‡ggvÎ Pzw³ nq| GB Pzw³i gva¨‡g GK

cÿ Ab¨ cÿ‡K jv‡fi Avkv †`q (2000:152)| Ryqvwo cÿ¸‡jv GKwU SuzwK †bq

hv Zv‡ì wbR¯^ m„wó| †hLv‡b cÖvwßi Avkv I nviv‡bvi fq DfqB Ggbfv‡e _v‡K

†h †m¸‡jv Avgv‡ì ¯^vfvweK Rxe‡bi Acwinvh© Ask bq (Kvgvwj, 2000:152)|

Kvgvwj e¨vL¨v K‡ib, †Kv‡bv wewµ-Pzw³‡Z GK cÿ Zvi cvIbv cvq wKš‘ Ab¨ cÿ

cvqbvGes wØZxqcÿGKai‡biSzuwK (gyLvivZ)MÖnYKi‡QhvZv‡KDwØMœGes


ZviAwaKviÿzYœKi‡Q|Zvn‡jIB†Kbv‡ePvqAsk†bqv`yÕcÿBcÖZviYv(Nvivi)I

RyqvqAskwb‡”Qe‡jwe‡ewPZn‡e(2000:154)|Pzw³m¤úwK©ZÁv‡biAfve(e¯‘,

g~j¨, mieiv‡ni mgq), e¯‘i Aw¯ÍZ¡ I n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii mgq wb‡q AwbðqZv Ges Gi djvdj

m¤úwK©ZAwbðqZvid‡jm„óSzuwKim‡½Nvivi‡Km¤úK©hy³Kiv†h‡Zcv‡i|

Pzw³iGgbSzuwK †_‡KNvivi (AwbðqZv)D™¢~Z hv wewµi¯Í¤¢ ID‡Ïk¨‡K nvjKv

K‡i†`q|Avj-Kviwke‡jb,Nviviwbwl‡×i†hŠw³KKviYn‡”Qwewµm¤úbœKivi

AÿgZv,gvby‡lim¤úwËAb¨vqfv‡eMÖvmKiv‡Kevav†`qvmn(AvKjAvj-gvjwej-

evwZj) Pzw³i mZZv Ges wewµ‡Z wewbgqg~‡jï AmgZv Ges m¤¢ve¨ gZwe‡iva I

N„Yv `~ixKiY| Kvgvwj e¨vL¨v K‡ib, ZLbB AwbðqZvi KviY N‡U hLb Pzw³i GKwU

cÿ Zvi cÖvc¨ cvq wKš‘ Ab¨ cÿ Zvi cÖvc¨ cvq bv| hw` wØZxq c‡ÿi AwaKvi me©`v

Ac~Y©_v‡KZvn‡jcÖ_gcÿAb¨vqfv‡eA‡bïm¤úwËMÖvm(AvKjAvj-gvj wej-

evwZj) Kivi Aciv‡a Acivax nq| G ai‡bi AwbwðZ wewµ Ryqv Ges cw›Us (punting) (Avj-wKgvi Iqvj gvBwmi)-Gi AšÍfy©³ n‡q c‡o| hv kixÔAvn&q wbwl× (2000:90)|

Ô†ZvgivG‡KA‡bïm¤úwËAb¨vqfv‡eMÖvm †Kv‡ivbv, †Kej†Zvgv‡ìci¯ú‡ii

m¤§wZ‡Z†heëmvKivnqZvêaÕ(m~ivAvj-wbmv,4:29)|

Kvgvwj †Rvi w`‡q e‡jb, Ryqv ev wKgvi n‡jv, Pzw³e× `ywU c‡ÿi g‡a¨ GKwU jovKz

m¤úK©|`yBcÿB†jvKmv‡biSzuwK†bqGesGKc‡ÿi†jvKmvbgv‡bAb¨c‡ÿi

jvf (2000:151)| Kvgvwj e‡jb, GUv mg-AwaKvi bxwZi j•Nb Ges cviw¯úK

Pzw³i wfwË‡Z GK ai‡bi WvKvwZ| GUv A‡bKUv Wz‡qj jovi g‡Zv; A_©vr, Pzw³ K‡i

GKRb‡K Lyb Kiv (2000:151)|

ÒRyqv‡ZI my‡hvM MÖn‡Yi g‡Zv GKai‡bi Av‡e`b i‡q‡Q Ges Zv gvby‡li Rxe‡bi

ˆbwZKk„•LjvIw¯’wZkxjZvwebóK‡i†`q|GwUe¯‘MZjvfGesAcÖZ¨vwkZcÖvwßi

cÖwZ Ggbfv‡e g‡bv‡hvM AvK…ó K‡i hv A¯^vfvweK Av‡eMcÖeY Ges Zv gvbyl‡K

Ggbfv‡e Avweó K‡i †d‡j †h Zv Rxe‡bi g~jëvb ZrciZvi †cQ‡b †QvUvi g‡bv‡hvM

Ab¨ w`‡K Nywi‡q †`qÓ (Kvgvwj, 2000:151)|

Kvgvwj e¨vL¨v K‡i e‡jb, ÒRyqv gvby‡li g‡a¨ mn‡hvwMZv I åvZ…Z¡‡eva bó K‡i jovKz

I Rqx nIqvi g‡bvfve m„wó K‡i| mf¨Zvi Rb¨ †h ¯^vfvweK cÖwµqv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Zvi m‡½

Gi†Kv‡bvmvgÄm¨†bB|ˆbwZKfv‡eA¯^”QKg©KvÐGiêwkó¨|hvci¯ú‡iig‡a¨

kÎæZvIN„YviexRecbK‡i|GKBm‡½m¤úªxwZ,Ava¨vwZ¥Km‡PZbZvic‡_evav

m„wóGesm„wóKZ©vi¯§iY†_‡KwegyLK‡i†`qÓ(2000:151)|Nviviwbwl×nIqvi

Rb¨ PviwU kZ© c~iY n‡Z n‡e| Nvivi n‡Z n‡e eo, KviY A‡_©i cwigvY ÿz`ª n‡j Zv

†Kv‡bv Pzw³‡K evwZj K‡i bv; Nvivi Aek¨B n‡e GKwU wewbgq Pzw³; Nvivi n‡e Pzw³i


g~jD‡Ï‡kïm‡½m¤úwK©Z,Gim‡½hy³wKQzim‡½bq;GesRb¯^v_©IcÖ‡qvRbxqZvi

†ÿ‡Î Nvivi Aby‡gvw`Z|

Kvgvwje‡jb,ÒNvivin‡jvGKwUe¨vcKwfwËKaviYvGeswewfbœai‡bi†jb‡`‡bGi

wfbœwfbœA_©n‡Zcv‡i(2011:84)|D`vniY¯îƒc,GKwUPzw³ig‡a¨BcÖej,gvSvwi

I `ye©j Nvivi _vK‡Zcv‡i| wewfbœ avivi gZevÌcwÐZ‡ìg‡ZcÖwZwU NviviB

êaIA‰ean‡Zcv‡i|gvIwqjB‡¾w`be¨vL¨vK‡ie‡jb:Ò(Nviviwel‡q)wewfbœ

ai‡bi Pzw³ ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i Gi Ici wb‡lavÁvi e¨vcv‡i wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nIqv hvq|

mnRvZfv‡e hv Nvivi Zv wbwl×, †hgbÑ cwigvc Kiv hvq Ggb wKQzi m‡½ cwigvc Kiv

hvq bv Ggb wKQz wewbgq gvwKj, wbwl×, ïK‡bv †LRy‡ii m‡½ ZvRv †LRy‡ii wewbgq

wbwl× (2004:74)|

Pzw³i †PZbv I D‡Ï‡kï g‡aÏ Nvivi (AwbðqZv) cwijwÿZ n‡Z cv‡i| Pzw³i

†PZbvq ZLbB Nvivi m„wó nq hLb GKwUi g‡a¨ ywU wewµ _v‡K| †hgbÑ WvD›U-†c‡g›U

†mj (Avieyb) Ges KwÛkbvj †mj A_ev †cej (pebble), UvP (touch) ev Um (toss) †mj|†hLv‡bwewµwbf©iK‡i†Kv‡bvm¤úK©nxbNUbviIci|¯’wMZ(gyqvjøvK)wewµ,

†hLv‡b wewµm¤úbœnIqv †Kv‡bvh`„”QNUbvidjvd‡jiIci wbf©iK‡i|fwel¨r

wewµ, †hLv‡b wewbgqg~‡jï Rb¨ fwel¨‡Z mieiv‡ni NUbv NU‡e| Ges F‡Yi wewbg‡q

FY wewµ ev evB Avj-Kvwj we Avj-Kvwj|

Kvgvwje‡jb,†cej,UvPIUmwewµi†ÿ‡Î(Avj-gyjv¤§vmvIqvjgybvev`v)†hgbÑ

†Kv‡bv cïi M‡f© _vKv Ae¯’vq Zvi ev”Pv wewµ (nvevj Avj-nvevjv), A_ev dj cvKvi

Av‡M Zv wewµ, A`„k¨ wKQz wewµ, ARvbv wKQz wewµ (evB Avjgv`yg Iqvj-gvRûj)

Ges Ggb wKQz wewµ hv we‡µZv mieivn Ki‡Z cv‡i bvÑ G¸‡jv wbwl×| KviY GLv‡b

A‡bïm¤ú`MÖvmKivig‡ZvSzuwK†_‡Khvq(2000:90)|Avieybwewµn‡jvGgb

wewµ †hLv‡b †µZv `v‡gi wKQz Ask we‡µZvi Kv‡Q AvMvg Rgv iv‡L| wKš‘, kZ© _v‡K

†h †µZv hw` Pzw³ ev¯Íevq‡b e¨_© nq Zvn‡j we‡µZv AvMvg Rgvi A_© ev‡Rqvß Ki‡e

Ges †m Zv wb‡q †b‡e (Kvgvwj, 2000:90)|

cÖkœ Avm‡Zcv‡i †h, Dcwi D³me¸‡jv cÖwµqv‡ZBA‰eafv‡e m¤úÀvZ¥mv‡Zi

welqwU RwoZ wK bv Ges hw` Zv-B nq Zvn‡j wewµwU A‰ea| G ai‡bi †jb‡`b Ryqv

wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e (Kvgvwj, 2000:154)| Pzw³K…Z e¯‘, e¯‘wUi g‡a¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i

Ggbe¯‘m¤ú‡K©AÁZv,e¯‘iaibA_ev¸YvewjIêwk‡óïg‡aÏNvivi_vK‡Z

cv‡i|e¯‘iaib,cÖRvwZ,¸Y,e¯‘icwigvY,e¯‘iwbw`©ócwiPq,wejw¤^Zwewµi†ÿ‡Î

g~j¨cwi‡kv‡aimgqm¤ú‡K©AÁZv_vK‡Zcv‡i;e¯‘n¯ÍvšÍ‡iAÿgZv;Aw¯ÍZ¡nxb

†Kv‡bv e¯‘i m‡½ mshyw³ Ges e¯‘wU †`L‡Z bv cvIqv (AvBqye 2007:60)|


GgbwK Pzw³i mKj kZ© c~iY nIqvi ciI e¯‘wU †`L‡Z †c‡Z n‡e| Aw¯ÍZ¡nxb e¯‘i

†ÿ‡Î NU‡Z cv‡i Ggb PviwU KviY †`wL‡q‡Qb Be‡b KvBqy¨g Ges mvbûwi: (1) e¯‘wU

A¼zwiZ Ae¯’vq i‡q‡Q wKš‘ c‡i c~Y©ZvcÖvß nq; (2) Pzw³ ¯^vÿ‡ii mgq e¯‘wUi Aw¯ÍZ¡

_v‡K bv, wKš‘ fwel¨‡Z Aek¨B Aw¯ÍZ¡ jvf Ki‡e; (3) Pzw³ ¯^vÿ‡ii mgq e¯‘wUi

Aw¯ÍZ¡ _v‡K bv, Avevi fwel¨‡Z Aw¯ÍZ¡ jvf Ki‡e wK bv ZvI AwbwðZ; Ges (4)

Pzw³ ¯^vÿ‡ii mgq e¯‘i Aw¯ÍZ¡ _v‡K bv Ges fwel¨‡ZI Zv Aw¯ÍZ¡ jvf Ki‡e Ggb

AvkvI †bB|

Kvgvwji g‡Z, GB Pvi Ae¯’vi g‡a¨ †kl `ywU‡Z AwbðqZv AwZgvÎvq Ges Zv Pzw³‡K

A‰ea K‡i (2000:91)| Kvgvwj e¨vL¨v K‡ib, ÒcÖ_g `ywU †ÿ‡Î Be‡b KvBqy¨g

Ges mvbûwi `yÕR‡bB g‡b K‡ib †h Nvivi AwZ bMY¨| ZvB, Dfq †ÿ‡Î wewµ êa

(2000:91)| AvBqye e‡jb, AwbðqZv Gov‡bvi Rb¨ Bmjvgx AvBb †hme †ÿ‡Î

wewµi ÿgZv cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡iÑ (1) êa †jb‡`‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Ggb wRwbm, hvi

†Kvb Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB; (2) e¯‘i Aw¯ÍZ¡ Av‡Q wKš‘ Zv we‡µZvi gvwjKvbvq †bB A_ev hvi

cÖvwß mnRjf¨ n‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq bv; (3) Ggb wRwb‡mi †jb‡`b, hvi mieivn

Ig~j¨cwi‡kvaAwbwðZ(2007:60)|Pzw³ikZ©Gese¯‘m¤ú‡K©AÁZvGese¯‘i

Abycw¯’wZ Nvivi m„wó K‡i|

kixÔAvn&g‡Z,SuzwKAvjv`vfv‡ewewµKivhvqbv,KviYGwUm¤ú`bq|g~j¨w`‡qe¯‘

m¤ú‡K©AÁZvGesGiAw¯ÍZ¡nxbZviÿwZc~iYnqbvGesAvjv`vfv‡eSzuwKi†Kv‡bv

g~j¨ wba©viY I Zv wewµ Kiv hvq bv| wKš‘, eëmvmswkøó SzuwKi g~j¨ wba©viY Kiv hvq

Ges wewµ Kiv hvq (hy_e× SzuwK)| welqwU‡K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z wM‡q Kvgvwj †`Lvb †h,

cYëvQvB‡qi¯^vaxbZv_vK‡jwewµêa|hwÌwewbgqg~‡jïGKwU‡Zïayeiv‡Ïi

AwaKvi A_ev †Kv‡bv myweav, †mev ev DRydiv³ (gvbdvn) Pzw³i mgq hvi †Kv‡bv

mywbw`©óev¯ÍeZvIAw¯ÍZ¡_v‡KbvA_P¯úk©‡hvMë¯‘evgv‡jig‡ZvBGUv†Kbv‡ePv

Kiv hvqÓ (2009:194)| Aek¨ G wb‡q gymwjg eyw×Rxex Ges Bmjvgx AvBwb e¨vL¨vi

wewfbœavivi(gvhnve)g‡a¨weZK©i‡q‡Q|

Kvgvwj Av‡iv e‡jb, ÒBgvg kvwd I nv¤^wj DRydiv³‡K m¤ú‡ì msÁvq AšÍfz©³

K‡i‡Qb; wKš‘ Bgvg Avey nvwbdv I gvwjKx Zv K‡ibwb| Kvgvwji g‡Z cQ›`g‡Zv g~j¨

A_evwKw¯ÍmvaviYZbMÀ‡_©cwi‡kvaKivnq|G†ÿ‡Îg~j¨wUn‡jvm¤ú`(gvj)

(2000:201)| wewµ Pzw³i †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡Z¨K cÿ wewbgqg~j¨, weµx cY¨ Ges g~j¨ cv‡eb|

G‡K ÔKve&`Õ I ÔZvKvey`Õ ejv nq| we‡µZv Aek¨B cY¨ (Zvmwjg) n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡e Ges

†µZv Zv AwaKv‡i †b‡e (Kve&`)| mvjvg I BmwZmbvi †ÿ‡Î ÔKve&`Õ-Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q gvby‡li cÖ‡qvR‡bi ZvwM‡` (Kvgvwj, 2009:122)|


wfmv‡ii g‡Z, ÒNvivi wbwl× Kivi A_© n‡jv, eëmvwqK Askx`viiv †jb‡`‡b cÖ¯ÍvweZ

mwVKwewbgqg~j¨m¤ú‡K©AewnZn‡ebÓ(2009:45)|KvgvwjÔNviviÕ‡KcÖavbPviwU

fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| G¸‡jv n‡jv, wewµZe¨ e¯‘i Aw¯Í‡Z¡i m‡½ hy³ AwbðqZv A_ev

GicÖvc¨Zv,cwigvYm¤úwK©ZAwbðqZvGesme©‡k‡l,mgvwßKvjImieiv‡nie¨vcv‡i

AwbðqZv| wfmvi e‡jb, AwbðqZv ev Nvivi Gov‡bvi Rb¨, Òwewµi e¯‘ Ges g~j¨

Df‡qi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Ges Pzw³e× cÿ¸‡jv †h mieiv‡n mÿg Zv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e; Ges

cwigvY, gvb I fwel¨‡Z mieiv‡ni ZvwiL mywbw`©ó Ki‡Z n‡e (2009:45)| wfmvi

Av‡iv g‡b K‡ib †h, ÒGKRb we‡µZv/A_©vqbKvix †Kv‡bv e¯‘ wewµ ev BRviv †`qvi

Av‡M Zvi gvwjKvbv jvf Ki‡Z n‡e, myZivs e¯‘wUi Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vK‡Z n‡e (2009:75)|

†KD †Kv‡bv wRwbm wewµi Av‡M Zv‡K wewµZe¨ wRwbmwUi gvwjK ev MVbg~jK †fvM`Lj

(Kve&`) Ki‡Z n‡e|

Nvivi-Gi Av‡iKwU êwkó¨ Pzw³MZ RwUjZvi m‡½ hy³| GKvwaK †jb‡`b GKwU Pzw³i

AvIZvq _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv| ZvB GKB Pzw³‡Z `ywU wewµi †jb‡`b wbwl×| Gi D`vniY

wn‡m‡e wfmvi D‡jøL K‡ib, GKwU wewµ Ges GKwU BRviv (wjR) †jb‡`b GKB m‡½

GKwU Pzw³‡Z _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv (2000:75)| welqwU e¨vL¨v K‡i wfmvi e‡jb, gymwjg

AvBbÁiv Nvivi-Gi Ici wb‡lavÁv‡K wewbg‡q b¨vh¨Zv ev evRv‡i b¨vh¨g~j¨ eRvq

ivLvi wb‡`©k e‡j g‡b K‡ib (2009:47)| †Kv‡bv Pzw³‡Z Ave× nIqvi Av‡M Dfq

cÿ evRvig~j¨mn mswkøó me Z_¨ cy‡ivcywi AewnZ n‡eb (wfmvi, 2009:47)|

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Z_¨m~Î

Avn‡g`, nvwee (2011), Product Development in Islamic Banks, GwWbevM©, GwWbevM© BDwbfvwm©wU †cÖm|

Avn‡g`, nvwee (2012), A Different Perspective on the Financial Crisis, †ccvim Ae WvqvjM, A¨v‡RbwRqv

BZvwjqv, 18-19|

Pvcov, †gvnv¤§` Igi (2008), The Islamic Vision of Development in the Light of Maqasid al-Shari’ah,

jÛb, B›Uvib¨vkbvj BÝwUwUDU Ae BmjvwgK _U|

†PŠayix, gvmy`yj Avjg (2007), The Islamic World System, A Study in Polity-Market Interaction, wm½vcyi,

Iqvì© mv‡qw›UwdK cvewjwks †Kvs, wcwUB, wj:|

w`‡qb, gvDBj Bw¾ (2004), Islamic Law, From Historical Foundations to Contemporary Practice, BwÛqvbv, BDwbfvwm©wU Ae bUi †Wg †cÖm|

Avwmivd IqvwRw` `ymywK Ges mvC` ey‡nivDqv, Objectives of the Shari’ah and Its Implications for Islamic Finance, AvBGmAviG wimvP© †ccvi bs 22/2011|

Kvgvwj, †gvnv¤§` nvwkg (2011), Shari’ah Law: An Introduction, A·‡dvW©, Bsj¨vÛ, Iqvb Iqvì© cvewj‡KkÝ|

Kvgvwj, †gvnv¤§` nvwkg (2000), Islamic Commercial Law, K¨vgweªR, BmjvwgK †U·U †mvmvBwU|

mv`vjøvn, wiav (2009), Concept of Time in Islamic Economics, AvBAviwUAvB wimvP© †ccvi, 81-102|

Dmgvwb, gydwZ ZwK (2000), Introduction to Islamic Finance, `viæj Djyg, KivwP|

wfmvi, n¨vÝ (2009), Islamic Finance Principles and Practice, GWIqvW© GjMvi, BD‡K|

wfmvi, n¨vÝ (2006), Islamic Law and Finance: Religion, Risk, and Return, wj‡Wb, weªj|

Avj-KziAvb|

RynvBwj, †kL Iqvnev (2006), The Juridicial Meaning of Riba, in Interest in Islamic Economics, (c„: 25-52), _gvm iæU‡jR, wbD BqK©|

%PMYJ[ H YVZ April 2015.pdf · April 2015 A Journal Published by Public Relations Division Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited ... Zviv wiev I BDRvwii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Ges wievi ... GwU

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