2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^{_p-hcn 1 2010 P\phcn ˛ s^{_p-hcn
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
1
2010 P\phcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
22010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
3
BapJw
ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Ønse ]pXp-Im-gvN-Iƒ A\p-
-hn-∏n°p∂ Hcp e°-am-Wn-Xv. hyXy-kvX-hn-j-b-ß-
fpsS hyXykvX BJym-\-ß-fm-W-h. kmln-Xy-
Øns‚ \h-h¿Ø-am-\-߃ ]T\kz`m-h-tØmsS
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ teJ-\-߃ kmlnXy Ncn-X-
Øns‚ `mK-ambn amdp-sa∂v hniz-kn-°p∂p. ]pXp-
h¿j-Øns‚ Bcw- -Øn¬ Cu e°hpw ]pØ≥
hmb\m\p- hw kΩm-\n-°pw.
sI.-C.-F≥.
Sahityalokam Literary bi-monthly in MalayalamVol.37. No.1 2010 January - FebruaryCover Design : Vinaylal Edited, Printed and Published by Purushan Kadalundi on behalf of KeralaSahitya Akademi,Thrissur-680020. Printed by Santhi Bhavan Offset, Thrissur-7 Registered withthe Registrar of Newspapers, India under R.N. 17137/69. Rs.20/-
kmln-Xy-temIw ssZzam-knI. ]pkvXIw 37 e°w 1 2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
Ih¿ Unssk≥ : hn\-bvem¬ en]n-hn-\ym-khpw A®-Sn-\n¿∆-l-Whpw: im¥n- -h≥ Hm vsk-‰v,
Xr»q¿. hne : 20 cq].
kmln-Xy-temIw2010 P\p-hcn s^_p-hcn
]pkvXIw 37 e°w 1
]Xm-[n-]-k-anXn
]kn-U≠v
Fw. apIp-µ≥
skI-´dn & FUn-‰¿
]pcp-j≥ IS-ep≠n
FUn-‰¿ C≥Nm¿÷v
sI.-C.-F≥. Ip™lΩZv
AwK߃
sI.-]n. cma-\pÆnhnP-b-e£van
cmhpÆnAtim-I≥ Ncp-hn¬
k_v FUn-‰¿
hn.-F≥. Atim-I≥
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
42010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
5
]pXnb Ime-Øns‚ IY-Iƒ
tUm. sI.-F-kv. chn-Ip-am¿
IY-sb-∂√ GXp cN-\bpw Ime-_-≤-am-Wv.
Ime-Øns‚ kqN-\-Iƒ H∂p-an√ F∂p -\-Sn-°p-∂-
h-bnepw ]tcm-£-am-bn A-Xp≠m-hpw. BJym\][m-
\-amb cN-\-bm-hp-tºmƒ AXn¬ Ime-apZ ]Xn-bm-
\p≈ km[yX Gsd-bm-Wv. Pohn-X-ap-lq¿Ø-ß-
sfbpw hy‡nNnX-ß-sfbpw Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-tºmƒ,
ÿekq-N-\bpw Ncn-X-kq-N-\bpw \¬Ip-tºmƒ,
CsXm-s°-°qSn tN¿∂p cq]-s∏-Sp∂ bmYm¿Yy-
Øns‚ Bhn-jvIm-c-Øn¬ Hs° AXv A`n-hy-‡-
ae-bm-f-Ønse F-gp-Øns‚ buh\w AXns‚
sshhn-[y-ß-sfbpw B`n-apJyßsfbpw _e-
Zu¿_-ey-ß-sfbpw ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv ]pXnb
IY-I-fn¬ ImWmw. apºv Nne Ime-ß-fn¬
I≠p-h-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ hy‡-ambpw Bg-
Ønepw temIm-\p- -h-ß-tfmSv ]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂-
h-bmWv ]pXp-I-Y-Iƒ. ae-bmf sNdp-I-Y-bpsS
h¿Ø-am-\-Imew hne-bn-cp-Øp∂ ]T-\w.
D≈-S°w
teJ-\-߃
]pXnb Ime-Øns‚ IY-Iƒ 5 tUm. sI.-F-kv. chn-Ip-am¿\qdpsIm√w ]n∂n´ sIme-]m-XIw 16 Fkv.-sI.-h-k-¥≥
Xmsamgn Imhy-t_m[w 25 tUm. kn.-B¿. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥BKm-f-h-evXvI-c-Whpw
kmwkvIm-cnI ]Xn-k-‘nbpw 42 tUm. Fw. IrjvW≥\-ºp-Xncns]Æpw ]Ir-Xnbpw 51 _n.-B¿. kptajv
amhn-I-X-bpsS k¶o¿Ø-\-߃ 65 hn.-bp. kptc-µ≥kwkv°mc ]T-\hpw
kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\hpw 72 tcJ ]n.Nne `mjmNcnX ktµ-l-߃ 84 tUm. jo_ Fw. Ipcn-b≥
_n. apc-fn-bpsS IY-I-fnsecmjvSobw 98 tUm. cmtPjv Fw.-B¿.
kwkv°mchpw kmln-Xyhpw 108 tUm. sI.-sI. inh-ZmkvIY
FUvK¿ Gen-bmkv AYhmBZm-ans‚ aI≥ _m_p 118 iIp-¥f ]n.
Ihn-X-Iƒam¿°-WvtVbw 131 Fw.-Fw. kNo-µ≥
OnZw 132 ju°-Ø-eo-Jm≥shbn¬ 133 _ntPmbv Nµ≥
kpthm-fPn 134 kn.-F-kv. Pb-N-µ≥KŸ-\n-cq-]Ww
Xqen-I-Øp-ºn-se-ØmØ Imcy-⁄X 135 Fw.-B¿. Nµ-ti-J-c≥Xpd-s∂-gpØv 138 Ie
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
62010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
7
am-Ip-∂p. cN\ kmt¶-Xn-I -kz- m-h-Øn¬ bmYm-X-Y-XzsØ AXn-h¿Øn-
°p-∂-h-bm-bmepw C°m-cy-Øn¬ am‰-an√.
Ie-≠¿ IW-°n¬ CXv Ccp-]sØm∂mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-Z-i-I-
Øns‚ A¥yw. sNdnb Ime-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ henb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ap-≠m-bn-
s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ L´w. am‰-߃°v IÆ©n°p∂ thKw. B ]cn-Wm-a-
Øn-\n-S-bn¬ am\p-jy-I-Øns‚ tNmZ-\-Ifpw aqey-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈
kwL¿j-Øns‚ aq¿®bpw IqSp-∂p. Pohn-Xm-h-ÿ-Isf ]cn-
h¿Ø\hnt[-b-am-°p-∂-Xn¬ kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zybpw kmº-Øn-I-I-ahpw
henb ]¶phln-°p-∂p. hnhchn\n-abcwKsØ AXn-Zp-X -]-cn-Wm-a-
ßfpw temI-X-e-Øn-ep≈ cmjvSob˛kmº-ØnI ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw
CXns‚ kz`m-hsØ \n¿W-bn-°p-∂p. Cß-s\-bp≈ temIm-h-ÿ-bpsS
\Sp-hn¬ \n∂psIm≠m-Wv- -A-Xn-t\m-sS√mw kIn-b-ambn ]Xn-I-cn-®p-sIm-
≠m-Wv- -a-e-bm-f- -sN-dp-IY h¿Ø-am\sØ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
ae-bm-f-Ønse F-gp-Øns‚ buh\w AXns‚ sshhn-[y-ß-sfbpw
B`n-apJyßsfbpw _e-Zu¿_-ey-ß-sfbpw ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv ]pXnb
IY-I-fn¬ ImWmw. apºv Nne Ime-ß-fn¬ I≠p-h-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ hy‡-
ambpw Bg-Ønepw temIm-\p- -h-ß-tfmSv ]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂-h-bmWv ]pXp-
I-Y-Iƒ. F∂m¬ AXv Pohn-X-Øns‚ ]pdw-t]mf-I-fn¬ A`n-c-an-°pI
amX-a-√, AtX kabw B¥-cnI bmYm¿Yy-Øn-te°v IS∂psN√p-
∂pIqSnbp-≠v. B \ne-bn-emWv h¿Ø-am-\-ImeIY-Iƒ Ime-k-XysØ
Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Hmtcm IYm-IrØpw kmaq-ln-Im-\p- -h-Øn\v sshb-
‡n-Im-\p- -h-Øns‚ aq¿ØX \¬Ip-∂p. BJym\-Øn¬ AXv kmam-
\ym-\p- -hsØ khn-ti-jm-\p- hw B°n-Øo¿°p-∂p. Cu LS-I-Øn¬
]I-S-am-Ip∂ sshNn-Xy-ß-fmWv C∂sØ IY-I-fpsS kmaq-lntIm∑pJ-
Xsb ]c-º-cm-KXIY-I-fpsS coXn-bn¬\n∂v Hs´ms° hyXy-kvX-am-°p-
∂-Xv.
\nXyPo-hn-Xm-\p- -h-Øns‚ B¿Zhpw ]cp-jhpw hnt£m- -I-c-hp-amb
hnXm-\-߃ AXns‚ hn`n∂ \ne-hm-c-ß-fn¬ C∂sØ IY-I-fn¬ A\p-
-h-th-Zy-am-Ip-∂p. a\pjy_‘-ßsf \ncm¿Z-am-°p∂ kzm¿∞-]-cX
Pohn-X-km-l-N-cyhim¬ h¿[n®phcp∂ Ime-am-Wn-Xv. ]t£ B Ah-
ÿ-bnepw AKm-[-amb Nne B¿Zm-\p- h-߃ ]mcp-jy-Øns‚ CS-ap-f-
bmbn s]m´n hf-cp-∂Xv Nne cN-\-Iƒ Im´n-Ø-cp-∂p. NcnXw Bh-iy-
s∏-Sp∂ ]mI-s∏-S-en\pw hyhÿmhXvI-c-W-Øn\panS-bn¬ AXn-s\-
sb√mw AXn-Po-hn®v B¥ct]c-W-bv°n-Wßn Pohn-°p∂ Nne a\p-
jy-Nn-X-߃ sXfn-bp-∂p. B Ah-ÿ-bnepw amdn-h-cp∂ Nne kvt\l-
I-W--߃ D≠v. Ah-bpsS kv\nKv≤-X, Ahym-tJy-bX ]pXnb IYm-Ir-
Øp-°-fpsS Nne cN-\-I-fn¬ ImWmw. Aßs\ Ah-ÿm-ssh-NnXy-
Øn-s‚bpw `mh-ssh-]p-ey-Øn-s‚bpw BJym\sshhn-[y-Øns‚bpw
]mXn-\n[yw hln-°p-∂-h-bm-Ip∂p Cu sNdp-I-Y-Iƒ.
Iebpw Iem-Im-c\pw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w, Iem-kr-jvSnbpw kaq-l-
Øns‚ Bkzm-Z-\-kz- mhhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w XpS-ßnb ka-ky-Iƒ
Nne Fgp-Øp-Im¿ ]ta-b-am-°n-bn- p-≠v. Imcq¿\o-e-I-WvT-]n-≈-bpsS ac-
∏m-h-Iƒ, hn ]n inh-Ip-am-dns‚ ]XnjvT XpS-ßnb IY-Iƒ Cu C\-
Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv. B K-W-hp-ambn _‘s∏SpØm-hp∂ cN-\-bmWv
_n apc-fn-bpsS JPp-cm- tlm. Iem-kr-jvSnsb Hcp km[m-cW kµ¿ -
Øn¬ ImWp-tºmƒ tXm∂p∂ ]Xo-Xn-bm-I-W-sa-∂n-√ hyXy-kvX-amb
kml-N-cy-Øn¬ ImWp-tºmƒ D≠m-Ip-∂Xv. \nXy-ss\-an-ØnI Pohn-
XØns‚ Hgp-°n¬s∏´pt]mIp-tºm-ƒ ]e-t∏mgpw i≤-bn¬s∏-SmØ
Nne am\-߃ khn-ti-j-amb A¥-co-£-Ønse Bkzm-Z-\-Øn¬ e`n-
®psh∂p-h-cmw. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ Ie-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ hn`n-∂-Im-gvN-∏m-
Sp-I-fn¬ H∂m-Wv AXns‚ AXn-µob-X. B Awi-Øns‚ FSp-Øp-Im-
´¬ Cu IY-bn¬ D≠v. ]tXy-In®pw B[p-\n-I- -D-Ø-cm-[p\nI IY-
bn¬ A¥¿ -hn-®n-cn-°p∂ hn`m-¥-amb am\-kn-I- m-h-ß-fpsS Bhn-jvIm-
csØ \oXn-aXv°-cn-°p∂ Xew Cu IY-bv°p-≠v. AXn\v ASn-h-c-bn-
Sm≥ ]mI-Øn¬ ]i-kvX- t]m∏v Kmbn-I-bmb _n v\n kv]ntb¿kns‚
Hcp ]cm-a¿iw apJ-°p-dn-∏mbn sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. thZn-bn¬ A]-kvamcw
_m[n-®-Xp-t]mse BSn-∏m-Sm-dp≈ Ah-cpsS `m¥-amb Ne-\-ßsf Ipsd-
°qSn hn`m-¥- m-h-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n® Hcp in¬∏w kΩm-\n-®-bm-tfmSv
"F\n-°nXp th≠, \n߃ as‰-hn-sS-sb-¶nepw sIm≠phbv°q' F∂v
B KmbnI ]d-bp-∂-XmWv hmIy-߃. C¥y≥ NnX-I-e-bpsS Hcp hcn-
jvT-ap-J-amWv JPp-cmtlm t£X-in¬∏-߃. F∂m¬ B in¬∏-ß-
fpsS A`n-cm-a-amb wKn-I-f-√, ]c-º-cm-KX ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ t\m°p-tºmƒ
hne£W-sat∂m hn«Y-sat∂m hncq-]-sat∂m ]d-bm-hp∂ Nne B[p-
\nI Iem-c-N-\-Iƒ°p-≈-Xv. khn-ti-j-amb A¥-co-£-Øn¬, kµ¿ -
Øn¬, ho£W-tIm-Sn-bn¬ AØcw cN-\-Iƒ `mhi‡nbpw Iem-fl-
I-Xbpw ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn A\p- -h-s∏-Spw. ChnsS AXp-h-scbpw
BJym-Xmhv AK-Wy-ambn Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂, X\n°v Akw-th-Z-\o-b-sa∂p
hnNm-cn-®n-cp∂ hn«Y in¬∏-߃ cmXn-bpsS hnP-\hpw \njv]-µ-hp-amb
Hcp aplq¿Ø-Øn¬ ]pXnb kwth-Z-\-߃ DW¿Øp-∂-Xns‚ Zriy-am-
Wp-≈-Xv. _mly-X-e-Øn¬ in¬∏- -NnX ]Z¿i-\-tØmSpw a‰pw _‘-
s∏´ Nne A\p-jvTm-\-co-Xn-Isf \¿a-kv p-cn-X-ambn´mWv Ah-X-cn-∏n-
°p-∂-sX-¶nepw AXn-\-∏p-dØv Iem-\p- -h-Øns‚ A\-\yXsb AXv
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
82010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
9
KmVambn Bhn-jvI-cn-°m≥ ian-°p-∂p. hnti-jn®pw _mly-X-e-Øn¬
Aaq¿Ø-sa∂p tXm∂p-∂ -I-em-kr-jvSn-Iƒ°pw B¥-cnI Xe-Øn¬
Pohn-X-Øn¬ thtcm´ap≠v F∂ kXy-Øn-te°v AXv D∑pJ-am-Ip-∂p.
as‰mcp LSIw F√m-X-c-Ønepw km[m-c-W-°m-c≥ F∂ ]Xo-Xn-
\¬Ip∂ BJym-Xm-hnt‚XmWv. temUvPvhmknbmb km[m-cW F≥
Pn H Bb Abmƒ°v t\cmw-hÆw ]Xw hmbn-°m≥t]mepw Ign-bm-dn-
√. \m´nse hkvXp-X¿°w, ho´nse a‰w-K-߃°p-≠mb Akp-Jw F∂n-
h-bm-bn-cp∂p kplr-Øns‚ NnX-]-Z¿i-\-\m-fp-I-fn¬ Abm-fpsS
a\kn¬ Akz-ÿX ]I¿∂p \nd-™p-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. Iebpw \nXyPo-
hnX]iv\-ßfpw Hcp km[m-c-W-°m-cs‚ apºn¬ hcp-tºmƒ GXn-\mWv
]m[m\yw F∂-Im-cy-Øn¬ Chn-sS -I-Ym-Ir-Øn\v kwi-b-an√. B
bmYm¿Yy-sØ-°qSn Cu IY A- nhy-‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v. IY-bnse in¬∏n
Hcp kµ¿ -Øn¬ BJym-Xm-hn-t\mSv ]d-bp-∂p-≠v, Xs‚ cN\ at\m-hn-
`m-¥n-\n-d™ k¶¬]-Øn¬ \n∂v D≠m-b-XmsW∂pw Ah leq-knt\-
j≥ krjvSn-°p-sa-∂pw. F∂m¬ bmYm¿Yyw Xs∂ AXns‚ D®m-h-
ÿ-bn¬ hn -a-am-bn-Øo-cp∂ A\p- -h-amWv F∂ \ne-]mSpIqSn Cu
IY-bn¬ sXfn-bp-∂p-≠v.
ka-ImenIPohn-X-Øns‚ cmjvSo-bhpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb
kwL¿j-_n-µp-°sf tIµo-I-cn®v A]-am-\-ho-I-cn-°-s∏´ a\p-jy-Po-
hn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ IY-Iƒ ]eXpw ]pXnb IYm-Ir-Øp-°ƒ Fgp-Xp-
∂p-≠v. s]m≈p∂ ka-Im-enI]iv\-߃ Aßs\ sNdp-I-Y-I-fn¬
Xo£vW-ambn ]iv\-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. kt¥mjv G®n-°m-\-Øns‚
tUhnUvPn tImUv Cu KW-Øn¬s∏´ sNdp-I-Y-bm-Wv. tIc-f-Øn¬
hf¿∂p ]¥-en®pIgn™ qam- n-b-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ IY-Iƒ ]eXpw \nc-
¥cw ]X-]w-‡n-I-fn¬ akm-e]p-c- p∂ Ime-am-Wn-Xv. Dd-∏p≈ \nt£]w
F∂ \ne-bn¬ `qan hmßn-°q- p∂ I≈-∏-W-°mcpw sI´n-S-\n¿am-Xm-
°fpw Z√m-f-∑mcpw Hs°-°qSn tN¿∂p≈ hnj-a-hr-Ø-am-W-Xv. aÆn\v
s]m∂nt\-°mƒ hne hcp∂ C∂sØ ImeØv iq\y-X-bn¬ \n∂v ]c-
a-\n-kz-∑m¿ alm-]- p-°-fm-bn-Øo¿∂ am¥n-I-I-Y-Iƒ Cu temI-sØ-
°p-dn®v D≠m-Ip-∂p. Aßs\ IY-bnse hnt\m-Z-s\-t∏m-se-bp≈ ]pXnb
kmº-Øn-I-h¿Kw Db¿∂p-h-cp-∂p. Cu kml-N-cy-Øns‚ adp-]pdw
t\cmb am¿K-Øn¬ A[zm-\n®p Pohn-°p-∂-h¿°v Ah-cpsS G‰hpw
henb kz]v\-amb CØncn- aÆpw AXn-semcp sNdp-hoSpw F∂ kz]v\w
km£m¬°-cn-°m≥ Ign-bmsX t]mIp∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. Cu c≠-h-ÿ-
I-fpsS kwL¿j-sØ-bmWv tUhnUvPn tImUv F∂ sNdp-IY kam-
¥-co-I-cn-®m-hn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kao-]-Im-eØv Gsd-N¿® sNøs∏´ Um≥
_uWns‚ Umhn©n tImUv F∂ t\mh-ep-ambn ]mTm-¥-c-_‘w
krjvSn-®mWv Cu IYbv°v ]ta-b-]-c-amb Bghpw BJym-\-]-c-amb
sshNn-Xyhpw IYm-IrØv \¬Ip-∂-Xv. io¿jIw apX¬ Bcw- n-°p∂
Cu A]-c-X-e-Øns‚ km∂n[yw Cu IYm-Ir-Øns‚ A`n-a-X-amb cN-
\m-X-¥-am-Ip-∂p.
km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ \n m-c-sa∂p tXm∂p∂ Nne Imcy-߃
hmkvX-h-Øn¬ hfsc Kuc-h-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. Bcp-aXv Dds° ]d-bm-dn-s√-
t∂-bp-≈q. CØcw AcnIpkXy-ß-fmbn am‰n \ndp-Øp∂ Hcp ASn-
ÿm-\-bm-Ym¿YysØ ]ta-b-am-°p∂ IY-bmWv ]nb F Fkns‚ hb-
e‰v ]q®-Iƒ°v iq h-bv°m≥ tXm∂p-tºmƒ. ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ X≈n-°-
f-bs∏´n-cp∂ Acn-Ip-k-Xy-߃°v ]ta-b-]-c-amb kmwKXyw e`n-°p∂p
F∂-XmWv ka-Im-enI sNdp-I-Y-bpsS Hcp khn-ti-j-X. AXn-thKw
Hscm‰ \K-c-Km-a-ambn amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ tIc-f-Øn¬ amX-a√ C¥y-
bn¬ an°-bn-SØpw bmX-sN-øp-∂-h¿°v kuI-cy-]q¿hw hrØn-bp≈
kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ ]mY-anI IrXy-߃ \n¿h-ln-°m≥ D≈ kwhn-[m-\-
an√ F∂-Xm-Wv kXyw. CXns‚ ZpcnXw Gsd A\p- -hn-°p-∂Xv kvXoI-
fm-Wv. Cu hnjbw ][m-\-am-sW-¶nepw ]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy-k-aq-l-Øn¬
BcpaXv Imcy-am-sb-Sp-°m-dn-√. Cu hnj-bsØ Xt‚-Xmb \ne-bn¬
X\n-a-bp≈ coXn-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-XmWv ]nb F Fkns‚ sNdp-
I-Y. ]pd-ta- t\m-°n-bm¬ hnjbw \n mcw F∂p tXm∂p-sa-¶nepw
hfscb[nIw kmaq-ln-I-kmw-K-Xy-ap≈ ]ta-b-am-Wn-Xv. AXv Ip´n-I-
fpsS `mh-\m-tem-I-Øns‚ h¿Æ-∏-In- p-≈Xpw bmYm¿Yy-Øns‚ ]cn-
anX hnXm-\-Øn\v ]pd-tØ°v Nnd-Ip-hn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb BJym-\mwi-
߃ tN¿Øv Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. CØcw Imcy-ßsf \n m-c-
h¬°-cn-°p∂ ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS at\m- m-hsØ ]tcm-£-ambn hna¿in-°p-
∂p-ap-≠v. ]mcn-ÿn-XnI]iv\-ßfpw a‰pw _u≤nIN¿®bv°p hnt[-b-
am-°p-∂-h¿, eLphpw ]mY-an-I-hp-amb CØcw ]iv\-ßsf \n m-c-
h¬°-cn-°p-∂-Xns‚ sshcp-[y-amWv hna¿i-\-hn-t[-b-am-Ip-∂-Xv. kn≤m-
¥-]-chpw Aaq¿Ø-hp-amb hnj-b-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ N¿®-I-sf-°mƒ
\nXyPohn-X-Øns‚ sNdp-No-fp-I-fn¬ kv]¿in®p-\n¬°p∂ Cu IY
kvXohmZ kao-]-\-Øns‚ hyXy-kvXm-Jym-\-am-bn--Øo-cp-∂p. \mWn F∂p
hnfn-t∏cp≈ aWn-Zo] F∂ sIm®p-s]¨Ip- nsb tIµo-I-cn®v AXn-cp-
I-fn-√mØ ssiih`mh-\-bpsS `wKn-Ifpw h¿W-∏-In- p-Ifpw ]I-cp∂
cN-\IqSn-bm-bn-Øo-cp∂p CXv.
C kt¥mjvIpam-dns‚ sNdp-I-Y-Iƒ s]mXpth ka-Im-en-I-Po-hn-
X-Øns‚ Bkp-c- m-h-ß-fpsS A¥¿[m-c-Isf At\z-jn-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv.
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
102010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
11
lnwkm-fl-I-X-bpsS Pzme-Iƒ Pohn-X-Øns‚ kzm—-µysØ s]m≈n-°p-
∂-Xns‚ NnX-ß-fmWv Ah-bn¬ sXfn-bp-∂-tX-sdbpw. Aßs\ B
IY-Ifn¬ ]eXpw ka-Im-enI kmaq-lnIPohn-X-Øns‚ DjvW-am-]n-
\n-I-fm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. ao\p-Iƒ B KW-Øn¬ hcp∂ cN-\-bm-Wv. sNdp-
I-Ysb°pdn-®p≈ ¢m n-°¬ [mc-W-Iƒ°p \nc-°p-∂-h-bmWv
kt¥mjvIpam-dns‚ an° sNdp-I-Y-I-fpw. ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-I-ambn Hcp
IY, AXns‚ Bhn-jvIm-c-Øn¬ _nw_m-fl-Ihpw A¥-co-£-]-[m-\-
hp-amb cN-\m-L-S-I-߃ GIo-Ir-X-ambnØocp-∂-Xn-eqsS cq]-s∏-Sp∂
LS-\m-k-a-K-X, AXp krjvSn-°p∂ khn-ti-j-amb Hcp ]c-tImSn XpS-
ßnb ]e LS-I-ßfpw Ah-bn-ep-≠v. ao\p -Ifpw GXm-≠o-kz- mhw
]pe¿Øp∂ cN-\-bm-Wv. BJym-Xm-hmb Ip´n- -I-≈s‚ aI≥- -Nq≠en v
]nSn®v h°p-s]m- nb kv SnI`c-Wn-bn-em-°n-b, ]n∂oSv NØpt]mIp∂
sNdp-ao≥ Bh-ln-°p∂ _nw_m-fl-I-X-bmWv IY-bpsS ImX¬. in£m-
Imew ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv Pbn¬ Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v s]meo-
kp-Im-cpsS IÆp-sh- n®v NmSn-t∏m∂ I≈≥˛ BJym-Xm-hmb Ip´n-bpsS
A—≥˛sshZyp-Xn-bp-]-tbm-Kn®p ao≥]n-Sn-°m≥ ian-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ A]-
I-S-a-c-W-Øn-\n-c-bm-Ip∂ IYmw-i-Øns‚ BJym-\-Øn\v `mh-]-c-amb
Bghpw KmV-Xbpw \¬Ip∂ LS-I-amWv Nq≠en¬ IpSpßn `c-Wn-
bn¬ HSp-ßp∂ ao≥. ]≈n-bnse s]cp-\m-fns‚ ]›m-Øew, H‰-°-Æ≥
A®p CS-bv°nsS s]m´n-°p∂ ]S-°-Øns‚ i_vZw Df-hm-°p-∂ b-P-
\-IXzw˛ Cß-s\- hn-cp-≤mw-i-ß-fpsS hn\ym-k-Øn-eqsS cq]-s∏-Sp∂ khn-
ti-j-amb A¥-co-£-amWv Cu IY-bnse arXypkm∂n-[y-sØbpw
lnwkm-fl-I-X-sbbpw KmV-am-°p-∂-Xv.
Atßb‰w kzX-¥hpw ASp-∏-ap-≈-Xp-amb ]W-b-Øn¬t∏mepw
kvXobpsS ssewKn-IX Za\w sNø-s∏-Sp∂p F∂ kXysØ ]iv\-
h¬°-cn-°p∂ sNdp-I-Y-bmWv knXm-c Fkns‚ CS-Øm-hfw. AXv
kvXoa-\- ns‚ \nKq-Vhpw kzmX-t¥ym-∑p-J-hp-amb mh-ßsf kq£va-
X-e-Øn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂p. hyXykvX kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈
thcp-Iƒ \jvS-s∏´ c≠p bph-Xn-I-fpsS kam-¥-c-Nn-X-߃ Ad-_n-
\m-Sp-I-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-ep≈ Cu IY-bn¬ ImWmw. ]W-b-Øn-\p-
th≠n P\n®p hf¿∂ IpSpw-_hpw sXmgnepw Dt]-£n-®-h-cm-W-h¿. sSen-
hn-j-\n¬ ssewKnI]cn-]mSn ssehv Bbn A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp bphXn
]W-bn®v hnhmlw Ign® bphm-hns\ ]t£, Dt]-£n-°m≥ t]mIp-
∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬, ]Wbw t]mepw kvXobv°v Ah-fpsS D≈v ]q¿W-
ambn shfn-hm-°m-\m-hmØ Hcp Akz-X-¥-X-bmWv F∂v Ahƒ Xncn-
®-dn-bp-I-bm-Wv. ]W-bn-°p-∂-h¿s°m∏w Ign-bp-tºmƒ A\p- -h-s∏-Sp∂
]—-∂-amb Akz-X-¥X-bpsS kwL¿jsØ, ]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚
ITn-\-hy-h-ÿIƒ \ne-\n¬°p∂ Hcp kaq-l-Øn-te°v h[p-hmbn
FØnb as‰mcphfpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xnse hn]-co-
X-ß-fpsS kwL¿jw Cu IY-bn-ep-≠v. AØcw Ah-ÿ-bpsS Ccp-
ºp-a-d-bv°p-≈n¬ sNdp-]-gp-Xp-I-fn-eqsS ]Im-i\w tXSp∂ kvXobpsS
D≈nse ]pcp-jm`n-ap-J-amb at\m- m-h-Øns‚ hnteme civan-I-fpsS Bhn-
jvIm-chpw Cu sNdp-I-Y-bn¬ Ie-cp-∂p. sI´p-]m-Sm-bn-Øo¿∂ Zmº-Xy-
Øn-se-Ønb ]W-b-Øns‚ ]mc-X-¥y-Øn-\p-≈n¬ \n∂p≈ kzIm-cy-
amb Hcp kzmX-¥ym-hn-jvIm-c-am-W-Xv. kq£va- m-h-ßfpw khn-ti-jm-
¥-co-£hpw ]pe-cp∂ Cu sNdp-I-Y-bpsS LS-\m-]-c-amb kmµ-Xbpw
Bhn-jvIm-c-Ønse HXp-°hpw it≤-bw.
kvXoPo-hnX-Øns‚ B¥-cn-I-t£m-`-߃°v ico-c-\n-jvT-amb
Du∂-ep-I-fp≈ BJym\w km[y-ambXv kvXohm-Z-]-c-amb ImgvN-∏mSv
kmln-Xy-Øn¬ kPo-h-am-b-tXm-sS-bm-Wv. kvXoIƒ Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ cq]-
s∏-Sp∂ kzXz-]-Im-i-\-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-e-ambn CXv \nco-£n-°-
s∏´n´p-≠v. kvXoI-fp-tS-Xmb Hcp temI-tØ-°n-d-ßn-s®∂v ]pcp-jm-[n-
]Xy hyh-ÿ-bpsS AS™ temI-tØmSv Xß-fp-tS-Xmb \ne-bn¬ Hcp
£Wn-I-I-em]w \S-Øp∂ Hcp-Iq´w kvXoIsf Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv
DÆn B¿ B\-µ-am¿K-Øn¬. a[y-]m-b-Øn-se-Ønb GXm\pw tImtfPv
A[ym-]n-I-am¿ c≠p-]-Iepw Hcp cmXnbpw ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ hnt\m-Z-bm-
Xbv°p t]mIp-∂-Xns‚ BJym-\-am-bmWv IY- cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≈-Xv.
bmX-bpsS πm\n-Mv, _kvbmX, cmXnbn¬ hnP-\-amb aµn-c-Ønse
Xmhfw sIm≈¬˛ Cu aq∂p cwK-ß-fnse kw`m-j-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw
]cn-an-X-amb ]›m-Øe hnh-c-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw sXfn-™p-h-cp∂ IYm-
]m-X-ß-fn¬, kaqlw hnti-jn®pw IpSpw_w, sXmgn-enSw F∂n-hn-S-ß-
fnse ]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy-Øn\p apºn¬ A\p- -h-s∏- n-cp∂ "C≥ln-_nj≥'
F∂ Bflmhns‚ Bh-cWw Dcn-s™-dn-bp∂ kvXoI-fpsS £Wn-I-
sa-¶nepw Iem-]-i-‡n-bp≈ kzXz-]-Im-i-\-amWv Cu IY-bn¬ sXfn-
bp-∂-Xv. ]e-Xcw tSmWp-I-fn-te°v ]I¿∂m-Sp∂ mjm ]cn-N-cy-bmWv
Cu IY-bpsS Hcp khn-ti-jX. AXv Nne-t∏mƒ kaq-l-Øns‚ kZm-
Nm-c-\m-SysØ ]tIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂n-S-tØm-f-sa-Øp∂ Ccp-≠-lm-ky-ap-
W¿Øp-∂p. F¶nepw BXy-¥n-I-ambn Ah-K-Wn-X-bm-Ip∂ kvXo-bpsS
Bfl-tcm-Z-\-ß-fmWv B IY-bpsS ImX¬. B \ne-bn¬ B\-µ-am¿Kw
F∂ io¿j-I-Øn¬ Hcp hn]-co-X-[z\n apg-ßp∂p≠v.
sI hn A\q-]ns‚ cq]Iw cXnbpw ac-Whpw Ah IqSn-∏n-W-bp-
tºm-gp-≠m-Ip∂ _o -’-Xbpw `a-kv]¿i-ap≈ A\p-_-‘- m-h-ßfpw
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
122010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
13
IqSn-t®¿∂-sX-¶nepw BJym-\-X-e-Øn¬ kmcfyw ]pe¿Øp∂ cN-\-
bm-Wv. hnP-\-]-tZ-isØ sdbn¬∏mfØn\p kao]w I≠ ]Xn-s\t´m
Ccp-]-tXm-h-b- p≈ sNdp-∏-°m-cn-bpsS ico-c-Øn\p Imcy-amb £Xw
]‰mØ PU-Øn\p Imh¬ \n¬t°-≠n-h∂ c≠p s]meo-kp-Im-cn¬
sNdp-∏-°m-c-\mWv IY-bnse BJym-Xm-hv. hnP-\-cm-Xn-bn¬, AbmfpsS
B kµ¿ -Ønse A\p- -h-ßfpw ]Xn-I-c-W-ßfpw Xs‚ _mey-Ønse
hn`m-a-I-amb Hcp kvXoi-co-c-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ Hm¿a-I-fp-ambn IqSn-°-e-cp-
I-bmWv. GXv arZp- m-h-sØbpw Nhn- n-b-c-®p-I-f-bp∂ Nne Pohn-X-k-
‘n-I-fpsS ]mcp-jy-ß-fp-≠-t√m, AØcw Hc-h-ÿ-bn¬°qSn IS-∂p-t]m-
tI-≠n-h-cp∂ mh-io-e-\mb Hcp a\p-jys‚ B¥-cn-I-kw-L¿j-am-Wn-
hnsS sXfn-bp-∂-Xv. B ka-bØv Abm-fpsS D≈n¬ NoØ-hn-Im-c-ßfpw
\∑-bpsS mh-ßfpw IqSn-°-e-cp-∂p. kam-¥-c-ambn t]mIp-∂, ]c-kv]cw
ssItIm¿Øp InS-°p∂ \∑-Xn-∑-I-fpsS IqSn-°-e-cembn sdbn¬∏m-
fsØ I¬∏n-°p∂ cq]-Iw, B B¥-cnI mh-kw-L¿j-Øns‚ kqN-
I-am-Ip-∂p. CØcw khn-ti-j-amb kqN-I-ßfpw _nw_-ßfpw
tN¿∂mWv Cu IY-bpsS A¥-co£w cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. BJym-\-X-e-Ønse
kmc-fysØ AXn-h¿Øn-°p∂ B¥-cnIk¶o¿WX Cu sNdp-I-Y-
bv°p-≠v.
hm¿[IyØns‚ k¶-S-ß-sfbpw AXns\ c£n-°m≥ _m[y-X-s∏´
kaq-l-Øns‚ Xm¬∏-cy-\m-Sy-sØbpw BXy-¥n-I-k-µ¿ -Øn¬ AØcw
\mSy-߃ sImgn™pt]mIp∂ Ah-ÿ-sbbpw Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ IY-
bmWv ]Xy-£-X-e-Øn¬ Sn _n emens‚ hr≤-hrµw. hm¿[-Iy-Øns‚
thZ\Ifnepw GIm-¥-X-bnepw a‰p-≈-h-cpsS Ah-K-W-\-bnepw A -b-
am-bn-Øo-cp∂ buh-\m-\p- h-ß-fn-te°v a\-kp-sIm-≠p≈ ]p\:]cy-S\w
Cu IY-bpsS as‰mcp hnXm-\-am-Ip-∂p.
NnØ-hn- -asØ DtØ-Pn-∏n-°p∂ EXp-hmWv th\¬. a[y-th-\¬
F∂ IY-bn¬ Fkv lcojv Acm-PI ]h-W-amb PohnX`mh-ß-fp-
sSbpw hn«-Y-hr-Øn-I-fp-sSbpw hgn-bn¬ k©-cn-°p∂ bphm-°-fpsS
NnXW-Øn-eqsS hyh-ÿm-]nXPohn-X-Øns‚ bm¥n-I-Xsb \ncm-I-
cn-°p∂ at\m- m-h-Øn\v Bhn-jvImcw \¬Ip-I-bm-Wv. Ikm≥Zv km°o-
kns‚ tkm¿_-bpsS hm°p-Iƒ apJ-°p-dn -tN¿Øn- p≈ Cu IYbpsS
tIµ-_nµp a\pjy]Ir-Xn-bpsS Ahym-tJy-b-Xbpw sshNn-Xy-km-[y-
X-IfpamWv. `m¥p-≈-hcpw `m¥n-√m-Ø-hcpw XΩn-eps≠∂p Icp-Xp∂
AXn¿hc-ºns‚ A¿Y-iq-\y-X-bn-te-°p≈ ]mfn-t\m- -ßfpw Chn-sS-bp-
≠v. h¿j-ß-fmbn ]Øp-a-Wn-°-pd-ßp-Ibpw \mep-a-Wn-°p-W-cp-Ibpw
tbmK-sN-bvXpsIm≠v Znhkw Bcw- n-°p-Ibpw Hs°-sN-øp∂ BJym-
Xmhpw Pohn-XsØ Acm-P-I-Xz-Øns‚ BtLm-j-am-°n -am-‰nb hn\-
b\pw H∂n-°p-∂-Xns‚ s]mcp-f-Xm-Wv.
Iuam-c-Ønse ssewKn-Im- n-ap-Jy-ßfpw AXns‚ t]c-W-bn¬ sNdn-
b-sX-‰p-Iƒ sNøp∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS Adn-hn-√m-bvasb NqjWw sNøp-∂ -
ap-Xn¿∂-h-cpsS ]oU-\-ßfpw h©-\-I-fp-sams° ka-Im-en-I -bm-Ym¿Yy-
ß-fn¬ ]ap-J-am-Wv. AØcw Hcp kµ¿ -Øn¬ \n∂v Dcphw-sIm≠
sNdp-I-Y-bmWv Fkv B¿ emens‚ Imcp-Wy-tlm-kv]n-‰¬. hfsc i≤m-
]q¿hw ]d™pw ]d-bm-sXbpw kqNn-∏n®pw [z\n-∏n®pw apt∂-dp∂
BJym-\-Øn-eqsS Iuam-c-Øns‚ B¿Zamb kvt\lhpw hntem-e-amb
imco-cn-Im`n-ap-Jyhpw HcpXe-Ønepw Ah-sb√mw Cc-bm°nam‰p∂
apXn¿∂-h-cpsS arKo-b-amb Im]-Syhpw lrZ-b-an-√m-bvabpw Cu IY-bn¬
kam-¥-co-I-cn®v Ime-Øns‚ Bkp-c-Xbv°v XnI™ Iø-S-°-tØmsS
IYm-cq]w \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
A¿jmZv _tØ-cn-bpsS Pohn-X-tØmfw qanbpsS De-®n¬ \S-°p-
I-bmWv F∂ hymP-t_m-[-tØmsS HmSn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcp a\p-jys‚
B¥-cn-Ihy-Ysb Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂p. Cu ImeØv a\- p-Xp-d∂p Pohn-
°p∂ F√m-h¿°pw Hcp-X-c-Øn-e-s√-¶n¬ as‰mcp Xc-Øn¬ CØcw
B¥-cnI kwL¿jw A\p- -hn-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂p. ]t£, AØcw sshNn-
Xy-ap≈ Ah-ÿ-bn¬s∏´ a\p-jycpsS ssZ\yw am[ya-Øns‚ Cc-bm-
bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xns‚ ssh]-coXyw as‰m-cp-h-gn°v. Cßs\ ka-Im-enI Pohn-
X-Øns‚ Hcp ssh]-co-Xy-Øn\v hyXy-kvX-amb Bhn-jvImcw \¬Ip∂
IY-bm-bn-Øo-cp∂p Cu cN-\.
hn]-Wn-tI-µn-X-amb BtKm-f-km-º-ØnI hyh-ÿ-bpsS hmgvNbpw
tX¿hm-gvNbpw \S-°p∂ Cu ImeØv Pohn-X-Øns‚ CX-c-hn-Xm-\-ß-
sf√mw AXn-\p -Io-gvs∏´p t]mIp-∂p. aqey-ßfpw a\p-jy-_-‘-ßsf
kv\nKv[-am-°p∂ B¿Z- m-h-ß-fp-sa√mw hn]-Wn-bpsS ]nSn-bn¬ A]-
k-‡-am-Ip-∂p. Cu temIm-hÿ a\p-jym-h-ÿ-bn¬ G¬∏n-°p∂
BLm-X-am-Wv C ]n ioIp-am-dns‚ an°-c-N-\-I-fp-sSbpw ]ta-bw. ih-
h-kvX-°-®-hSw F∂ IY-bn¬ acn-®-h-cpsS hkvX-߃ tiJ-cn®p
hn¬°p-∂-Xn-eqsS em`w sImøp∂ Hcp-h\v a\p-jy-_-‘-ß-fpsS Xe-
Øn¬ t\cn-tS≠n h∂ Xncn-®-Snbpw AXns‚ sshIm-cn-Im-Lm-X-hp-amWv
]ta-b-am-Ip-∂-Xv. CXv ]pXnb Ime-Øns‚ apZ-Isf AXns‚ cq£-X-
tbmsS H∏n-sb-SpØ sNdp-I-Y-bm-Ip-∂p. Bfp-Iƒ acn-®p-In- m≥th≠n
ImØn-cn-°p∂ _‘p-°fpsS IqcX, A]-I-S-a-c-W-Øns‚ L -Ønepw
Zriy-am-[y-a-Øn\p ]mI-Øn¬ Na-s™m-cp-ßp-hm≥ hyK-X-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cpsS
s]m≈-Øcw, ]pXp-Im-eØv Pohn-X-Øns‚ GXp-X-ehpw hmWn-Py-ÿm-
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
142010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
15
]-\-ß-fpsS kvt]m -k¿jn-∏n-\p -hn-t[-b-am-Ip∂ ÿnXn hnti-jw- -C-
ßs\bp≈ ]iv\-߃ ]eXpw Cu IY-bpsS LS-\-bn¬ sXfn-™p-
Im-Wmw.
Aaq¿Øamb Hcp- `m-hsØ ]Xobam\-am-°p∂ sNdp-I-Y-bmWv
kpkvtajv Nt¥m-Øns‚ AcnsI. kw -h-ß-f-√, khn-ti-j-amb A¥-
co-£-amWv Cu IY-bn¬ ]m[m\yw t\Sp-∂-Xv. NnX-dnb Nn¥-Ifpw Hm¿a-
I-fp-ambn -hgntbmcØp \n¬°p∂ a\p-jy≥ Xs‚ Acn-In¬ ]m¿°p-
sN-bvXn-cp∂ Imdns‚ t_mW-‰n¬ sXfn-bp∂ ]Xn-_nw-_-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw
hgn-b-cn-Inse ]qa-c-Øn¬ \n∂v AhnsS sImgn-bp∂ ]q°-sf-°p-dn®pw
Hs° t_m[-hm-\m-sW-¶nepw AhnsS \n¿-Øn-bn´ Imdn-\p-≈n¬ Hcp
kvXo acn® Ah-ÿ-bn¬ Ccn-°p-∂Xv Adn-bp∂tXbn-√. IYm-¥y-Øn¬
shfn-hm-°-s∏-Sp∂ B hkvXp-X IY-bn-se A-Xp-hsc-bp≈ A¥-co-£-
˛-`m-h-Nn-X-W-Øn\v Hcp hn]-co-X-am\w \¬Ip-∂p. BXy-¥n-I-ambn
a\pjyPohn-X-Øns‚ ]-h-N-\obmXoXhpw Ahym-tJy-bhpw Bb
ÿnXn-bpsS NnX-W-am-bn-Øo-cp∂p Cu sNdp-I-Y.
[\ym-cm-Pns‚ AXn-Po-h-\-am¿K-߃ ]pcp-j-a-t\m-`m-h-Øns‚
Nnekl-P-kz- m-h-ßsf hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. kvXo
kz¥w Imen¬ \n¬°p-Ibpw ]pcp-j\v Xpey-amb \ne-bn¬ sXmgn-en-S-
Øn¬ ]m[m\yw t\Sp-Ibpw Hs° sNøp-∂-Xn-t\mSv ]pcp-j-\p≈ B¥-
cn-I-amb Xm¬∏-cy-an-√m-bva-bpsS Bhn-jvIm-c-amWo cN\. hyh-ÿm-]n-
X-co-Xn-bn¬ IYbpsS ]q¿Øo-I-cW _nµp-hn\p apºv Ah-km-\n-°p∂
Cu sNdp-I-Y-bn¬ IYm¥yw F¥mbncn°pw F∂v hy‡-am-Wv.
Cu sNdp-I-Y-I-fn¬ ]I-S-\mfl-I-amb \ne-bn¬ cq]-ssh-NnXyw
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ ian-°p∂ cN-\-Iƒ Ipd-hm-Wv. B Awi-Øn¬ A`n-
c-an-°p∂ Hcp sNdp-I-Y-bmWv hn F®v \njm-Zns‚ \rØ-°m-cn-bpsS
aIƒ. hn—n-∂-L-S-\-bn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Cu IY-bn¬ Zriy-
am-[y-a-cw-KsØ Iem-]-h¿Ø-I¿ A\p- -hn-°p∂ BflkwL¿j-Øn\v
imco-cn-I-am-\w \¬Im-\mWv iaw. Chn-sSbpw ]pXp-Im-e-Øns‚ temI-
kz- mhw apZn-X-am-Ip-∂p.
km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn-ep≈ BJym-\-I-a-Øn¬\n∂p -amdn\n¬°m≥
ian-°p∂ cN-\-bm-Wv ]n hn jmPn-Ip-am-dns‚ shbn¬, ag, apkvX^
etc... Pohn-X-bm-Ym¿Yy-Øns‚ Hcp Nofn¬ \n∂v mh-\-bpsS km[y-X-
I-fn-te°p apt∂-dp∂ Cu IYbpw AXn-Po-h-\-Øn\p ]mSp-s]-Sp∂
_mey-Øns‚ sh√p-hn-fn-I-sf-bmWv ASn-ÿm-\-bm-Ym¿Yy-ambn Ah-X-
cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. IYm-c-N\ F∂ k¿K]h¿Ø-\sØ BJym-\-hn-j-b-am-
°p-Ibpw AXn\v hn -am-fl-I-amb Hcp -hn-Xm\w ]I-cp-Ibpw sNøp∂
Cu IY-bn¬ P¥p-I-Y-I-fp-sSbpw A¤p-X-I-Y-I-fp-sSbpw Cg-Iƒ Ie-
cp-∂p. At∏mgpw IY-sb-°mƒ hepXv Pohn-X-amWv F∂- k-Xy-Øn-te°v
apkvX -bpsS PohnXw \oe-\n-d-ap≈ ssk°n-fn¬ IpXn-°p-∂p.
Cu IY-Iƒ°p ]pdØpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]pXp-I-Y-bpsS ]pXp-ap-
Ip-f-ß-fp-≠v. F¶nepw ka-Im-en-I-Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚bpw ]pXp-Im-e-Øns‚
k¿Km-fl-I-X-bpsSbpw ]mXn-\n[yw hln-°p∂ hyXykvX-amb Nne IYm-
ap-J-ß-sf-∂ -\n-e-bn¬ Ch ChnsS N¿® sNbvXp F∂p-am-Xw. Ime-
Øns‚ B¥-cn-tIm-tZz-K-ßsf Ah ]e ]Im-c-Øn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-
∂p; Nne-t∏mƒ AXohw ]I-S-ambpw a‰p Nne-t∏mƒ Xosc ]tcm-£-am-
bpw. At∏m-sg√mw Cu IY-Isf s]mXp-hn¬ _‘n-∏n-°p∂ Hcp LS-
I-ap≠v ˛]pXnb Ime-Øns‚ Pohn-X-k-Xyw. Aß-s\-bmWv Cu sNdp-
I-Y-Iƒ ]pXp-Im-e-Øns‚ ]pXp-I-Y-I-fmIp∂Xv.
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
162010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
17
hn -h-߃ hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Ncn-X-c-N-\-bpsS hne-s∏´ Akw-kvIr-X-
hkvXp kam-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-epw, A∂sØ \nebv°v AXn¬\n∂pw Ncn-
X-k-Xy-߃ Acn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xnepw At±lw Akm-am-\y-Xm-ev]cyw
ImWn-®p. \mtSm-Sn-∏m- p-Iƒ kam-l-cn-°p-I, ]c-º-c-bmbn ]mSn-t∏m-cp∂
a´n¬ Ah ]m-Sn-t° v AXn¬\n∂pw Zmhn-U-hr-Ø-ß-sf-∏‰n Nne \nb-
a-߃ tImUn-I-cn-°p-hm≥ ian-°p-I, ]g-s©m√pw IS-¶-Y-Ifpw \mS≥I-
fn-Ifpw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°pI F∂-Xn-sems° Xev]-c-\m-bn-cp∂ Xºp-
cm-s\, \ΩpsS t^mIvtem¿ ]T-\-Øns‚ BZy-]-Yn-I-\mbn Icp-Xmw.
Cu Xºp-cm\mWv sXmÆq-s‰m≥]-Xnse sh≈-s∏m-°-Øn¬ F√mw \„-
s∏- -hsc ]p\-c-[n-h-kn-∏n-°p-hm≥ ap≥ssI-sb-Sp-ØXv; Zm\w-In- nb
Hmebpw apfbpw ssIh-≠n-bn¬ Ib‰n kzbw hen-®p-sIm≠-p-t]m-b-Xv.
hnth-tIm-Zbw kvIqƒ XpS-ßn-b-Xpw, koXmdmw an√nse sXmgn-em-fn-
IfpsS t£a-Øn-\p-th-≠n hmZn-®Xpw A∏≥X-ºp-cm-\mWv. Xriq-cn¬
kmln-Xy-]-cn-j-Øns‚ c-≠mw-k-tΩ-f\w kwL-Sn-∏n-®Xpw Xºp-cm-\m-
Wv. 1930-I-fn¬ `qX-cm-b¿ kn\n-a-bm-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bXpw At±-l-am-Wv.
ckn-I-c-⁄n-\n, awK-tfm-Zbw F∂o amkn-I-Iƒ \S-Øn. A®p-\n-c-Øp-
∂-Xpƒ∏sS A®Sn kw_-‘n® F√m tPm-en-Ifpw Xºp-cm\v hg-ßn.
sImØp]-Wnbpw NnX-I-ebpw At±lw hi-am-°n. kwKo-X-Øn¬ \√
Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. \mS-I-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn¬ henb Iºw-Xs∂ ]pe¿Øn.
Pohn-X-Imew apgph≥ thZm¥w ]Tn-®p. Hcp ]t£ tIc-f-Øn¬ BZy-
ambn In°-‰p-I-fn-®Xpw Xºp-cm-\m-hmw. IpXn-c-h≠n HmSn-°m\pw sS∂okv
Ifn-°m\pw At±lw kabw I≠p. CX-sbm-s°-t∏mtc Hcmsf Po\n-
bkv F∂p-hn-fn-°m≥. B Po\n-b- ns‚ Hcp t\c-tºm-°m-bn-cp∂p
Ip‰t\zj-W-t\m-h¬ cN-\.
Xºp-cm≥ c≠pt\mh-ep-I-fmWv Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. `qX-cm-bcpw `mkvI-c-
ta-t\m-\pw. tIc-fNcnXØnse s]cp-amƒ hmgvNbpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬
hnc-Nn-X-amb `qX-cm-b¿, B cN\ ka¿∞-ambn Bhm-ln-°p∂ ]g-a-
bpsS kzcwaqeamWv C∂v i≤n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kn.-hn.bpsS Ncn-Xm-Jym-
bn-I-Iƒ hm-bn®pc-kn-°p∂ ae-bm-fn-°v, `qX-cm-b¿ F∂ t\mh-en-s\-
∏‰n Xºp-cm≥ ]d™ Imcyw amXta ]d-bp-hm-\p-≠mhq ˛ Hcp sI v
]g-¶-Y.
`mkvI-c-ta-t\m≥, ckn-I-c-⁄n\n amkn-I-bn¬ BZy Ccp-]-sØm∂p
e°-ß-fn-embn ]kn-≤o-I-cn® IrXn-bmWv, 1078 Nnßw apX¬ 1079 ao\w
hsc A∂v AXn\p \evIn-bn-cp∂ t]cv "Hcp Zp¿-Ω-cWw' F∂m-bn-cp-
∂p. ]n∂oSv ]pkvX-I-cq-]-Øn-em-°n-b-t∏mƒ Aip- -kq-N-I-amb t]cv am‰p-
I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
\qdp-sIm√w ]n∂n´
sIme-]m-XIwFkv.-sI. hk-¥≥
ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy-Ip-‰m-t\z-j-W-t\m-h¬ ]-kn-
≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv 1909˛¬ BWv. `mkvI-c--ta-t\m≥
F∂ B t\mh-ens‚ I¿Ømhv ssIcfo hnt[-b-
\mb A∏≥X-ºp-cm≥. 2009 BZy-Ip-‰m-t\z-jW
t\mh-ens‚ iXm-_vZn-h¿jw.
A∏≥ Xºp-cms\ ae-bm-f- m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw
sF—n-I-hn-j-b-ambn ]Tn-°p-∂-h¿ t]mepw Hm¿°m-
dn-√. Ihn, \mS-I-Ir-Øv, KZy-Im-c≥, kmwkvIm-cn-I-
]-h¿Ø-I≥˛ ]e \ne-bn¬ Xºp-cm≥ it≤-b-\m-
bn-cp-∂p. sIm®n cmP-Ip-Sp-_mw-K-am-bn-cp∂ Cu Akm-
[m-c-W-a-\p-jy≥ F∂pw Ime-Øn-\p-aptº k©-cn®
hy‡n-bmWv. A∂sØ ]Xn-h-\p-k-cn®v Xºp-cm≥
Ihn-X-Iƒ Fgp-Xn. F∂p-]-d-™m¬ t]mcm A∂p
Ihn-X-sb-gp-Xn-bn-cp∂ ]e-tc-°mfpw \√ Ihn-X-Iƒ
Fgp-Xn. F∂m¬ At±lw Xs‚ Ac-ßmbn Xnc-s™-
Sp-ØXv KZyw Bbn-cp-∂p. ]ns∂ Kth-j-Whpw. tIc-
f-N-cn-X-am-bn-cp∂p Xºp-cm\v ]nb-s∏´ as‰mcp hnj-
bw. Ncn-Xhpw IY-Ifpw Iq-Sn-°-e¿∂p InS-°p∂
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
182010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
19
°p-hm≥ Xºp-cm\v km[n®p F∂Xv ][m-\-am-Wv. \ΩpsS ]e
Ip‰-mt\z-j-Wt\mh-ep-I-fnepw Ct∏mgpw mj-sbm-gn®v _m°n-sbms°
sshtZ-in-I-am-Wv. Fd-Wm-Ipfw tPmkv PwKvj-\n¬ \n∂pw kuØv
dbn¬sh-tÃ-j≥hsc qan-°-Sn-bn-eqsS Xpc-¶-∏mX \n¿Ωn-®v, AXn-\-I-
Øn-cp∂v Ip‰-Ir-Xy-߃ Bkq-XWw sNbvXp-\-S-∏m-°n ]©-\-£-X-
tlm- -ep-I-fn¬ ckn-°p∂ sIm≈-kw-L-sØ-∏-‰n, kXy-amWv F∂v K-
Ÿ-Im-c≥ Xnf-bv°p∂ s\øn¬ ssIap°n kXyw sNbvXmepw Bcpw
hniz-kn-°p-I-bn-√-t√m. AØcw hnizm-an-X-kr-„n-I-fp-am-bn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-
Sp-Øp-tºm-gmWv Inb \S-°p∂ ÿ-e-Øns‚ hnizm-ky-X-bpsS
]m[m\yw \ap°v t_m≤y-am-hp-I.
Ip‰m-t\z-j-W-t\m-h-ep-I-fn¬ Inb-bpsS KXn NSp-e-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.
t\mh¬ Bcw- n-®p-I-gn-™m¬ FX Ipd®pkabw sIm≠p km[n-°p-
tam AXbpw Ipd-®p-ka-bw-sIm≠v hmb-\-°m-c≥ ]Xo-£bpsS aq¿≤-
\y-Øn¬ FØn-bn-cn-°Ww; AXm-bXv hm-b-\-°m-c-\nse BImw£
AXns‚ ]mc-ay-Øn¬ FØp∂ kw`hw \S-Øn-bn-cn-°-Ww. B kw`hw
˛ Ip‰-IrXyw ˛ Bcv F-ßns\ sNbvXp F∂ Imcyw, BImw-£ -\n-e-
\n¿-Øn-s°m≠-v kmh-[m\w A\m-h-cWw sNøp-∂n-S-ØmWv KŸ-Im-
cs‚ sshZ-Kv≤yw hy‡-am-hp-I. t\mh¬ inev]-sØ-∏‰n Fw.-]n.-t]mƒ
kn≤m-¥n-°p-∂Xp A\p-kva-cn-°p-Ibm-sW-¶n¬ hntam-N-\-L- -Øns‚
bp‡y-\p-kr-X-amb A\m-h-c-W-am-Wv, KŸ-Im-cs‚ cN-\m-Nm-Xp-cn-bpsS
\nItjm]ew. Xs‚ ap∂n¬ sXfn-bp∂ \nc-h[n km≤y-X-I-fn¬ Ip‰m-
t\z-j-I≥ bp‡n-bpsS ]n≥_-e-tØmsS GXp am¿-§-amWv I-s≠-
Øp∂Xv F∂v BImw-£- -cn-X-\mb hmb-\-°m-c\v t\mh-enÃv ]d-™p-
sIm-Sp-°p-∂-tXm-sS, AX-√msX a‰p-h-gn-Iƒ C√m-bn-cp∂p F∂v hmb-\-
°m-c\v t_m≤y-am-hpw. Ip‰m-t\z-j-I≥ ssIs°m≠ am¿§w bp‡n- -Z-
a√ Ft∂m, tIhew mKyw sIm≠p-am-X-amWv Abmƒ B am¿§-Øn¬
FØn-s∏- -sX-t∂m, hm-b-\-°m-c\v tXm∂n-bm¬, Xo¿-∂p, Iem-inev]w
F∂ \ne-bn¬ t\mh-ens‚ ta∑.
][m-\-]-ta-b-Øn¬ A`w-Kpcw Xmev]cyw \ne-\n¿Øp∂ hn[-Øn-
em-hWw ]qc-I-kw- -h-ß-fpw, IYm-]m-Xßfpw, t\mh-en¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-
tS-≠-Xv. GXp \n m-c-kw- -h-߃t]mepw apJy-]-ta-b-Øn\v A\p-]q-
cIw Bbn-cn-°-Ww. Hcp ]otcyUv t\mh-en-tem, F∏nIv t\mh-entem
BsW-¶n¬, IYm-]m-X-ß-fn¬ Nne-sc-¶nepw ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ i≤
B-I¿jn®p-sIm-≠pw, F∂m¬ ][m\ CXn-hr-Ø-hp-ambn KmV-_‘w
]pe¿Øm-sXbpw h¿Øn-°mw. t\mh-ens‚ "kmµX'bpambn A-Øcw
IYm-]m-X-߃°p _‘-an-√. CXn-\p-t\sc adn-®mWv Ip‰-mt\z-j-W-t\m-
]pkvX-I-cq-]-Øn¬ AXp ]kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p-]n-∂nepw Hcp
IY-bp-≠v. Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-csØ _n.-_n. _pIvknse ]h¿Ø-I-\m-bn-
cp∂ Hcp cma≥ta-t\m≥, A∏≥ Xºp-cm-t\mSv, Xºp-cms‚ Hcp ]pkvXIw
X\n°v XcWw F∂`y¿∞n®p. Xºp-cm≥ \evI-bnXv "Hcp Zp¿Ω-cWw'
F∂ \o≠-IY; t]cv `mkvI-c-ta-t\m≥ F∂m-°Ww F∂ \n¿t±-i-
hpw. cma≥ta-t\ms‚ mKyw F∂-√msX F¥p]-d-bm≥, ]pkvXIw Xncp-
hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-epw, sIm®n-bn-epw, ae-_m-dnepw ]e XhW kvIqƒ¢m- p-
Ifn¬ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-am-bn. cma≥ta-t\m\v A‰m-Zm-b-ambn 35000 cq] In´n-
b-sX. AXn¬\n∂v Bbn-cw-cq] Xºp-cm\v ImgvN-bmbn A¿-∏n-°m≥
tat\m≥ ian-®p. Xm≥ kΩm-\n® ]p-kvX-I-Øns‚ t]cn¬, ]Xn- ew
kzoI-cn-°pI \ymb-a√ F∂m-bn-cp∂p Xºp-cms‚ \ne- -sIm- m-c-Ønse
ssZ\w-Zn\ sNe-hp-Iƒ°v Acn-„n-®n-cp∂ Znh-k-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah. Ah-
km\w cma≥ta-t\ms‚ C—m- wKw I≠-t∏mƒ ]Xn- -e-ambn c≠p
saØ-∏mb kzoI-cn-°m≥ X-ºp-cm≥ kΩ-Xn-®p-h-sX. Cu Xºp-cms‚
]n≥ap-d-°m-c-\mWv Xncp-sIm®n kwtbm-P-\-th-fbn¬ ]Xn- -e ambn,
tbmK-t£-a-k` ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ]©mw-K-Øns‚ Bdp-tIm∏n aXn
F∂p-]-d-™-Xv.
C\n "`mkvI-c-ta-t\m\n'tebv°v. A]-k¿∏-I-I-Y-Iƒ `mkvI-c-ta-
t\m\p apºp-Xs∂ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. tat\m°nsb sIm∂-
Xm-cv, Dfn-]n-Sn® ssI F∂nh DZm-l-c-W-߃. Nne Cw•ojv IY-Ifpw
Bbn Ahbv°v ASpØ _‘hpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F¥n-\v, am¿Øm-
fi-h¿Ω-bn¬ ]mdp-Ip- n-bpsS B -cWw tamjWw t]mIp-∂-Xpw, kp`Z
bp‡n-bp‡w Nn¥n®v AXn\v Xpºp-≠m-°p-∂Xpw Btem-Nn-®m-¬, A-
Xn¬ Hcp Ip‰m-t\zj-W-I-YbpsS \ng¬ ImWmw. F¶nepw Bkq-Xn-X-
ambn \nd-th-‰-s∏´ Hcp sIme-]m-X-I-Øn\v, imkvXo-b-am¿§Øn-ep≈
At\z-j-W-Øn-eqsS Xpºp-≠m°pI F∂ Imcyw ][m\ Awi-ambn
kzoI-cn-°-s∏´ BZy-t\m-h¬, ae-bm-f-Øn¬ `mkvI-c-ta-t\m≥ BWv.
aZn-cm-in-bn¬ ]Tn-®n-cp∂ ImeØv A∏≥X-ºp-cm≥ Cw•o-jn¬ Fgp-Xn-
bn- p≈ ]e Ip‰m-t\z-jWt\mh-ep-Ifpw hmbn-®n-cp∂p F∂v PohN-cn-
X-Im-c-∑m¿ km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
km¶-ev]n-I-\m-a-ß-fmWv IY \S∂ ]tZ-i-߃°v Xºp-cm≥ \evIn-
bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Xºp-cm\v \√ ]cn-N-b-ap≈ ]tZ-i-amb Aø-t¥mƒ BWv
t\mh-en¬ NnXo-I-cn-°-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂v sshtem-∏n≈n A`n-]m-b-
s∏-Sp-∂p. IY \S-°p∂ Ff-h-√q¿ Kmaw, Xriq¿- -Ip-∂w-Ipfw tdmUn\v
Acn-In-ep≈ Fc-h-√q¿ BWv F∂v ap≠-t»-cnbpw km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂p. CXn-hrØw Ac-tß-dp∂ ]cn-k-csØ X\n tIc-fo-b-ambn NnXoIcn-
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
202010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
21
s∏-Sp∂ Ibva-sf-t∏mepw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p≠v F¶nepw IrjvW≥Ip´n
tat\ms\ A-hK-Wn-®p. F.-B-dn-s\-t∏m-se Im-¥-Z¿-inbpw kmln-Xy-
a¿Ω-⁄\pw Bb Hcp hmb-\-°m-cs‚ i≤--bn¬ IYm-]mXw s]Sp-
∂n√ F¶n¬, B IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ ]k‡n Duln-°m-hp-∂tX D≈q.
Abm-sf-s°m≠-v ]cn-h- -Øp-X-d-hm- nse AΩp-hns\ hnhmlw I-gn-∏n-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXp Xºp-cm≥. t\mh-ense Xosc A][m-\-amb Hcp I-
Ym-]m-XsØsIm≠v hnhmlw Ign-∏n-®-Xp-h-gn, IY-bpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn-
bntem ]ncn-ap-dp-°-Øntem Hcp ]¶pw hln-°mØ ]W-b-I-Y, D]-C-
Xn-hr-Ø-ß-fn¬ H∂m-°n-am-‰n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. B Awiw AS¿Øn-am-‰n-
bm¬Xs∂ t\mh-ens‚ LS-\bv°v ssiYn-ey-sam∂pw kw`h-n-°p-
I-bn-√.
IYm-K-Xn-bn¬ ][m-\-]-¶p-h-ln-°p-∂-h¿ F∂v Xºp-cm≥ Icp-Xnb
IYm]-m-X-߃t]mepw Hcp ]hr-Øn-bn¬ \n∂pw as‰m∂n-te°v bp‡n-
]q¿∆w tkz—bm \oßp∂ ]XoXn hmb-\-°m-c-\n¬ P\n-∏n°p-∂n√.
]Pm-]-Xn-bmb KŸ-Im-c≥ Nc-Sp-h-en-°p-∂-Xn-s\m∏w Ah¿ \oßp∂p
F∂p-amXw F√m-bvt∏mgpw GXp-t\m-h-enepw Cu Nc-Sp-hen D≠v, AXp
ImWm-Xm-°p-∂n-S-ØmWv cN-bn-Xm-hns‚ sshZ-Kv≤yw. Xºp-cm≥
AsXm∂pw i≤n-®-tX-bn-√.
IY \S-°p-∂Xv A©p Xd-hm-Sp-I-fn-em-bn- m-Wv. ]cn-h´Øp-ho-Sv, ]pfn-
tßm- p-_w-•m-hv, tNcn-∏-d-º-Øp--ho-Sv, Aº-e-°m v hoSv, tate-hoSv F∂n-
h-bmWv Xd-hm-Sp-Iƒ. sIm√-h¿jw 1062 Xpemw 5˛mw Xnb-Xn- cmXnbmWv
sIme-]m-X-Iw. GXm≠v Hcm-gvN-°Iw tIkn\v Xp-ºp-≠mI-p∂p. ÿew,
Imew F∂nh Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn \√ HXp-°-tØmsS ssIImcyw sNbvXn-
cn-°p-∂p. At∏mƒ ]ns∂ CXn-hrØw ZrV-_-≤-am-hm-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\p-Im-
cWw A\m-h-iy-I-Ym-]m-X-ß-fpsS cwK-]-thiw BWv. Cu sshIeyw
\n m-c-a-√-X-s∂. AX-dn-bm-hp∂XpsIm≠mhmw F.-B¿.-Xn-cp-ta\n t\mh-
en-s\-∏‰n ]d-b-≠, AXp-\-evIp∂ KpW-]m-T-ß-sf-∏‰n ]dbmw F∂p-
Xo-cp-am-\n-®-Xv. kXyw Pb-Xn-\m-\rXw "ssZho-hn-Nn-Xm-KXnx' F∂n-ß-
s\ Nne [¿Ω-h-N-\-ß-fpsS km[q-I-cWw amX-a-√, acp-a-°-Øm-b-Øns‚
KpW-tZm-j-ßfpw t]meokv ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øns‚ Bh-iy-I-Xbpw A∏≥X-
ºp-cm≥ e£y-am-°n-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv F.-B¿. Ah-Im-i-s∏´n-cn-
°p-∂-Xv.
t\mh-ense ][m-\-I-Ym-]mXw Ip‰m-t\z-j-W-hn-Z-Kv≤-\mb tÃj-\m-
∏o-k¿ mkvI-c-ta-t\m≥ BWv. tPmSn IYm-]m-X-ßsf Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-
I-bmWv Xºp-cms‚ ssien F∂p-]-d-™p-sIm≠v C≥kvs]-Œ¿s°-
Xnsc tat\ms‚ NnX-am-Wv F.-B¿. Db¿Øn-°m-Wn-bv°p-∂-Xv. mkvI-
h-ens‚ ÿnXn. AhnsS A\m-h-iy-amb h¿-Æ-\, IYm]mXw F√mw
h√mØ Zp¿-tΩ-Z- m-hpw. hmƒØ-e-bnse \S-∏p-t]mse A\p-]Zw i≤n-
t°-≠-Xm-bn-Øo-cp∂p \√ Ip‰m-t\z-j-W-t\m-h-ens‚ cN-\.
Cu am\-Zfiw h®p-t\m-°n-bm¬ `mkvIctat\m≥ t\mh¬ F∂
\ne-bn¬ ]cm-P-b-am-Wv. am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω-bpsS IYm-I-Y-\-co-Xn-tbmSp
`mkvI-c-ta-t\ms‚ IYm-I-Y-\-coXn Xpe\w sNbvXp AXp anI-hp-‰-XmWv
F∂v A∂p Nne \ncq-]-I¿ ]d-™p. Ah¿ ]cn-K-Wn-®Xv Xºp-cms\
BWv t\mh¬ A√. ""t\mh¬ kmln-Xy-Øn¬ `mkvI-c-ta-t\ms‚
ÿm\w tIhew Ncn-X-]-c-amWv; kmln-Xy-]-c-amb ta∑-I-sf-°p-dn®v
AXn\v Gsd-sbm∂pw A`n-am-\n-°p-hm-\n√'' F∂v tUm. sI.-Fw.Xc-
I≥ ]d-™-XmWv icn.
Hcp Zp¿Ω-c-WsØ NnXo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Ah-X-cWw DtZz-K-P-\-
I-am-Wv. ]t£ XpS¿∂-tßm v kw -h-߃ Cg-™n-g-™p-\o-ßp-I-bmWv.
t]X-]-cn-tim-[-\°v tUmŒ¿ FØn-t®-cp-∂-Xn-\v, Ime-Xm-akw t\cn´p
F∂v Xºp-cm≥ ]d-bp-∂-p≠v. B Ime-Xm-akw A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp∂p
F∂p-Xs∂ kΩ-Xn-°p-I, hmZ-Øn-\p-th≠n ˛ F∂mepw Adw-]-‰n-b-
t]mse XpS¿∂v F√m Imcy-ßfpw Cg-™n-g-™mWv \oßp-∂-Xv. Hcp
\q-‰m-≠p-apºv tIc-f-Ønse Hcp Kma-Ønse km[m-c-W-Po-hn-Xw, H´pw
NSp-e-am-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂ Imcyw kΩ-Xn-®m¬X-s∂, Ip‰m-t\z-j-W-t\m-
h-en¬ CXv A£-¥-hy-am-Wv.
Ip‰-mt\z-j-W-t\m-h-ep-I-fn¬, Ip‰w sNbvX Bƒ, A-s√-¶n¬ AXp
sXfn-bn-°p∂ Bƒ c≠p-t]-cn¬ Hcmƒ (Nn-e-t∏mƒ c≠p-t]-cpw) CX-
c-I-Ym-]m-X-ß-sf-°mƒ i≤ ]nSn-®p-]-‰pw. `mkv°-c-ta-t\m-\n¬ Ip‰m-
t\z-j-I-\n-emWv KŸ-Im-c≥ i≤ tIµo-I-cn-°m≥ ian-®n- p-≈-Xv.
]s£ Gsd-°psd F√m IYm-]m-X-߃°pw Xpey-]m-[m-\y-amWv cN-
\-bn¬! CXn-\¿∞w ]mXm-h-X-c-W-Øn¬ Xºpcm≥ th≠X i-≤n-®n-
´n√ F∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv. sIme-]m-X-I-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-Wv, As√-¶n¬
sIme-]m-XIw sNbvX-h-\mWv F∂v C≥kvs]-Œ¿ i¶n® Imcy-ÿs‚
Ah-X-cWw t\m°q. Abm-fpsS ]q¿∆-Im-e-_-‘-߃, kz`mh-k-hn-ti-
j-X-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb-∏‰n Hcp kqN-\bpw C√. Abm-fp-tS-ta¬ kwi-
b-Øns‚ Icn-\n-g¬ ]Xn-°p-hm≥ Hcp Imc-Whpw C√. F∂n´pw Abm-
fmWv Ip‰-°m-c≥ F∂v C≥kvs]-Œ¿ Duln-°p-∂p. Xo¿®-bmbpw
C≥kvs]-Œ-dpsS h¶Øw hy‡-am-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂n√ Xºp-cms‚
Nn¥. IrjvW≥Ip- n-ta-t\ms‚ ÿnXn CXnepw ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-am-Wv. Ahy-
‡-X-bpsS \n-gen-emWv DS-\ofw B IYm-]m-Xw. 1909- ¬ t\mh-en\v F.-
B¿.-X-ºp-cm≥ Fgp-Xnb apJ-hp-c-bn¬, Hscm‰ cwK-Øp-amXw ]Xy-£-
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
222010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
23
FgpØpw hmb-\bpw Bbn mkvI-c-ta-t\m≥ kabw sNe-hn´p cknI
cRvPn\n-°m-eØv A®≥ Xºp-cm\pw Aßns\ Xs∂-bmWv sNbvX-Xv.
(a-s‰mcp \√ IYm-]m-X-amb Ipam-c≥ \mb-cnepw D≠v Xºp-cms‚
Bflmw-iw. Abmƒ Ipd-®p-Imew Hcp ]X-Øns‚ kl-]-Xm-[n-]¿
Bbn-cp-∂p.) mkvI-c-ta-t\m-\pw, A∏≥ Xºp-cm\pw eLp-]-co-£-W-߃
\S-Øm≥ ]‰p∂ apdn-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CsXm-s°-bm-sW-¶n-epw, "c≠p-
Im-en\pw hen∏w Htct]mse A√m-Xp≈ Bin-X-hm-’eyw amX-am-
Wv. Xºp-cm\v G‰hpw A[nIw ]mI-∏ng ]‰n-bXv kvXo IYm-]m-X-ß-
fpsS krjvSn-bn-em-Wv. AΩphpw tZh-Inbpw IYm-]p-tcm-K-Xn°v ]pd-Øm-
Wv. i¶-c-ta-t\ms\sIm≠v Hcp ISpwssI sNøn-°p-∂-Xn\v _me-Ir-
jvW-ta-t\m≥ tZh-Insb Icp-hm°n F∂n-S-tØmfw F¶nepw IYm-hn-
Im-k-Øn¬ B kvXo°p ]¶p-≠v. F∂m¬ ]cn-h- sØ AΩp-°p´n
Hcp ]Z¿i-\-h-kvXp-am-Xw. IYm-K-Xn-bpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn¬ Ahƒs°mcp
]¶pw C√.
Xºp-cms‚ \n¿t±m-j-\¿Ω-hpw, ae-bm-fn-Øhpw ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ cwK-
߃ kvac-Wo-b-ß-fm-Wv. Ip‰m-t\z-jW t\mh-en¬ DS-\ofw BImw£
\ne-\n¿ØpI F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ At±lw Pbn-®n√ F∂p Xs∂ ]d-bp-
Ibpw thWw. Aßnßp ImWp∂ kqN-\-Iƒ [z\ym-fl-I-ß-fmWv
F∂pw ]d-bmw. Zp¿Ω-c-W-Øn\p hnt[-b-\mb In´p-Æn-ta-t\ms‚ apdn-
bn-te°v kw -h-Zn-hkw cmXn Imcy-ÿ≥ IS-°p-∂-Xv, "FS-Øp-Ime
DΩ-d-∏-Sn-bn¬ Du∂n' bn´m-Wv. C≥kvs]-IvS-dpsS h¶Øw Abm-fpsS
GXp ]hr-Øn-bnepw ImWmw. tIm¨Ã-_n-fns\sIm≠v Itkc P\-
en\p kao]w CSp-hn®v £oWw Xo¿°m-\mbn Ccn-°p∂ NnXw t\m°q
: ""kztX-Xs∂ CSp-ßnb IgpØv taZ p h¿≤n-®n v I\w tI‰nb ]®-
°-fn-a-Æp-t]mse \mep-]p-dhpw ]c∂p him-bn- p≠v'' Cu H‰ hmIy-
Øn¬ C≥kvs]-IvS-dpsS Nfn-Øe wKn-bmbn Bhn-jvIr-X-am-bn-cn-°p-
∂p. hnjw ]mX-Øns‚ h°n¬ ]‰n-∏n-Sn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv "D∏p hnf™
amXncn' BWv. ]cn-`m-¥-\mb `rXy≥ D≠m-°p∂ Im∏n "hm -sh-≈-
Øn¬ tamscm-gn®v ISpIp hdp-Ø-Xp-t]mse' bmW-sX. Iman-\n-bpsS
ap≈p-hm°v Imap-Is\ apdn-s∏-SpØn F∂√ Xºp-cm≥ Fgp-Xp-I.
]ns∂tbm ? "bphXn ap≈p-hm-°p-]-d-™Xv bphm-hn\v Ipkp-amkvXw
t]mse tXm∂n' F∂m-Wv. ipjvI-ta-L-߃ BIm-iØp ]mdn-In-S-°p-
∂Xv "ip≤n sNømØ ]™n-°q´w t]mse' BWv. Npcp´p ISn-®p-]n-
Sn®v Iodnb tIm´p-ambn aXn-en¬ Ibdn Ccn-°p∂ N -°m-cs‚ NnXw,
AXp hnc-Nn-X-amb Imew apX¬ hmgvØ-s∏- n- p-≈-Xm-Wv.
`mkvI-cta-t\ms‚ kz`m-h-Øn¬ Hcev]w ioa-a v Ie¿Øn-bXv F¥n-
c-ta-t\m≥ A∏≥X-ºp-cm≥ Xs∂ F∂v ap≠t»-cn. CtX A`n-]mbw
Pn.i¶-c-°p-dp∏pw ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. mkvI-c-tat\m≥, \mSp-hmgn ]`p IpSpw-
_mw-K-amWv F∂v t\mh-ens‚ Ah-km-\- m-KØv hmNy-am-bn-Øs∂ tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Ønb Imcyw D≤-cn-®p-sIm≠v, Aev]w t\c-tºm-t°msS sI.-Sn.
cma-h¿Ω ]d-bp-∂p. ae-b-m-fØnse BZysØ A]-k¿∏-I-t\m-h-ense
G‰hpw henb clkyw AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv B hmN-I-Øn-emWv. CX
tbmKy-\pw, _p≤n-am\pw I¿Ω-\n-c-X\pw Bb Bsf-∏‰n ]d-bptºmƒ
Abm-fpsS ]mc-º-cy-sØ-∏‰n ]`p-hw-i-P≥ Fs∂mcp ]cm-a¿ita Xºp-
cm≥ \S-Øp-∂p-≈q. P∑-Øn-e-√, I¿Ω-Øn-emWv alXzw F∂-t±lw
\n»_vZw ]Jym-]n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. "Ipe--a-lna Ipcp-Ø-tI-Sn-\mbn´p-
amXw' F∂v At±lw ]t≠ ]d-™n´p≠t√m.
t\mh-en¬, s]mXp-Im-cy-]-k-‡-\mb Xºp-cm≥, kaq-l-L-S-\-sb-
∏‰n \S-Ønb Nne ]cm-a¿i-߃ \ncq-]-I¿ th≠X i≤n-®n- n-√. acn®
In´p-Æn-ta-t\ms‚ A]-Zm-\-߃ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ aq∂mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬
BinX-hm-’-eyw, HuZm-cyw, Zm\-ioew F∂o KpW-ßtfm tZi-kvt\-
ltam km[m-c-W-bmbn Zpc- n-am-\n-I-fmb \m´p-]- p-°-∑m¿°v C√ F∂v
Xºp-cm≥ Ip‰m-tcm-]Ww \-S-Øp-∂p. \mSns‚ tib- n\v ]`p-hns‚
[\-]p„n amXw-t]m-cm, \m´p-Im-cpsS klm-bw-IqSn thWw F∂-t±lw
]d-bp-∂p-≠v. "]cio I≠p-Iq-SmØ', "hnizm-an-X-kr-„n-Isf' XztKm-
Kn-I-sf-t∏mse Hgn-™p-t]m-Ip-∂-X-√msX tcmK-\n-hrØn hcp-Øn-s°m-
Sp-°p-hm≥ P\-߃ D’mln°m-Ø-Xn¬ Xºp-cm\v ]cn- hw D≠v. acp-
a-°-Ømbw t]mbn a°-Ømbw hcp-∂-Xns‚ ASn-sbm-gp°v ]e
BZy-Im-e-t\m-h-ep-I-fnepw ImWmw. Chn-sS, hnUvVnbmsW-¶nepw
C≥kvs]-Œ¿ tNmZn-°p∂p "Fs‚ `mcybpw a°fpw Acn-„n-°p-∂-Xv,
Rm≥ Acn-„n-°p-∂-Xn\p icn-bt√? Rm≥ Pohn-®n-cn-°p∂ Ime-tØmfw
AXn\v kwKXn hcp-Øn-√. AXp kwi-bn-t°≠.'
im-kvXobamWv t\mh-en¬ Ip‰-t\z-j-Ww. mkvI-c-ta-t\m≥ D≠m°n
c£n-®n-cp∂ sIankvSn em_-d- -dn, A\m-h-iy-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v ap≠-
t»cn ]d-™Xv F¥p-sIm-≠mWv F∂p a\- n-em-hp-∂n-√. imkvXw
Fßns\ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-߃ sXfn-bn-°m≥ klm-b-I-am-hp∂p F∂-XmWv
X-ºp-cm≥ ]d-bm-\m-K-ln-°p∂ hnjbw. B ]co-£-W-im-e-bpw, ]co-
£-W-ßfpw Cs√-¶n¬, Ihn-Sn-\n-c-Øntbm ajn t\m°ntbm I-≈s\
At\zjn-°p∂ coXn-bmbn XcwXmgpw Cu kXyw-tX-S¬.
Xºp-cm≥ `mkvI-c-ta-t\m\v \evIn-bXv Bflmw-i-amWv F∂-Xn\v
C\nbpw sXfn-hp-Iƒ D≠v. mkvI-c-ta-t\m≥ ck-X¥w ]Tn-®p. tImtf-
Pn¬ Xºp-cms‚ sF—n-I-hn-jbw ck-X-¥-am-bn-cp-∂p. hnZym- ym-k-tijw
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
242010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
25
]pW¿Iq-S¬
Xsamgn Imhyt_m[wtUm. kn.-B¿. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥
ka¿∏Ww : \µn°Sense XncameIƒ°v
a[p-c-i-_vZ-߃ \o¿ho-gvØnbpw
Ihn-I-fpsS \mhp-Iƒ
Dgp-Xp-ap≈ hb-ep-Iƒ Ien˛68
1. ]pW¿Iq-S¬
sXm¬°m-∏n-b-Ønse s]mcp-f-Xn-Im-cw, Cssd-b-
\m¿ AI-s∏m-cpƒ; AI-s∏m-cpƒ hnf°w F∂o
]mNo\ Xangv IrXn-I-fn-emWv Xan-gv- -tZ-in-ku-µ-cy-
-I-em-t_m[-\n-b-a-ß-ƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≈-Xv.
Ch IqSmsX F -psØm-ssI, ]Øp-∏m- v, ]Xn-s\ v
Iogv°-W-°p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn-embn ImW-s∏-Sp∂ 2381
Ihn-X-I-fnepw Zmhn-U-ku-µ-cy-im-kvX-Øns‚ Bhn-
jv°m-c-ß-ƒ ImWmw. apX¿®-¶w, CssS-®-¶w, IssS-
®¶w F∂o aq∂p kwL-ß-fn-embn Bbn-c-°-W-
°n\p Imhy-ßfpw \qdp-I-W-°n\v ]fin-X-cmb Ihn-
Ifpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p ]d-bp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw ]e
IrXn-Ifpw Is≠-Sp-°-s∏- n- n-√. sX≥a-[pc (H-∂mw-
kw-Lw), I]m-S-]pcw (c-≠mw-kwLw), a[pc (aq-∂mw-
kw-Lw) F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-emWv ]fin-X- -IhnkZ v
\m-Wmthm ? Abmƒ Hcn-°¬ ck-X-¥-]-co-£-W-im-e-bn-te°v IS-
°p-∂-Xv. "Im∏nbpw ]e-lm-chpw D≠m°ns°m≠p-h-∂m¬ aWn-b-Sn-°p-
hm≥' rXp-s\-lr´w sI´n-bn- mWv !
Ip‰-mt\z-j-W-t\m-h-en¬ Ime-K-W\ AXn-]-[m-\-am-Wv. ChnsS a‰p
t\mh-ep-I-tf-°mƒ A[nIw ]m[m-\y-ap≠v ka-b-Øn-\v. C°m-cy-Ønse
Hcp XhW F¶nepw Xºp-cm\v t\m -∏n-g-]-‰n. ac-W-Øns‚ ]nt‰∂v
]©an-N-µ-s\-∏‰n Bdmw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂p. Ht∂m ct≠m
Znhkw Ign-™-t∏mƒ h¿Æ\ "]nd-∂n v \memw-]°w Ign-bmØ _me-
N-µs\'Ipdn-®m-Wv.
]mX-Kp]vXn F∂ t]cn¬ N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp∂ B kz`m-h-\n-Kql\-
k-º-Zmbw Xs∂-bmWv BImw£ \ne \n¿-Øp-hm≥ Xºp-cm≥ D]-
tbm-Kn-®Xv F∂m¬ lcn-]©m-\-\∑mcn¬ AXns‚ hniz-cq]w I≠ ae-
bm-fn°v ChnsS B cN-\m-co-Xn-bpsS Zp¿-∫ecq]w amXta A\p- -h-th-
Zy-am-Iq.
\ΩpsS BZysØ kmaq-lnI t\mh-en-t\m-tSm, BZysØ Ncn-Xm-
Jym-bn-I-tbm-sSm H∏w \nev°p-∂n√ BZysØ Ip‰-t\z-j-W-t\m-h¬.
AtX kabw X-ºp-cms‚ _lp-ap-J-]-Xn- -bpsS Hcp kv]µ\w amX-am-
bn-cp∂p t\mh¬ cN-\. GXp Ipd-hn-s\bpw AK-Wy-am-°p-∂-a- n¬
AXbpw Xnf-ßp-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ mjm-kvt\-lw. hn\-b-
hpw, emfn-Xy-hpw, ae-bm-fn-Øhpw Bbn-cp∂p kmln-Xy-kr-„n-bnepw Po-
hn-X-Ønepw B A`n-Pm-Xs‚ apJ-apZ. C∂v ae-bm-fn°v ssItamiw
h∂p-I-gn-™-h-bm-Wt√m B apZ-Iƒ.
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
262010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
27
sf-∏‰n ]mSp∂ Ipdn-©n-∏m´v temI-Ønse Hcp kmln-Xy-Ønepw
ImWm≥ I-gn-bp-I-bn-√.
19- mw \q‰m-≠n¬ H. Uªn-bp. Zmtam-Z-c≥]n-≈bpw hn.-hn. kzman-\m-Y-
ø-cp-amWv A]q¿∆-ß-fmb, tI´p-tIƒhn-bn-te°v ad-™p-sIm-≠n-cp∂
91- Hmfw Xangv IrXn-Iƒ Is≠-SpØp BZyambn ]km-[\w sNbvXXv.
kzman-\m-Y-ø-sc Xangv XØ (Grand father of Tamil) F∂p hnfn-°p-
∂p. Im¬Uz¬, Kntb-gvk≥, dnkvse, tXgvjvS¨, kpµ-c≥]n-≈, ]q¿Æ-
enw-K]n-≈, kqcy-\m-cm-b¨im-kvXn, \oe-I-WvT-im-kvXn, I\-I-k- ,
Sn.-hn. alm-enw-Kw, tij-A-ø-¶m¿, F≥. kp_-“-Wyw, F.-sI. cmam-\p-
Pw, tUm. sI.-F≥. Fgp-Ø—≥, tUm.F≥.hn.Irj-vWhmcy¿ F∂n-h¿
kwLw-Ir-Xn-Iƒ kam-l-cn-°p-Ibpw FUn‰p sNøp-Ibpw Iem- -N-cn-X-
]m-[m-\y-߃ hy‡-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn- p-≠v.
3. ]m´p-Im¿
]m´p-Im-c-[n-Ihpw km[m-c-W-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. NndptaXmhn, tN∂q¿
]qX≥, Ingm¿, \°oc≥, I]ne¿, \∂mI¿, acpØph≥, B≠mƒ Ch-
cn¬ tIc-fob Ihn-Iƒ ]c-W¿, amaq-e-\m¿, amt°m-sX, IWn-b≥, s]cp-
¶Spt¶m, Igm-Ø-sse-bm¿, NmØ≥, Ibv\m¿, Ip´p-h≥, s]m∂p-ssd-
b≥ F∂nh-cm-Wv. 44 t]cmWv tNc\m´pIhnIsf∂p ]dbs∏Sp∂p.
4. Xsamgn
πn\n-bpsS tcJ-I-fn¬ Za-cnsI (Damirice) (F.-Un.2)F∂p tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Ønb Xan-gIkwkvIrXn s]mXpsh ZmhnUkwkvImcw F∂-dn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Zmhn-U-sa-∂Xv Hcp aX-kw-kvIm-c-a-√. F∂m¬ AsXmcp
Pohn-X-ho-£-Whpw Iem-kw-kvIm-c-hp-am-Ip-∂p. CuPn-]vXnse Hcp Xpd-
ap-J-\-K-c-Øn¬\n∂v e`n® Hcp Ddn-∏m-X-Øn¬ (I.C., B.C.) Xan-gv en]n
Fgp-Xn-bn- p-≠v. Xangv Zangv Zanf Zhnf ZhnU ZmhnU F∂n-ßs\ Xan-
gns‚ kwkvIr-Xo-I-c-W-amWv ZmhnUw F∂ ]Zw. Xmbvsamgn, X≥samgn
(am-Xr- m-j, Fs‚ mj) F∂ A¿∞-amWv Xan-gn-\v. sN¥-an-gn-s\-∏‰n
Hcp sNm√p-≠v. N¶Øang-dn-hm¿ X¨ Xan-gn≥ Noc-dn-hm¿ . sN¥-angv
lrZn-ÿ-am-°n-b-h≥ X¨ Xan-gns‚, Ipfn¿a-bp≈ Xan-gns‚ am[p-cy-a-
dn-bp-∂p.
X¨ Xangv XWpØ Xan-gv.
Cu sNm√nse No¿ F∂ ]Z-Øn\v ap∏-tXmfw A¿∞-߃
ImWp-∂p. X¨ F∂ ]Z-Øn\v \m\m¿∞-߃ Xan--gn-ep-≠v. (No¿ --=
AgIv, sFiz-cyw, Af-hv, Xmfw, L\w, NnXw, etc.) kwkvIr-X-Im-hy-
im-kvX-Ønse [z\n F∂ k¶¬]-Øn¬\n∂v thdn´ Hcp Xsamgn
Imhy-co-Xn-bmWv s]mcpƒ F∂-Xv.
D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. kwLw F∂ ]Zw hyh-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv
IqS¬ F∂ hm°mWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂ sX∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. aq∂p
kwLßfnembn 474 IhnIfpw IemImc≥amcpap≠mbncp∂p.
Iq´p-Iq-S¬, ]pW¿Iq-S¬ Fs∂ms°bmWv kwL-Øns‚ A¿∞w.
BZyw IqS¬ F∂ t]cmWv D≠mbncp∂Xv. ]n∂oSv _p≤-a-X-Øn-se-
tbm, ssP\-a-Øn-setbm kwLw F∂ hm°v kwkvIr-Xo-I-cn-°-s∏ v
]tbm-Kn-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-sX∂v tUm. F≥. kp_-“Wyw ]d-bp-∂p.
Akm-am\y ]Xn- m-im-en-I-fmb Ihn-Iƒ- -Pm-Xn-t -Z-sat\y HØp-IqSn
kwL-∏-e-I-bn¬ Imhyw AhXcn-∏n®v AwKo-Imcw t\Sn-bn-cp∂ kwkvIm-
cnI thZn-bm-bn-cp∂p kwLw. AhnsS 473 Ihn-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. CXn¬
36 t]¿ kvXoI-fm-bn-cp-∂p. \s®-≈-bm¿, Ima-°-Æn-bm¿, Huh-bm¿,
amNmØnbm¿, B≠mƒ, BXn-a-¥n, Imss°-]m-Sn-\n-bm¿, apS-Øm-a-°-
Æn, \mIbm¿, \≥ap-ss√-bm¿, \∂m-ssI-bm¿, Igm¿, s]≠p, Rmem¿
F∂n-h -cmWv kvXoI-hn -Iƒ. kaqlØns‚ ta¬Ø´n
ep≠mbncp∂hcpw km[mcWIhnIfpw A∂p≠mbncp∂p. ]c-W¿, amaq-
e-\m¿, amt°m-X, IWn-b≥, s]cp-¶-Spt¶m, Igm-Ø-sse-bm¿, NmØ≥,
Ibva\m¿, Ip´ph≥, s]mssdb≥ F∂mWhcpsS t]cpIƒ.
2. hwio-b-ku-µ-cy-t_m[w
Ip∂p-Ifpw Xmgvhmc-ßfpw ]pg-Ifpw hb-ep-Ifpw IS¬Øo-c-ßfpw
\nd™ sshhn-[y-am¿∂ tZi-]-IrXnsb-°qSn Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Iem-k-
¶-ev]-ß-fpsS ]T-\-sØ-bmWv tZio-ku-µ-cy-t_m[w (Ethno aesthetics)F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Cu ]Ir-Xnsb kzmwi-o-I-cn-°p∂ ]mNo\cmb Xt±-
iob P\-h¿K-ß-fpsS temI-ho-£W kwkvIr-Xn-IqSn Dƒs∏- -XmWv
hwio-b-ku-µ-cy-im-kvXw. ]Ir-Xn- -kw-kvImc Zzµz-]-cn-I-ev]-\-bn-√m-Xn-
cp-∂ (Binary opposites) ImesØ t_m[-Øn-s‚ Iem-kr-jvSn-I-fm-Wn-
h. Cu ]T-\-im-J-bn¬ C∂v ]cn-ÿnXn kuµ-cy-t_m[w (Eco aesthet-ics), Ct°m˛t^mIvtem¿ F∂o c≠p hn`m-K-ß-fp-≠v. ]mNo-\-amb tZi-
]-Ir-Xnsb hnip-≤-amb Xmgvhc (Sacred landscape) IfmbmWv tZi-P-
\X Dƒs°m-≠n-cp-∂-Xv. apX¬s∏m-cpƒ -(ÿ-e- -Im-e-ß-ƒ), Icp-s∏m-cpƒ
(\m- -S-bm-f-߃), Ddn-s∏m-cpƒ (am-\-kn-Im-h-ÿ) F∂n-h \nd-™ XnW-
bpsS ]⁄m-]-c-amb ]T-\w- X-s∂-bmWv hwio-b-ku-µ-cy-im-kvXw.
]Ir-Xn-˛-kw-kvImc ]mc-kv]-cy-amWv AXns‚ Z¿i-\w. XnW-bpsS
kq£va-]-]©-amWv Iq´m-bva-bpsS ]m´p-Iƒ. _n.-kn. 200\pw G.-Un.
5˛mw \q‰m-≠n-\p-an-S-bn¬ Bhnjv°-cn-°-s∏´ Cu sN¥-angv tZi-∏m- p-
Iƒ temI-P-\-Xbv°v Xangv kwkvImcw ka¿∏n® A]q¿∆ Iem-kw-
kvIm-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ipdn-™n∏q apX¬ s\bvX-em-º¬ hsc-bp≈ 99 ]q°-
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
282010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
29
k‘y-bn-√mØ \mSv
Iqºpw Nnd-Ip-am-bm-º¬∏q-sam- p-t]m¬
I≠nSpw ho´p-Ip-cp-hn-°q´w
ap‰-Øp-W-°p-hm≥ Nn°nb s\s√√mw
sImØns°mdn®p hnem-k-tØmsS
Ducn¬ k`m-Krlw \n¬°pw sXcp-hn-se˛
∏qgn-s∏m-Sn-I-fn¬ tIfn-bmSn
A¥n-bn¬ ho´n-se-t®-°-bn¬ ho≠pw h˛
∂tºmSp Ip™p-ß-sfm-Øp-hmgpw
Ghw hnc-ln-Iƒ°m-[n-bp-ta-Im-¥˛
`mhhpw lrØn¬ \nd-bv°p-h-Xmbv
hs∂Øpw k‘y-Iƒ tXmgn, sNms√≥]n-b≥
sN∂p≈ \m´n-ep-ap-≠m-bns√?
˛am-a-em-S-\m¿, Ipdp-s¥m-ssI- 46
ap‰-Øp-W-°p-hm≥ Nn°nb s\s√√mw Ipcp-hn-°q´w sIm
Ø-n-s°m≠pt]mbn. kar-≤-amb hn`hw In´n-bmepw Ah¿ Iq´n¬ ka-
b-Øn-\p-Xs∂ FØn-t®¿∂p F∂v \mbnI ]d-bp-∂p. Zqtc-°p-t]mb
\mb-I≥ CXp-hsc aS-ßn-h-∂n-√. k‘y-bn-√mØ / hcmØ \m´n-emtWm
\mb-I≥ FØn-t®¿∂-Xv. acp-X-Øn-W-bpsS kar-≤nbpw D¿∆-c-Xbpw
Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-∂p.
Adn-hn-√mØ sIm∂Iƒ F∂ ]m´p t\m°pI:
Is√gpw]me \new-I-S-t∂m¬ ]nb˛
\t∂m-Xnb Ime-sa-Øo-e-sb≥ kJn!
t]¿ØpaImeØp s]bvX ag I≠p
Im¿Imesat∂m¿Øp sIm∂I-f-ßs\
\¬s®-dp-sIm-ºn¬ \nd-sb-∏p-Xp-a-e¿˛
sØmØp-I-fm¿∂p-t]mbv; aqV¿ sIm-∂-Iƒ
˛tIm-h¿Ø-\m¿, Ipd-s¥m-ssI- 66
ag-°m-e-am-Ip-∂-Xns‚ kqN-\-bmWv sIm∂-]q-°p-∂Xv. ag-°m-eØv
Xncn-®p-h-cm-sa∂p ]d™ \mb-I≥ CXp-hsc FØn-bn-√. tXmgn \mbn-
Isb kam-[m-\n-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv. Adn-hn-√mØ sIm∂-Iƒ°v sX‰n-b-
XmWv. ag-°m-e-am-bn- n-√.
]Ir-Xn-bnse kq£va AS-bm-f-ßfpw apZm- m-j-I-fp-amWv kwL-
I-hn-X. ]Ir-Xn-bnse Icp-°-fmWv (]-Ir-Xn-hn- -h-߃) D]-am-\-߃.
AXn-eqsS BZn-a-cp-sS, Xt±-io-b-cpsS D≈n-ep≈ ]Ir-Xn-bmWv ]p\¿÷-
\n-°p-∂-Xv.
4. s]mcpƒ
Imhym¿∞-ß-sf-°mƒ, A¿∞-[z-\n-I-sf-°mƒ, hyRvP-\-tb-°mƒ
kmkvIm-cn-I-amb Nn”-k-tµ-i-ß-fmWv Xan-gnse s]mcpƒ F∂-Xp-sIm-
≠¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. AI-s∏m-cpƒ As√-¶n¬ XnW-s∏m-cpƒ F∂p ]d-
bp-tºmƒ Hcp tZi-kw-kvIm-c-Øn-\-I-Øp-≈-h¿°v (Inscape / inset)amXw Adn-bm-hp∂ ktµ-i-ß-fpsS he-b-ß-sf-bmWv s]mcpƒ F∂-
Xp-sIm-≠¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. ]Ir-Xn- -kw-kvIm-c-Nn-”-ßfpsS he-b-sa∂p
]d-bmw. skmkq¿ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ kqNI (Signifier), kqNnX (Sig-nified) _‘ØneqsS s]mcpƒ k¶-ev]sØ a\- n-em-°m≥ s]m^.
G.-sI. cmam-\p-P≥ ian-®n- p-≠v. kqNn-X-ß-fpsS, kmwkvIm-cnI- -Nn-”-
ß-fpsS ]¥-sem-cp-°hpw Nm¿Øpw sI´p-I-fpw krjvSn-°p-I-bmWv
XnW°-hn-Iƒ sNbvX-Xv. Hm¿Ωbn¬ Xmgvhc-IfpsS ]p\x krjvSnbpw
ssPhn-I-]-Ir-Xnbpw dPn-kvtS-j\pw (km-[p-Xm-tc-J-s∏-Sp-Ø-epw) Nn”-
]-cq-]-߃sIm≠v kmwkvIm-cnI sI´p-Iƒ (Cultural code-knots) D≠m-
°-ep-amWv kwL-I-hn-X. Hcp ]m´p t\m°p-I.
N°bpw sR´nbpw
X\nsb hf¿∂nSpw apf-th-en-X∂p-≈n¬
sNdp-th-cnepw N°-\n-dbpw ae-hmcw
X\-Xm-°nb hnt`m! Zbbm¿∂mepw ]mW˛
kJnsb thƒ°m≥ th≠p-sam-cp°w XpS¿∂mepw!
Nmc-en¬ πmhn≥sIm-ºn¬ XqßnSpw s]cpw-N-°˛
bmW-hƒ Imaw; Dbn¿sR- ntbm sNdp-Xt√m!
˛I]ne≥, Ipdp-s¥m-ssI- 18
Ipdn-©n-ØnWbnse cl-ky-]-W-b-Øns‚ Bflm-hn-jv°m-camWo
]m v. Xpd cmXn-bm-Wv. ^ew ]mIambm¬ ]dn®v kpJ-ambn A\p- -hn-
°mw. shdpsX \ndp-Øn-bm¬ ]gpØp hoWp \in-°pw. Ima-`mcw
Xmßm≥ \mbn-I-bpsS Dbn-cm-Ip∂ sR´n°v Icp-Øn-s√-∂mWv cmXn-
bn¬ cl-ky-k-t¶-X-Øn-se-Øp∂ Imap-I-t\mSv tXmgn ]d-bp-∂Xv (sI.-
F≥. Fgp-Ø-—s‚ X¿÷-a). D]-a-bpsS amkva-cn-I-X-bmWv Xangv Ihn-
X-bpsS am[p-cyw. ]m´n¬ \mb-Is\ ae-\m-Smbn Iev]n-°p-∂Xv Ihn-k-
t¶-Xw. th¿]-emhv F∂mWv aqew. ae-\m- nse hcn-°-πm-hp-X-s∂. thW-
sa-¶n¬ N° thcnepw Imbv°pw F∂ sNm√n\v Ct°m- -t^mIvtemdp-
ambn _-‘-s∏´ Hcp kmwkvIm-cn-Im¿∞w IqSn-bp-s≠∂v a\- m-ep-∂p.
CXmWv s]mcp-f-Xn-Im-cw. As√-¶n¬ Ihn-X-bnse KpVm¿∞-߃ ]d-
bp∂ AI-s∏m-cpƒ. ama-em-S-\m-cpsS k‘y-bn-√mØ \mSv F∂ ]m v
acp-X-Øn-W-bnse AXn-a-t\m-l-c-amb Ihn-X-bm-Wv.
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
302010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
31
AØcw ssZh-߃ \of-s-h hm-gp∂
\m´ns‚ \mb-I≥ X≥ t]a-hm-bv]ns\
\ocm¬ \\-™p≈ IÆp-I-tfmSp Rm˛
\ohn[w tXmgn, \n\®p hmgvsI-∂-Xm-bv
˛ \°o-c≥, Ipdp-s¥mssI 105
CXn¬ kvXoI-fpsS ssZhwXp≈¬ F∂ jma\nkw kqNn-∏n-
°p-∂p-≠v. Irjn-bn-se- B-ZysØ s\¬I-Xn¿ ssZhØn\p ka¿∏n-°p∂
coXn tIc-f-Øn¬ C∂pw D≠v. AXmWv C√w-\n-dbpw \nd-tIm-e-hpw.
s\¬°-Xn¿ NmW-I-Øn¬ hoSns‚ DΩ-dØp hmXn¬ ]Xn-bv°pw. ]pdsa
IXn¿Ipe Xq°n-bn-Sp∂ coXnbpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Xan-gv\m- nse s]m¶¬
D’-h-Øn\pw C]-Im-c-ap≈ D¿∆-cXmk-¶-ev]-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ssZh-
Øn-\p-≈-XmWv IXncv F∂-dn-bmsX AXp sImØn-Øn-∂p∂ abn-en-
s\-°p-dn-s®¥p ]d-bm≥. ChnsS \mbnI Dd-bp-I-bm-Wv. s]¨sIm-Sn-
am¿ _m[-sIm≠v Xp≈p-I-bm-Wv. Xn∂p-Ibpw BSp-Ibpw sNøp∂ Xqa-
bn¬. t]aw a\- n¬I-bdn B\-µn-°p∂ s]¨sImSn Ien-_m-[-bn-se-
∂-t]m-se-bp≈ ]⁄m-kpJw A\p- -hn-°p-∂p. Ah-fpsS Cu kz`mhw
I≠v ho´p-Im¿ shdn-bm´v F∂v am¥-nI-®-Sßv \S-Øn-b-Xmbpw
CXn¬\n∂p a\- n-em-°mw. AØcw shdn-bm- p-ssZ-h-߃ [mcm-f-ap≈
\mSns‚ \mb-I-\mWv Imap-I≥. Abm-tfm-SmWv t]aw. ChnsS Ien-
bn¬\n∂v Ime-Øn-te-°p≈bmX-bmWv ImWp-∂-Xv. kvXoI-fpsS
ssZhwXp≈¬ (jm-a≥kvXo) F∂ ]mNo-\-k-¶-ev]sØ Bhn-jv°-
cn-°p-∂-XmWv Cu \mS≥]m v.
tZh-Ip-e-Øm-dpsS ""aÆpw hnÆpw'' F∂ Ihn-X-bpsS s]mcpƒ
\mSIw t\m°pI:
at∂-°mƒ hnkvXrXw hntÆ-°m-fp-∂Xpw
Bg-a-f-°m-\m-Im-Ø-Xm-am-gn-tb-°mƒ
Xnßpw Ipdn-©n-X≥ Imsdm-fn-s°m-ºsØ
]q°ƒtXmdpw ]mdnbm tX\o-®-Iƒ
tX≥ Iq´n-h-bv°p∂ \mS≥\m-b-I≥
]W-b-ah-t\mSv tZh-Ip-e-Øm¿, Ipdp-s¥mssI 3
A¿∞-]-]©w t\m°pI:
1. aÆv, hnÆv, Pew XpS-ßnb ]©- q-X-ßsf Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv
Cu Ihn-X. ]]-©-Ønse ÿnc-k-Ø-bp-≈-XmWv aÆpw hnÆpw
Pehpw. kvt\lhpw A]-Im-cw.
2. 12 h¿jw IqSp-tºmƒ ]q°p-∂-XmWv Ipdn-©n. B ]mb-Øn¬
]pjv]n-Wn-bm-b-h-fmWv \mbnI. bh-\m-cw- sØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂p.
\∑pss√ F∂ Ih-bn-Xn-bpsS Acp-hnbpw thßbpw F∂ IhnX
t\m°pI:
\∂p-X¬tXmgn! bcp-hn-\o-cn¬ th߲
sbßpw hf¿∂p≈ h∑-e-tN¿∂-h≥
Bb-h-t\m-sS¥p Rm≥ sNøp-sa∂p \o
tNmZn-∏q, \¿Ω-c-k-Øn-\mbv \n›bw
AXbpw Rm\-dn-™n-s√-¶n-se≥ tXmgn˛
bnXbpw \o ]mSp-s]- -sX-¥n∂tb!
˛\∑pss√, Ipdp-s¥m-ssI- 96
Acp-hn-\o-cn¬ thß-sbßpw hf¿∂p≈ h∑e tN¿∂h≥.
kwkvIrX Imhy-k-t¶-X-Øn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn ChnsS Acp-hn-
\m-b-I-\mWv. thß \mbn-I-bpw. thßbv°v Acp-hnsb At\z-jn®v
t]mIm≥ Ign-bn-√. Acp-hn-bpsS KXn-am-dn-bm¬ hr£w DW-ßn-t∏m-Ipw.
Acp-hn-bpsS hc-hn¬ kt¥m-jn-°p∂ hr£-sØ-bm-WnXv ImWn-°p-
∂-Xv. CØcw s]mcp-fns\ I\Ø Bi-b ߃ F∂mWv sI.- F≥.
Fgp-Ø-—≥ ]d-bp-∂-Xv.
amssa, \pX¬, ag-°-Æv, angn-Ø-SmIw F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ kuµ-cy-
k-¶-ev]-߃ Xangv Ihn-X-bn¬ ImWmw. am¥-fn¿ \nd-amWv amssa.
s\‰nsb sXm≠n-tbm-SmWp]an-°m-dv. \√ s\‰n-bp≈ tXmgn mKyhpw
kuµ-cyhpw D≠v. ]s£ Imcy-⁄m\w Ipd-hm-sW-∂v s]mcpƒ. I]n-
e¿ Im´p-a-√n-I-t]m-se-bmWv ImapIn F∂n-ßs\ If-bpsS hen∏w
ImWn®v hnf-bpsS alXzw ]d-bp-tºmƒ XnW-bpsS D¿∆-c-X-bmWv
e£yw. Xan-gv°-hn-X-bnse ]e ]Z-ß-fp-tSbpw A¿∞w a\- nem°m≥
]bm-k-am-sW-∂m-t£-]-ap-≠v. ]mKv]-Z-ß-fpsS A¿∞-h-e-b-߃
tNm¿∂p-t]m-bn. XmgvhcIƒ \jvS-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ A¿∞-h-e-b-ßfpw \jvS-
am-Ip-∂p.
\°o-cs‚ Ipdn-©n-Øn-W-Ønse ""abn-em´w'' F∂ IhnX
t\m°mw:
X∂psS tXm -Øn-emZyw hnf-™Xmw
s]m≥sN-dp-X¬Øn\ X≥I-Xn-cm-Z-cm¬
A∏p-\-°m-c≥ Ipd-h≥ ka¿∏n®p
]pØ-cn-bp-Æp∂ Xs‚ ssZh-Øn-\mbv
Hmcm-XXp Xn∂p Xqa-bn-em-Sp∂p
Xqa-bn-emSn hnd-®p-sIm-≠-ß-s\
ssZhw Ib-dnb aqe-an-f-Inb
tIma-f-s∏¨sIm-Sn-am¿Iƒ IW-°ns\!
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
322010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
33
t]mtW \m -dnhp ]m´p-Iƒ. Hcp apf-¥p-Sn-bp-]-tbm-Kn-®m-W-hƒ ]m´p-
]m-Sp-∂-Xv. ]t£, Ah-fpsS Infn-bm- p-]m v tI v Xßsf hnfn-°p-I-bm-
sW∂v IcpXn Infn-Iƒ ]p\-h-b-ensebvs°Øp-tºmƒ Ahƒ Ic-bpw.
]mSm-\p≈ Ah-fpsS A¤p-X-kn≤n Hcp im]-ambn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. h≠p-
Np-‰p∂ ]e CXfpIfp≈ Iqh-f-]q-hn¬ ag h∂p hoWt]mse-bmWv
At∏mƒ Ah-fpsS IÆp-Iƒ. B IÆp-Iƒ ImWm-\mWv \mb-I-\njvSw.
Hcp ]IrXn Bhm-k-]-Xo-I-Øn\p (Eco-symbol) Np‰p-ap≈ ]Ir-Xn- -
kw-kvIm-c-h-ebw AXmWv Xangv Imhy-im-kvX-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X.
Hcp I≈p-I-hn-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p kwL-I-hn-I-fn¬! I≈n¬ BØn-c-
b-\m¿. ]\ [mcmfw hf¿∂p-\n¬°p∂ \m´n¬ I≈p-Ip-Sn-°p-∂-h¿ Xncn-
®p-h-cp-tºmƒ s\m¶ns‚ Imºv IqSn IqsS sIm≠p-hcpw! Xmgvhcbp-sS-
cp-Nn-bmWv Xsam-gn-I-hn-X (A-cp-as‚ \mSv ]me-°m-Sp-X-s∂-bs√!). Ipdn-
©n-Øn-W-bnse hmg-°qºpw B\bpw F∂ IhnX t\m°p-I. ]W-
Øn-\p-th≠n ]ncn™ \mb-Is\∏‰n ZpxJn-°p∂ \mbn-Isb tXmgn kam-
[m-\n-∏n-°p-I-bmWv:
tZhX hkn-®nSpw s]cpw-a-kvXIw X∂n¬
tNme-hm-g-X≥ NpcpƒØfn-cm-ane-X´n
X¬_-e-a-gn-I-bm¬ NpSp-ho¿∏p-Iƒ hn´p
h≥I-fn¿ InS-°-th-bm-b-Xn≥ ]nSn-thKw
h∂-Xn≥ apXp-Ip-‰p-X-Shpw; AXn-\mse
aµ-a-§-P-ap-W¿∂-cp-hn-∏p-Xp-sh≈w
hcn-bm-sbm-en-°p∂ ae-X≥ XmgvhmcØn¬
s]cp-Xm-ap-d-°hpw XpScpantXa- n¬
hep-Xmw-a-e-bpsS \mY≥ \n≥Im-¥≥ tXmgn˛
bh-t\m-sSbpw cmKw Ima-ku-Jy-Z-sa-∂pw.
˛ Ipdp-©m-Ø-\m¿, Ipdp-s¥msI 306
sFXn-ly-Nn-¥-bp-W¿Øp∂ \mtSm-Sn-_nw-_-߃ \nd-™-XmWv
Cu ]m v.
1. \mb-I≥ Ip-dn©nØnW-bn¬ BWm-\- -s]-Æm\ NnXw Im-Wpw.
2. B\-bpsS 91 a¿Ω-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv akvX-Iw. AhnsS Cf-hm-g-°q-
ºp-sIm-≠m¬ B\-bpsS _ew t]mIp-sa∂v B\-b-dn-hv.
3. AXn-\m¬ B\-bpsS inc- n\v ssZhn-I-Xz-ap-s≠∂p hnizm-k-ap-
≠v.
4. Cu KP-sØ-bmWv ]nSn-bm\ ]cn-c-£n-°p-∂Xv. CXp I≠m¬
\mb-I≥ DS≥ aS-ßn-h-cp-sa∂v \mbnI ]Xo-£n-°p-∂p.
Hcp hoW-]q-hns‚ IYbpw Ihn-Xbpw kwL-I-hn-X-bn-ep-≠v. AsX-
3. BZn-hm-kn-I-fp-sS buh-\m-cw- -®-S-ßp-Iƒ F∂ \c-hwi (Pubertycustoms) NS-ßns\ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-XmWv Cu ]m v. apXp-hm-∑m-cp-tSbpw
am∂m-∑m-cp-tSbpw hnhm-l-߃ \S-°p-∂Xv Ipdn™n ]q°p-tºm-gmWv,
C∂pw.
4. Db¿∂ Ipe-Øn¬s∏ -h-\mWv \mb-I≥ (h≠v Db¿∂v Ip∂n≥ap-
I-fnse Ipdn-©n-sb-bm-Wm-i-bn-°p-∂-Xv.) Db¿∂ kvt\lw ]pe¿Øp-
∂-XmWv \mb-I≥ F∂p s]mcpƒ.
5. IS¬sh≈w ag-bmbn hogp-tºmte Cu kvt\lhpw sFiz-cym-Zn-
Kp-W-߃ D≠m-°pw.
IS-e-e-Iƒ kmhp-I-sf-s°m-≠p hcp-∂-Xp-t]mse hn[n sIm≠p-
h-cp∂ \mb-Is\ ho´p-Im¿ kvt\l-]q¿∆w kzoI-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v s\bvX-
X≥ XnW-bnse hnclw kln-°-h-øm-\m-ImØ \mbnI ]d-bp-∂-Xmbn
Ihn Ip´p-h≥ ]mSp-∂p.
Icbn-°p∂ Infn-Iƒ F∂ I]n-e-cpsS Hcp ]m´n¬ Akm-[m-c-
W-ß-fmb Hcp Im´p- m-h\/Ipdn-©n- m-h\ ImWmw. ]p\w-Ir-jn-bmWv
hnj-bw.
sh´nb amacw Np´ ]p\-ß-fn¬
s]m´n-bp-b¿∂ Xn\-°-Xn-cn¬
FØpw Infn-I-sf-bm´pas∏¨aWn
N´‰ X´X≥ Xmf-sam∏w
cay-ambv ]mSp∂ ]m´p-tI- o-Sth
Xß-sf-s®-√m≥ hnfn-∏-sX-∂mbv
]ns∂bpw ]ns∂bpw sN√pw Infn-I-sf˛
°Æn-\m¬ I≠-hƒ tIgp-at√m!
X∑-e-®m-c-en¬ Ip≠p-Np-\-I-fn¬
\∂mbv hnS¿∂Wnh≠p-Np-‰n.
an∂pw ]e-Zfw tN¿∂ Iph-f-ta¬
X◊g hoWp ]c-∂-t]mse
As∏¨ sImSn-bpsS IÆpIf-Ø∆n¬
ap‰pw hnf-ßp-a-°mgvNtbm¿∏q?
˛ I]n-e¿, Ipdp-s¥mssI ˛ 289
AhnsS hnX® Xn\-bpsS IXn¿ s]m´n-b-bp¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. Xn\bv°v
]p\-¶m-h¬ \S-Øp-∂-h-fmWv ]m´nse s]Æv. Ahƒ°v Infn-bm´p ]m -
dnbmw. tI-c-f-Øn¬\n∂pw Is≠-Sp-ØXpw C∂v \mS≥]m- n-eqsS ]Nm-
c-Øn-em-b-Xp-amb Hcp Infn-bm- p-]m´p t\m°pI: Dufn-]-d-]-d∂tbmSn
Imfo Dufn ]d-]-d-t∂, Ct∂Xp tImfn-te-bv°m-Wp-amam Dufym- m≥
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
342010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
35
߃ t\m°pI:
1.IpSn-ep-Iƒ°p aosX thß-∏q-°ƒ! CXp I≠v ]p≈n-∏p-en-bm-
sW∂p t]Sn®v HmSp∂ B\-Iƒ.
2. angm-hn¬ IÆp-t]mse Dd-h-Iƒ
3. ag-t]mse I≈p ap°n-s°m-Sp-°p∂ Hmcn
4. I≈n-°mb s]m´p-∂Xp tI´p ]d-°p∂ ]mhp-Iƒ
5. hc-Ip-]m-S-ß-fn¬ Xp≈p∂ apb¬°p-™p-߃
6. ]m´nse apJy-amb aq∂p LS-I-߃
kwL-∏m- ns‚ q]-S-Øn¬ aq∂p LS-I-߃ ][m-\-am-Wv.
1. apX¬ 2. Icp 3. Ddn
1. apX¬s∏m-cpƒ: Hcp ]m´ns‚ ]mcw- -]-kvXm-h-\-bmWv apX¬.
AXmWv XnWbpw Xpd-bpw. Ihn-X-bpsS ÿe- -Im-e-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈
kqN-\-Ifpw Ihn-X-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-amb ]Ir-Xn- -XmgvhcI-fpsS h¿Æ-
\-bp-amWv CXn¬ hcp-∂-Xv. Imhy-]-]©w Cu Poh- q-an-X-s∂-bm-Wv.
Ipdn-©n, ap√, ]mew, acp-Xw, s\bvX¬ F∂o XnW-I-fm-Wv, Poh-
Ømb Cu sFln-I-]-]-©w-X-s∂-bmWv kwL-Im-hy-tem-Iw. A√msX
kz¿K-\-c-I-ß-f-√.
ImesØ Znh-kw, amkw, h¿jw F∂n-ßs\bmbn Xncn®v Imem-h-
ÿ-I-fp-sS, EXp-°-fpsS km∂n-≤ysØ Ihn-X-bn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.
Imew ÿe-Øn¬ sNøp∂ sImØp-th-e-X-s∂-bmWv a\p-jy≥ Is≠-
Sp-°p-∂-Xv. h¿jsØ Bdp Ime-ß-fmbn Xncn-°p-∂p. CXns\ \o≠
Ime GIIw (Six large time unit) F∂p-hn-fn-°mw. Znh-ksØ ]`m-Xw,
D®, k‘y, cmXn F∂n-ßs\ A©p GI-I-ß-fmbn Xncn-°p-∂p (Smalltime units). Hc¿∞-Øn¬ Imem-h-ÿ-bpw Imem-h-ÿm-am-‰hpw a\p-jy-
a-\- nepw ]Ir-Xn-bnepw D≠m-°p∂ hnIm-csØbmWv kwL-I-hn-Iƒ
thh-em-Xn-s∏ v Bhn-jv°-cn-®Xv. Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w ]]-©-a-\-
n¬ Zpc-¥hpw kt¥m-jhpw \nd-bv°p∂p! XnW-bpsS \c-hw-i-]-Ir-
Xn, \m´p-S-tbms‚ tZi-t∏-cv, ÿe-Øns‚ Poh-imkvXw F∂nh
apX¬s∏mcp-fn¬ hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v.
2. Icp-s∏m-cpƒ : Ihn-X-bpsS BZn-cq-]-ßfpw tZi-kq-N-I-ßfpw
(Geographical indications) ssPh-X-\n-abpw (Endemic feathers) \m -S-
bm-f-ß-fp-amWv Icp. Ch tKmX- -\m-tSm-Sn- -]m-tZ-inI kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS
apZ-I-fm-sW∂p ImWmw. ]Ir-Xnbpw kwkvIm-chpw hn`n∂a√m-Xn-cp∂
hncp≤ Zzµz-ß-f-√m-Xn-cp∂ Hcp ]cn-WmaL -sØ-bmWv kwLw IrXn-
Iƒ, \c-hw-i-]-c-ambn hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv. Nature-culture F∂ ]cn-I-ev]-
\-bpsS \c-hw-i-imkvXw sehn-kvSukv hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v. kwL-s∏m-
gp-Xn-bXv Hcp Ipa-c-\mWv N√n-b≥ Ipac-\m¿. Ipdp-s¥m-sI-bnse 307-
˛mw ]m v s\bvX¬ ]q°-sf-∏-‰n-bm-Wv. s\bvX¬ ]q°-fpsS Bhm-k-tI-
µ-amWv hb¬. hb-ens‚ sFizcyw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂Xv Cu ]qhm-Wv.
AXp-t]m-se, hoSns‚ sFizcyw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂Xv \mbn-I-bm-Wv. h≠p-
ÆmsX \neØp hoWp InS∂p hmSp∂ ]q \mbn-I-bpsS buh-\-ku- m-
Ky-ß-fpsS \miw tZymXn-∏n-°p-∂p.
5. AIwIhn-X-Iƒ
Bg-Øn-ep-≈Xpw I\Ø Bi-b-ß-fp-≈-Xp-amb Ct°m- -Iƒ®¿
]I-S-am-bn-°m-Wp∂ Ihn-X-I-fmWv AIw-I-hn-X-Iƒ. Ah-bpsS ]tXy-
I-X-Iƒ Ch-bm-Wv.
1.Btcm Hcmƒ/]Xo-I-hy-‡nXzw (Persona).2. Xmgvhcbv°p ]m[m\yw/sF¥nW (sacred landscape)3. B¥-cn-I-temIw/Ddn-s∏m-cpƒ (Interior world)4. BZn-cq-]-߃/Icp-s∏m-cpƒ (Archetypal)5. t]a-I-hn-X-Iƒ (Love poems)6. 7 Xcw ]W-b-߃ ˛ tN¿®, ]nW-°w, th¿]m-Sv, ImØn-cn-∏v,
hnem-]w, GI-]-£o-b-]-W-bamb ssI°nf, A\p-tbm-Py-a-√mØ ]W-
b-amb s]cp-¥n-ssW.
hnhm-l-]q¿∆-]-W-bsØ If-sh∂pw hnhm-lm-\-¥-c-]-W-bsØ
I¿∏v F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. XnW- m-h\ \nd™ D≈p-ssc-bmWv hnip≤
XmgvhcbpsS Nn”-k-tµ-i-߃ \nd™ AI-s∏m-cpƒ. AI-∏m- nse
]⁄m-]-c-amb kwhn-[m\w ]©- q-X-ß-fn¬\n∂v Icp-s∏m-cp-fn-te°v
hf-cp-∂p. Hmtcm ]m´pw XmgvhcbpsS ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-hpw k¥p-en-X-hp-
amb kwkvIm-c-s∏m-cp-fns\ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. AXmWv Ct°m-˛-
t^mIvtem¿. ÿe-Im-e-ß-fn¬ hym]cn°p∂ a\pjym-\p- -h-ß-fpsS ka-
Km-h-X-c-W-am-Wn-Xv. ]Ir-Xn-hn- -h-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ B¥-cn-Im-hn-jv°m-c-
ß-fm-Wv cq]-I-ßfpw (Metaphor), BtZ-i-cq-]-I-ßfpw (Metonymies),]cq-]-ßfpw (Motifs), PohPm-e-ßfpw (Flora and fauna) \nd™ XnW-
ku-µ-cy-°m-gvN. G.-sI. cmam-\p-P≥ At±-l-Øns‚ bp≤-Øn-s‚bpw
]W-b-Øn-s‚bpw ]m´p-Iƒ (Poetry of Love and War) F∂ IrXn-
bn¬ Cßs\ hne-bn-cp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. .... movement of akam poems is acrossing from outer to inner; from outer body to the heart within; inmemory....(Kurinji), from sea to land (neytal), from warfield to home(Mullai), from home to wilderness,....to home in memory (Palai)....tohome, wife and kin (Marutam).
tZio-ku-µ-cy-°m-gvN-bpsS AI-s∏m-cpƒ hy‡-am-°p∂ kqNn-X-
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
362010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
37
I-amb Hcp sI´pw (Cultural knot), tZi-Ø-\n-a-bpsS IW°p (Ethno-maths) amWv kwL-∏m- p-I-fpsS cN-\-bnse Hcp-I-Æn. apX¬, Icp, Ddn
Ch aq∂pw tN¿∂p kwK-a- -k-a-ZrjvSn/ krjvSn (K-Wn-X-im-kvX-Ønse
Golden Ratio F∂ k¶-ev]-hp-ambn CXns\ Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-
Xm-Wv.) bpsS, AXm-bXv ]mNo\ Xangv tKmX-Xz-Øns‚ ]Xn-\n-[m-\-
ß-fmWv kwL- m-j. ChnsS `mj kwkvIm-csØ apZ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-
°p-∂p. A[n-\n-th-i- m-j-I-fp-sS IS-∂p-I-b-‰-Øn¬ \jvS-s∏- p-t]mb Hcp
]]-©-ho-£-W-amWv kwL-tN-X-\-bpsS Iq´m-bva-bpsS Bi-b-]-Xy-
b-im-kvX-ap≈ Xangv Ihn-X. kmwkvIm-cn-I-ku-µ-cyØns‚ \nZm\w Hcp
Hcp-°mWv F∂v t\csØ ]d-™p. ChnsS Icps∏m-cpƒ Hcp Nm¿Øm-
sW-∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂p. Hcp ]mNo-\-I-em-cq-]-Øns‚ Bhn-jv°-c-W-
Ønepw Icp-s∏m-cpƒ ImWmw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v k¿∏w-]m v F∂ Iem-
cq]w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xn\v Iem-Im-c≥/Ah-Xm-c-I≥ Hcp Nm¿Øv Xcm-
dp-≠v. AXv 64 Iq´w-X-s∂-bm-Wv. CsX√mw XmgvhcbpsS kq£va-tZ-in-
bpsS AS-bm-f-amb ]¥-en¬ sIm≠p-h-cp-∂p (Microcosam). Hcp ]tZ-
i-Øns‚ ]IrXn-hn- -h-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]mc-º-cy-amb ]cn-ÿnXn Adn-
hp-I-fmWv (Traditional environmental knowledge of landsape) ChnsS
apZn-X-am-°p-∂-Xv.
kwLw-Ir-Xn-Iƒ h¿Ko-I-cn®v Cw•o-jn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-Ibpw
Zmhn-U-Ø-\n-a-bpsS tKm]p-c-߃ temI-Øn\v ImWn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX
G.-sI. cmam-\p-P≥ ho≠pw Fgp-Xp∂p: In this world of correspondencesbetween times, places, things born in them, and human experiences, aword like Kurimchi has several concentric circles of meaning: A flower,the mountainlandscape, lovers union, a type of poem about all these, and musical modesfor these poems. But its concrete meaning, “a mountain flower” is neverquite forgotten (p. 241).
Cu Icp/]Xo-I-ßsf Poh¬ap-Z-Iƒ (live symbols) F∂-t±lw
hnfn-°p-∂p. Xangv tZi-Ønse XmgvhcIƒ Xan-gv∏m- ns‚ B¥-cnI
Xmgvhcbmbn ]m´p-I-fn¬ ]Xn- -en-°p-∂p.
C\n sF¥nWIsf ]cnNbs∏Smw.
Ipdn™n
apX¬ ˛ ÿew,-Im-ew˛ ae, IqXn¿, cmXn,
Icp˛ \m´-S-bm-f-߃ ˛tNtbm≥, Xn\, B\, thß, abn¬,
sXm≠I∏d, tX≥ti-J-cWw, sh≈-®m- w, Icn-©p-h-∏p-a-Æv, Ip-dn-™n-
cm-Kw, Ipd-h≥, ae-\m-S≥, 2,8,12, Ip-dn-™n-∏q
cpƒ a\- n-em-°n-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ At±lw Cu ]m›m-Xy-]-cn-I-ev\-bpsS
ka-hm-Iy-߃ adn-I-S-t∂-s\.
Hcp-Xn-W-bnse kky-]-IrXn (Flora), Hcp P¥p-]-IrXn (Fauna),BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ (Tribes), \mS≥I-e-Iƒ (Folklore), kwKo-tXm-]-I-c-W-
߃ (Musical instruments), cmKw (Music), aÆv (Soil), sh≈w (Water),tZhX (Worship), ]£n-Iƒ (Birds), sXmgn¬, FÆw F∂nh hy‡-am-
°p-∂-XmWv Hmtcm ]m´pw. G.-sI. cmam-\p-P≥ Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p: Inthe Karu, “things born into, or native to, a region,” no clear distinction ismade between nature and culture; among the native elements of a land-scape are listed flora, fauna, tribes as well as arts, styles, instruments.Further more, the Tolkappiyam (582 FF) considers all native elements,especially all amimate beings, as part of a continuous series grabed bydegrees of sentience” (P. 239-poem of love and war). ]Ir-Xn-bnse
Icp-°-fpsS ktN-X-\-ß-fp-tSbpw AtN-X-\-ß-fp-tSbpw ]t©-µnb-Xzhpw
XnW-bnse kPo-h-cq-]-I-ßfpw ]Xn-cq-]m-fl-I-Xbpw (live metaphor andpersonification) ]m´p-IfpsS samgn-s∏m-cp-fn-ep-≠v. t\csØ Nq≠n-°m-
Wn® Adn-hn-√m-Ø sIm∂-Iƒ F∂ Ihn-X -Xs∂ CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-
am-Wv.
ag-°m-e-am-Ip-∂-Xns‚ ]Ir-Xn-bnse Imem-h-ÿm-kq-N-I-amWv
sIm∂-Iƒ. hm°-gn™m¬ h¿j-an√; hnjp- I-gn-™m¬ th\-en√ F∂
sNm√v Cub¿∞-Øn-ep≈ Imem-h-ÿm-kq-N-I-am-Wv. tXmgn ]d-bp∂p:
hr£-߃°v kv]¿iw F∂ Cµobw amX-ta-bp-≈p F∂pw AtN-
X-\-ß-fm-I-bm¬ Chbv°v CØcw sX‰p-Iƒ ]‰mw F∂v. AØcw sX‰p-
Iƒ \ns∂-t∏m-ep-≈-h¿°v ]‰m≥ ]mSn√ F∂pw CXp-sI-m≠¿∞-am-
°p-∂p-≠v. ag-°m-e-am-bm¬ Xncn-s®-Øm-sa∂p ]d™ \mb-I≥ FØm-
Ø-Xp-aqew ZpxJn-°p∂ \mbn-Isb tXmgn kam-[m-\n-∏n-°p-∂-XmWv ]m v.
Nn”-ß-fpsS kqNI- -kq-Nn-X-_-‘-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ skm-kq-dns‚ ]T-
\-ßfpw XpS¿∂v Nn”-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øn-epw -kmw-kvIm-cn-I -apZm]T-\-
Ønepw AS-bm-f-]-T-\-ß-fnepw \S∂ At\z-j-W-ßfpw XnW-ap-Zm-¶-\-
ßsf a\- n-em-°m≥ klm-b-I-c-am-Wv. G.-sI. cmam-\p-P≥ Cßs\
]d-bp-∂p: In the Tamil system of correspondences; a whole languageof signs is created by relating the landscapes as signifiers to the uri orappropriate human feelings (t]Pv 241).
IqSp-Iq-S¬°hn-X-bn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Xmgvhc, hr£w,- ]£n, P¥p,
Irjn, ]qhv, hmZyw, sXmgn¬, P\-h¿Kw, cmKw, aÆv, sh≈w, FÆw
F∂nh t\m°n-thWw Ahn-SsØ Ddn a\- n-em-°m≥. kmwkvIm-cn-
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
382010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
39
Hcp XnWbpw as‰mcp XnWbpw AS-™p-In-S-°p∂ ]tXyI temI-
a-√. hn -h-ß-fpsS ssIam-‰hpw ssh -h-ß-fpsS ssIam-‰-hp-amWv kwkvIm-
csØ \n¿Æ-bn-®-Xv. Hcp XnWbpw as‰mcp XnWbpw CS-I-e¿∂v hcmw.
XnW-I-fpsS Ie¿∏v ]Ir-Xn-k-Xy-amW,v kwkvIm-c-k-Xy-am-Wv. ]£n-
Iƒ°pw Nne arK-߃°pw Pn]vkn-Iƒ°pw XnW-a-b-°-ap-≠v. Ddn-s∏m-
cpƒ A√\ ab-¶hpw s]dpta Ddn-s∏m-cpƒ Hgn-sI-bp-≈h Hcp XnW-
bv°p-≈Xv as‰mcp XnW-bn¬ amdn-h-cm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]t£ kwbp‡
Hm¿Ω-Ifpw hnIm-c-ßfpw AhnsS ]I-S-am-Wv.
3. Ddn-s∏m-cpƒ :
Hmtcm tZi-Øn\pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb a\p-jy-hn-Im-c-ß-fpsS temI-
sØ-bmWv Ddn-s∏m-cpƒ F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. t]a-Øns‚ hnhn[ L -ßfpw
X\n-a-Ifpw ChnsS Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. kwtbm-K-hn-]-tbm-K-ßsf (hn-
]-ew- w) °pdn®p amXta kwkvIr-X-ku-µ-cy-imkvXw ]d-bp-∂p-≈q.
F∂m¬ ImØn-cn-∏v, kwtbm-Kw, BImw-£, th¿]n-cn-b¬ XpS-ßnb
hnhn[ am\-kn-Im-h-ÿ-I-fpsS a\-»m-kvX-amWv \qdm-bncw ]m´p-Iƒ.
]IrXncwKhpw EXp-cw-Khpw Imhy-cw-Khpw Iq´n-t®¿∂-XmWv Ddn-]-]-
©w. kqNn-X-an-√msX kqN-I-an-√. ]mc-kv]-cy-am-Wn-hnsS ][m-\w. aqew
shdpw \mep-hcn amX-ap≈ Hcp Ihn-X-bpsS s]mcpƒ ]cn-kcw ho≠pw
t\m°mw.
1.]¥≠mw hb- n¬ ]pjv]n-Wn-bm-b-h-fmWv \mbn-I.
2. Ipdn-™n-∏q-°ƒ 12 sIm√w IqSp-tºmƒ ]q°p-∂p.
3. h≠v Db¿∂ ÿesØ tX\mWv tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
4. G‰hpw kzmZn -jvS -amb tX≥ Ipdn -©n-tØ-\m-sW∂v
Im -dn-hv.
5. \mb-I≥ D∂-X-amb kvt\lw \ne-\n¿Øm-\m-K-ln-°p-∂p.
6. ]©- q-X-ß-sf-t∏mse ÿnc-X-bp-≈-XmWv kvt\lw.
7. Ian-Xm-°-fpsS kwK-a- q-an-bmWv Ipdn-©n-Øn-W.
8. BZn -hm -kn -I -fpsS hnhm -l-°m-e -amWv Ipdn™n
]qØ Imew.
9. \mb-I≥ ae-bpsS A[n-]-\m-Wv. ae-t]mse D∂-X-\p-
am-Wv. ae]IrXn ImØp c£n°p∂h\pamWv.
Cßns\ ]Ir-Xn-cw-KsØ Hcp GP‚mbn a\p-jy-hn-Im-csØ ]I-
Sn-∏n-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂Xns\-bmWv sXm¬°m-∏n-b-Øn¬ D≈qssc
Dhaw F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Xangv Ihn-X-bn¬ ][m-\-ambpw D]a F∂
Ae-¶m-c-sØ-∏-‰n-bmWv ]d-bp-∂-Xv. D]-a-bpsS hI-t -Z-ß-fmWv Ae-¶m-
c-]-]-©w. Hu]-ay-amWv Ae-¶m-c-Øns‚ ImX-emb XXz-sa-∂v kwkvIr-
Ddn hnIm-cw˛ ]pW¿X¬ tN¿®
ap√
apX¬ ÿew,-Im-ew˛ ImSv, ag, k‘y
Icp˛ \m -S-bm-f-߃ ˛amtbm≥, hc-Iv, am≥, sIm∂, Im´p-tImgn,
Gdp-tImƒ]d,I∂pImentabv°¬, Acp-hn-Iƒ, Nph∂ aÆv, NmX-cn-
cm-Kw, Bb¿, Ipdpw-s]mssd\m-S≥, 4,14,24,ap√-∏q
Ddn hnIm-cw˛ Ccpج ImØn-cn∏v
]me
apX¬ ÿew,-Im-ew hc-≠-]-tZiw, th\¬, \´p®
Icp˛ \m -S-bm-f-߃ sImddssh, sIm≈b-Sn® [m\yw, sN∂mb,
]me, ]cp¥v, Ggp-tIm¬ ]d, X´n-∏dn, hcƒ®, ]md-a-Æv, ]mecm-Kw,
Fbn\¿, hnSsse,1,3,5, ]me-∏q
Ddn hnIm-cw˛ ]ncnX¬ th¿]mSv
acpXw
apX¬ ÿew,-Im-ew˛ \m´n≥]pdw, 6E-Xp-°ƒ, ]`mXw
Icp˛ \m -S-bm-f-߃ ˛ th¥≥, s\√v, Fcpa, acpXv, A∂w, XpSn,
Irjn, XSm-Iw, ]in-a-a-Æv, acpXcm-Kw, Dgh¿, Duc≥, 6,16,26, Xmac
Ddn hnIm-cw˛DuS¬ ]nW°w
s\bvX¬
apX¬ ÿew,- Im-ew˛IS¬Øocw, 6E-Xp-°ƒ, ]Ie¥yw
Icp˛ \m´-S-bm-f-߃ ˛IStem≥, D∏pw- ao\pw, apXe, ]p∂,
IS¬°m°, \mhmbv∏d, ao≥]n-Sp-Øw, IS¬, aW¬, sN∆gncm-Kw,
ap°ph¿, Xpssdh≥,10,20,30, s\bvX¬-∏q
Ddn hnIm-cw˛ Cc¶¬˛ GIm-¥-hn-em]w
XnssW-a-b°w :
ChnsS Xangv Imhy-kw-kvIr-Xn-bpsS al-Ømb Hcp HcmibwIqSn
hy‡-am-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. kmwkvIm-cnIsshhn-[y-tØbpw ssPhsshhn-[y-
tØbpw hyXykvX tKmX-Ø-\n-a-tbbpw Aw-Ko-Icn°p∂ Cu Xan-gvs∏m-
ena tZi-ß-fpsS Iq´mbvatbbpw ]mc-kv]-cy-tØbpw a\- n-em-°n-bn-cp-
∂p-sh∂p ImWmw. AXmWv XnssW-a-b-°w. Xsam-gn-s∏m-cp-fns‚ ]Xo-
I-ßsf a\- n-em°n Ihn-X-bn-te°v ]th-in-°p-tºmƒ Ah-cpsS
]mNo\ hwiob kuµ-cy-t_m[w ImWmw. AXn¬ BtKm-fo-IrX
kuµ-cy-Z¿i-\-amb A¥¿kw-kvIm-c-]-T-\-co-Xnbpw ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Inter-culturalism, trans- coulturalism, intra-culturalism, cross culturalismFs∂ms° hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ \ho\ \mK-cn-I-XIfpsS hn\n-a-b-ß-fpsS
coXn-imkvXw ]mNo\ Xan-g-I-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
402010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
41
F∂ ]m´ns‚ B¥cnI \q¬]v Hcp BtZicq]Iw BsW∂pw hne
bncpØs∏´n´p≠v.d^d≥kv
1. sXm¬°m∏nbw, \mjW¬ _pIvÃmƒ, tIm´bw.
2. F≥.kp_“Wy≥, kwLIme`cWkwhn[m\w, Un.kn _pIvkv,
tIm´bw 2003
3. taeßØv \mcmbW≥Ip´n, (hnh.) ]Øp∏m´v, tIcf kmlnXy
A°mZan, Xriq¿ 2000.
4. ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛, kwLkmlnXyNcnXw, tIcf mjm C≥kv‰n‰yq v,
Xncph\¥]pcw 2003.
5. tUm.sI.F≥.FgpØ—≥, (hnh.) Ipdps¥mssI, tIcf kmlnXy
A°mZan, Xriq¿ 1999.
6. F≥.hn. IrjvWhmcy¿ (hnh.) AIw IhnXIƒ, tIcf kmlnXy
A°mZan, Xriq¿ 1981.
7. Molly Daniels- Ramanujan (ed.) Ramanujan, Oxford University Press, 2004.8. A.K.Ramanujan, Poems of love and war, Oxford University Press,Bombay,
1985.9. ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛, Speaking of Siva, Penguin, 1973.10. ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛, The Interior Landscape, 1967.11. K.Neelakanta Sastri, A History of South India, Oxford University Press, 1958.12. K.Kailasapathy, Tamil Heroic Poetry, 1968.13. V.R.Ramachandra Dikshitar (ed.) The Silappadikaram, Oxford University Press,
1939.14. Robert Layton, The Anthropology of Art, Cambridge University Press, New
York,1991.
Xm-e-Im-cn-I-∑m¿ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ cq]I XØz-amWv D]-a-bn¬
A¥¿eo-\-am-bn- p≈sX∂v Xangv ]m´p-Iƒ hmbn-®m-e-dn-bmw. amX-a-√,
B¥-cm¿∞-߃ sImØnb cq]-I-ß-fm-Wn-h. Chsb A¥¿cq-]-I-
ß-sf∂p ]d-bmw (Hidden metaphor). G.-sI. cmam-\p-P≥ hnfn-°p-∂Xv
BtZ-i-cq-]I (Metonymy) F∂m-Wv. t\csØ ]d™ aÆpw hnÆpw
F∂ Ihn-X-bnew Bi-b-]-]©w ho≠pw t\m°pI: Ah-fpsS t]aw
`qan-tb-°mfpw hnkvXr-X-amWv; BIm-i-tØ-°mƒ D∂-X-am-Wv, Bgn-tb-
°mƒ AKm-[-amWv F∂v a\- n-em-Ip-∂p. CXmWv apX¬s∏m-cpƒ.
]Wbw Imsdm-fn -s°m-ºsØ Ipdn©n∏q°-fm-Wv. Aaq¿Ø-
kµ¿`Øn¬\n∂v aq¿Ø kµ¿ -Øn-te°v IhnX \sΩ \bn-°p∂
XnW- m-h\ ChnsS ImWmw. ]]-©-cq-]-ß-fn¬\n∂v ]IrXncq]ßfn-
te-°p≈ ]ptcm-K-a\w ChnsS ImWmw. Ihn-Xbv°p ]n∂nse ]⁄m-
]-c-amb kwhn-[m-\-amWv ChnsS ImWp-∂-Xv. ]©- q-X-ß-fn¬\n∂v ]mIr-
Xn- q-X-ß-fn-te°pw Ahn-sS-\n∂v a\p-jy-hn-Im-c-ß-fn-te-°p-ap≈ Hcp KXn/
Du™m-em- w, _ln¿hym-]mcw (Progression) CØcw Ihn-X-I-fn¬
ImWmw.
ÿe-Im-e-߃ > tZi-kq-N-I-߃ > a\p-jy-hn-Im-c-߃ F∂
]bmWw ]m´ns‚ Xmf-]-k-c-W-am-Wv. aÆv, BIm-iw, Pew F∂n-h-
bn¬ Bcw- n-°p∂ IhnX Ipdn-™n-∏q-hpw, tX\pw, tX\o-®bpw \nd™
]IrXn XmgvhcbneqsS h∂v t]a-sa∂ hnIm-c-Øn¬ h∂-h-km-\n-°p-
∂p. ]©-h¿Æ-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v IfwsI´p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bmWv sF¥n-W-
bpsS Ihn-X-Iƒ. ]m´p-sI- p-∂-Xns‚ Bgw ChnsS Adn-bmw. Chn-sS-
bmWv D≈p-ssc-bpsS (Inset) ]m[m-\yw. Ihn-X-bpsS I¿Ω-Im-fi-Øn-
emsI \nd-™-XmWv D≈p-ssc.
10. D≈p-ssc Dhaw
D≈pssc DhaØn¬ DeIhg°w (worldly usage), sNøpƒ
hg°w(poetic usage)F∂o c≠p hn`mK߃ hcpw. Hc¿∞Øn¬
hmNym¿∞hpw (temI[¿Ωn) hyKym¿∞hpw (\mSy[¿Ωn)
Xs∂bmWnXv. Xmgv hcbnse Icp°fpw a\pjyhnImcßfpw ]ckv]cw
_‘s∏´ncn°p∂p. IhnXbnse ]mhn\p≈nse LSIw IqSnbmWv
XangvImhyimkvXØn¬ hyhlcn°p∂ cq]IXpeyamb D]a. AXv
IhnXbnse Bib temIsØ kqNn∏n°p∂ LSIamWv. AXv
]et∏mgpw t]mse, F∂ t]mse F∂nßs\bp≈ D]amhmNIw
sIm≠v ]tbmKn°Wsa∂n√. sN¥angpIhnXbpsS Cu ]tXyI
D]am˛cq]IkrjvSnbpsS kt¶XsØ sam≠mjv F∂ hm°p]tbmKn®v
hniZoIcn °m\mWv G.sI.cmam\P≥ ian°p∂Xv. D≈p-ssc Dhaw
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
422010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
43
imkvX-t_m-[-Øn-s‚bpw hf¿®bpw hym]-\hpw C∂v cmPym-Xn¿Øn-
Iƒ ambv®p-I-f-bp-Ibpw temI-sØ-bm-I-am\w Hcp he-bv°p-≈n¬
XSpØp Iq´n \n¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]mtZ-in-I-amb X\namk¶-ev]-
ßsf \ncm-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v BtKm-f-h-XvIr-X-amb Nne \qX\k¶-ev]-
߃ kmaq-ln-I-Po-hn-XsØ am‰n-sb-gp-Xn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcp Ime-
k-‘n-bn-emWv temI-an-∂v. ka-Im-enI kmaq-ln-I-bm-Ym¿∞y-ß-fn¬
H∂mb BtKm-f-h-XvI-cWw (Globalization) kmaq-lnIPohn-X-Øns‚
F√m-X-e-ß-sfbpw ]Xy-£-amtbm ]tcm-£-amtbm kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p-≠v.
kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI cmjvSo-b-_-‘-ßsf am‰n-a-dn-°p∂Xn¬,
]p\¿\n¿∆-Nn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n¿Æm-b-I-i-‡n-bmbn BtKm-f-h-XvI-cWw
C∂p amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. \ne-hn-ep≈ kmwkvIm-cnI afi-esØ AXv
s]mfn-s®-gp-Xp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ht´sd ]iv\-ßfpw ]Xn-k-‘n-
Ifpw kmaq-ln-I-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ BtKm-f-h-XvI-cWw krjvSn-°p-∂p-≠v.
[\m-fl-Ihpw (postive) EWm-flI (Negative) hpamb hi-߃
BtKm-f-h-XvI-c-W-Øn-\p-≠v. temIsØ Hcp IpS-°o-gn¬ HXp-°m≥
AXn\p Ign-t™-°mw. Adn-hn-s‚bpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-fp-sSbpw hn -
h-ß-fp-sSbpw km¿∆-eu-In-I-amb hym]-\hpw hnX-c-Whpw AXp km[y-
am-°p-∂p-≠v. GsXm-cm-tfbpw Xs‚ hnc¬Øp-ºnse _´-Wn¬
temIsØ sIm≠p-h-cm≥ AXp ]m]vX-\m-°p-∂p.
kmº-Øn-I-ambpw cmjvSo-b-ambpw Ah¿ \nh¿Øn-h-bv°p∂
IpSbv°p Iogn¬, hncn-°p∂ he-bv°p-≈n¬, temIw apgp≥ ]pe¿∂p-
sIm-≈Ww F∂ A[o-i-im-k-\-bmWv BtKm-f-h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚ \nb-
a-ß-fmbn amdp-∂-Xv. ChnsS hy‡n-Xz-ß-tf-bp-≈q. ChnsS aqey-ßtfm
[m¿Ωn-I-Xtbm ss\Xn-I-Xtbm AXns‚ _lp-e-X-bn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-
s∏-Sp-∂n-√. kwkvIm-c-ssh-hn-[y-ßsf Dƒ°m-≈p-∂n-√. Ah-Im-i-ß-
sfbpw A[n-Im-c-ß-sfbpw AXp am\n-°p-∂n-√. CsX√mwsIm≠v BXy-
¥n-I-ambn kw`hn-°p-∂-Xv \ne-\n∂p t]mcp∂ kmwkvIm-cnI _lp-Xz-
ß-fpsS \mi-hpw, F√mw kmº-ØnI uXn-I-kp-J-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-c-ß-
fn¬ Du∂n-s°m-≠p≈ Hcp GI-in-em-flI kwkv°m-c-Øns‚ hym]-\-
hp-am-Wv.
BtKm-f-h-Xv°-c-W-w F∂ ]Xn- mkw \K-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw Kma-ß-
fn-te°pw km[m-c-W-°m-cn-te°pw AXns‚ kzm[o-\-l-kvX-߃ \o´n-
I-gn-™n-cn-°p-∂p. kwkv°m-cnI _lp-Xz-ß-fpsS AkvX-a-bhpw kmº-
ØnI tIµ-amb GIm-flI kwkv°m-c-Øns‚ A[o-i-Xzhpw Kmao-
W-Po-hn-Xm-h-ÿ-Isf Bg-Øn¬ apdn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p≠v. KmaoW Im¿jnI
kwkv°m-c-Øn¬ Hcpev]∂w D≠m-°pI F∂m¬ AXv B kaq-l-
BtKmfhXvI-c-WhpwkmwkvIm-cnI ]Xn-k-‘nbpw
tUm. Fw. IrjvW≥\-ºq-Xncn
kmaq-ly-]-k-‡n-bp≈ hnj-b-߃°v BJym-
\m-fl-I-km-ln-Xy-cq-]-ß-fn¬ khn-tij ]cn-K-W\
e`n-°m-dp-≠v. mj-sIm≠pw ]ta-bw-sIm≠pw Ah
kmam-\y-hym-h-lm-cnI temI-tØmSv IqSp-X¬ ]Xn-
_-≤X ]pe¿Øp-∂p. t\mh¬, sNdp-I-Y, Bfl-IY,
bmXm-hn-h-cWw XpS-ßnb kmln-Xy-cq-]-߃ kmaq-
ln-I-]-cn-Wm-a-Øns‚ km£y-߃ IqSn-bm-Ip∂p
F∂Xv Ah-bpsS Ncn-X-]-k-‡n-IqSn shfn-hm-
°p∂p. CXn¬ sNdp-IY F∂ cq]-KWw kaq-l-
sØ G‰hpw [z\ym-fl-I-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬
i≤n-°p-∂p. Zmhn-U- m-j-I-fnse ka-Im-enI sNdp-
I-Ym-km-lnXyw s]mXpsh Cu kmaq-ly-]-c-X°pw
ka-Im-e-kv]µ-\-߃°pw Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂p-
s≠∂p ]d-bmw.
apsº-ßp-an-√m-Ø-hn-[w, kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿn-X-I-
fn¬ AXn-th-K-]-cn-Wm-a-߃ kw -hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-
°p∂ Hcp Ime-L- -Øn-emWv \mw Pohn-°p-∂-Xv.
]pXnb Adn-hp-I-fp-sSbpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-fp-sSbpw
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
442010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
45
Øp-°-fn¬ Gsd it≤-b-\p-amb hotc-µm-Nm-cn-bpsS A∂-ZmXm ae-
bm-f-Øn-te°p ]cn- m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≈Xv, ae-bm-fnbpw sXep-Kp-I-Ym-
Ir-Øp-amb io.-F¬.-B¿. kzman-bm-Wv.
ka-Im-en-I-a-e-bm-f-sN-dp-I-Y-I-fn¬ hf-sc-tbsd N¿®sN-ø-s∏-Sp∂
IY-bmWv kt¥mjv G®n-°m-\-Øns‚ "sImame'. temI-]-ikvX Fgp-
Øp-Im-c≥ lphm≥ dqƒt^m-bpsS ]ivk-X-t\m-h-emWv s]tUm-]-cmam.
AXnse Hcp km¶-ev]nI Kma-amWv sImam-e. ]tc-Xm-flm-°-fpsS Kma-
`qanbmWv sImam-e. ac-W-Øns‚ K‘w Xßn-\n¬°p-∂, acn-®-h-cpsS
i_vZ-߃ ams‰m-en-s°m-≈p-∂, achn® Kma- q-]-S-amWv sImam-e. ico-
c-Øns‚ AS-bm-f-߃ C√m-Ø, AZr-iy-X-bpsS, \n w-K-X-bpsS Bflm-
°ƒ amX-ap≈ sImam-e-bmbn tIc-fhpw AXp-t]m-ep≈ aq∂mw temI-
]m-tZ-in-I-X-Ifpw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂p F∂ Xncn-®-dnhp \¬Ip∂ IY-
bmWv G®n-°m-\Øns‚ sImam-e. BtKm-f-h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚ Zp zm-[o-
\-߃ temIsØ Iog-S-°n-°-gn-bp-tºmƒ temI-am-sI-Øs∂ sImam-
e-bpsS hniz-cq-]-ambn amdmw.
Ip≠q¿ F∂ \m´n≥]p-dsØ hniz≥ F∂ km[m-c-W-°m-cs‚
\n -lm-b-amb Pohn-X-Øn¬ NXn-sbm-cp-°p∂ IS-s°-Wnbpw
AXn¬\n∂pw c£-s∏-Sm-\m-ImsX IpSpw-_-k-taXw Bfl-l-Xy°p Xocp-
am-\n-®v, BKkvXv 15 ac-W-Zn-h-k-ambn ]Jym-]n®v Ig-nbp-∂Xpw, AXv
Hcp hm¿Øm-hn-j-b-ambn amdp-∂-Xp-amWv sImam-e-bnse ]ta-bw.
hnizs‚ Bfl-l-Xym-`o-jWn hm¿Øm-hn-j-b-am°n N¿® sNbvXv
BtLm-jn-°p∂ Nm\¬ Zriy-am-[y-a-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ \qX-\-ap-Jhpw
shfn-hm-°p-∂p. hm¿Øm Ah-Xm-c-I≥, _m¶ns‚ A[n-Im-cn, a\:»mkvX-
⁄≥, ssIw_yqtdm DtZym-K-ÿ≥, AUz-t°-‰v, hniz≥, Sn.hn.
t]£I¿ F∂n-h¿ hnizs‚ Bfl-l-Xym- o-j-Wnsb N¿®m-hn-j-b-am-
°p-∂p.
kn.sP tXmakv ssIw\m-S-IØn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n® ac-W-Øn-s‚bpw
Bfl-l-Xy-bp-sSbpw lmkym-fl-I-Xsb A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v sImam-
e-bnse Bfl-l-Xym- o-j-Wnsb ap≥\n¿Øn-bp≈ hm¿Øm-hn-i-I-e-\w.
Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ t]£-I-cmcpwXs∂ SMS ]Xn-I-c-W-߃ Adn-bn-
®n√ F∂Xpw hnizs‚ \m´n≥]p-d-Øp-IqSn Cu Bfl-l-Xym-]-Jym-]\w
Ne-\-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-°n-bn√ F∂Xpw kaq-l-a-\- m-£n-bpsS \n w-K-X-
sb, \n¿∆n-Im-c-X-sb, ac-hn-∏ns\ Hs° kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]Xn-I-c-W-ti-
jn-bn-√mØ ]tc-Xm-flm-°-fpsS sImam-e-bmbn \ΩpsS kaq-lhpw
amdp∂p F∂v kt¥mjv hy‡-am-°p-∂p. hnizs\ NXn®p IS-s°-Wn-
bn¬ hogvØnb kp[m-I-cs\ At\z-jn-®n-d-ßp∂ hniz\v kaq-l-Øns‚
Øns‚ tIhew ssPhnI-amb \ne-\n¬∏n\p amXw F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p.
emt -—bpw [\m¿÷-\hpw e£y-am-°p-∂ -hn-]Wnkwkv°m-cw KmaoW
Im¿jn-I-kw-kv°m-c-Øn¬ C√m-Ø-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. A[zm-\n-®p-≠m-°p∂
hnfhv Bh-iy-°m¿ At\ym\w ssIam-dnbpw ]¶p-h®pw A\p- -hn-°p∂
Hcp tkmjy-enÃv hyh-ÿn-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p KmaoW Pohn-XsØ Hcp sXfn-
\o-c-cp-hn-t]mse kz—hpw im¥hp-am-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. AhnsS sIm≠pw
sImSpØpw klm-bn®pw km¥z-\-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw kl-\-s∏-Sp-Ønbpap≈
Hcp ssPh-]-In-b-bm-bn-cp∂p PohnXw. ]tcm-]-Im-cta ]pWyw ]m]ta
]c-]o-U\w F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p AhnsS ]Tn-®Xpw A\p- -hn-®Xpw. A\p- -
h-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Dudn°qSnb aqey-ß-fp-sSbpw ss\Xn-I-X-bpsSbpw
ss\k¿§n-IX Pohn-X-sØbpw kwkv°m-c-sØbpw IqSp-X¬ B¿Z-
am°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p.
CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ ]mtZ-inI kwkv°m-c-ßsf AXn-eq-∂n-bp≈
KmaoW km[m-c-W-amb Pohn-Xm-h-ÿ-Isf BtKm-f-h-Xv°-cWw
Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p, ]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ krjvSn-°p∂p F∂-Xns‚
BJym-\-km-£y-߃ Z£n-tW-¥y≥ IYm-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬, hnti-jn-
®v, h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-sN-dp-I-Ym-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ [mcm-f-ap-≠v. ae-bm-f-Øn-
em--I-s´, BtKm-f-h-XvIr-X D-Ø-cm-[p-\n-I-Po-hn-Xm-h-ÿ-Isf k¿§m-fl-
I-C-S-s]-S-ep-I-fn-eqsS ]Xy-£-amtbm ]tcm-£-amtbm Bhn-jvI-cn-°m-
Ø-Xmbn Hcp IYm-Ir-Øvt]mepw D≠m-In-√. BtKm-f-h-Xv°-c-Whpw D]-
t`m-KkwkvImchpw ae-bm-fn-bpsS Pohn-X-ho-£-W-Øn¬ hcp-Øp∂ am‰-
ß-sfbpw AXp-≠m-°p∂ kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-]-iv\-ß-sfbpw i‡-ambn
Bhn-jvI-cn-®n- p≈ sNdp-I-Ym-Ir-ØmWv kt¥mjv G®n-°m-\w. "DS-ep-
Iƒ hn -h-k-ar-≤n-bn¬', "Ieiw', "a™p-a-\p-jy≥', "tXhn \\-®Xv',
"sImame', "tUhn-UvPn-tImUv' XpS-ßnb IY-I-fn-eqsS kt¥mjv ka-
Im-en-I-Po-hn-X-bm-Ym¿∞y-ßsf BJym\w sNøp-∂p.
]mtZ-in-I-ambpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambpw kam-\-X-Iƒ ae-bm-f-hp-ambn
]¶p-sh-°p∂ sXep-Kp-I-Y-Iƒ C∂v [mcmfw Fgp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. tI-c-f-
Øn¬ Gsd-°psd \jvS-s∏- p-I-gn-™n- p≈ Im¿jn-I-Km-ao-W-Po-hn-X-kw-
kvImcw sXep-¶p-\m- n¬ AXt-bsd A]-N-b-s∏- n- n√ F∂p hy‡-am-
°p-∂-XmWv ]e IY-I-fpw. BtKm-f-h-Xv°-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw D]-t`m-K-kw-
kvImc-Øn-s‚bpw then-tb‰w tIc-fo-b-Im¿jn-I-cw-K-ß-fn¬ D≠m-°nb
AXbpw oj-W-amb Ah-ÿm-¥-c-߃ sXep-¶p-\m- n¬ kr„n-®n- n√
Ft∂ D≈q. ]nte-‰q¿ F∂ Kma-Ønse \mcm-b-W≥ F∂ I¿j-Is‚
Zb-\o-b-amb PohnXw Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ UpwtImPn tZth-µm-Nm-cn-bpsS
"A∂-ZmXm' F∂ IY it≤-b-am-Wv. ]X-h¿Ø-I\pw bph-I-Ym-Ir-
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
462010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
47
sØ-°p-dn-®m-Wv. A∂-Zm-Xmhv tNmdp \¬Ip-∂-h-\m-Wv. tNmdp \¬Ip-
∂-h≥ Irjn-°m-c-\m-Wv. a‰p-≈-h¿°v tNmdp-Æm≥th≠n aÆn-t\mSpw
Imem-h-ÿ-tbmSpw a√n v A≤zm-\n-°p∂ I¿j-I≥ B[p-\n-I-k-aq-l-
Øn¬ Xncn-®-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂n-√, AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. Fhn-sSbpw Ah≥
Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p, A]-l-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p, s]mXp-[m-c-bn¬\n∂pw
Zqtc°p am‰n \n¿Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ip´n-°mew apXte Irjn-∏-Wn-bn-te¿s∏ v
\s´√p hf-™p-t]mb Kmao-W-\mWv A∂-Zm-Xm-bnse \mcm-b-W≥.
s\√pw ]®-°-dn-Ifpw Irjn sNbvXv, B[p-\nI Ime-L- -Øns‚ ]co-
£-W-ß-fn¬s∏ v ]cm-Pbw G‰p-hm-ßp∂ I¿j-I-]-Xn-\n-[n-bmWv \mcm-
b-W≥.
c≠p Zim-_vZ-߃ apºp-hsc Irjn ]Xyp-ev]m-Z-\-]-chpw BZm-b-
I-c-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]pXnb hyh-km-b-ßfpw Dev]m-Z-\-X-¥-ßfpw hn]-
Wn-Ifpw IS-∂p-h-∂-tXmsS ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb sXmgn¬ D]-Po-h-\-ta-J-e-
Iƒ B¿°pw th≠m-Ø-Xm-bn-am-dn. Irjnbpw A\p-_-‘-sXm-gn-ep-Ifpw
Bi-bn-®p-I-gn-™n-cp∂ Kmao-W-P-\-Xbv°v X\-Xmb Hcp Im¿jnI
kwkvImcw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. B[p-\n-I-X-bp-sSbpw BtKm-f-h-XvIr-X-Im-
e-L- -Øn-s‚bpw kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ Im¿jn-I-Po-hn-Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw
]nSn-®p-\n¬°m-\m-ImsX \mtim-∑p-J-ambn amdp∂ ImgvN tZth-µm-Nm-
cn-bpsS "A∂-ZmXm'bnep-≠v.
Irjn sNøm≥th≠n ]Ww IS-sa-SpØv Irjn- \n-e-\n¿Øm≥
th≠n ho≠pw ISw-hmßn kmº-Øn-I-]-Xn-k-‘n-bn¬s∏´v F¥p
sNøWw F∂-dn-bmsX Bi-¶-s∏´p Ign-bp∂ I¿jI IpSpw-_-߃
C¥y≥ Kma-ß-fn¬ Gdn-h-cn-Ibm-Wv. I¿j-I-B-fl-l-Xy-Iƒ hm¿Øm-
am-[yaßfn¬ \nc-¥-c-hm¿Ø-bmbn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. F¥p-sIm≠v
Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bn¬ ta¬°p-ta¬ A]-N-bw, F¥p-sIm≠v I¿jI
Bfl-l-Xy-Iƒ F∂v At\z-jn-°p-tºm-gmWv BtKm-f-h-XvI-cW ]≤-
Xn-Iƒ kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ hcp-Øp∂ am‰-ß-fn¬ \ΩpsS i≤ ]Xn-
bp-∂-Xv. Kmao-W-Po-hn-X-sØbpw Im¿jn-I-hr-Øn-sbbpw ]Xy-£-
Øntem ZpX-K-Xn-bntem A√ BtKm-fo-I-cWw am‰n-an-dn-°p-∂-Xv. ImgvN-
∏m-Sp-I-fn-eq-sSbpw at\m- m-h-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw AXv ]tcm-£-ambpw F∂m¬
Zqc-hym-]-I-ambpw kzm[o-\- -e-߃ krjvSn-°p-I-bm-Wv. \K-c-ß-fnepw
\K-c-Po-hn-X-Ønepw DØ-cm-[p-\nI BtKm-f-h-XvIrX Bi-b-߃ t\cn v
]cn-Wm-a-߃°p \nan-Ø-am-Ip-∂p. aƒ´n-\m-j-W¬ Iº-\n-I-fmbpw hyh-
km-b-kw-cw- -ß-fmbpw imkvX kmt¶-Xn-I-ÿm-]-\-ß-fmbpw aƒ´n-tjm-
∏nwKv tImwπ-Ivkp-I-fmbpw B[p-\n-I-Po-hnX kuI-cy-ß-fmbpw AXv
\K-c-Po-hn-XsØ Ft∏mgpw kzm[o-\n®p Iogvs∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. BtKm-fo-
Im]-Syhpw Zbm-cm-lnXyhpw ho≠pw ho≠pw A\p- -hn-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂p.
hml-\m-]-I-S-Øn¬s∏ v ac-Wm-k-∂-\mbn InS-°p∂ Hcp bphm-hns\
c£-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-ff ia-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ s]tUm-]-tcm-a-bnse sImame
hniz≥ t\cn- -dn-bp-∂p, A\p- -hn-°p-∂p. Cu Xncn-®-dnhv hnizs\ ]Xn-
tcm-[-Øns‚ ]Im-i-tem-IØv FØn-°p-∂p. Bfl-lXym Xocp-am-\-
Øn¬\n∂pw Pohn-Xm-tbm-[m-\-Øns‚ kwL¿j-Øn-te°p apt∂-dm≥
hniz≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p. F√m a\p-jycpw IS-∏m-Sp-I-fn¬ sI -s∏- n-cn-
°p-∂p-sh∂pw kmº-Øn-I-amb IS-∏m-Sp-I-f√ AsX∂pw Abmƒ Xncn-
®-dn-bp-∂p. kl-Po-hn-I-tfm-Sm-Wv, Pohn-X-tØm-SmWv a\p-jy≥ IS-s∏- n-
cn-°p-∂-sX∂pw Cu IS-amWv F√m a\p-jy¿°pw ho´n-Øo¿°m-\p-≈-
sX-∂pw, A]-I-S-Øn¬s∏´ Hcp a\p-jys\ tN¿Øp-]n-Sn-°m\pw
Abmƒ°p-th≠n t¢in-°m\pw c≠p Xp≈n-sh≈w hmbn¬ \evIm\pw
Ign-™-Xn-eqsS X\n°p ISw ho´m≥ Ign-™n-cn-°p∂p F∂pw hniz≥
Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. hoSn\p ap∂n¬ ÿm]n-®n- p≈ Bfl-l-Xym- o-j-Wn-°p-
dn-∏ns‚ Akw-_-‘-Xbpw hniz\p a\- n-em-Ip-∂p. Cßs\ ]Im-im-
fl-I-amb Hcp Pohn-X-Z¿i-\-Øn-te°v IYm-¥ysØ Db¿Øn-s°m≠v
IYm-Jym-\-Øns‚ IcpØv sXfn-bn-°m\pw kt¥m-jn\p Ign-™n-
´p-≠v.
Kma-ß-fpsS \∑-I-sf√mw \ap°p \jvS-am-Ip-Ibpw \K-c-Øns‚
Agp-°p-Iƒ \Ωn¬ ]‰n-t®-cp-Ibpw sNøp∂ Ime-Zp-c-¥-sØ-∏‰n
kt¥mjv Hc- n-ap-J-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. D]t`m‡rhn-]-Wn-kw-kvImcw
kaq-lsØ IS-∂m-I-an-°p-∂-Xns‚ NnX-߃ kt¥m-jns‚ ]e IY-
Ifpw ImWn-®p-X-cp-∂p-≠v. Pohn-XsØ "anI®'Xm°n-am-‰p-∂Xv euIn-I-
kp-J-t`m-K-ku-I-cy-ß-fpsS kar-≤n-bm-sW∂pw AXn-\p-th≠n GXp
I¿Ωw sNøp-∂Xpw \oXoI-cn-°-Ø-°-Xm-sW∂pw Icp-Xp∂ Hcp kaqlw
]Xnsb cq]-s∏- p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. AXn-\p-≈n¬ \Ωfpw s]´p-t]m-Ip∂ Hcp-
Xcw A\n-hm-cy-X-bn-te°v temIw-Xs∂ amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Fß-
s\-bm-bmepw th≠n√ anI® PohnXw kΩm-\n-°m≥ t]mcp-∂-h-\m-hWw
`¿Ømhv F∂p Icp-Xp∂ `mcy-amcpw (D-S-ep-Iƒ hn -h-k-ar-≤n-bn¬)
kplr-Øns‚ PohnXw ]W-b-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw kz¥w PohnXw BtLm-
jn-°p∂ sImam-e-bnse kp[m-I-c\pw ac-W-h-≠n-bn¬t]mepw
^oen v‰p Xc-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ hgn-bm-X-°m-c\pw a\p-jyXzw \jvS-s∏ v
arXm-flm-°-fpsS sImam-e-bmbn amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ ka-Im-en-I-kw-
kvIm-c-Øns‚ h‡m-°-fm-Wv.
sXep-Kp-I-Y-bmb "A∂-ZmXm'bn¬ tZthµmNmcn ]d-bp-∂Xv
XnI®pw Kmao-Wm-¥-co-£-Øn-ep≈ Hcp Irjn-°m-cs‚ Pohn-X-ssZ-\y-
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
482010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
49
`£-W-Øn\p £Wn-°m≥ Iq´m-°mØ kl-tZ-h-dm-hphpw CXn¬\n∂p
`n∂-\-√. \K-c-Øn¬ Ae™v \ncm-i-\m-bn, hni∂v ho´n-se-Øp-tºmgpw
as‰m-cp-hs‚ hni∏p am‰m≥ kz¥w £Ww \evIn hni∏p kln-°p∂
\mcm-b-W≥ sFh-dn-t\m, cwK-sd-Õn-t°m, kl-tZ-h-dm-hp-hnt\m Dƒs°m-
≈m-\m-ImØ \∑-bpsS, am\p-jn-I-aq-ey-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-am-Xr-I-bm-Ip-∂p.
\jvS-s∏- p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ aqey-ß-fpsS Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-°-en¬ [z\n-km-µ-
am-Ip-∂p, "A∂-ZmXm' F∂ sXep-¶p-I-Y.
kt¥m-jns‚ sNdp-IY "sImame'bpw UpwtImPn tZth-µ-Nm-cn-
bpsS IY "A∂-ZmXm'bpw ]¶p-sh-°p∂ A\p- -h-k-am-\-X-Iƒ, BtKm-
f-h-Xv°-c-W-k-¶-ev]-ß-tfm-Sp≈ ]Xn-tcm-[- m-h-\bn¬ \n∂p cq]-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xm-Wv. Ip≠qcpw ]ote‰qcpw Htc apJ-—m-b-bnep≈ Kma-ß-fm-Wv.
Hcp-]-s£, tIc-f-Ønse Kmaw sXep-¶m-\-bnse Kma-sØ-°mƒ aqeym-
]-Nbw _m[n-®-Xm-sW∂p ]d-bmw. BtKm-f-h-XvI-cWw krjvSn-°p∂
D]-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ Zpc-aq-Ø- m-h-amWv kp[m-I-cs‚ NXn°p
]n∂n-ep-≈-Xv. AXn\p hnt[-b-\m-tI≠n hcp∂ hniz≥ A∂-Zm-Xm-bnse
\mcm-b-W-t\mSp tN¿∂p \nev°p∂ IYm-]m-X-am-Wv. hni-∂p-s]m-cn-bp-
tºmgpw Hcp-t\-csØ `£Ww Ah-tijn®n´p≈Xv A\y\p \evIn
sNºp-Ip-S-Ønse sh≈w IpSn®p hbdp \nd-bv°p∂ A∂-Zm-Xm-hnse
\mcm-b-W\pw, a‰p-≈-h-sc√mw \n w-K- m-h-Øn¬ Ah-K-Wn-®, A]-I-S-
Øn¬s∏´v ac-Wm-k-∂-\mb bphm-hns\ Bip-]-Xn-bn-se-Øn-°m≥
t¢in-°p-Ibpw ac-W-Øn\p aps∂ c≠p Xp≈n sh≈w \evIm≥ Ign-
™-Xn¬ Biz-kn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ sImam-e-bnse hniz\pw C\nbpw
tN¿∂v t]mbn- n-√mØ am\p-jnI \∑-Isf ]Xn-\o-[n-I-cn-°p-∂p≠v. amdn-
s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿn-Xn-Iƒ°v Cc-bmbn
PohnXw k¶o¿Æ-am-Ip-tºmgpw Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-t°≠ am\-hn-I-aq-ey-ß-fpsS
a\p-jy-am-Xr-I-I-fmbn hniz\pw \mcm-b-W\pw \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.
BtKm-f-h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚ EWm-fl-I-h-i-ß-fn¬ ][m-\-amWv IS-
s°-Wn-bp-tS-Xv. AXv ]e cq]-Øn¬ a\p-jys\ th -bm-Sp-∂p. hy‡n-
sbbpw kaq-l-sØbpw cmjvS-sØbpw IS-s°Wn Iogvs∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
ISw Hcp-°p∂ sIWn ]e coXn-bnepw BImw. ]tem- -\-ß-fn¬ apßn
D]-t`m-‡r-kw-kvIm-c-Øn¬ abßn t_m[-]q¿∆w IS-s°Wnbn¬ ]Xn-
°mw. \nhr-Øn-tI-Sp-aqew ISw-s°-Wn-bn-te°p hen®p hogvØ-s∏-Sp-∂-
h-cp-≠m-Imw. NXn-bn-eqsS IS-s∏- p-t]m-Ip-∂-hcpw D≠m-Imw. sImam-e-
bn¬ NXnbpw A∂-Zm-Xm-bn¬ \nhr-Øn-tISpw BWv IS-s°-Wn-sbm-cp-
°p-∂-Xv. kvt\lhpw hnizm-khpw aqey-ßfpw \jvS-am-Ip∂ Hcp Ime-
hn-tijw BtKm-foIrX kaq-l-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.
Ir-X-B-i-b-ß-fpsS ]tcm-£-kzm-[o\w Kmao-Wm-¥-co-£-Ønepw ]Xy-
£-kzm-[o\w \K-c-Po-hn-X-Ønepw ]I-S-am-Ip-∂-Xns‚ Xcw-K-kq-N-\-Iƒ
"A∂-ZmXm'bn¬ IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p-≠v.
s\¬Ir-jnbpw ]®-°-dn-Ir-jnbpw \SØn ]c-º-cm-KX coXn-bn¬
Pohn-°p∂ \mcm-b-W≥ Kma-hn-ip-≤n-bpsS Bƒcq-]-am-Wv. ]®-°dn hnf-
sh-SpØv N¥-bn¬ FØn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºpXs∂ Bh-iy-°m-cmb
Ab¬hm-kn-Iƒ°v kuP-\y-ambn \¬Ip∂ \mcm-b-W≥, Xs‚ Hcp-
t\-csØ `£-Ww-IqSn as‰m-cm-fpsS hni-∏-I-‰m≥ \evIn ]®-sh≈w
IpSn®pw kzbw hni-∏-I-‰p∂ \mcm-b-W≥, C\nbpw \jvS-s∏- n- n-√mØ
am\p-jnI-aq-ey-ß-fpsS ]Xo-I-am-Wv. ]t£ kmaqlnI bmYm¿∞y-߃
Cu aqey-k-¶-ev]-߃°p \nc-°p-∂-X-√. AXp-sIm-≠mWv \mcm-b-Ws‚
aI≥ M.Sc ]Tn-°m≥ \K-c-Øn-te°p t]mIp-∂Xpw ""Irjn sNbvXv
sNbvXv Ct∏mƒ I™n-°p-t]mepw KXn-bn-√msX Pohn-°p-I-bt√ ?
F¥n\m Cu Irjn'' F∂p tNmZn-°p-∂-Xpw. Kma-Ønse Ipw`m-c≥
kn≤-øbpw aÆm≥ IrjvW\pw Ah-cpsS Ipe-sØm-gn¬ A\yw \n∂p-
t]m-Iptam F∂v Bi¶-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw Kmao-W-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ hcp∂ am‰ß-
fpsS kqN-\-bm-Ip-∂p. Ipe-sØm-gn-ep-Ifpw \mS≥ kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Ifpw
\m´p-hn-⁄m-\-ßfpw H∂p-tN¿∂v Hcp kaq-l-Øns‚ Bhm-k-hy-h-
ÿsb \n¿Æ-bn-®n-cp∂ Imew IS-∂p-t]m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. tkmjy-en-k-
Øns‚ Hcp Pohn-X-am-XrI ]gb kaq-l-Øn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. Hmtcm
hn`m-Khpw Ah-cpsS Adnhpw A[zm-\hpw ]¶p-sh®v At\ym-\y-X-bn¬
Ign-™n-cp∂ Ime-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ipw`m-c≥ kn≤-ø-bpsS hm°p-I-fn¬
Cu ]mc-kv]-cy-Øns‚ \∑bpw C∂v AXn-√msX t]mIp-∂-Xns‚ hyk-
\hpw Adnbmw ˛ ""aÆm≥, Ipw`m-c≥, Icp-hm≥ apX-em-b-h¿ \nßsf
B[m-c-am°n Pohn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. \n߃°p hnf-™m¬ hnf Rß-
fpsS ho´n¬ h∂-t]mseXs∂. Irjn-°m-cs‚ ho´n¬ s\√n-s√-¶n¬
R߃s°-ßs\ Acn In´pw ? \nßsf B[m-c-am°n Pohn-°p∂
R߃ Ct∏mƒ Fßs\ Ipe-sØm-gn¬ sNøpw''? Irjn-°m-c\v
Im¿jnI kmaq-ln-I-Po-hn-X-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ am\y-Xbpw
ÿm\-a-ln-abpw kn≤-ø-bpsS hm°p-I-fn¬ hy‡-am-Wv. Cu Irjn-°m-
c-\mWv ] -W-Ønse dh\yq A[n-Im-cn-bmb cLp-\mY i¿Ω-bp-sSbpw
tlm -ep-S-a-bmb kl-tZh-dmhphns‚bpw Ah-⁄bv°pw Ah-K-W-
\bv°pw hnt[-b-\m-Ip-∂-Xv. dh\yq A[n-Im-cn-bm-Ip∂ sFth¿, \mcm-
b-Ws‚ \m´p-Im-c\pw \mcm-b-Ws‚ A—s‚ klm-b-Øm¬ \K-c-Øn¬
tPmen t\Sn-b-bm-fp-am-Wv. \mcm-b-W\v 10000 cq] ISw \¬Im≥ aSn-°p-
∂, sFth¿ B[p-\nI kaq-l-Øns‚ ]Xn-\n-[n-bm-Wv. Hcp-t\-csØ
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
502010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
51
s]Æpw ]Ir-Xnbpw;am[-hn-°p- n, kmdm-tPm-k v F∂n-h-cpsS
IrXn-I-fn¬_n. B¿. kptajv
Pohn-X-Øns‚ DXv]m-Z-\˛ ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z\]In-b-
bp-ambn _‘-s∏´mWv F∂pw s]Æn-t\bpw ]Ir-
Xn-tbbpw \n¿∆-Nn-®p-t]m-∂n- p-≈-Xv. a\p-jy≥ F∂
s]mXp BJym-\-Øn¬\n∂pw ]pd-Øn-d°n \n¿Øn
s]Æn-s\-°p-dn®v amXw N¿® sNøp-∂Xv "Ahƒ'
DXv]m-Z\]In-b-bp-ambn ASp-Øp-\n¬°p-∂-Xp-sIm-
≠m-Wv. ChnsS DXv]m-Z\w F∂-Xp-sIm≠v A¿∞-
am-°p-∂Xv ssPhn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb Bi-b-
ß-fpsS DXv]m-Z-\-am-Wv. F√m-Øn-t‚bpw ]mY-anI
LS-I-amb DXv]m-Z\w D]-t`m-KsØ \n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw
DXv]m-Z-I-cpsS CS-bn¬\n-∂p-Xs∂ D]-t`m-‡mhv
D≠m-bn-h-cn-Ibpw ]n∂oSv D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ DXv]m-Z-
Isc \nb-¥n-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu
_‘sØ ASna/ DSa _‘-amtbm sXmgn-emfn/
apX-emfn _‘-amtbm \n¿h-Nn-®p. Cusbmcp DXv]m-
ZI˛ D]-t`mK _‘-amWv \ΩpsS kaq-lsØ am‰n-
a-dn-®-Xv.
CØcw am‰-ßsf Ncn-X-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-t∏m-
\h-en-_-d¬ Bi-b-ßfpw kmº-ØnI DZm-c-h-XvI-cW ]≤-Xn-Ifpw
kmam-PyXz aqe-[-\-Xm-Xv]-cy-ßsf hf¿Øp-Ibpw ]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw
sNøp-∂-Xn-emWv i≤n-°p-∂p-≠v. Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bn¬ Irjn-°m¿°v
Irjn D]-Po-h-\-am¿§w F∂-Xn-ep-]cn Hcp km¥z-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. Zpcn-X-
Im-e-ßsf Ah¿ ad-°p-∂Xv Irjn F∂ A\p-jvTm-\-Øn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp-
∂p. Bflo-bhpw uXn-I-hp-amb Ah-cpsS \ne-\nev]v Irjn-tbbpw aÆn-
t\bpw Bi-bn-®m-bn-cp-∂p. A∂-Zm-Xm-bnse \mcm-b-W≥ Cusbmcp
Im¿jn-I-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ amXr-I-bm-Wv. ]pXnb kmº-Øn-I-D-Zm-c-h-
XvIr-X-I-tºm-f-Øn¬ ]nSn-®p-\n¬°m≥ Ign-bmsX hcp-∂-hs‚ hnlz-e-
X-Iƒ \mcm-b-Ws‚ Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]I¿Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p, tZth-µm-
Nm-cn.
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
522010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
53
hyh-ÿ-bv°p-ta-ep≈ ASn-®-a¿Ø-en-s\-
Xn-sc-bp≈ kacw DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-
bp-≈-Xm-bn. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw h¿§ka-c-
Øns‚ aq¿® Ipd-®p-sIm≠v h¿K-Øn-\p-
≈n-ep-≈-h¿Xs∂ h¿§ iXp-°-fm-bn.
CXv ]e-t∏mgpw apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ Bi-
b-ßsf Hc¿∞-Øn¬ klm-bn-°p-I-
bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. AXv kvXoIsf ico-
c-w am-X-ambn I≠p-sIm≠v kvXo ssewKn-
I-X-bpsS ]c-ky-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-I-fmbn amdp-
∂p.
kvXo tZhn-bm-sW∂pw ]qPn-°-s∏-tS-
≠-h-fm -sW∂pw ]d™v ]Ir -Xn -
bn¬\n∂v AS¿Øn-am‰n al-Xz-h-XvI-cn®v
kaq-l-Øns‚ Ccp-´-d-bn¬ X≈nbn-Sp-
∂Xpw kvXosb kaq-l-Øn¬ AS-bm-f-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv Ah-fpsS "Ag-Ip‰' ico-c-
am-sW∂pw AXp-sIm≠v B ta\nsb
shbnepw s]mSn-bp-ta¬°msX kwc-£n®v
\n¿Ø-W-sa∂pw ]d-bp-∂Xv apX-em-fnØ
hmWnPy XmXv]-cy-am-Wv. Ch c≠pw Ncn-
X-\n-tj[w F∂-Xp-t]m-se-Xs∂ ]IrXn
hncp-≤-hp-am-Wv.
kvXobpw ]Ir-Xnbpw XΩn-ep≈
_‘-sØ-°p-dn®v A[n-I-ambn D≠m-bn-
s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ t_m[-Øn¬\n∂v 1970
Ifn-emWv Ft°m s^an-\nkw DZbw
sNøp-∂-Xv. ^©v Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-bmb
^m≥kz sZ bpt_m≥ BWv 1974 ¬
BZy-ambn Ft°ms^an-\nkw F∂ ]Zw
]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. `qansb ]cn-c-£n-°p-
hm≥ Hcp ]mcn-ÿn-XnI hnπ-h-Øn\v
t\XrXzw sImSp-°-W-sa∂v Ah¿ kvXoI-
tfmSv Bh-iy-s∏- p. Cusbmcp hnπhw
kvXobpw ]pcp-j\pw XΩnepw, a\p-jy\pw
]Ir-Xnbpw XΩnepw Hcp ]pXnb enwK-
a pX - e m - f nØØns‚
hn]Wn X¥-ßsf Xncn-
®-dn™v Xpey-\o-Xn-°p-
th≠n ]b-Xv\n-°p∂p
F∂p-≈-Xp-sIm-≠mWv
am[-hn-°p- n-bp-tSbpw kmdm-
tPm-k- n-s‚bpw CS-s]-S-ep-
Isf \Ωƒ CØ-c-Øn¬
t\m°n-°m-Wp-∂-Xv.
∂n- p-≠v; AXv hmsamgn Ncn-X-am-bmepw icn, tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏- n- p-≈-
Xm-bmepw icn. Ncn-XsØ hos≠-Sp-°pI F∂ e£y-Øn¬ \mw am‰-
ß-sf-°p-dn®v At\z-jn-°p-tºm-gmWv kvXoIƒ ]pdw ]Wn°v t]mbn-
cp∂ Ime˛ tZi-sØ-°p-dn®pw ]pcp-j-∑m¿ Krl-hrØn sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xn-
s\-°p-dn®pw Adn-hp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. am¿Kc‰v aoUns‚ cN-\-Iƒ hmbn-°p-
tºmƒ BZn-hmkn kvXoIƒ ]pdw]Wn-sb-SpØv "IpSpw_w t]m‰n-bn-cp-
∂Xv' \Ωƒ Adn-bp-∂p; BkvtS-en-b-bntem as‰-hn-sStbm Bbmepw.
tIc-f-Øn¬ Cß-s\-sbmcp Ah-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®v \ΩpsS Ncn-X-߃
IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃ \¬Ip-∂n-s√-¶nepw sXmgn-emfn h¿§ kaq-l-Øn-
\p-≈n¬ Im¿jn-I hrØnbp-ambn _‘-s∏ v kvXoI-sf-Sp-°p∂ ]pdw-
]-Wn-Isf X≈n-°-f-bm-\m-hn-√. Ah¿ ]pcp-j-t\m-sSm∏w Xs∂ asÆm-
cp-°p-Ibpw If ]dn-°p-Ibpw hnf-sh-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm≠v Poh-
k-‘m-c-W-Øn-\p≈ hgn-Iƒ tXSn.
h\y-amb ]Ir-Xnsb CW-°n-sb-Sp-ØmWv a\p-jy≥ ]ptcm-KXn t\Sn-
b-Xv. AXm-bXv ]Ir-Xnsb a\p-jy≥ \nc-¥cw am‰n-a-dn-®pt]m∂p. CXv
DXv]m-Z\˛ ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z\ ]In-b-bp-ambn _‘-s∏- Xm-Wv. F∂m¬
apX-em-fnØ a\ v kaq-l-Øn¬ Db¿∂p-h-∂-t∏mƒ Ah¿ sXmgn-em-fn-
Isf \nb-¥n-®p-Xp-Sßn. Aßs\ DXv]m-Z\]In-b-bp-ambn Ah-\p≈
_‘w "apX-se-Sp-∏mbn'. AXmbXv em`w IqSp-X¬ t\S-W-sa∂ taml-
am-bn. Aß-s\ Ipd™ apX¬ap-S-°n¬\n∂v IqSp-X¬ em`w F∂ kqX-
hm-Iy-ap-≠m-bn. apX-em-fnØ ]Xy-b-imkvXw ]pcp-j-tI-µn-X-amb kmaq-
ly-L-S-\-bv°p-≈nse sXmgn-emfn h¿§-Ønse ]pcp-j≥amsc kzm[o-
\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXv Hcp ]Xn-tcm-[-i-‡n-bmbn Xncn-™Xv apX-
em-fn-Ø-Øn-\p-t\-tc-b√; adn®v Xs‚ Xs∂ h¿K-Øn-\p-≈nse
kvXoIƒ°p-t\-tc-bmWv Ah≥ Ahs‚ ]Xn-tj[w Xpd-∂p-hn- -Xv.
AXm-bXv apX-em-fnØw ssIam‰w sNbvX A[o-iXzw Ah≥ kzoI-cn-
®Xv AXn-s\-Xnsc ]Xn-I-cn-°m-\p≈ tijn-bn-√m-bva-bn¬\n-∂m-Wv. Cu
tijn-bn-√m-bva-bpsS KqV-h-XvI-c-W-amWv kz¥w IpSpw-_-Ønse
kvXoIsf ASn-®-a¿Øn-s°m≠v ]pcp-j≥am¿ km[n-s®-Sp-Ø-Xv.
temI-Øm-I-am\w D≠m-bn- p≈ ]pcp-js‚ Cusbmcp "hnP-bw -ssI-
h-cn-°-en-s\-Xn-sc-bmWv' ]S-∏p-d-∏m-Sp-≠m-b-Xv. AYhm ]S \bn-t°-≠-
Xv. kvXohm-Zhpw ]mcn-ÿn-XnI kvXohm-Zhpw AXns‚ hI-t -Z-ßfpw
D≠m-Ip-∂Xv Cusbmcp kml-N-cy-Øn-em-Wv. F∂m¬ ]e-t∏mgpw
CØcw ka-c-]-Jym-]-\-߃ e£yw ad-∂p-sIm-≠mWv kaq-l-Øn¬
CS-s]- -Xv. ]pcp-j-tI-µn-X-amb A[o-i-Ø-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ Iem]w
]pcp-j-s\-Xn-sc-bp-≈-Xmbn ]e-t∏mgpw amdn. DXv]m-Z-\˛ ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z\
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
542010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
55
I-bmWv e£yw. ChnsS Bfl-k-a¿∏Ww Hcp-Xcw Iog-S-ß-embn Ah¿
Xncn-®-dn-bp∂p.
Pohs‚ DXv]m-Z-Icpw ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-Icpw F∂ \ne-bn¬ ]mNo-\˛
tKmX kwkvImcw apX-en-tßm v \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn kvXoIƒ ]Ir-Xn-
bp-ambn CS-s]- n-cp-∂p. `£-W-]Zm¿YØn-\p-th-≠n-bpw, hndIn-\p-th-
≠nbpw ]®-a-cp-∂n\pth≠nbpw ]Ir-Xn-tbm-Sn-WßpI-bpw kvXoIƒ
aÆn¬ Irjn-bn-d-°p-Ibpw \Zn-bn¬ ao≥]n-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-t]m-∂Xv
Ncn-X-am-Wv.
tImf-\o-IrX apX-em-fnØ kaq-l-Øn¬ ]Ir-Xn-bp-ambn t\cn- v CS-
s]-Sp-∂-Xn\v kvXoIƒ°v hne-t°¿s∏-Sp-Øn. Im¿jn-tIm¬∏m-Z-\-Ønepw
NnIn-’-bn-ep-sa√mw ]pcp-j ta[m-hnXzw ssII-S-Øn. Irjn b¥-h¬°-
cn-°-s∏´ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ ]pcp-j≥ B ÿm\w Gs‰-Sp-Øp. IpSn-tb-‰-
Øns‚ ImeØv IpSn-tbdn h∂ kvXo]p-cp-j≥am¿ A[-xIrX hn`m-K-
am-bn-\n∂v ]Wn-sb-Sp-Øp. a[y h¿§ kaq-l-Øn-em-ht´ kvXoIƒ k¥m-
t\m¬∏m-Z-\-Ønepw Km¿lÿyØn-ep-ambn HXp-ßn. DXv]m-Z-\-Ønepw
Nc-°p-I-fpsS ssIam-‰-Ønepw ]pcp-j≥ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øhpw ta¬t°m-
bvabpw t\Sp-∂Xv apX-em-fnØ kaq-l-Øn-em-sW∂v kmaqly imkvX-
⁄-bmb F_n ]o‰¿k¨ ]d-bp-∂p≠v. kaq-l-Øns‚ ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-
\-Øn-emWv kvXoI-fpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øw. ChnsS ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\-sa-∂m¬
Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS DXv]m-Z-\hpw sXmgn¬ i‡n-bpsS ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\-hp-am-
Wv. hoSn-\p-≈nse Iqen-bn-√mØ sXmgn-emWv ChnsS A¿∞-am-°p-∂-
Xv. hymh-km-bnI apX-em-fnØ kaq-l-Øn¬ DXv]m-Z\w ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-
\sØ Iog-S-°p-∂p. ImcWw kmº-Øn-I-amb hf¿®bpw a’c _p≤n-
bp-amWv BXy-¥nIw F∂v apX-em-fnØw Icp-Xp-∂p. Cu bp‡n Pohs‚
\ne-\n¬∏ns\ ]Xn-tcm-[n-°p∂p F∂m¬ tkmjy-enkw D∂w-h-bv°p-
∂Xv P\-X-bpsS Bh-iy-sØ-bm-Wv; AXym-K-l-sØ-b-√. AXp-sIm-
≠p-Xs∂ AXn\v ]Ir-Xn-bp-ambn Poh-k-‘m-cW _‘w kq£n-°m≥
tijn-bp-≠v. AXv a\p-jys‚ DXv]m-Z\˛ ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z\ßsf ]Ir-Xn-
bp-tS-Xp-ambn Xpe\w sNøp-∂p. Chn-sS-bmWv ]Ir-Xn-bp-tSbpw a\p-jy-
t‚bpw hyh-ÿ-Iƒ ]c-kv]cw ssItIm¿°p-∂-Xv.
tkmjy-enÃv Ft°m-s -an-\n-Ãp-Iƒ Du∂¬ sImSp-°p-∂Xv Pohs‚
]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\-Øn-\m-Wv. £-W-Øns‚ A]-cym-]vX-Xbpw A]-I-S-I-c-
amb cmk-h-kvXp-°fpw tcmK-ßfpw a‰v Pohn-I-fp-am-bp≈ a’-chpw Pohn-
Iƒ°v ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z\Ønte°v FØp∂-Xn\v XS- -ambn. Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS
]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z\w a\p-jy-t‚-Xm-bmepw a‰v Pohn-I-fp-tS-Xm-bmepw Pohs‚
ss\c-¥-cy-Øn\v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. Aßs\ \ne-\n¬∏v F∂Xv
_-‘-ap-≠m-°p-sa∂v Ah¿ Icp-Xn. sh¿a-≠nse C≥Ãn-‰yq v t^m¿
tkmjy¬ Ft°m-f-Pn-bnse s\k InwKv 1976¬ hnI-kn-∏n® Bibw
1980 HmSp-IqSn Hcp ]ÿm-\-ambn hf¿∂p. 1980 Ifn¬ Ata-cn-°-bnse
kmwkvIm-cnI kvXohm-Zn-Iƒ kvXotbbpw ]Ir-Xn-tbbpw kzX-¥-am-
°-W-sa∂ hmZ-ap-∂-bn-®p-sIm≠v ]mcn-ÿn-XnI kvXohm-Z-sØ as‰m-
cp-XeØn¬ t\m°n-°-≠p.
sshb-‡n-Ihpw ico-c-tI-µn-X-hp-amb kzmX¥y ]Jym-]-\-߃°-
∏pdw s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn-\p-≈n¬\n-∂p-sIm-≠p≈ ka-c-]-Jym-]-\-ß-
fmWv am\-h-cm-insb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-te°v \bn-°p-∂-Xv. CXv DXv]m-Z-\˛
]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z\ßsf IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p≈Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ apX-
em-fnØ hyh-ÿnXn Aß-s\-b-√. AXv XmXvIm-en-I-amb em`w amX-
amWv e£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv. hm\-c-\n¬\n∂v \c-\n-te-°p≈ ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬
A[zm-\-Øns‚ ]¶v F∂ ]_-‘-Øn¬ C°mcyw ^U-dnIv GwK¬kv
kqNn∏n°p-∂p-≠v. apX-em-fnØ IpSpw_ A[n-Im-c-hy-h-ÿsb hni-I-
e\w sNøp-∂-Xn-\mWv kmaq-ly˛ tkmjy-enÃv Ft°m s^an-\nkw
Du∂¬ sImSp-°p-∂Xv. kvXoIƒ°p-ta-ep≈ ]pcpj ta¬t°m-bvasb
]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ IpSpw_ A[n-Im-c-_-‘-߃ Fß-s\-bmWv shfn-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-sX∂pw DXv]m-Z-\-Ønse apX-em-fnØ _‘-߃ ]Ir-Xn-
°p-ta-ep≈ ]pcp-j-ta¬t°m-bvasb Fß-s\-bmWv shfns∏-Sp-Øp-∂-sX-
∂p-ap≈ tNmZy-߃ tkm-jy-enÃv Ft°m s^an-\n-Ãp-Iƒ D∂-bn-°p-
∂p≠v. hn]Wn kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-sb ]Xn-tcm-[n-°pI F∂ e£ysØ
ap≥\n¿Øn Hcp tkmX v F∂ \ne-bn¬ kvXotbbpw ]Ir-Xn-tbbpw
samØ-Øn¬ ]p\- w-L-Sn-∏n-°-W-sa∂pw kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-°p-th≠n
A[oihyhlm-cßsf C√m-Xm-°-W-sa∂pw hmZn-®p-sIm-≠mWv tkm-
jy-enÃv Ft°m s^an-\nkw Icp-Øm¿Pn-°p-∂-Xv.
ssPhn-Ihpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z\Øn\p-ta-ep≈ BI-a-
WsØ tkm-jy-enÃv Ft°m s^an-\n-ÃpIƒ ]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-∂p≠v.
BWh\ne-b-ß-fn¬\n-∂p≈ tdUntbm BIvSn-hn-‰nbpw hnj-a-b-amb
cmk-]-Zm¿∞-ßfpw A]-I-S-Im-cn-I-fmb amen-\yhpw a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS
ssPh-]-c-amb ]Xyp-Xv]m-Z-\sØ oj-Wn-s∏-SpØnbt∏m-gmWv kvXoI-
fpsS kz¥w ico-c-Øn\pw Ah-cpsS k¥m-\-ß-ƒ°pw Bhm-k-hy-h-
ÿbv°pw FXn-sc-bp≈ BI-a-W-ßsf Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xv. amdn-h-cp∂
cmjvSob ]cn-X-ÿn-Xn-bn-emWv Cßs\ kw -hn-°p-∂Xv F∂-Xp-sIm-
≠p-Xs∂ Ft°m-s -an-\nkw Hcp cmjvSo-b-am-Wv. sshIm-cn-Itam mh-
\m-fl-Itam Bb Xe-ßsf a\x]q¿hw IpS-s™-dn™v aÆn¬
Xp√yXtbmsS \ne-\n∂v t]mcp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ Ah-Im-i-ßsf sh´n-∏n-Sn-°p-
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
562010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
57
cy-ß-fmWv Ahsf \n¿∆-Nn-°p-∂-Xv. k¥m-t\m-Xv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ Imcy-
Ønep≈ kzmX¥yw `qW-l-Xy-b-s√∂v C\nbpw Xncn-®-dn-tb-≠n-bn-cn-
°p-∂p. Ieym-Wn-°p- n°v ]t£ c≠pw H∂pX-s∂bm-Wv. IpSpw_w F∂
hyh-ÿsb ewLn-°p∂p F∂v tXm∂-ep-f-hm-°n-s°m≠v Ahƒ ]nXr-
\n-tj[w kq£n-°p-∂p. IpSpw-_-hy-h-ÿsb adn-I-S∂v kzmX¥yw ]Jy-
]n°p∂ Ieym-Wn-°p´n as‰mcp IpSpw_ hyh-ÿ-bpsS mK-am-hp-I-bm-
Wv. hntZ-i-tØ°v ]d∂v hntZ-insb hnhmlw Ign-°p-Ibpw Abmsf
Adn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv AXp-sIm-≠m-Wv.
""kvXoIƒ c≠p-X-c-°m-cmWv. Hcp-Iq- ¿ shdpw AΩ-am-cm-Wv. Ah¿°v
Biz-kn-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ Ign-hp-≠v, am∏p-sIm-Sp-°m-\pw. c≠m-asØ Iq´¿
\miw hnX-bv°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. Z-Im-fn-Iƒ. \in-∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ Ah¿°v
km[y-a-√.'' F∂v Iq´p-Im-cn-bmb joe ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Ieym-Wn-°p- n-bpsS
aS-ßn-h-chv F√m-h-cp-tSbpw ZmºXy Pohn-XsØ Xmdp-am-dm°n F∂
t_m[-Øn¬ \n∂mWv CXv ]d-bp-∂-Xv.
Cu Xmdp-am-dm-°¬ joe-bpsS `¿Øm-hns‚ s]m≈-Øcw Xpd-∂p-
Im- p-∂-tXm, kp[m-I-cs‚ mcy-bn¬\n∂v aIsf X´n-∏-dn-°m≥ ian-°p-
∂tXm BWv. "`¿Ømhns‚' s]m≈-Ø-c-Ø-ctØbpw AΩ F∂
sshIm-cnI bp-‡n-tbbpw s]mfn-°m-\p≈ iaw Chn-sS-bp-≠v. Cu
s]mfn-°¬ ]pcp-j-tI-µn-X-amb apX-em-fnØ hyhÿ e£yw hbv°p∂
hn]-Wn-bm-Ym¿∞y-Øn-te-°p≈ ]em-b-\-amWv F∂p-≈-Xp-sIm-≠v CXv
kvXohn-cp-≤hpw ssPhnI ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Pohs\ \in-
∏n-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v AXv ]IrXn hncp-≤-hp-am-Ip-∂p. Ieym-Wn-°p´n ]d-
bp∂p:
""Fs‚ K¿ -]mXw Aip-≤-am-sb∂ Hcp tXm∂¬ Fs∂ Ae- p-
∂p. kp[m-I-cs\ Rms\m-cn-°epw _lp-am-\n-®n- n-√. Abm-sf-t∏m-ep≈
Hcp km[m-cW a\p-jys‚ Ip™ns\ Rm≥ ]Øp-amkw Fs‚ ico-c-
Øn¬ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°n-√. Abm-fpsS Ip™ns\ Rm≥ Hcn-°epw ]k-
hn-°n-√. Ahƒ ]d™p...'' ]ns∂ BcpsS Ip™ns\bmWv ]k-hn-
°m≥ CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂Xv F∂v joe tNmZn-°p-∂p. ""\ns‚ Ip´nsb amXta
F\n°v ]k-hn-°m≥ BK-l-ap≈q, Ahƒ KZvKZtØmsS ]d™p''
ChnsS ip≤n, km[m-cWw F∂o Iev]-\-Iƒ ^yqU¬˛ apX-em-
fnØ kº-Zm-b-Øns‚ DXv]-∂-am-Wv. ]pcp-j≥ AYhm km[m-c-W-°m-
c≥ Aip-≤-am-sW∂v hcp-∂Xv Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-em-Wv. ChnsS ip≤n-
bp-≈-h\pw Akm-[m-c-W-°m-c\pw Bsc∂ tNmZyw kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw
Db¿∂p-h-cp-∂p. AXv apX-em-fnØ hyh-ÿ-bv°p-≈nse ]pcp-j-\m-Wv.
ssPhnI bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ Xncn-®-dn-hn-\p-]-Icw Ieym-Wn-°p- nsb \bn-
a\p-jy-t‚bpw ]Ir-Xn-bp-tSbpw DXv]m-Z-\˛ ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\-ß-fpsS Xpe-
\-s∏-Sp-Ø-em-sW-∂p-h-cp-∂p. AXm-bXv imizX-amb Pohn-X-\n-e-hm-c-
Øns‚ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج.
Ft°m-s -an-\n-Ãmb sFdo≥ Ub-a¨ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI kvXohm-Z-
Øns‚ ]cn-k-c-Øp\n-∂p-sIm≠v P\-s∏-cp-∏sØ ]cn-K-W-bn-se-Sp-°p-
∂p. IpSpw-_m-kq-XWw \S-∏m-°n-b-t∏mƒ aq∂mw-temI cmjvS-ß-fn¬
Cd-°p-a-Xn-sN-ø-s∏´ K¿ -\n-tcm-[\ D]m-[n-Iƒ ]eXpw kvXoI-fpsS
Btcm-KysØ lm\n-I-c-ambn _m[n®p F∂v Ah¿ \nco-£n-°p-∂p. Cd-
°p-a-Xn-sN-ø-s∏´ K¿ -\n-tcm-[\ D]m-[n-Iƒ ]m›mXy cmPy-ß-fn¬ \ntcm-
[n-°-s∏- -Xm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Is≠-Øp-∂Xv ]n∂o-Sm-Wv. `qW-am-‰-w e£y-
an- p-sIm≠v kvXo ico-c-ßsf ]co-£-W-h-kvXp-hm°n am‰p-∂Xpw K¿`
]cn-tim-[\ \SØn s]¨`q-W-ßsf \in-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-sa√mw
kvXoIƒ°p-ta-ep≈ BI-a-W-ß-fmbn Ah¿ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. CXv
kvXoI-fpsS CS-s]-S-ep-Isf C√m-Xm°n ]pcpj A[n-\n-th-i-Øn\v IqSp-
X¬ Icp-Øp-]-I-cp-∂-Xmbn amdn. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-¬ ssewKnI
kzmX¥yw F∂ kw⁄sb sFdo≥ Ub-a¨ ]cn-tim-[-\-bvs°-Sp-
°p-∂p. Hcp kvXo°v Ip´n-th-W-sa∂Xpt]m-se-Xs∂ AXv ths≠-∂p-
h-bv°m-\p-ap≈ kzmX-¥y-am-Wn-Xv. P\-s∏-cp∏w \nb-¥n-°-s∏´ kaq-
l-Øn¬ kvXoIƒ°v Xpey ]cn-c-£bpw Xpey-\o-Xnbpw e`n°pw F∂
Nn¥-bmWv CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\w. ]mtZ-in-I-amb tkmX- p-Isf D]-
tbmK-s∏-SpØn ssZ\w-Zn-\m-h-iy-߃ \nd-th-‰m-sa∂pw, Cu kaq-l-Øn¬
F√m h¿K-Øn-epw- ]mb-Ønepws]´ kvXo ]pcp-j-∑m¿°v Xpey sXmgn-
e-h-k-chpw Xpey-th-X-\hpw Dd-∏m-°msa∂pw AXn-eqsS \ne-\n¬∏p≈
kaqlw ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øm-sa∂pw Ah¿ hniz-kn-°p-∂p.
Npcp-°-Øn¬ as‰√m s^an-\nÃv ]ÿm-\-ß-sf-bpw-t]mse tkmjy-
enÃv Ft°m-s -an-\n-khpw kvXoI-fpsS Btcm-Ky-Øn-\p-t\-sc-bp≈
IS-∂m-I-a-W-ßsf FXn¿°p-∂p. ssewKn-Im-tcm-Ky-Øn-\p- o-j-Wn-bm-
Ip∂ cmk-h-kvXp-°-fpsS hym]-\sØ FXn¿Øp-sIm≠v kvXoI-fpsS
ssewKn-I-Xsb hn]-Wn-h¬°-cn-°p∂ ]pcpj A[n-\n-th-iØns\-Xnsc
s]mcp-Xp-∂Xv ico-c-sa∂ kq£va-Øn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øp-I-S∂v kaqlw
F∂ ÿqe-Øn-te-°v Cdßn \S-°m-\m-Wv.
am[-hn-°p- n-bpsS "Nµ-\-a-c-߃' F∂ IrXn-bnse Ieym-Wn-°p´n
ssewKnI kzmX¥yw A\p- -hn-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw apX-em-fnØ ]pcp-jm-
[n-]Xy Bi-b-Øn-t\mSv tN¿∂v kaqlw F∂ ÿqe-Øn-te-°n-d-ßmsX
ico-c-sa∂ kq£va-Øn-te°v Npcp-ßp-I-bm-Wv. CXv Htc kabw DXv]m-
Z-\˛ ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z\ ]In-b-Iƒ°v FXn-cm-Wv. ico-c-tI-µn-X-amb XmXv]-
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
582010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
59
tcmlnWn `qW-lXy \SØn \mK-cn-I-amb [\nI IpSpw-_-Øn-te°v
kzmwio-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ ssPhnI ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z\w \ne-bv°p-I-bm-Wv.
Hcp Ip™n-\p-th≠n tcmln-Wnbpw ¿Ømhpw Aº-e-߃tXmdpw k©-
cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ ChnsS Ip™n¬ Ah¿ ]-Xo-£-b¿∏n-°p-∂Xv
hkvXp-°-fp-tSbpw sI´n-S-ß-fp-tSbpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-sb-bm-Wv. AXn-\-
∏p-d-ap-s≈mcp ssPhn-I-amb DXv]m-Z-\˛ ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z\ km[yX C√m-
Xm-hp-I-bm-Wv. Ch-cpsS ssewKn-I-_‘w t]mepw bm¥n-I-am-Wv. HSp-
hn¬ Ahsf Iqen°v Bsf-h®v sIm√p-I-bm-Wv. AXm-bXv DXv]m-Z-\-
tØm-S-Sp-Øp-\n¬°p∂ Kmao-W-X-bn¬\n∂v kzwio-I-cn®v ]p\-cp-Xv]m-
Z\ tijn-bn-√mØ \K-c-Øn¬ sIm≠p-\n¿Øn \in-∏n-°p∂ hmWn-Py-
Xm-Xv]-cy-Øns‚ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-embn tcmlnWn amdp-∂p.
\mK-cn-I-X-bpsS k¿h-am\ amen-\y-ßfpw sIm≠p-h-∂p-X-≈nb
tIm°m-©n-d-bnse Hcp-Iq´w a\p-jy-cpsS PohnXw Hcp ka-c-ambn amdp-
∂Xv Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-em-Wv \Ωƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂Xv. kmdm-tPm-k- ns‚
"Bem-l-bpsS s]¨a-°ƒ' Pohn-XsØ (s]¨Po-hn-XsØ) Xncn-®p-
]n-Sn-°m≥ ian-°p-∂Xpw AXn-\p-aosX ]®-∏ns‚ XW¬hn-cn®v Aa-c-
h-≈n-Iƒ ]S¿∂v Ib-dp-∂Xpw \Ωƒ ImWp-∂p. ""B\n-bpsS hoSpw
Ccp- n¬ apßn-°n-S-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Aa-c-∏-¥-ens‚ tNm´n¬ AΩm-
Ωbpw Ahfpw Xf¿∂n-cp-∂p. an≠m≥ ]‰m-sX, A\-ßm≥ ]‰m-sX.''
Cu Aa-c-∏-¥¬ cmXn-I-fnepw Ch¿°v A -b-am-bn-cp-∂p. Aa-c-∏-¥-en-
\p-Np-h- n-en-cp-∂p-sIm-≠mWv B\n ap´p-Im-en-t∑¬ c≠p-ssIbpw IpØn
Ip\n-™n-cp∂v Npa-bv°p-∂-Xpw. sIm®p-i‡n apgp-h-\p-sa-SpØv tNmc-
bn¬ sImgpØ Hcp I -°´ Xp∏p-∂-Xpw.
kvXobpsS ssPhn-I-amb ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\-Øn-\p-t\-tc-bp≈ oj-Wn-
bmbn \Ω-fnXv Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. adn-b-t©-S-Øn-bpsS aqØ aI≥ B\n-
bpsS P\-\-Øn\v hgn-h-®-tijw \mSp-hn- p. as‰mcp aI-\mb Ip´n-∏m-
∏\m-hs´ kz¥-ambn Fgp-t∂‰v \S-°m≥]-‰mØ hn[w tcmKn-bm-bn. aIƒ
Ip™ne amdm-tcm-Knsb hnhm-lw-I-gn®v ]Xn-\©mw hb- n¬ hn[-h-
bm-bn. G‰hpw HSp-hn-esØ IÆn B\n ]Xyp-Xv]m-Z-\-Øn\v ]mb-sa-
Øp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv tcmKn-bm-bn. ChnsS Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z\
km[yX C√m-Xm-hp-I-bm-Wv.
Iogmf ÿe-cmin F∂ \ne-bn-emWv tIm°m-©-dsb s]mXp-k-aq-
l-Øn¬ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv. Ipgn-am-S-ß-fp-sS-tase IpSn-h-bvt°-≠n-
h∂ P\-k-aq-l-Øns‚ I¿Xr-Xz-amWv Hcp `q]tZ-i-sa∂ \ne-bn¬
tIm°-©-dsb \n¿an-°p-∂-Xv. Ipgn-°p-∂n-S-sa√mw Aÿn-Iq-S-ßfpw Xe-
tbm- n-I-fpw. Dudn-bn-d-ßp-∂Xv IpSn-sh-≈-Øn-\p-]-Icw a\p-jys‚ amwk-
°p-∂Xv sshIm-cnI bp‡n-bm-Wv. CXp-X-s∂-bmWv apX-em-fn-Øhpw
sNøp-∂-Xv. Ncn-X-]-c-amb bmYm¿∞y-ßfpsS-ta¬ sshIm-cn-I-amb mh-
\sb AXv h®p-sI- p-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Ieym-Wn-°p- n-bpsS ]¶m-fn-
ØsØ \ntj[n®p-sIm≠v Ip™v kp[m-I-c-t‚Xp amX-am-sW∂v ]d-
bp-∂-Xv. Cusbmcp Bibw ]pcpjm[n-]-Xy-sØ-b√ adn®v ]pcp-j-s\-
bmWv FXn¿°p-∂-Xv. ]IrXn/a\p-jy≥, kvXo/]pcp-j≥ F∂o hncp≤
Bi-b-߃ IqSn-t®¿∂p-sIm-≠mWv kaq-l-Øn¬ ]ptcm-K-a\w D≠m-
bn-´p-≈-Xv. adn-s®mcp bp‡n ASn-t®¬∏n-°p-∂-Xv kaq-l-Øns‚
apt∂m°w ]m®n-en-\√ ]nt∂m°w adn-b-en-\mWv D]-I-cn-°p-I. AXm-
bXv BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-Iƒ Aß-s\-X-s∂-bm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂pw ImSmb
]IrXn ImSm-bn-Øs∂ \ne-\n¬°-W-sa∂pw ]dbpw t]mse-bm-Wv.
CXv ip≤ ]Ir-Xn-hm-Z-am-Wv. ImSns\ CW-°n a\p-jy≥ qan-bn¬ \ne-
\n¬∏v km[y-am°nbXpw ]mIr-X-\mb a\p-jy≥ ]cn-jvIr-X-\m-bXpw
]mtS hnkva-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ H∂v.
]pcpj apX-em-fnØ hyhkv-YnXn Ahs‚ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-°p-
∂Xv iXp-]-£-Øns‚ ]oXn ]nSn-®p-]-‰n-s°m-≠m-Wv. ]oXn F∂
sshIm-cnI bp‡n-bn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v F√m-Øn-t\bpw Xs‚ A[o-\-X-
bn-em-°p-∂p. am[-hn-°p-´n-bpsS Xs∂ tcmlnWn F∂ IrXn-bn¬
tcmlnWn Xs‚ ¿Øm-hn-te°v kzmwio-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cusbm-c¿∞-
Øn-em-Wv. sXmen Idp-Ø-hfpw Kmam-¥-co-£-Øn¬ P\n-®-h-fp-amb
tcmlnWn ]W-°m-cs‚ Pohn-X-k-Jn-bmbn hcp-∂Xv Xs‚ H∏-ap-≈-h-
cn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-bm-Im\pw Ah-cp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ ta¬ss° t\Sm-\p-am-
Wv. CXv km[n-s®-Sp-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw \mK-cn-I-amb [\nI IpSpw-_-Øn¬
IpSpw-_-Øns‚ ta¬ss° Du´n-bp-d-∏n-°m-\p≈ D]-I-c-W-w amX-amWv
tcmln-Wn. ¿Øm-hns‚ AΩ-bp-ambn Xpe-\w-sNbvXv tcmlnWn c≠mw-
X-c-°m-cn-bm-sW∂v ÿm]n-®p-sIm≠v ta¬t°mbva Dd-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-I
-bm-Wv.
""\nß-fpsS acp-a-Iƒ A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-bm-bn-cn-°mw. \nß-fpsS ]IpXn
\nd-an√ Ahƒ°v'' F∂p ]d-bp∂ _‘p-°-fpsS hm°p-I-fn¬ A`n-c-
an-°p∂ AΩm-bn-tb-bmWv \ap°v ImWm≥ Ign-bp-I. Cusbmcp ico-c-
tI-µn-X-amb hmWnPy XmXv]-cy-Øn-te-°mWv tcmln-Wnsb am‰n-sb-Sp-
°p-∂-Xv. Ah-ƒ ico-c-ku-µ-cy-sØ-°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬ t_m[-h-Xn-bm-Ip-
∂Xpw Cu kuµcyw ]Z¿in-∏n®v ssUhsd aØp-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw Aß-
s\-bm-Wv.
DXv]m-Z\˛ ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z\ km[y-X-Iƒ ]mtS \in® IpSpw-_-Øn-
te-°mWv Ah-fpsS IpSn-tb-‰w. ImapIs‚ _oPw hln®v K¿`n-Wn-bmb
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
602010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
61
]mgv ac-am-bn-cp∂p C´n. Po¿W-X-bpsS hnf-dnb shfp-∏p-\ndw sIm≠v
Abmƒ Ae-¶-cn-°-s∏- n-cp-∂p. Abmƒ°v hb v \m¬∏-Xv Ign-™p.
acn°pw apºv Abmƒs°mcp s]Æns\ Adn-b-Ww. AXn-\p-th≠n C´n-
bpsS A∏≥ Hcp-]mSv NnI-™p.''
apX-em-fnØ a\- nse XmXvIm-en-I-amb emt`— Xncn-®-dn-bmsX
kºØv F∂ hymtam-l-Øn-te°v Ip™ne kzmwio-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-
Wv. Cusbmcp k‘n-sN-ø-en\v hgn-h-®Xv ]nXr-tI-µn-X-amb ]pcpj
A[n-Im-c-am-Wv. Ip™n-e-bpsS A—≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. hnhmlw \S-∂p.
apX-em-fnØ A[n-\n-th-isØ t\cn-Sm≥ tijn-bn-√Ø kml-N-cy-Øn¬
AXns‚ \nc-¥-c-amb ASn-®-a¿Ø-en¬\n∂v tamN\w e£y-am°n B
hyh-ÿ-tbmSv s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sm-≥ shºp∂ ]pcpj a\- mWv ChnsS
]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv. AXv s]Æns‚ DXv]m-Z-\˛ ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\-]-c-amb
kao-]-\-Øn\v hncp-≤-am-Wv.
Ip´n-∏m-∏s\ (]m©nsb) K¿`w-[-cn-®p-sIm-≠mWv amen-\y-°q-ºm-c-
amb tIm°m-©-d-bn-te°v adn-b-t©-SØn IpSn-tb-dn-b-Xv. Ahn-SpsØ
hnj-en-]vX-amb ]Ir-Xnsb am‰n-sb-SpØv ]m©nsb s]‰p. tcmKm-Xp-c-
amb aÆn¬ tcmKm-Wp-°-tfbpw hln-®p-sIm-≠mWv Ip´n-∏m-∏≥ ]nd-∂-
Xv. ]n∂oSv \mK-cn-I-amb apX-em-fn-Ø kaq-l-Øns‚ Cc-bmbn Ip´n-∏m-
∏≥ amdp-∂p. CXns\-Xnsc kacw ]Jym-]n-®p-sIm-≠mWv AΩm-Ω-bpsS
H® CSn-sh- p-t]mse ISp-∏-ap-≈-Xm-bXpw Im‰ns\ hne-°m≥ ISpØ
apJ-tØmsS ssIIƒ hnS¿Øn FWo-‰-Xpw.
ssPhn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb DXv]m-Z\ ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\-ß-fpsS
taep≈ A[n-\n-th-isØ adn-b-t©-SØn sNdp-°p-∂Xv uXnI km∂n
[yw F∂ \ne-bn¬ amX-a-√. `mjm-]-c-amb Hcp Iem-]-Øn-\p-IqSn
tIm°m-©-d-bnse s]Æp-߃ Xncn-sIm-fp-Øp-∂p. Ah-cpsS mj Ah¿
\n¿Ωn-s®SpØ tIm°-©d F∂ ÿe-cm-in-°p-≈n¬ hyh-l-cn-°-s∏-
Sp∂ mj-bm-Wv. \K-c-hm-kn-I-fpsS mj-tb-°m-ƒ, ]pcp-j≥am-cpsS mj-
tb-°mƒ Ch-cpsS mj-bmWv tIm°m-©-d-bn¬ Db¿∂p-tIƒ°p-∂-Xv.
I‰m¿ Iq..........-g-en-bmtf
s]‰p-hm.............-f¿Øo-bΩm
Np‰p-ao..............-cn°pw sP\w
Ip‰w Iq...........-d-hp- I-≠m¬
s]‰ am...........-Xm-hn-s\-t∏m¬
Ip‰w s]m...............-dp-Øn-tSWw
F∂n-ßs\ Nnø-Ω-bpsS Ieym-W-Øn\v s]Æp-߃ Acn tNdp-tºmƒ
hf-™n-cp∂v ]mSp-∂p-≠v. H∂n\pw ta¬ss° t\SmsX ]c-kv]cw ssIam-
ap-cp-Inb s\øv. ChnsS IpSn-h®v ]m¿°m≥ X°-h-Æw qansb Hcp-°n-
sb-Sp-ØXv s]Æp-ß-fpsS Iq -am-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv tIm°m-©-dsb
"sImSn-®n-b-ßmSn' F∂v ]pdw-temIw hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. ""Aßm-Sn-bpsS HØ
\Sp-hn¬ c≠p-h-i-ß-fn-ep-ambn F´p-ap-dn, Bdp-ap-dn, \mep-ap-dn, XpS-ßnb
sse≥ ap-dn-I-fmWv. sse≥ apdn-I-f-ßs\ hnßn-s∏m´n apJ-tØm-Sp-apJw
t\m°n \n¬°p-∂p. s]s -s∂mcp \nan-j-Øn¬ Nodn sXdn-°p-∂-Xp-
t]mse Ccp-h-isØ sse≥ap-dn-I-fn¬\n∂v s]Æp-߃ ]m™p-h∂v
hgn-bpsS \Sp-hn¬ G‰p-ap- pw. ssIb-Sn®pw sXdn-hn-fn®pw apSn ]nSn®v
hen®pw ap≠p-s]m-°n-°m- nbpw s]Æp-߃ cmhpw ]I-ep-an-√msX hg-
°n- p-t]m-∂p. i_vZ-am-bn-cp∂p ][m\ Bbp-[w. G‰hpw D®-Øn¬ ]d-
bp-∂-hƒ Pbn-®p.'' ]pcp-j≥am¿ _oUn-h-en®pw temI-sØ-¥p-\-S-°p-
∂p-sh∂v Adn-bmsX aZy-]n®v InS∂v ab-ßp-Ibpw sNøp-∂n-S-ØmWv
kvXoIƒ ]pd-Øn-dßn i_vZn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu i_vZw AXyp-®-Øn¬ apg-
ßn-t°ƒ°p-tºm-gmWv tIm°-©-dsb kvXobpsS I¿Xr-Xz-ambn Xncn-
®-dn-bp-∂-Xv. Ch-cpsS i_vZ km∂n-[y-Øn\v kwL¿j-Øn-t‚-X-√, kwhm-
Z-Øns‚ Xe-am-Wp-≈-Xv; hncp≤ Bi-b-߃ XΩn-ep≈ kwhm-Zw. AXp-
sIm-≠mWv D®-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂-hƒ°v hnPbw ssIh-cn-°m-\m-hp-∂-Xv.
kz¥w I¿Xr-Xz-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb s]mXp-C-S-Øn¬ s]Æv ÿm]n-
s®-Sp-°p∂ B[n-]Xyw apX-em-fn-Ø \mK-cnI kaq-lsØ Akz-ÿ-
am-°p-∂p. Cu Akz-ÿX D≈n¬ kq£n-®p-sIm-≠mWv tIm°m-©-
dsb sImSn-®n-b-ßm-Sn-sb∂v hnfn-°p-Ibpw sImSn-®n-b-ßm-Sn-bnse ]pXnb
Xe-ap-d-bn¬s∏´ B\nsb shdp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xv. kvIqfnse A[ym-
]n-I-am¿ B\nsb sXmSm≥ Ad-bv°p-∂Xpw Ah-fpsS I™n-∏m-XsØ
Zqtc°v X´n-°-f-bp-∂Xpw tIm°m-©-d-bnse s]¨i‡n apX-em-fn-Ø˛
]pcpj A[o-i-XzsØ ]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. B\n-bpsS A∏m-
∏s\ t\m°msX sI´n-∏-dp°n tIm°m-©-d-bn-seØn ÿe-cmin \n¿an-
s®-SpØ AΩmΩ CXns‚ ]Xn-\n-[n-bm-Wv. Acn-hn-X-cWw \ntcm-[n-°-
s∏´ ImeØv I∏-°n-gßv thIn®v Ip™p-ßsf Du´p∂ adn-b-t©-S-
Øn-bpsS sIm®p-a-I-fmb B\n ÿe-Øns‚ t]cp-am-‰-W-sa∂ taml-
Øn¬\n∂v ]n¥n-cn-bp-∂Xv AΩm-Ω-bpsS ]Xn-tcm-[-Øns‚ i‡n Xncn-
®-dn-™XpsIm≠m-Wv.
Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\-Øn\v ]mIr-Xn-I-amb LS-I-ß-ƒ XS-
-am-Ip-tºmƒXs∂ apX-em-fnØ kaq-l-tØmSv s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sm-\p≈
iahpw Cusbmcp ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ km[yXsb \in-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.
Ip™n-e-bpsS Pohn-XsØ \Ωƒ Aß-s\-bmWv Adn-bp-∂-Xv.
""Ip™n-esb sI´p-tºmƒXs∂ D≈p-ap-gp-h≥ ]qX-en-®p-I-gn™ Hcp
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
622010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
63
Agp-°p-ap-gp-h≥ Ae-°n-sh-fn∏n-°p∂ eqkn-sb-bmWv \Ωƒ ImWp-
∂-Xv. IpSpw_w F∂ kpc-£n-X-amb ÿe-cm-in°p ]pd-Øp-I-S-∂p-sIm-
≠mWv Ahƒ AXv km[y-am-°p-∂-Xv.
"kpc-£n-XXzw' F∂ ]Z-Øm¬ ]pcp-j-t\bpw DXv]m-Z-\˛ ]p\-cp-
Xv]m-Z-\-tØbpw \ntcm-[n-®p-sIm≠v _nPnØ F∂ kvXo eqkn-bpsS
Pohn-X-Øn¬ Xo¿Ø AXn¿h-c-ºp-Isf t`Zn-®p-sIm≠v Ah-cpsS ac-
W-tijw eqkn hoSp-hn v ]pd-tØ-°n-d-ßp-∂p.
""eqtky''
kz¥w Agp-°p-Iƒ t]dn, \n -lm-b-cmb a\p-jy¿ Ic-bn¬\n∂v
hnfn-°p∂p
""sIm≠m'' sh≈-Øn¬\n∂v eqkn ssI \o´p-∂p. ChnsS sh≈w
]mIr-XnI LS-I-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Poh≥ \¬Ip-∂Xpw Pohn-XsØ Icp-
∏n-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv. amen-\y-ßsf Aen-bn-s®-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠m-sW-¶n¬
Aß-s\.
Cu sh≈sØ sI´n-\n¿Øm-sa∂pw i‡n-bmbn Xmtg-bvs°m-gp°n
Du¿÷-ap-≠m-°m-sa∂pw Cu Du¿÷sØ ]Im-i-am°n hn¬°m-sa∂pw
Aßs\ IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ em -ap-≠m-°m-sa∂pw apX-em-fnØ a\ v
IW-°p-Iq- n. AXp-sIm-≠mWv ap°n\p ap°n\v AW-s°- p-Iƒ sI´n-
s∏m-°n-b-Xv. ]Ir-Xn-bpsS AanX NqjWw hn -h-tkm-X- p-Isf iq\y-
am-°p-sa∂v Adn-™p-sIm-≠mWv kmdm-tPm-k^v "sj¬´¿' F∂
t\mh¬ Fgp-Xp-∂-Xv.
""Hcn-°epw Idh h‰mØ ]ip-hmWv ]IrXn F∂ hmZ-tØmSv Rm≥
hntbm-Pn-°p-∂p. Id-s∂-Sp-°p-t¥mdpw Npc-Øn-Ø-cp∂ Ima-t[-\p-hmWv
]IrXn F∂ hmZsØ Rm≥ JWvUn-°p-∂p. FSp-°p-t¥mdpw Xocp-I-
X-s∂-bm-Wv. FSp-°p-∂-sX√mw XncnsI ht® ]‰q..'' At∏- ≥ ]d-bp-
∂p. ]Ir-Xnsb \in-∏n-°p-I-b√ a\p-jy-]p-tcm-K-Xn-°p-th≠n ]tbm-P-
\-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv th≠-sX∂v ]d-bp∂ At∏- ≥ sshZyp-Xn-bp-Xv]m-
Zn-∏n-°m≥ Xm≥ I≠p-]n-Sn® ]≤-Xn°v "tcWp ]h¿' F∂mWv t]cn- -
Xv. tcWp At∏- s‚ mcy-bm-Wv.
tcWp-]-h¿ F∂ ]≤-Xn-bn¬ ]Ir-Xn-bpsS km∂n[yw Dd-∏m-°n-s°m-
≠mWv ]ptcm-KXnsb°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°p-∂-Xv. CXv ]mIr-Xn-I-amb Awi-
Øn\v bmsXmcp tIm´hpw hcp-Øp-∂n-√.
""Im‰n¬\n∂v sshZyp-Xn-bp-≠m°mw
kqcy-\n¬\n∂v sshZyp-Xn-bp-≠m°mw
Im‰n\pw shbn-en\pw Bcpw AW-sI- p-∂n√
Im‰p-t]m-Ip∂ hgntb Hcp Im‰mSn b¥w
‰w-sN-ø-s∏-Sp∂ Cu mj-bn¬ Iq´n-t®¿°-ep-Iƒ \S-°p-Ibpw IqSp-X¬
IqSp-X¬ Xe-ß-fn-te°v Cu mj ]S¿∂v Ib-dp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]mcn-
ÿn-XnI kvXohm-Z-sa-∂-t]mse ]mcn-ÿn-XnI `mjbpw kaql a[y-
Øn¬ CSw-tX-Sp-∂p. Ip™p-ßsf ]k-hn-°p-Ibpw hf¿Øp-Ibpw
Ah¿°p-th≠n £an-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp henb kaq-l-Øns‚ mj-
bmbn AXv amdp-∂p.
GXv \´p® shbn¬ IØp-tºmgpw "HX-∏v' F∂ t\mh-en-se-
am¿KeoØ-bpsS ho´n-te-°p≈ hgn-bn¬ XWp-∏m-bn-cn°pw. tNme-a-c-
߃, sXßp-Iƒ, Ihp-ßp-Iƒ, hen-b-h-enb hoSp-Iƒ, ]qt¥m- -߃,
Ip≠pw Ipgnbpw \nd™ Nfn-h-gn. am¿K-eo-Ø-bpsS A∏≥ ]d-™Xv
kz¿K-Øn-te-°p≈ "CSp-ßnb ]mX' CXm-sW-∂m-Wv. A∂v hgn-bpsS
CS-Xp-h-iØv \nc-∂p-In-S-°p∂ hb-ep-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. hb-ep-I-fpsS \Sp-
hn-eqsS \nd-™p-ap‰n Hcp ssItØm-sSm-gp-In-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ ]n∂oSv
kz¿K-Øn-te-°p≈ hgn ka-\n-c-∏mb Sm¿]mX-bn-eq-sS-bm-sW∂v hcp-
∂Xpw am¿K-eoØ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. ]mIr-Xn-I-amb kuµcy Z¿i\w
\mK-cn-I-amb BtKm-f-h-XvI-c-WØnte°v Nph-Sp-am-‰p-∂Xv Chn-sS-bm-
Wv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv ap≠p-]m-e-Øn-\-Sn-bn-eqsS sh≈-sam-gp-Ip-∂Xv aI-
\mb \mWp-hns\ ImWn-°m≥ am¿K-eo-Øbv°v Ign-bm-sX-t]m-b-Xv.
Smdp-t]mse Idp-Øp-Ip-dp-Inb aen-\-Pew sNdp Ipgn-I-fn¬ sI´n-°n-
S-°p-∂-Xpw, AXn-\p-aotX e£w sImXp-Ip-I-fpsS hmkw Dd-∏n-®p-sIm≠v
N∏pw Nhdpw sIm≠p-h∂v hen-s®-dn-bp∂ ÿe-ambn tXmSv amdn-bXpw
\Sp-°-tØm-sS-bmWv am¿K-eoØ ImWp-∂-Xv. Cu \m-isØ ]pcpj
apX-em-fnØ hyhÿ-bv°p≈n¬ kvXobpw ]Ir-Xnbpw A\y-am-°-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xns‚ `oXn-bp-ambn kmdm-tPm-k^v _‘n-∏n-°p-∂p. AΩsb
ImWm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°msX ktlm-Z-c-߃ am¿K-eo-Øsb ho´n¬\n∂v
Cd-°n-hn-Sp-∂-Xn\v Cusbmcp Xe-ap-≠v. ]p-Xnb aXn¬sI- n-Øn-cn®v tab¿
tPm¨ NÆ-bpsS t]cp-]-Xn-∏n®v ho´p-h-f-∏ns‚ apgp-h≥ A[n-Im-chpw
]pcp-j≥ Ih¿s∂-Sp-°p-∂Xv \io-I-cW ]hr-Øn-bn-eq-sS-bm-sW∂v
Ahƒ Adp-bp-∂p. B ]gb ho´p-ap-‰-Øn-t∏mƒ IØp∂ ]c∂ shbn-
em-Wv. XWtem XWpt∏m \ngtem C√. ]pcm-X-\-amb AΩ amhv apdn®v
am‰n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ap‰w aÆn v \nI-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. am¿K-eo-Ø-bpsS Nßm-
Xn-°-√p-Iƒ aqSn-t∏m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cusbmcp ImgvN-bn-te°v Ahƒ \S-
s∂-Øp-∂-Xv, BWp-߃ IpØn-a-dn-™, BWp-ß-fpsS amX-amb
tXm´n¬ amen\yw \nd-bp-∂Xv I≠p-sIm-≠m-Wv. Chn-sS-bmWv ]pcpj
A[n-\n-thiw kvXos°-∂-t]mse ]Ir-Xn-s°-Xn-tcbpw Xncn-bp-∂-Xv.
F∂m¬ am‰mØn F∂ t\mh-en¬ sh≈-Øn-en-d-ßn-\n∂v temIsØ
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
642010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
65
am\-hn-I-X-bpsS
k¶o¿Ø\-߃
hn.-bp. kptc-µ≥
B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Ac-tß-‰-Øn-\p-tijw IqSp-
X¬ Xoh-amb kmaq-ln-I-cm-„obZ¿i-\hpw hnπ-
h-t_m-[hpw kmln-Xy-cw-KØv A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-hm≥
XpS-ßnb Ime-ØmWv sshim-Js‚ IYm-c-N\ Bcw-
`n-°p-∂Xv. F∂m¬ Xoh-hm-Z-cm-„ob ]Xy-b-im-
kvXtam AXns‚ cN-\m-k-t¶-X-tam sshim-Js‚
cN-\-Isf kzo[o-\n-®n-cp-∂n-√. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS CSn-
ap-g°-߃ ae-bm-f-km-ln-XysØ ]nSn-®p-e® 1960- -
I-fn¬ Xs∂ IYm-cw-KØv ]th-in® Fgp-Øp-Im-c-
\mWv sshim-J≥. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS NXn-°p-gn-Isf
Xncn-®-dn™ At±-l-Øn\v B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS
cm„ob Pohn-X-\n-e-]m-Sp-I-tfmSpw ISpØ hntbm-Pn-
∏p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS cq]-ssh-Nn-Xy-
tØbpw 1970- -I-fnse Xoh-hmZcm„ob \ne-]m-Sp-
I-sfbpw Hcpt-]mse \ncm-I-cn® At±lw kn.-hn.-io-
cm-a≥, ap≠q¿ IrjvW≥ Ip´n F∂n-h-sc-t∏mse
XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-amb hgn-I-fn-eqsS k©-cn®v
Xt‚-Xm-sbmcp IYm-]-]©w kr„n-s®-Sp-Øp. a\p-
shbn¬ t]mIp∂ hgntb Hcp tkmfm¿ ]m\¬
sh≈sØ amXw F¥n\v ]nSn-®vsI- -Ww..? At∏- ≥ tNmZn-®p.
Aßs\ tcWp-]-h¿ D≠mbn''. apX-em-fnØØns‚ Itºm-f-h-XvI-cW
\b-Øn-s\-Xsc i_vZn-®p-sIm-≠pw, a\p-jy-t\bpw ]Ir-Xn-tbbpw Iq´n-
bn-W-°n-s°m≠pw ]pcpj tIµnX kaq-l-Øn¬ Ahs‚ B[n-]-
XysØ C√m-Xm°n Xpey-\o-Xn-bp-≈ kaq-lsØ ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øp-I-
bmWv tkmjy-enÃv Ft°m s^an-\nkw e£y-anSp-∂-Xv. apX-em-
fnØØns‚ hn]Wn X¥-ßsf Xncn-®-dn™v Xpey-\o-Xn-°p-th≠n
]b-Xv\n-°p∂p F∂p-≈-Xp-sIm-≠mWv am[-hn-°p- n-bp-tSbpw kmdm-tPm-
k- n-s‚bpw CS-s]-S-ep-Isf \Ωƒ CØ-c-Øn¬ t\m°n-°m-Wp-∂-Xv.
Ipdn∏v
1) am[-hn-°p- n-bpsS t\mh-√-Iƒ, am[-hn-°p- n, Un kn _pIvkv tIm -bw.
2007
2) Bem-l-bpsS s]¨a-°ƒ, kmdm tPmk-^v, Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xriq¿,
1999
3) HX∏v, kmdm tPmk- v, Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xriq¿, 2005
4) am‰m-Øn, kmdm tPmk- v, Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xriq¿, 2003
5) sj¬´¿, ae-bmf at\m-ca hm¿jn-I-∏-Xn∏v , 2008
6) lcn-X-\n-cq-]Ww ae-bm-f-Øn¬,(F-Un-‰¿) Pn. a[p-kq-Z-\≥ Id‚ v _pIvkv,
Xriq¿, 2002
7) `mhp-IXzw 21- mw \q‰m-≠n¬, Pn. a[p-kq-Z-\≥, Un kn _pIvkv tIm -bw.
2006
8) Radical ecology: The search for a living world, Caralyn Merchant, Routledge 1992
9) The time of ecofeminism,Eubonne francoise, (Translation) Caralyn Merchant
10) am¿Ivknkhpw Ft°-mf-Pn-bpw, Nn¥, 1980
11) IpSpw-_w, kzIm-cy-kzØv, `c-W-IqSw F∂n-h-bpsS DXv]-Øn-sb-∏-‰n.
^U-dnIv GwK¬kv, t]mK v, tamkvtIm
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
662010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
67
C√m-sX, Xn-I®pw H‰-s∏´ sXmgn¬Po-hn-X-am-bn-cp∂p At±lw A\p- -
hn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. C°mew apgp-h≥ GIm-¥-X-bpsS XS-h-d-I-fn¬ Ign-bp-hm≥
hn[n-°-s∏´ Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\m-bn-cp∂p sshim-J≥. F∂m¬ Cu GIm-
¥X X-S-h-d-Isf ka¿-∞-ambn At±lw adn-I-S-°p-∂Xv \n-c-¥-c-amb
hmb-\-bn-ep-sSbpw Fgp-Øn-eq-sS-bp-am-Wv. Pohn-X-Øns‚ -s]m-≈p∂
bmYm¿∞y-ß-fpsS t\cn-t∏m-Sn¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠mWv At±lw IY-I-sf-
gp-Xn-b-Xv. FgpØpw hmb-\bpw kmaqlykmwkvIm-cnI ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw
a\p-jy-_-‘-ß-fpsS Bg-ß-fn-te-°n-d-ßn-s®-√m-\p≈ Dƒ°mgvN At±-
l-Øn\p \¬In. a\p-jy--Po-hn-X-Øns‚ Bg-ßfpw k-¶o¿Æ-X-Ifpw
ImWn-®p-X-cp-∂-h-bmWv sshim-J≥ IY-Iƒ.
ZpxJm-\p-`-h-ß-fpsS hnIm-k-tc-J-I-fmWv sshim-J≥ IY-Iƒ.
F¶nepw ssh-b-‡n-Im-\p- -h-ß-fpsS XS-h-d-I-fn¬ InS∂v Cu IY-Iƒ
\ne-hn-fn-°p-∂n-√. ""sshb-‡n-I-A-h-ÿsb ]]-©-hn-im-e-X-bn-te°v
A[ym-tcm-]n-°m-\p≈ ia-ß-fmWv''2 sshim-J≥ IY-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂-
Xv. Xs‚ A\p-`-h-Im-gvN-IfpsS kvamc-I-ap-Z-Iƒ ]Xn-™-h-bmWv
sshim-J≥ IY-Iƒ.
"sNIp-Øm≥ Dd-ßp-∂n√', "\ng¬bp≤w', "h\Pzme', "Kcp-U≥Xq°w'
F∂o IY-Iƒ k¶o¿ÆX-Iƒ \nd™ sshb-‡n-Im-\p- -h-ß-fpsS
tcJm-Nn-X-ß-fm-Wv. ASp-Øp≈ kvIqfn¬ tPmen°p ip]m¿i-bp-ambn
A—-t\m-sSm∏w h∂ bph-Xn-bn¬ IY-bnse DtZym-K-ÿ≥ BIr-„-\m-
bn. Xm≥ ]d-™m¬ B bph-Xn°p sXmgn¬ In´pw. F∂m¬ shdpsX
klm-bn-°-Wtam AXn\p ]Xyp-]-I-c-ambn Ahsf t`mKn-°-Wtam
F∂ Nn¥-bn¬ Abmƒ sh¥p-cp-In. sNIp-Øm≥ mhhpw a\p-jy-Xzhpw
XΩn-ep≈ kwL¿jw t\m°p-I. ""CXp ]m]-am-Wv. \n -lm-b-X-sIm≠v
Ahƒ apºn¬ h∂p. Ahƒ°v Fs∂-°p-dn®v F¥p aXn-∏m-bn-cn-°pw.
AXp ]iv\-a-√. Aßs\ Bcpw aXn∏v Iev]n-®-Xp-sIm≠v henb ]tbm-
P-\-sam-∂p-an-√. Hcp D]-Im-chpw shdpsX sNtø-≠-Xm-bn√ ''3. ]nt‰-Zn-
hkw H‰-bv°p-h∂ bph-Xn-tbmSv tPmen- Ip- n-°p-X-s∂, hnjan--t°≠
F∂p ]d-™-t∏mƒ Abm-fpsS Im¬sXm´p h-µn® s]¨Ip- n-bpsS apJ-
—mb am-dp-∂Xp Abmƒ°p ImWm≥ Ign-™p. Ah-fpsS apJØp Nncn-
°p∂ Hcp hr≤-t\bpw ]Xo£ \nd™ IÆp-I-fp-ambn Cf-b-Ip- n-I-
tfbpw ImWm≥ Ign™ DtZym-K-ÿ≥ Ah-tfmSv tXm∂nb Xmev]cyw
Dt]-£n-°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-\mbn. DZmØ am\-hn-I-X-bpsS aqeym-[n-jvTnX
Pohn-Xm-h-t_m-[hpw Db¿∂ Z¿i-\-hp-amWv DtZym-K-ÿ-s\-sIm≠v
""F∂m¬ Ip´n s]mbvt°mfq'' F∂p ]d-bn-∏n-®-sX∂p ]d-bmw. hyh-
ÿm-]nX kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bpsS kvXo]p-cpj k¶¬∏-ß-sfbpw ssew-
jys‚ ]£-Øp-\n-∂p-sIm≠v ]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´ km[m-cW a\p-
jy-cpsS ]®-bmb Pohn-X-bm-Ym¿∞y-ßfpw Ah-cpsS -s\m-º-c-ßfpw
Bhn-jvI-cn® IYm-Im-c-\mWv sshim-J≥.
\thm-∞m\ ImYnIcpsS IYm-Jym-\-]m-c-º-cy-amWv sshim-Js‚ IY-
Iƒ°v kq-cy-tim` ]I-cp-∂-Xv. mj-bnepw IYm-Jym-\-co-Xn-bnepw ]co-
£-W-߃ \S-Øp-hm≥ At±lw Xev]-c-\-√. cN-\-sb-°p-dn®v At±lw
Xs∂ ]d-bp-∂Xv t\m°p-I. ""Hcp ]tabw hoWp-In- n-bm¬ ]ns∂ [rXn-
]n-Sn®v AsX-gp-Xp-I-bmWv Fs‚ ]Xn-hv. a\- n¬ hcp∂ mj-bn¬ AXv
FgpXpw. inev]-sØ-°p-dn-s®m∂pw A[nIw DXv°WvT-s∏-Sm-dn√''.1 IYm-
in-ev]-Øns‚ cq]-ku-µ-cysØ°p-dn-®√ \nkz-cmb a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw
]oUn-X-cmb P\-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ Pohn-Xm-h-ÿ-I-sfbpw Ipdn-®mWv
At±lw DXvI-WvT-s∏- n-cp-∂Xv. Hmtcm a\p-jy-k-aq-l-Øn-s‚bpw Pohn-
Xm--h-ÿ-I-tfm-Sp≈ ]Xn-I-c-W-amWv sshim-Js‚ IY-Iƒ. At±-l-
Øns‚ IY-I-fpsS apJ-ap-Z -kz-—-Xbpw emfn-Xyhpw km[m-c-W-Xz-hp-am-
Wv. CS-Xp-]£ ]Xy-b-im-kvX-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb Xoh-amb am\-hn-
Im-h-t_m[w Cu IYm-]-]-©-Øns‚ A¥¿[m-c-bm-Wv. km[m-c-W-a-
\p-jy-cm-Wv, Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-]-iv\-ß-fmWv sshim-J≥ IY-I-fpsS
tIµ-_n-µp.
sshb-‡n-Im-\p- -h-ß-fpsS BJym\w
tImhn-e-s\-t∏mse Xs‚ HutZym-Kn-I-Po-hn-Xm-\p- -h-ß-fpsS t\¿Im-
gvN-I-fmWv sshim-Js‚ IY-Iƒ. ]´mf _mc-°p-I-fnse \n -lmb
a\p-jy-cpsS Pohn-Xm-h-ÿ-I-fmWv tImhn-e≥ IY-Iƒ F¶n¬ sshim-
Js‚ ]e IY-I-fp-sSbpw _mly-L-S\ sdbn¬-th-tÃ-j-\nse bqWn-
t^m-an´ Poh-\-°m-cp-sSbpw AXn\p Np‰p-ap≈ a\p-jy-cpsSbpw ]-®-bmb
Pohn-X-bm-Ym¿∞y-ß-fm-Wv. sdbn¬-sh-bnse sXmgn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´
hnNnX Imgv-N-I-fm-Wv, A\p- -h-ß-fmWv sshim-Js‚ an° IY-I-fp-
sSbpw tIµ-]-ta-bw. C°m-ew-h-sc Bcpw IY-bn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°mØ
]p-Xn-sbmcp A\p- -h-a-fiew sshim-J≥ IY-I-fn¬ sIm≠p-h-∂p. U¬-
lu-kn-]- p-hns‚ sImtfm-Wn-b¬ bqWn--t^m-an-\p-≈nse a\p-jy-Zpx-J-
߃, ho¿∏p-ap- -ep-Iƒ, DXv°-WvT-Iƒ, kwL¿j-߃ F√mw sshim-
J≥ IY-I-fn¬ Db¿∂p-tIƒ°mw.
sshb-‡n-Im-\p- -h-ß-fpsS kuµ-cym-fl-IX sshim-J≥ IY-I-fn¬
ap√-∏q-hns‚ kpK‘w ]c-Øp-∂p. sXmgn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏ v hf-sc-
°mew At±lw B‘, Xan-gv\m-Sv, I¿Æm-SIw XpS-ßnb Z£n-tW-
¥y≥ Kma-ß-fn-ep≈ sdbn¬th tÃ-j-\p-I-fn¬ tPmen sNbvXn- p-≠v.
\K-c-Øns‚ Cc-º-ep-Ifpw kzm¿∞-XIfpw Pohn-X-Øns‚ Xnc-°p-Ifpw
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
682010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
69
hyXy-kvX-cmb At\Iw a\p-jy-cpsS kwK-a-tI-µ-amWv sdbn¬th
πm‰vt^m-dw. thiy-Iƒ, `m¥-∑m¿, t]m°-‰-Sn-°m¿, Npa- p-sXm-gn-em-fn-
Iƒ, n£-°m¿, tcmKn-Iƒ, I®-h-S-°m¿, hnI-emw-K¿, bmX-°m¿ XpS-
ßn-b-h-cpsS Xmh-f-amWv sdbn¬th tÃj≥. Cu hyXn-cn‡ temI-
Øns‚ Pohn-Xm-h-ÿ-Iƒ, thdn´ ImgvN-Iƒ, Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ P\-X-bpsS
ZpxJ-߃, F√mw Fgp-Xp-hm≥ sshim-J\v amXta Ign-bq. πm‰vt^m-
an¬ ÿncw Xma-k-°m-cmb ]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°-s∏- , Cu kaq-l-Øns‚
A\p- -h-߃ ]I¿Øn-bm¬ Xs∂ D÷z-e-ß-fmb IYIƒ cNn-°m≥
Ign-bpw.
sshim-Js‚ ""A-°Øn-se-gp-Xn-bm¬'' F∂ IY sdbn¬th DtZym-
K-ÿs‚ sshb--‡n-Im-\p- hw amX-a-√, AXn\p ]e hmb-\-I-fp-ap-≠v.
sdbn¬th-tÃ-j\p Np‰p-ap≈ Kma-ØnemWv Icnºv Irjn \S-Øp-∂-
Xv. D≠m-°p∂ sh√w ]Ww ISw-sIm-Sp-Ø-h¿°v amXta \¬Imhq
F∂mWv Icm¿. CSbv°v Icn-ºp-Irjn tami-am-bn. Ipd-®p-Iq-Sp-X¬ ]Ww
In´p-sa-∂p-≈-Xp-sIm≠v Zp-cn-X-Øn-em-gp∂ ]f-\n-®man ]´-W-Ønse
thsdmcp I-®-h-S-°m-c\v sh√w cl-ky-ambn sImSpØp aSßn hcptºmƒ
Abmƒ sIme-sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂p. Abm-fpsS a®m≥ amWn-Iy≥ tIkv sImSp-
Øp. HSp-hn¬ hn´p-ho-gvN°p amWn-Iy≥ Xøm-dm-bn. apX-emfn \m¬]-Xn-
\m-bncw cq] \„-]-cn-lm-c-ambn \¬Im-sa-t∂-‰p. A°m-bpsS s\‰n-bnse
Ip¶paw ambv®-Xn\v ]Xn- -e-ambn Adp-]X-n-\m-bncw thW-sa∂v amWn-
Iy≥ hotdmsS hmZn-®p. ]´n-°m- p-Im-c-\m-sW-¶nepw amWn-Iy\v A`n-am-
\-ap-s≠∂v Abmƒ Xd-∏n®p ]d-™p. a\p-jy-s\bpw a\p-jy-_-‘-ßsf
DXv]-∂-ß-fmbn ImWp∂ apX-em-fnØ kaq-l-Øn¬ F¥n-s‚bpw am\-
Zfiw ]W-am-Wv. a\p-jys\ DXv]-∂-am°n hkvXp-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-
tºmƒ a\p-jyXzw hne-t]-im-\p≈ D]-I-cWw IqSn-bm-hp-∂p. a\p-jy-
_-‘-ß-fpsS hmWn-Py-h¬°-c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb i‡-am-sbmcp IY-
bmWv ""A°-Øn-se-gp-Xn-bXv''.
Cu IYbv°v as‰mcp hmb-\-IqSn km[y-am-Wv. sh√q¿ ] -W-Øn-
te°v I®-h-S-Øn\v t]mb ]f-\n-®m-ansb ImWm-Xm-b-tXmsS Abm-fpsS
IpSpw_w h√mØ hnj-am-h-ÿ-bn-embn. `mcy Blmcw Dt]-£n®v
ImØn-cn-∏m-Wv. Ah-cpsS kam-[m-\-Øn-\p-th≠n H∂p -t^m-Wn¬ hnfn®v
At\z-jn-°-W-sa∂v amWn-Iy≥ tÃj≥ amÃ-tdmSv At]-£n-°p-∂p.
AhnsS \n∂v sh√q¿°v t^m¨ sNøm≥ Ign-bn-√. ImSv]mSn PwKvjs\
hnfn-°mt\ I-gnbq. IYm-Ir-Øns‚ Bflmw-i-ap≈ B DtZym-K-ÿ≥
sdbn¬th t^msW-SpØv ImSv]mSn Pw-Kv-j≥ tÃj≥am-Ãsd hnfn®v
At\z-jn-°m≥ A`y¿∞n-®p. ]nt‰-Zn-hkw adp-]Sn h∂p. A\y-cpsS Pohn-
Kn-Im-h-t_m-[-sØbpw Cu DZmØ am\-hn-I-aq-eym-h-t_m[w A´n-adn-
°p∂p. hyh--ÿm-]nX kaqlw At_m-[-a-\- n¬ Dev]mZn∏n-s®-Sp-°p∂
ssew-Kn-I-X-sbbpw kvXo -]p-cp-j--_-‘-ß-sfbpw kw_-‘n® ]mT-ß-
fpsS s\©p-]n-f¿-°p-∂-XmWv ""sNIp-Øm≥ Dd-ßp-∂n√'' F∂ IY.
sNIp-Øm≥ m-h-߃°p-ta¬ am\-hn-I-aq-ey-ß-fpsS hnP-bhpw Hu∂-
Xyhpw hnfw-_cw sNøp-∂-XmWv sshim-J≥ IY-Iƒ.
sshb-‡n-I-kw-L¿j-ßfpw a\p-jy-Xz-Øns‚ hn-P-b-Km-Ybpw AS-
bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ as‰mcp IY-bmWv ""\ng¬bp≤w''. Db¿∂ aqey-k-¶¬-
∏-߃ Dƒs°m≠p Pohn-°p∂ CXnse sdbn¬th DtZym-K-ÿ≥
\mcßm I®-h-S-°m-cpsS ssI°qen hmßmsX kXy-k-‘-\mbn tPmen
sNøp-∂-h-\m-Wv. BkvX-am-tcm-Kn-bmb tÃj≥ amÿ hfsc kmº-
ØnI sRcp-°-߃ A\p- -hn-°p-∂-h-\p-am-Wv. CXn-\nsS Sn°-‰n-√msX
]nSn-°-s∏´ A\m-Y-bmb Hcp bph-Xnsb hnS\mb Sn°‰v Ie-Œ-dn¬
\n∂pw c£s∏-SpØn Xs‚ Izm¿t -gvknse Hcp apdn-bn¬ Xma-kn-∏n--°p-
∂p. F¥n\pw Xøm-dmbn \S-°p-∂-h-fmWv bph-Xn. ISpØ Bfl-kw-
L¿j-a-\p- -hn-°p∂ DtZym-K-ÿs‚ a\- n¬ sNIp-Øm≥/a\p-jy- m-h-
ß-fpsS Xo BfnI-Øp-I-bm-Wv. Akz-ÿ-\mb Abm-fpsS Nn¥-Iƒ
]m]-t_m-[-ß-fn-te°v Xe-IpØn hogp-I-bm-Wv. Abm-fpsS kwL¿jm-
fl-I-a-\ v sshim-Js‚ hcn-I-fn¬ hmbn-°pI. ""ap√-∏q-aWw Xncn-®-
dn™p XpS-ßn. knc-I-fn-eqsS elcn Hgp-In. B¿-Øn-tbmsS Ipfn¿°m‰v
B™p-h-ens®-SpØp. Abmƒ Nn¥n-®p. \msf Rm≥ ]m¿k¬°m-cpsS
t\m´p-hm-ßpw. h≠n ]Øp-an-\n´p IqSp-X¬ \n¿Øpw. B ]gb
t¢m°ns‚ apJw Nhn- p-bp-S-bv°pw. ho´n¬\n∂pw mtcybpw a°-tfbpw
sIm-≠p-h-cpw. πm‰vt^m-d-Øn¬ InS-∂p-d-ßnb Ip´nsb FÆ-tX®v Ipfn-
∏n-°pw. hnd-bv°p∂ ssIIƒ sIm≠v ]pX∏v FSp-Øp-am‰n Fgp-t∂-‰p.
Abmƒ InX-®p-sIm≠v hmXn-en¬ ap´n''4. hmXn¬ Xpd∂p ]pd-Øp-h∂
bphXn \n߃s°¥m kpJ-ant√ F∂p tNmZn®v ASp-Øp-X-s∂-bp≈
Sn°‰v Ie-Œ-dpsS ho´n-te°v Ib-dn-t∏m-bn.
CØcw am\-hnI aqeym-h-t_m[w DW¿s∂-gp-t∂-ev°p∂ IY-bmWv
""h\-÷zm-e-Iƒ.'' Rm-b-dmgvN Znhkw ag-bØv Izm¿t -gvkn¬ Hcp kvXo
Ib-dn-h-cp-tºmgpw IY-bnse DtZym-K-ÿ≥ A¥x-kw-L¿-a-\p- -hn-°p-∂p.
Bfl-kw-L¿jw-sIm≠-p ho¿∏p-ap- nb DtZym-K-ÿ≥ HSp-hn¬ Hcp IpS-
sb-SpØv kvXo°p \¬In. \ΩpsS kmam-\y-[m-c-W-I-sf-sb√mw Cu
IY-Iƒ Ipgn-®p-aq-Sp-∂p.
am\-hn-I-X-bpsS DZm-Ø-cq-]-߃
sdbn¬sh tÃj≥amÿam¿ At\Iw ImgvN-Iƒ ImWp-∂-h-cm-Wv.
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
702010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
71
Ipfn¿Ωbpw ]im-¥-Xbpw sshim-J≥ IY-I-fn-eqsS k©-cn-°ptºmƒ
B¿°pw A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂-XmWv. am\-hn-I-X-bpsS k¶o¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv
sshim-J≥ IY-Iƒ.
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃1. sshim-J≥ ˛ ""Po-hn-X-Øns‚ \q¬∏mew'', KŸ-tem-Iw,
e°w tabv 2006 t]Pv 36.
2. tUm. j¨ap-J≥ ]pem-∏‰ ˛ \n -lm-b-X-bpsS \ne-hn-fn, t]Pv 105
3. sshim-J≥ ˛ sshim-J≥ IY-Iƒ, t]Pv 17
4. AtX ]pkvXIw ˛ t]Pv 25.
X-]-iv\-ß-fn¬ CS-s]- p-sIm≠-v Ah¿°v th≠n sdbn¬th t^m¨
BZy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn® Bƒ Hcp-]t£ ssh-im-J-\m-bn-cn-°pw. HutZym-
Kn-It^mWpw ku-I-cy-ßfpw km[m-c-W-°m-cmb P\-߃°p th≠n
D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ DtZy-K-ÿ¿ C∂p Ipd-hm-Wv. Poh-\-°m-cpsS Bh-iy-
Øn\p th≠n-b√ \m´n¬ ]m¿°p∂-h-cpsS Imcy-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv
HutZym-Kn-I-t^m¨ tÃj≥am-ÿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. a\p-jyXzw ac-
hn® DtZym-Kÿ Zpjv-]- p-Xz-amWv C∂sØ k¿∆okv taJ-e-bn¬ ImWp-
∂-Xv. k¿-°m¿ Hm^o-kns‚ ]Sn Ib-dn-bm¬, bqWn-t^m-d-a-Wn-™m¬,
as‰mcp arKo-b-ap-J-amWv DtZym-K-ÿ-cn¬ km[m-cW ImWp-I. hnt√Pv
Hm^okv apX¬ skI- -dn-tb‰v hsc HutZym-Kn-I-I-tk-c-bn¬ C-cp∂v
\nkzcpw \ncm-ew-_-cp-amb a\p-jy-cpsS t\¿°v Ipc-®p-Nm-Sp∂ DtZym-K-
ÿ¿ Cu \mSns‚ im]-am-Wv. DtZym-Kÿ at\m- m-h-Øn-s\-Xnsc/sNIp-
Øm≥ mh-Øn-s\-Xnsc a\p-jyXzw hnPbw hcn-®-Xns‚ IY-Iq-Sn-bmWv
""A-°Øn-se-gp-Xn-bm¬''. DtZym-K-ÿ-hn- m-K-Øns‚ sImtfm-Wn-b¬ \mSy-
߃s°-Xn-cmb i‡-amb Xm°o-XmWv Cu IY.
A[n-Imcw/DtZymKw/`¿Ømhv XpS-ßnb ÿm\-am-\-ßfpw ]Z-hn-Ifpw
a‰p-≈-hsc Iqc-ambn ]oUn-∏n-°m\pw a¿±n-°m\pw D≈ D]-I-cWßfm-
sW∂ kmam-\y-[m-c-Wsb Cu IY io¿jm-k-\-Øn¬ \n¿Øp∂p. F-
∂m¬ DtZym-K-ÿ≥, A[n-Im-cn, `¿Ømhv XpS-ßnb hy‡n-Xz-ß-fn¬
At\Iw I¿Xr-Xz-߃ Ds≠∂pw Hcpcq]-Øn\p Xs∂ At\Iw \ng-
ep-I-fp-s≠∂pw hy‡-am-°p-∂-h-bmWv sshim-J≥ IY-Iƒ. GXp-
thjw sI´p-tºmgpw B hy‡nX-Xz-Øn-\-IØv ]®bmb a\p-jys‚
bYm¿∞ hy-‡n-Xz-amWv ]pd-Øp-h-tc-≠-sX∂pw hf¿∂p-h-tc-≠-sX∂pw
sshim-J≥ IY-Iƒ Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]s£, h¿Ø-am-\-Im-eØv ]®-
bmb a\p-jys‚ aqey-k-¶¬-∏-ß-ƒt°m am\-hnI aqeym-h-t_m-[-
Ønt\m hm-Wn-Py-aqeyw Ipd-hm-Wv. kmam-\y-t_m[w CØcw am\-hnI
aqey-k-¶¬∏-ßsf ]p—n-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-I. F∂m¬ sshimJs‚
IY-I-fn¬ Cu ]®-bmb a\pjy≥ Ft∏mgpw DW¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. a\p-
jy-\nse Dd-ßmØ sNIp-Øm≥ mhßsf C√m-Xm°n a\p-jy-lr-Z-b-
ßsf \n¿Ω-ehpw ]cn-]m-h-\-hp-am-°n, a\p-jy-XzsØ tZh-Xz-am°n hnI-
kn-∏n-°m≥ sshim-J≥ IY-I-fnse am\-hn-I-aq-eym-h-t_m-[-Øn\p Ign-
bp-∂p. DtZym-Kÿ kaq-lsØ Imcy-£-a-am-t°-≠Xv am\-ho-I-cn-®p-sIm-
≠m-bn-cn-°Ww F∂v Cu IY \Ω-tfm-Sm-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. FXv ]Xn-Iqe
Ah-ÿbnepw am\-hnI aqey-߃°p-th≠n \ne-sIm-≈p∂p F∂-
XmWv sshim-J≥ IY-I-fpsS khnt-i-j-X. i‡≥X-ºp-cm≥
sIm´mcØnse Huj-t[m-tZym-\-Øn¬ Ccn-°p-tºmƒ A\p- -h-s∏-Sp∂
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
722010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
73
kwkv°mcw \n¿h-N-\w, NcnXw
sdbva≠v hneywkv IothUvkv F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv
""Cw•ojv `mj-bn-se-Xs∂ G‰h-pw k¶o¿Æ-amb ct≠m aqt∂m ]Z-
ß-fn¬ H∂mWv kwkvImcw'' F∂m-Wv. hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb Nn¥m-]-≤-
Xn-I-fnepw ssh⁄m-\n-I-ta-J-e-I-fnepw B ]Z-Øn\p ssIh∂ ]m[m-
\y-amWv Cu k¶o¿Æ-X-bv°p Imc-Ww.
eØo≥ mjbnemWv Cu hm°ns‚ ]m›mXythcp-Iƒ InS-°p-∂-
sX-¶nepw C∂n-t∏mƒ "kwkv°mc'Øn\p ssIh-∂n- p≈ A¿∞-ssh-
hn-[y-߃ Ign™ H∂-c-\q-‰m-≠ns‚ krjvSn-bm-Wv. ae-bm-f-Øn-em-Is´
CXbpw ]g°w t]mepw Cu hm°ns‚ ka-Im-enI ]tbmK-Øn-\n√.
kwkvIr-X-Ønse kwkv°mcw F∂ hm°n¬ \n∂mWv an° C¥y≥`m-
j-I-fnepw Cu ]Zw cq]-s∏- n- p-≈-Xv. Nne `mj-Iƒ kwkvIrXn F∂
hm°mWv kam-\-A¿∞-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. culture F∂ Cw•ojv
hm°n\v XØp-ey-ambn Cu c≠p hm°p-Ifpw s]mXp-hn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°-
s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. 1922 ¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® i_vZ-Xm-cm-h-en-bn¬ kwkv°mcw
F∂ hm°n\v C∂p \mw Dt±-in-°p∂ A¿∞w Iev]n-®n-cp-∂n√ F∂pw
Bbn-c-Øn-sXm-≈m-bn-cØn ap∏-Xp-I-fntem \mev]-Xp-I-fntem BWv Cu
A¿∞w kwkv°m-c-sa∂ ]Z-Øn\v ssIh-∂Xv F∂pw ]n.tKmhn-µ-]n≈
Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p≠v (1997;5).
]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ ]Ip-Xn-bn-emWv kwkv°mcw F∂ ]Zw
bqtdm-]y≥ A°m-Z-anI Nn¥-I-fn¬ hym]-I-ambn IS-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xv.
sdbva≠v hneywkv Nq≠n°m-Wn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse Irjnbpambn _‘-
s∏- p-≠mb Hcp-\m-a-]-Z-amWv Iƒ®¿. ]n∂oSv AXn\v "am\-kn-I-ambn
hnImkw ]m]n® a\p-jym-hÿ' F∂ A¿∞w ssIh-∂p.
]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠n-em-Is´ \c-hw-i-im-kvX-]-c-amb \n¿∆-N-\-߃
A\p-jvTm-\-k-º-Zm-b-ßfpw BNm-c-I-a-ßfpw Dƒs∏´ khn-ti-j-amb
Hcp Pohn-X-co-Xn-bmbn kwkvIm-csØ hymJym-\n-®p. Cw•ojv \ncq-]-I-
\mb amXyp B¿t\mƒUv BWv Cu Ime-L- -Øn¬ kwkv°m-c-sØ-
°p-dn-®p≈ G‰hpw hn]p-e-amb N¿®-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv.
hy-h-km-bnI kmaq-lnI hyh-ÿ-bn¬ hnI-kn-®p-h-cp∂ B[-p-\nI
temI-t_m-[sØ ]Xn- -en-∏n-°p∂ ]e A¿∞-kq-N-\-Ifpw ]Xn-s\´mw
\q‰m-≠n\v tijw "Iƒ®¿' F∂ ]Zw ssIh-cn-°p-∂p≠v. Hmtcm Ime-
L- -Ønepw hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb A¿∞-ß-sf-bmWv AXp s]mXp-t_m-[-
Øn¬ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-®Xv. kwkv°m-c-ap-≈-bmƒ ˛ AXn-√m-Ø-bmƒ F∂
A[n-Im-c-t_m-[-ambn hy‡n-X-e-Øn¬ AXv ]I-S-am-Ip-∂p. kwkv°m-
c-ap≈ P\X ˛ AXn-√mØ P\X F∂v kaq-l-sØ-∏‰n ]d-bm-dp-≠v.
kwkv°m-c-]-T-\hpwkmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\hpw
tcJ ]n.
Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Z-i-I-ß-fn¬
cmjvSm-¥-c-hym-]vXnbpw ]k-‡n-bp--ap≈ ]T-\-ta-J-
e-bmbpw Kuc-h-ap≈ _u≤n-I-CSs]S-ep-Iƒ \S-
°p∂ cwK-ambpw hnI-kn--®p-h∂ \qX-\-Nn-¥m-]-≤-Xn-
bmWv kwkv°m-c-]-T\w AYhm Iƒ®-d¬ ÃUokv
(kw-kv°m-c-]-T-\w F∂ kmam-\y-cq-]-Øn-\mWv
]Nm-c-sa-∂-Xp-sIm≠v B ]Z-amWv ChnsS D]-tbm-
Kn-°p-∂Xv). GsXmcp BJym\-sØbpw ]mT-ambn
ImWp∂ kwkv°m-c-]-T\w ]mY-an-I-ambpw N¿®-sN-
øp∂ hnjbw kwkv°m-c-]m-T-߃ ]Xn-\n-[m\w
sNøp∂ A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ cmjvSob-am-Wv. kwkv°m-
c-sa∂ k¶-ev]-\-Øns‚ hnj-bm-¥-c-Xzhpw AXns‚
cm-jvSo-bm- n-ap-Jyhpw ssk≤m¥nI-amb Dƒ°m-gvN-
Ifpw N¿®-sN-bvXp-sIm≠-v amXta ]c-º-cm-KX ]T-
\-]-≤-Xn-I-fn¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp B[p-\n-
Im-\-¥-c-]-≤-Xn-bmbn kwkv°m-c-]-T\w amdn-bXv
Fß-s\-sb∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bq.
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kwkv°mcw F∂Xv uXnI _‘-ß-fpsS ASn-Ø-d-bn¬ \ne-bp-d-∏n®
H∂m-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.
Cu ]cn-anXn Xncn-®-dn-™p-sIm-≠mWv \h-am¿InÃv hna¿i\ k¶-
ev]-\-߃ cq]w sIm≠n- p-≈-Xv. ^m¶v ^¿ v kv°qƒ Nn¥-I-cmWv
A°mew hsc ]m¿iz-h-Xv°-cn-°-s∏´ kwkv°mcw F∂ ]ta-b-Øn¬
am¿IvknÃv Nn¥-bn¬ tIµ-]-Zhn t\Sn-s°m-Sp-Ø-Xv. At‚m-Wntbm
Kmwjnbpw eqbn A¬Øq-kdpw hnI-kn-∏n-s®-SpØ ]Xy-bim-kvX-k-
¶-ev]-\-߃ sdbva≠v hneywkv Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈-h¿ ]n∂oSv Gs‰-Sp-Øp.
am¿IvknÃvv kwkv°mc hna¿i-\-Øns‚ Ncn-X-Ønse G‰hpw henb
IpXn-∏mbn _n´ojv kw-kv°mc]T-\sØ am‰n-Øo¿°m≥ hneyw-kn-\pw,
slmKm¿ n-\pw, C.-]n. tXmwk-Wpw, Ãph¿ v lmfn\pw Ign-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
kwkv°m-c-]-T\w
ta¬ hnh-cn® \c-hw-i-im-kvX- -am¿IvknÃv kwkv°m-c-k-¶-ev]-\-ßf
ka-\z-bn-∏n-®p-sIm≠pw F∂m¬ Ah-bnse Nne XØz-߃ Ah-K-Wn-
®p-sIm≠pw Hcp \ho\ ss[j-WnI Nn¥m-]-≤-Xn-bmbn kwkv°m-c-]-T-
\sØ kao-]n® ka-Im-enI kwkv°m-c-]-T-\-tIµw 1964- ¬ _n -\nse
_¿an-Mvlmw k¿-∆-I-em-im-e-bn¬ ÿm]n-X-am-bn.
kwkv°mchpw A[n-Im-chpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-߃ hni-I-e\w sNøm≥
hn`n∂ hn⁄m-\-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ ka-\z-bn-∏n-®p-
sIm≠p \SØp∂ A¥¿ssh-⁄m-\n-I-amb A-t\z-jWamWv kwkv°m-
c-]-T\w F∂v kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p, tSmWn s_∂‰v. IrXy-X-bp≈ Hcp hnj-b-
k-ao-]\w F∂-Xn-t\°mƒ ssk≤m-¥n-Ihpw coXn-im-kvX-]-c-hp-amb sshhn-
[y-߃ AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ hnj-bm¥-c-k-ao-]-\-ß-fmWv kwkv°m-c-]-T-\-Øn-
\p-≈Xv F∂mWv CXp-sIm≠v s_∂‰v A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv.
FUvhm¿Uv _¿s\‰v ssSe-dpsS ASn-ÿm-\-k-¶-ev]-\-sØ-bmWvv
sdbva≠v hneywkv Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. ka-K-amb Pohn-X-coXn (a wholeway of life) F∂mWv hneywkv kwkv°m-csØ \n¿h-Nn-®-Xv.
B¿t\mƒUn¬\n∂pw eoho-kp-am-cn¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ambn Fen-b‰v
Notes towards a definitiopn of culture F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ \c-hw-i-im-
kvX-]-c-ambn Xs∂-bmWv kwkv°m-csØ \n¿-∆Nn°p∂-Xv. Hcp ]tZ-
iØv Hcp-an®p Pohn°p∂ Hcp ]tXyI P\-X-bpsS Pohn-X-co-Xn-bmWv
kwkv°m-c-sa∂pw Ah-cpsS IY-I-fnepw kmaq-ly-co-Xn-bnepw kz`m-h-
k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fnepw aX-Ønepw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-XmWv kwkv°mcw F∂pw
At±lw ]d-bp-∂p (Andrew Millner, 2002;4)._u≤nIhpw mh-\m-]-c-hp-amb Pohn-X-N-cysb amX-a√ a\p-jys‚
apgp-h≥ Pohn-X-co-Xn-sb-bp-amWv kwkv°m-c-sa∂ ]Zw A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv
kwkvIr-Xw- -]m-IrXw F∂v mjsb Xncn-°p-∂n-SØpw AXv ]h¿Øn-
°p-∂p≠v. B[p-\n-I-X-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ AXv ]ptcm-K-an-®-Xv- -
A-√m-ØXv F∂p-ambn. CØcw hn -P-\-ß-ƒ ]e-Xnepw aqey-]-c-amb
hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
kmwkv°m-cnI hni-I-e-\-Øns‚ NcnXw a\- n-em-°m≥ ian-°p-
tºmƒ ][m-\-ambpw aq∂p-X-c-Øn-ep≈ hnNm-c-[m-c-I-fmWv cq]-s∏- n- p-
≈Xv F∂v hy‡-am-Ipw. kmln-Xy-Øn-sebpw kwKo-X-Øn-sebpw NnX,-
Zr-iy-I-e-I-fn-sebpw DZmØ amXr-I-Isf kwkv°m-c--Øns‚ DØ-a-am-
Xr-I-I-fm-bn-°≠v Ahsb khn-kvXcw ]Tn-°p∂ coXn-bmWv H∂m-a-
tØ-Xv. amXyp B¿t\mƒUv, F v.-B¿ eohokv, Iyp.-Un. eohokv XpSßn-
b-h-cm-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ h‡m-°ƒ. am\-h-cmin B¿÷n® ss[j-Wn-
Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb D∂-a-\-Øns‚ ]c-a-tIm-Sn-bmbn kwkvIm-csØ
ImWp∂ htc-Wy-k-¶-ev]-\-am-Wn-Xv. kwkv°mcw a\p-jys‚ G‰hpw
al-Ømb kn≤n-Ifpw t\ -ß-fp-am-sW∂v Ah¿ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. ""Nn¥n-
°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]d-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX-h-bn¬ G‰hpw al-Øm-bXv'' (thebest that has been thought and said) F∂v amXyp B¿t\mƒUv kwkv°m-
csØ \n¿∆-Nn-°p-∂p.
kmaq-lnI imkvX-Øns‚ hni-I-e-t\m-]m-[n-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-
sIm≠v ]tXyI kaq-l-ß-fpsS kwkv°m-c-sØbpw Pohn-X-ssi-en-
sbbpw ]T-\-hn-j-b-am-°p∂ \c-hw-i-imkvX kao-]-\-co-Xn-bmWv
kwkv°mc N¿®-I-fn¬ Db¿∂p hcp∂ as‰m-∂v. Hcp kaq-l-Øns‚
k¶o¿Æhpw ka-K-hp-amb Pohn-X-ssi-en-bpsS mK-ambn hcp-∂-sX¥pw
kwkv°m-c-ambn ImWp∂ Ch¿. FUvhm¿Uv _¿s\‰v ssSe¿ kmaq-
lnI \c-hw-i-im-kvX-Øns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ kwkv°mcsØ hymJym-
\n-®Xv Hcp Po-hnX--co-Xn (a way of life) F∂m-Wv. kwkv°m-c-Øns‚
_lp-e-X-bmWv ssSe-dpsS ASn-ÿm-\-k-¶-ev]w. CXv B¿t\mƒUv cq]-
s∏-Sp-Ønb bqtdm-tI-µn-Xhpw GIm-fl-I-hp-amb kwkv°m-ck¶-ev]-
Øns‚ am\-hn-I-Xm-hm-Z-]-c-amb ]mc-º-cy-Øn\v hncp-≤-am-bn-cp-∂p.
kwkv°m-c-sØ-°p-dn®v D≠mb as‰mcp ]_-e-amb [mc-W-bmWv
am¿IvknÃv kwkv°m-c-hn-a¿i-\w. Iem-km-lnXy kw_-‘n-bmb khn-
tij afi-e-ambpw A\pj-vTm\ kº-Zm-b-ßfpw BNm-c-I-a-ß-fpƒs∏´
PohnX coXn F∂ \ne-bn-ep≈ \c-hw-i-imkvX kao-]-\-ambpw
kwkv°m-csØ I≠n-cp-∂-Xn¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-amb H∂m-Wn-Xv. am¿-
IvknÃv kwkv°m-c-hn-Nm-c-Øns‚ tIµ-]-cn-Iev]\ ASn-Ød ˛ ta¬-
∏pc F∂ ÿe-cq-]-I-am-Wv. kmwkv°m-cnI ta¬∏pc DXv]m-Z-\-]-c-amb
ASn-Ø-d-bm¬ \n¿Æ-bn-°-s∏-Sp∂p F∂-XmWv C-Xns‚ ImX¬.
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kmln-Xyhpw cmjvSo-bhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-sØ-°p-dn®v hyXy-kvX-ambn
Nn¥n-°p-hm≥ ]n∂oSv ]pØ≥ CS-Xp--]-£-ambn amdnb Cu ]fin-X¿°v
]tNm-Z-\-ta-In-bXv htbm-P-\-hn-Zy- ym-k-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p In´nb
A\p- -h-am-bn-cp-∂p.
kwkv°m-c-]-T-\-Øns‚ G‰hpw ka¿∞-amb _n´ojv apJ-ambn
Ct∏mgpw IW-°m-°m-dp-≈Xv sdbva≠v hneyw-kns‚ ]T-\-ß-sf-bm-Wv.
Xs‚ BZy-Ir-Xn-bmb "Iƒ®¿ B‚ v skmssk‰n' F∂ KŸ-Øn¬
kwkv°m-c-]-T-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ At±lw hy‡-am-°p-
∂p-≠v. hyh-km-b-hn-π-h-sØbpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw
XpS¿∂v h¿-§-k-a-chpw km£-c-Xbpw ]S¿∂p-I-b-dnb _n -\nse htc-
Wy-kw-kv°m-c-sØbpw AXv ]Xn- -en-∏n-°p∂ al-Xv km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-
I-sfbpw amX-a-√, A[x-ÿn-X-cpsS kmlnXyw, eLp-te-J-Iƒ, \mtSmSn-
°-e-Iƒ, ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ss]¶nfn F∂ t]cn¬ hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏´p
t]mcp∂ _lp-P-\-]o-Xn-I-c-ß-fmb IrXnIƒ XpS-ßn-b-hbpw P\-ß-
fpsS BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-߃, Ah-bpsS cmjvSo-b-am-\-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h-
bp-sa√mw hneyw-kns‚ AXn-kq-£va-amb hni-I-e-\-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-
Ip-∂p. (]n.-tKm-hn-µ-]n≈;ae-bmf ]T-\-kwLw;2007;34).
hneyw-kns‚ ]i-kvX-am-b, Nn¥-I¿ ]e-t∏mgpw D≤-cn-°m-dp≈ Hcp
hmIy-amWv "Ah-in-jvS-ambXmWv kwkv°mcw' F∂-Xv. AXn-hn-in-jvS-
am-b-XmWv kwkv°mcw F∂ B¿t\m-Un-bn≥ k¶-ev]-\sØ hn¿in-
°p-I-bmWv hneywkv Cu \n¿∆N-\-Øn-eqsS hnin-jvSX F∂ KpWw
kmwkv°m-cn-I-h-kvXp-°ƒ ssIh-cn-°p-∂-sX-ßs\ F∂-Xn-s\--°p-dn-®p≈
At\z-j-Whpw kwkv°m-c-]-T-\--Øns‚ ]-cn-[n-bn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. Ch-sb√mw
apºp-≠mb ]c-º-cm-KX ho£-W-ß-fpsS \ncm-I-c-W-am-bmWv Iem-in-
°p-∂Xv (]n.-]n. cho-µ≥; 2002;23)
apJy-ambpw Cw•ojv kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-]-≤-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂p-ap≈
hyXym-k-sa∂ \ne-bn-emWv hneywkv kwkv°m-c-Øn\v P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-
c-amb Hcp hymJym\w \¬In-b-Xv. kmln-Xy-Ønepw Ie-I-fnepw \n∂v
ssZ\w-Zn-\-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ hyh-lm-c-ß-fn-te°v kwkv°m-csØ Cd-°n-
sb-Sp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p hneywkv F∂v In-kv_m¿°¿ (2000;38). km[m-c-
W-°m¿ Xß-fpsS Pohn-X-Ønse A¿∞-ß-fnepw ]tbm-K-ß-fnepw
\n∂v \n¿Ωn-s®Sp°p∂ A¿∞-ßfpw ]mT-ß-fp-amWv kwkv°m-c-sa∂v
hneywkv ]d-™p. Ah a\- n-em-t°--≠-Xm-Is´ Ah-bpsS Dev]m-Z\w
\S-°p∂ uXn-I-km-l-N-cy-ß-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-em-hp-Ibpw thWw.
Cu ImgvN-∏m-Sn-emWv kmwkv°m-cnI uXn-I-hmZw F∂ ]T-\-k-ao-]\w
hneywkv apt∂m v hbv°p-∂-Xv.
F∂v hneywkv A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. 1950-I-fn¬ kwkv°m-c-hmZw
(Culturalism) F∂dn-b-s∏´ kwkv°m-c-Nn-¥-Iƒ°pw XpS¿∂v kwkv°m-
c--]-T\w F∂ Nn¥m-]-≤-Xn°pw ap-Jy-A-Sn-Ø-d-bm-b-bXv hneyw-kns‚
kwkv°m-c-k-¶-ev]-\sØ kzm[o-\n-®p. (Chris Barker, 2006; 68) \c-
hwiimkvX-]-c-ambn kwkv°m-csØ hymJym-\n® hneyw-kns‚ \ne-
]m-Sp-Iƒ c≠p-X-c-Øn¬ ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂p F∂v _m¿°¿ Nq≠n-
°m-Wn-°p-∂p.
1. kwkv°m-c-Øns‚ km[m-c-W-Xz-Øn¬ (ordinariness) Du∂pI hgn
km[m-c-W-°m-cmb Bfp-Ifpw kwkv°m-c-ap-≈-h-cmWv F∂ [mcW
krjvSn-°-s∏- p.
2. Cw•ojv kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ P-\m-[n-]Xy CS-
s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-Øn-b-Xn-eqsS Ie-Ifpw kmln-Xyhpw amX-a√ P\-
]nb kwkv°m-c-a-fi-e--ßfpw ssZ\w-Zn-\-Po-hn-X-hy-h-lm-c-ßfpw
kwkv°m-c-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏´p (2006;68- 69).
""\chwiimkvX-]-c-ambn \ne-\n∂ kwkv°m-c-sa∂ k¶ve-]-\sØ
kmaq-ln-I-ambn \n¿h-Nn-°p-I-bmWv sdbva≠v hneywkv sNbvXXv'' F∂v
tSmWn-s_-∂‰v ]d-bp∂p (1998;95). Pohn-X-co-Xn-X-s∂-bmWv kwkv°mcw
F∂ sdbva≠v hneyw-kns‚ \n¿∆-N\w ]n≥]-‰n, Hcp kaq-l-Øns‚
khn-ti-j-amb aqey-ßfpw hnizm-k-ßfpw BNm-c-ßfpw Pohn-X-co-Xn-
Ifpw s]cp-am‰ ssien-Ifpw hy‡-am-°p∂ ]tbm-K-ßfpw ÿm]-\-
ßfpw Ia-ßfpw kwkv°m-c-]-T\w hnI-e\w sNøp-∂p-sh∂pw tSmWn
s_∂‰v ]d-bp-∂p. (a-e-bm-f-]-T\kwLw; 2007;360)
kwkv°m-csØ hy‡n-Po-hn-Xhpw hy‡y-\p- -h-hpambn _-‘-s∏-
SpØn hni-I-e\w sNbvXp F∂-XmWv kwkv°m-cnI hmZw ]Nm-c
Ø-n¬ sIm≠p-h∂ A]-K-Y\ kº-Zm-b-Øns‚ khn-ti-jX.
kwkv°m-cn-I-hm-Z-Øns‚ hf¿®sb AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ aq∂p IrXn-
I-fmWv dn®m¿Uv slmKm¿´ns‚ "Zn bqkkv Hm v en‰-dkn' ( km-£-c-
X-bpsS D]-tbm-Kw, 1957), hneyw-kns‚ "Iƒ®-¿ B‚ v skmssk‰n' (kw-
kv°m-c-hpw, kaq-lhpw; 1958) C.-]n. tXmwks‚ "Zn ta°nwKv Hm v Zn
Cw•ojv h¿°nwKv ¢mkv' (Cw•-≠nse sXmgn-emfn h¿§ cq]oI-c-Ww,
1863) F∂n-h. htbm-P\ hnZym- ym-k-Øn-s‚bpw tkmjy-enÃv ]Nm-c-
W-Øn-s‚bpw taJ-e-I-fn¬ Cu KŸ-ß-fpsS I¿Øm-°ƒ°p-≠mb
A\p- -h-ß-fn¬\n-∂p-amWv Cu IrXn-Iƒ Hmtcm∂pw ]ndhn sIm≈p-∂-
Xv. A\u-]-Nm-cnI hnZy- ym-k-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂mWv kwkv°mc
]T-\-Øns‚ D¤hw F∂v sdbva≠v hneywkv "Zn s]mfn-‰nIvkv Hm v
tamtU-Wnkw' F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. (]n.-]n. cho-µ≥; 2002;24)
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
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߃°p ]-Icw I¿ØrXzw (Subectivity), kzXzw (Identity), kmaq-ln-Im¿∞-
߃ (social meaning), kmaq-lnI aqey-߃ (social values), A[n-Imcw
(Power) XpS-ßn-b-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ tNmZy-߃ D∂-bn-®p-Xp-S-ßn.
Bbn-cØnsXm≈m-bn-cØnFgp-]-Xp-I-fn¬ Xs∂-bmWv A¬Øq-k-
dn-s‚bpw Kmwjn-bp-sSbpw sdmfmMv _m¿Øns‚bpw kzm[o\w kmln-
Xy-hn-a¿i-\-Øn¬ ]mapJyw t\Sp-∂-Xv. ]Xy-b-im-kvX-]-T-\-ßfpw Nn”-
hn-⁄m-\o-bhpw kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\sØ cmjv-Sob hna¿i-\-am°n am‰n.
AƒØq-k-dns‚ ]Xy-b-im-kvX-k-¶-ev]-\-߃ kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-
Øn¬ ]tbm-Kn-®-h-cn¬ ]ap-J≥ ]nbdn ajsd BWv. kmln-XyØns‚
\n¿Ωm-Ww, kmln-Xy-Ønse A`m-h-߃, kmln-Xy-]m-Thpw kmaq-ln-
I-]-›m-Ø-ehpw X-Ωn-ep≈ _‘-߃ F∂n-h-sbms° ajsd N¿®
sNbvXp. ta¬t°m-bva°pdn®p≈ Kmwjn-bpsS Nn¥-Iƒ ap≥\n¿Øn
\ne-hn-ep≈ kmaq-ln-I-_-‘-߃°v kΩXn Dd∏m-°p∂ kmln-Xy-
Øns‚ kz`m-hsØ \ncq-]-I¿ hni-I-e\w sNbvXp.
_m¿Øn-s‚bpw Dº¿t´m-F-t°m-bp-sSbpw Nn”-hn-⁄m-\ob k¶-
ev]-ß-fmWv am[y-a-ß-fp-sSbpw P\-]n-b-kw-kv°m-c-Øn-s‚bpw ]T-\-
Øn¬ F∂-Xp-t]mse kmlnXy ]T-\-Ønepw hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-
°-s∏-Sp∂ as‰mcp kao-]-\w. Ãph¿ vlm-fns‚ kt¶-X\w ˛ hnk-t¶-
X\w (Encoding - Decoding) F∂ k¶-ev]\w kmlnXyw Dƒs∏-sS-
bp≈ kwkv°mc ]mT-ß-fpsS DXv]m-Z-\-sØbpw D]-t`m-K-sØbpw Ipdn-
®p≈ ]pXnb ImgvN-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n®p. P\-]n-b-km-ln-Xy-]-T-\Øn¬
Cu kao-]\w hn]p-e-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.
LS-\m-hm-Zm-\-¥c kn≤m-¥-ßfpw e°m-\n-b≥ at\m-hn-i-I-e-\-hp-amWv
kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\sØ kzm[o-\n® a‰p c≠p ssk≤nI ]≤-Xn-Iƒ.
Pqenb IntÃ-h, antj¬ qt°m F∂n-h-cpsS kzm[o\w kmln-Xy-tØm-
Sp≈ kwkv°mc ]T\ kao-]-\-Øn¬ henb am‰-߃ D≠m-°n. hyh-
lmcw F∂ k¶-ev]-\sØ ap≥\n¿Øn kmln-Xy-apƒs∏-sS-bp≈
kwkv°mc ]mT-ß-sfbpw ]tbm-K-ß-sfbpw hni-I-e\w sNøp∂ kao-
]-\-߃°mWv Ch ]mapJyw \¬In-b-Xv. kmln-Xyhpw kmln-XysØ
\n¿Ωn-°p∂ ÿm]-\-ßfpw khn-ti-j-amb A¿∞-ßfpw XmXv]-cy-ßfpw
hln-°p∂ A[n-Imc _‘-ß-fpsS ]tbm-K-ta-J-e-bmbn hymJym-\n-°-
s∏- p. Npcp-°-Øn¬ B¿t\mƒUn-s‚bpw eohn-kp-am-cp-sSbpw ]mc-ºcyw
kmln-Xy-Øn\p Iev]n®p \¬Inb km¿∆-eu-InI aqey-ßfpw ]k-
‡nbpw kwkv°mc ]T\w d±m-°n-°-f-™p. ]Icw kmln-Xy-apƒs∏-sS-
bp≈ kwkv°mc ]mT-ß-fpsS ]T\w A[n-Im-c-_-‘-ß-fm¬ inYn-e-am-
°-s∏-Sp∂ kaq-l-Øn¬ I¿Xr-Xz-ßfpw kzXz-ßfpw A¿∞-ßfpw aqey-
]Tn-Xm-hns‚ I¿Ør-XzsØ ]iv\-h-Xv°-cn-°p∂p F∂n-S-ØmWv
kwkv°m-c-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w F∂-Xn¬ \n∂p-amdn kwkv°m-cn-I-
amb ]T\w F∂n-S-tØbv°v kwkv°m-c-]-T\w hnI-kn-°p∂Xv.
kwkv°mcw F∂ k¶-ev]-\-Øn-\p-h∂ Ncn-X-]-c-amb am‰w kaq-
lØn¬, km-aq-ly-kw-Lm-S-\-Øn¬ hy‡n-Iƒ°p ssIh∂ tdmfns‚
am‰-ambpw _‘-s∏- -Xm-Wv. X\n°v kmaq-ly-cm-jvSob kwL-S\-bpsS
\n¿Ωn-Xn-bn¬ ]¶p-≈-Xmbn ]g-b-k-aq-l-Ønse hy‡n-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-
Øp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ C∂v X\n°pw IqSn ]¶m-fn-Ø--ap-≈-XmWv kmaq-ly-
cm-jvSo-b-L-S\ F∂v hy‡n-Iƒ°v Adn-bmw. (]n.-]-hn-X≥, ae-bm-f-]-
T-\-kwLw, 2007;62).
kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i\w F∂ \n-e-bn¬ kwkv°m-c-]-T\w
B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c kmln-Xy-hn-a¿-i-\-Øn¬ henb kzm[o\w sNep-
Øp-hm≥ kwkv°m-c-]-T-\-Øn\v Ign-™n´p≠v. ]n¬°m-eØv hnj-bm-
¥c kao-]-\-ß-fn-te°v Du∂¬ amdn-sb-¶nepw XpS-°-Øn¬ kwkv°m-
c-]-T-\-Øns‚ G‰hpw ]ap-J-amb afiew kmln-Xy-]-T-\-am-bn-cp-∂p-
sh∂v slmKm¿ v \nco-£n-°p-∂p≠v (Andrew Millner, 2002:4)kmº-Zm-bn-I-amb A¿∞-Øn¬ alØpw ]mam-Wn-I-hp-ambn IcpXn
h∂n-cp∂ km-ln-Xy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ (canonical literature) k¶-ev]-\sØ
kwkv°m-c-]-T\w sh√p-hn-fn-®p. H∏w kmln-Xy-]m-T-ßsf kn≤m¥-h-
Xv°-cn-°p-Ibpw hmbn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ coXn-Ifpw AXv am-‰n-sb-Sp-Øp.
hnj-bm-¥-c-k-ao-]-\-߃ kmln-Xy-]-T-\-Øn¬ ]k-‡-ambn. kaq-l-
Øn¬ kmln-Xy-Øn-\p≈ ]¶n-s\-°p-dn®v ]pXnb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ cq]w-
sIm≠-p. kmwkv°m-cn-I-ÿ-m-]-\-ß-tfmSpw kmw-kv°m-cn-I-N-cn-X-tØmSpw
kmln-Xy--]m-T-߃°p≈ _‘w hni-I-e\w sNø-s∏-´p. CXc
kmwkv°m-cnI ]mT-ß-tfmSpw cq]-ß-tfmSpw ]tbm-K-ß-tfmSpw _‘-
s∏-SpØn kmln-Xy-]m-T-߃ ]Tn°s∏´p. kmln-Xy-\n¿Ωm-W-Øns‚
irwJ-esb kwkv°m-c-]-T\w ]pXnb coXn-bn¬ t\m°n-°-≠p.
amXyp B¿t\mƒUpw eoho-kp-am-cp-amWv kmln-Xy-Øn¬ ]mam-WnI
IrXn-Iƒ°pw ]ÿm-\-߃°pw Ncn-X-]-c-amb alXzw Iev]n-®-Xv. kmaq-
lnI aqey-ß-tfmSpw kmln-tXy-X-c-amb ÿm]-\-ß-tfmSpw ]pe¿-Øp∂
A[n-Im-c-_-‘-ß-fmWv ]e-t∏mgpw Cu al-XzsØ \n¿Ωn-s®-Sp-ØXv.
Bbn-cØnsXm≈m-bncØnA≥-]-Xp-I-fnepw Adp-]-Xp-I-fnepw ]pdØp
h∂ slmKm¿´ns‚bpw hneyw-kn-s‚bpw ]T-\-߃ kmln-Xy- ]mc-º-cy-
Øns‚ Cu h¿§-kz- m-h-tØbpw aqey hnNm-c-sØbpw hna¿i\ hnt[-
b-am-°n. Bbn-cØnsXm-≈m-bn-cØnFgp-]-Xp-I-tfmsS kwkv°m-c-]-T-\-
߃ kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-Ønse kuµ-cy-aq-ey-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ tNmZy-
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
802010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
81
kz`mhw Cßs\ ]eXpw hcn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ Ipcp-ßn-°n-S°pw. Ahsb
]pd-Øp-sIm≠p hcp∂ coXn IrXn-sb-t∏mse ][m-\-am-bn-°mWpw
A°m-esØ Ncn-X-h-kvXpX As√-¶n¬ hnizm-k-]-am-W-sØ....
`uXnIamb hyh-ÿ-Ifpw ]h¿Ø-\-co-Xn-Ifpw amdp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v
`mjbpw kwkv°m-chpw amdpw. CXn-\¿∞w kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS kØ-
Iƒ `uXnI ]cn-k-c-ß-fpsS \n¿Ωn-Xn-I-fmWv F∂-Xm-Wv. sdbva≠v
hneyw-kv, antj¬ qt°m F∂n-h-cpsS IrXn-Iƒ Cu Zni-bn-eqsS \S-
Ønb At\z-j-W-߃ kmlnXyw / kmln-tXy-Xcw F∂ hn -P-\sØ
A¿∞-iq-\y-am-°p-∂p≠v'' (a-e-bmf ]T-\-kwLw; 2007; 201)
^qt°m-bpsS Dƒ°m-gvN-I-fn¬ \n∂v \h-N-cn-X-hm-Zn-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-
s®-SpØ kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-k-º-Zm-b-hpw, sdbva≠v hneywkv cq]-s∏-
Sp-Ønb kmwkv°m-cnI uXn-I-hm-Zhpw A[n-\n-th-im-\-¥c ]T-\-ßfpw
Bt^m ˛ Ata-cn-°≥ ]T-\-ßfpw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Ncn-X, hwiob,
kmln-Xy-]-T-\-ßfpw kwkv°m-c-]-T\w kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-Øn¬
krjvSn® hgn-Øn-cn-hp-I-fmbn cma-Ir-jvW≥ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. (AtX
KŸw ]pdw 207).
]c-º-cm-KX kmln-Xy-]-T-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v kwkv°mc]T-\-Øns‚
coXnimkvXw hyXy-kvX-am-Ip∂sXß-s\-sb∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v
\nkm¿ Al-ΩZv ]d-bp∂p : ""Hcp kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-sbtbm Iem-kr-jvSn-
sbtbm kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw kmln-Xy-cw-KØv AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏- , As√-
¶n¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏´ kmln-Xy-Kp-W-ßsf Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bp≈ am\-Z-
WvU-ß-fmWv ]mT-ß-fpsS A]-K-Y-\-Øn¬ \n¿Æm-b-I-ambn hcp∂Xv.
CØcw A]-K-Y-\-ßtfm hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Itfm kmln-Xy-Øns‚ kmaq-
ln-Itam cmjvSo-btam Bb KpW-߃°v \nc-t]-£-am-sW∂pw Icp-X-
s∏-Sp-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v kmlnXy cwK-Øn¬ ]Xn-jvTn-®p-sIm-≠v, kmln-
Xy-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI ]tbm-K-]-c-amb e£-W-ßsf At]-£n-®p-sIm≠v
Hcp IrXnsb A]-K-Yn-°p-∂Xv Hcp ssh⁄m-\nI kwcw- -am-sW∂pw
adn®v kmln-Xy-cw-KsØ ]tbm-‡m-°ƒ ˛ kmlnXy cN-bn-Xm-°fpw
Bkzm-Z-Icpw hna¿i-Icpw B¥-c-h-Xv°-cn-®Xpw kmln-Xy-cw-KØv B¥-
cn-I-amb aqey-ß-fn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-hp-amb hmb\ kzm`m-hn-I-ambn kmln-
Xy-]-c-am-sW∂pw ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p'' (AtX KŸw ]pdw; 191, 192)
kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Isf AwKo-IrX kmln-Xy-Kp-W-߃°p-]-cn-bmbn
hni-I-e\w sNøp∂ kwkv°mc ]T\ amXr-I-I-fn¬ ]ap-JamWv Ncn-
XsØ ap≥\n¿Øn-bp≈ hna¿i\ ]≤-Xn. kwkv°m-c-]-T\w Ah-X-cn-
∏n-°p∂ ]pXnb kmlnXyhna¿i-\-co-Xn-I-fn¬ ]ap-J-amWv IrXn-Isf
Ah-bpsS NcnX ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ h®v ]cn-tim-[n-°¬. Cu NcnX
ß-fp-sams° Fßs\ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-Sp∂p F∂-Xn-te°v shfn®w hoip-
∂p. \ncq-]-I-bmb \oem-RvP\ Kp]vX Cu am‰-߃ Cßs\ kwK-ln-
°p-∂p. ""\ne-hn-ep≈ ]T-\-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ henb kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-hm≥
kmwkv°m-cnI ]T-\-Øn-\m-bn- p-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v kmln-Xy-]m-Tsa∂
k¶ev]w Xs∂ Cu kao-]\w Xncp-Øn-sb-gp-Xn-°-gn-™p. ÿqe-ambn
]d-™m¬ c≠p Xcw kao-]-\-ß-fmWv kwkv°mc ]T\w apt∂m´p
hbv°p-∂-Xv. kmlnXy IrXn-Ifpw Ah Fgp-X-s∏´ kaq-ln-I, uXn-I,
]Xy-b-imkvX ]cn-k-c-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ k¶o¿Æ-amb _‘-߃°p-
≈n¬ kmln-XysØ ]Tn-°pI F∂-XmWv H∂v. al-Ømb IrXn-Iƒ
amXw N¿®-sNbvXp t]mcp∂ ]c-º-cm-KX ]T\Øn-\p-sh-fn-bn¬ IS∂v
Aen-Jn-Xhpw kmln-tXy-Xcw Xs∂-bp-amb cN-\-Iƒ Dƒs∏sSbp≈-hsb
]Tn-°pI F∂-XmWv c≠m-asØ coXn. Nne Imt\m-\-I-fn¬ amXw ]Xy-
£-s∏-Sp∂ IrXn-I-fpsS kuµ-cy-im-kvX-Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬In-bn-cp∂
coXn ChnsS amdn-h-cp-∂p. Hmtcm k¿K ]In-bbpw AXp \ne-\n¬°p∂
`uXn-I-X-bpsS krjvSn-bmsW∂ \ne-]mSv kwkv°mc ]T\w apt∂m´p
hbv°p∂p''. (a-e-bmf ]T-\-kw-Lw, 2007; 330.)
ae-bmf \ncq-]-Icpw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p≠v kam-\-amb Bi-b-߃.
"kmln-Xyhpw kwkv°m-c-]-T-\hpw' F∂ teJ-\-Øn¬ C.-hn. cma-Ir-
jvW≥ Cu Bibw Cßs\ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. ""kmºZmbnI coXn-
bn¬ kwkv°m-c-sa-∂Xv Hcp kaq-l-Øns‚ P\-X-bpsS CuSp‰ t\ -ß-
sf-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°pI. F∂m¬ Ign™ aq∂p ]Xn-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ]e-
Xcw Adn-hp-I-fpsS taJ-esb kwtbm-Pn-∏n®v ]pXn-sbmcp ⁄m\-hn-j-
b-ambn Db¿∂p h∂ kwkv°mc ]T\w kwkv°m-c-sa∂ hm°ns\
aqey-hm-Nn-bm-bn- √ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. At[m-tem-I-Ønse AwK-߃°v
kzmb-Ø-amb kwkv°m-c-Øn\v kwkv°mc ]T-\-Øn¬ ÿm\-ap-≠v.
kmwkv°m-cnI aqey-ß-fpsS kmt]-£n-IX Ah-bpsS `uXnI kml-
N-cy-ß-fpsS krjvSn-bm-Wv. htc-Wy-kw-kv°m-c-Øns‚ sImSn-b-S-bm-f-
ß-fmb cN-\-Iƒ ]ecpw hnNm-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse DZm-Ø-amb aqey-ß-
fn-em-bn-cn-°n√ A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cn-°p-I. Ah \nKq-l\w sNøp∂ NcnX
kmaq-ly-_-‘-ßfpw Ah-bpsS A¿∞-X-e-ßsf t]mjn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.
IrXn-Iƒ hm¿∂p-hoW uXnI kml-N-cy-ßsf \nKq-V-h-ev°-cn-®p-sIm-
≠m-bn-cn°pw ]e-t∏mgpw Ah Iem-km-lnXy Ncn-X-Øn¬ ÿm\w t\Sp-
I. kwkv°mc ]T-\-Øns‚ coXn Ahsb NcnX kµ¿ -ßfnte°v
]p\¿hn-\y-kn-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp kaq-l-Øn¬ Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\p≈
ÿm\w, At±lw As√-¶n¬ Ah¿ ]pe¿Ønb aX-cm-jvSob hnizm-
k-߃, Fgp-Øns‚ Xs∂ ]k-cWw \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂ ÿe-ß-fpsS
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
822010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
83
`m-K-ß-fpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ cwK-ß-fn¬ kmln-Xy-]-T-\-Øn\v ]pXnb am\-Z-
WvU-߃ kzoI-cn-°-s∏-SXpw AXp-hgn kmlnXyw Xs∂ ]p\¿\n¿h-
Nn-°-s∏- Xpw hym]-I-ambn A]-e-]n-°-s∏- p. Ata-cn-°≥ \ncq-]-I-\mb
lmtcmƒUv ªqw ]d-bp-∂p. ""kmln-Xy-]-T-\-Øn\v `mhn-bp≠v F∂p-
t]mepw F\n°p Icp-Xm-\m-hp-∂n-√. Cw•ojv ]T-\-Øn-\mbn ÿm]n-°-
s∏´ Un∏m¿´p-sa‚p-Iƒ t]cp-am‰n kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-h-Ip-∏p-I-fmbn amdp-∂p.
tNmkdpw tjIvkv]n-bdpw an¬´Wpw th¿Uvkvh¿Øp-a-√, _m‰vam≥
tImanIvkpw Xow ]m¿°p-Ifpw sSen-hn-j\pw kn\n-abpw tdm°vkw-Ko-X-
hp-amWv AhnsS ]Tn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv'' (Patricia Waugh; 2006; 250) ªqans‚
Cu ]Xn-tj[w kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-Øns‚ h‡m-°ƒ Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw hn]p-
e-ambn N¿®-sN-øp-Ibpw D≠m-bn. hmb-\-bpsS sshhn-[y-sØbpw ]T-\-
Øns‚ _lp-e-X-sbbpw BJym-\-Øns‚ cmjvSo-b-sØbpw Xncn-®-dn-
bp-I-hgn kmln-Xy-Øns‚ Ncn-X-]-c-Xsb ÿm]n-s®-Sp-°p-I-bmWv
kmwkvIm-cnI hna¿i-\-Øns‚ ZuXyw F∂ Imcn-ko¬k-sØ-t∏m-ep-
≈-h¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. (ibid P. 251)IrXn-I-fpsS B`y-¥c LS-I-ßfpw kz`m-h-ßfpw amX-a√ Ah-bpsS
\n¿Ωn-Xnbpw kzoI-c-Whpw hn\n-tbm-K-ßfpw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ kmaq-lnI
kz`m-h-ßfpw ]mT-km-[y-X-Ifpw hni-I-e\w sNtø-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p kmln-
Xy-hn-a¿i-\w.
kwkv°mc ]T-\-Øns‚ hnj-bm-¥-c-Xzhpw cmjvSo-bm- n-ap-Jyhpw
ssk≤m-¥n-Iamb Dƒ°m-gvN-Ifpw ]c-º-cm-KX ]≤-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw
hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c ]T-\-]-≤-Xn-bmbn kwkv°m-c-]-T-
\sØ am‰n-Øo¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p. F∂p Npcp-°w. B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c hna¿i-
I¿ F∂p hnfn-°m-hp∂ \nc-h[n ae-bm-fn-Iƒ Cw•o-jnepw ae-bm-f-
Øn-ep-ambn kmwkv°m-cnI ]T-\-Øns‚ it≤-b-ß-fmb amXr-I-Iƒ
Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n- p-≠v. Ie-Ifpw am[y-a-ßfpw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ kwkv°mc
]mT-߃ ap≥\n¿Øn kmkv°m-cnI hna¿i-\-Øns‚ Nne-am-Xr-I-Iƒ
B¿. \µ-Ip-am¿, ]tamZv \mb¿, Sn.sI.-cm-a-N-µ≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-cp-tS-Xmbn
]pd-Øp-h-∂n- p-≠v. kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-cw-K-Øm-Is´ k®n-Zm-\-µ≥, _n.
cmPo-h≥, C.-hn. cma-Ir-jvW≥, ]n.-]n. cho-µ≥, ]n. ]hn-X≥, DZ-b-Ip-
am¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ n∂-ß-fmb BJym-\-]m-T-߃ kwkv°m-cnI hna¿i-
\-Øns‚ amXr-I-I-fmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]g-bXpw ]pXn-b-Xp-amb
kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Ifpw cq]-ßfpw KW-ßfpw ]ÿm-\-ßfpw kmwkv°m-
cnI ]T-\-Øn\pw cmjvSob hni-I-e-\-Øn\pw hnt[-b-am-°p-I-hgn Ch¿
ae-bmf hna¿i-\-Øn¬ G‰hpw ]k-‡-amb Hcp mhp-IXz ]cn-Wm-a-
Øn-\mWv cq]w \¬Ip-∂-Xv.
]›m-Ø-e-Øn\v c≠p L -ß-fp≠v H∂v, IrXn Df-hmb Ncn-X-L´w.
c≠v ]T\w \S-°p∂ Ncn-X-L-´w. ]mT-Øns‚ Ncn-X-]-c-Xsb
ap≥\n¿Ønbp≈ CØcw ]T-\-ß-fmWv kwkv°m-c-]-T\w kmlnXy
hna¿i-\-Øn¬ kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v Fw.-B¿.-cm-L-h-hm-cy¿ Nq≠n-
°m-Wn-°p-∂p. ¢mkn-°¬ kmlnXyw apX¬ P\-]nb kmlnXyw hsc-
bp-≈h ]pXn-b-co-Xn-bn¬ ]p\¿hm-bn-°-s∏-Sp∂ ]›m-Ø-e-an-Xm-Wv.
kmln-Xob LS-I-ßsf ap≥\n¿Øn kmln-Xy-Øns‚ aqeyw \n¿Æ-
bn-®p-h-cp∂ ]c-º-cm-KX kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i\ kº-Zm-b-ß-fn¬\n∂pw n∂-
ambn cq]w sIm≠-h-bm-Wv, kmwkv°m-cnI `uXn-I-hm-Zw, \h-N-cn-X-
hmZw XpS-ßn-b. Cu hna¿i-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ kmlnXy ]T-\-Øn¬ Ncn-X-
Øns‚ ]m[m\yw sXfn-bn-®p. tImf-\n-b-\-¥-c-]-T-\w, kvXo]-T-\w, Zfn-
Xv]-T\w XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-fm-I-s´, kwkv°m-c-]-T-\-Ønse ]ap-J-ß-
fmb kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i\ kº-Zm-b-ß-fmbn amdn-°-gn-™n-cn-°p-∂p. P\-
]nb kmlnXyw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ taJ-e-I-fn¬ apsºm-cn-°epw C√m-Xn-
cp∂ ]T-\-km-[y-X-Iƒ kwkv°m-c-]-T\w Xpd-∂n-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
Npcp-°-Øn¬, kmº-Zm-bnI kmlnXy hna¿i-\-co-Xn-Isf kmwkvIm-
cnI ]T\w kaqew s]mfn-s®-gp-Xn-°-gn-™p. ]ta-bhpw IYbpw CXn-hr-
Øhpw ]mX-kr-jvSnbpw `mjm-ssi-enbpw _nw_-I-ev]-\bpw [m¿an-I-
Xbpw Ae-¶m-c-ßfpw ck, [z\n-Ifpw a‰pw ]Tn-°p∂ ]c-º-cm-KX A°m-
Z-anI \ncq-]W coXn-Iƒ°p ]I-cw, ÿe-Im-e-ßsf tIµo-I-cn®p
\n¬°p∂ Ncn-XsØ apJy-am-\-Z-WvU-am°n kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS-tbm,
]ÿm-\-K-W-cq-]-ß-fp-sStbm cN\m cmjvSobw hni-I-e\w sNøp-I-bm-
Wv. kmwkvIm-cnI hna¿i-\-Øns‚ kz`m-hw. \mfn-Xp-hsc kmlnXy
hna¿i-\-Øns‚ ]cn-K-W-\-bn¬ hcmØ kmaq-ly-k-µ¿ -ßfpw ka-hm-
Iy-ßfpw kmwkvIm-cnI hna¿i\w apJy Du∂-em-°n-am-‰p-∂p. F√mw Ncn-
X-_-‘-amWv F∂p amX-a-√, H∂pw Ncn-X-Øn\p shfn-bn-e√ F∂pw
kmwkvIm-cnI hna¿i\w ]d-bp-∂p. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw kuµ-cy-im-kvX-
]-chpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb htc-WyX amXw IW-°n-se-SpØv kmln-Xy-
Ønse "DZmØ' hpw ]am-Wn-I-hp-amb Imt\m-\-I-sfbpw Ah-bpsS e£-
Wa-\p-k-cn-°p∂ IrXn-I-sfbpw Ah-bpsS I¿Øm-°-sfbpw apJy-ambn
]cn-K-Wn-®p-h∂ kmº-Zm-bnI hna¿i-\-co-Xn-I-fpsS h‡m-°-fmb \ncq-
]-I-cpsS mK-Øp-\n∂v kwkvImc hna¿i\w ISpØ FXn¿∏p-Iƒ £Wn-
®p-h-cp-Øn. P\-]nb kmln-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw Ie-I-fp-sSbpw ]T\w A°m-Z-
anI taJ-e-I-fn¬ kzoIm-cy-am-b-XmWv Chsc G‰-hp-a-[nIw ]tIm-]n-∏n-
®Xv kmln-Xy-Øns‚ aqeyw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Imem-Im-e-ß-fmbn
\ne\n∂n-cp∂ am\-Z-WvU-߃ \ncm-I-cn-°-s∏- Xpw k¿∆-I-em-im-em-hn-
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
842010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
85
kq-NnXw kqNn-∏n-°p∂ ÿesØ mjm-N-cn-X-amWv tIc-f- m-j-bpsS
Ncn-X--ambn ImtW-≠-Xv. tIc-f-∏n-dhn (1956)°p apºv cm„o-b-Im-c-W-
ß-fm¬ th¿s∏´p InS-∂n-cp∂ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿, sIm®n, ae-_m¿ ]tZ-
i-ßsf H‰ q]-S-Ønem°n \n¿Ωn-®-XmWv tIc-fw. CXn¬ ae-_m-dns‚
AXn¿Øn-I-sf∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂ "sImSp-ß-√q¿ apX¬ Nµ-Kn-cn-∏pg' hsc
]Nm-c-Øn-en-cp∂ ]mtZ-in-I-h-c-sam-gn-t -Z-amWv "Ad_nae-bmfw'. ae-
bm-f-Øns‚ ae-_m-dnse hmsam-gn-t -Z-Øn-\p-≠mb hc-samgn cq]-am-W-
Xv. ap…ow aX-k-aq-l-Øns‚ `mjm-t -Z-ambn amXw ]cn-K-Wn-®m¬ ae-
_m-dnse ]mtZ-inI mjm-t -Z-Øn-\p-≈n-ep≈ kmaq-lnI mjm-t -Z-am-
W-sX∂pw ]d-bmw. tIc-f-Øns‚ hnkvXr-Xn-bn¬ ]Ip-Xn-bn-e-[nIw
hcp∂ Cu mjm-t -Z-]-tZ-i-amWv \ne-hn-en-cp∂ hyh-lm-c-L-S-\-bpsS
NcnXw tIc-f-Øns‚ mjm-km-ln-Xy-N-cnX-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv.
ae-_m-dns‚ Ncn-X-Ønse Hcp Ime-L- -Øns‚ A\n-hm-cy-X-bm-bn-cp∂p
Ad_nae-bmfw F∂ `mjmhyhlm-cw. Ad-_n-I-fp-am-bp≈ hym]m-c-
_-‘w, hnhm-l-_-‘-߃, ]c-kv]-c-k-º¿°w, hmWn-Py-Xm-ev]-cy-߃,
]tXy-I-a-X-k-aq-l-Øn-s‚-Xmb hnizm-kw, hnip-≤-K-Ÿ-߃, BNm-cm-
\p-jvTm-\-߃ F∂n-h-bn-eqsS cq]-s∏- -h-bmWv B hyh-lm-c-L-S-\.
Ad_nae-bmfw F∂ mjm-t`Zw
Hcp ]mtZ-in-I- m-jm-t -Z-sa∂ \ne-bntem kmaq-ln-I- m-jm-t -Z-sa∂
\ne-bntem "Ad_nae-bmf' Øns‚ ]m[m-\y-Øn\v Ht´sd sXfn-hp-I-
fp-≠v. 1800- ¬ tIcfw kµ¿in® _p°m-\≥ F∂ k©mcn Cßs\
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: ""ae-_m¿ mj-sb∂v bqtdm-]y¿ ]d-bm-dp≈ ae-bm-
f-amWv Chn-SsØ kwkm-c- mj F¶nepw CXv ae-bm-ftam Xantgm
A√mØ Hcp ]mIr-X- m-j-bmIp∂p. ae-bm-f-Øns‚ D]-imJ F∂p
thW-sa-¶n¬ ]d-bmw. aZn-cm-in-bn¬ \n∂v h∂ Fs‚ Iq´p-Im¿°v ae-
_m-dnse Cu mj Aev]m-ev]-amtb a\- n-em-Ip-∂p-≈q. ae-_m-dnse
`mjbv°pw ae-bm-f-Øn\pw XΩn¬ kzc-hy-Xymkw [mcm-f-ap-≠v. ae-
bm-f- mj [mcmfw kwkvIr-X-]-Z-ß-sfbpw ]m- p-I-sfbpw DƒsIm-≈p∂p''
(A-d-_n-a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-Xw, ]p.21). ""ae-bm-f-hp-ambn Ad-_n-°p-
≠mb kwk¿§-Øns‚ ^e-ambn Ad_n ae-bmfw D≠m-bn. Ddp-Zp,
kwkvIr-Xw, t]¿ky≥, Xan-gv, I∂-S, Xpfp XpS-ßnb a‰p `mj-I-
fn¬\n∂v ISw-hm-ßnb \nc-h-[n-]-Z-߃ Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-Øn¬ ]tbm-
Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. HºtXm ]tØm \q‰m-≠n-emWv Cu ]pXnb en]n D≠m-b-
sX∂v hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ae-_m¿ ]tZ-i-Øm-WnXv ][m-\-ambpw ]Nm-
c-Øn-en-cp-∂-Xv. CXp-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-h-cn¬ q-cn- m-Khpw am∏n-f-am-cm-bn-cp-
∂p. AXp--sIm-≠nXp am∏n-f-a-e-bm-f-sa-∂-t]-cn¬ Adn-b-s∏- p. CXv Ad-
Nne `mjm-N-cnXk-tµ-l-߃
tUm. jo_ Fw.-Ip-cy≥
Pohn-X-coXn AYhm P\-kw-kvIm-c-hp-ambn _‘-
s∏- n-cp∂ mjbpw mj-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ kmam-\y-t_m-
[hpw Hmtcm Ncn-X-L- -Ønepw hyXym-k-s∏- m-Wn-
cn-°p-∂-Xv. kº¿°w, Bhn¿`m-hw, sImSp-°¬
hm߬ Xntcm-[m-\w, th¿]n-cn-b¬ XpS-ßnb Imc-
W-ß-fm¬ cq-]w-sIm-≈p∂ mjm-t -Z-ß-fmWv Hmtcm
`mj-bp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\w. e£-Zzo-]n-te-X-S°w ]Xn-
aq∂v `mjm-t -Z-taJ-e-Iƒ tIc-f-Øn-ep-s≠-∂mWv
s]mXpsh IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. PmXn-a-X-t -Z-h¿§--
tZiLS-I-ß-fpƒt®¿∂ Cu mjm-t -Z-ß-fpsS ka-
K-X-bmWv tIc-f-Ønse "ae-bmfw' F∂ mj. kmaq-
ly-amb Hcp \n¿Ωn-Xn-bmWv mj F∂-Xns\ ASn-
ÿm-\-am°n "ae-bmfw' F∂ mjm\n¿Ωn-Xn-sbbpw
AXns‚ `mjm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-X-\n¿Ωn-Xn-sbbpw
"Ad_nae-bmfw' F∂ `mjm-hy-h-lm-csØ
ap≥\n¿Øn ]iv\-h-XvI-cn-°m-\mWv Cu ]_‘w
ian-°p-∂-Xv.
tIcfw F∂ kqNIw \Ωn-ep-≠m-°p∂ `q]-S-
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
862010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
87
i-ß-fn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ kvXoI-f-S-°-ap≈ Fgp-Øp-Im¿ Ad-_n-a-e-bm-
f-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p (ap-∏-Xn-e-[nIw Fgp-Øp-Imsc "Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-km-
ln-Xy-N-cnX'Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p-≠v, ]p.121- 123).
CXbpw kº-∂-amb Hcp kmlnXyw ""tIc-f''-Øns‚ `mjm-N-cn-X-
sØtbm kmln-Xy-N-cn-X-sØtbm CXc ssh⁄m-\n-I-ta-J-e-I-sftbm
]cm-a¿in-°p-tºmƒ \ΩpsS "kmam-\y-t_m['Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ FØp-
∂-tX-bn-√. KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øn-s‚tbm t\mh¬km-ln-Xy-Øn-s‚tbm
NcnXw ]Xn]m-Zn-°p-tºmƒ Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-Ir-Xn-I-sfm∂pw IW-°n-se-
Sp-°p-∂n-√. ae-bm-f-Øns‚ Hcp hc-sam-gn-t -Z-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ tIc-f- m-
jm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-X-Øn¬ A¿-l-amb ]cn-K-W\ Chbv°pw e`n-t°-≠-
Xm-Wv. F¥m-Wn-Xn\p ImcWw? mjbpw mj-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ kmam-\y-
t_m-[hpw Hmtcm Ncn-X-L- -Ønepw hyXym-k-s∏- n-cn°pw F∂ Xncn-®-
dn-hn¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠mWv Cu tNmZy-Øn-\p-Øcw tXtS-≠-Xv. ""hyh-lm-
c-L-S-\-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw k¶o¿Æ-X-Ifpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-eqsS
s]mXp-hn¬ kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw ]tXy-In®v - m-j-bp-sSbpw NcnX kwI-
a-W-Iaw imkvXo-b-ambn hnh-cn-°m≥ Ign-bpw. CØcw Xncn-®-dn-b¬
Inb Hmtcm kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw A`n-⁄m-\X (Identity) Is≠-Øepw
IqSn-bmWv'' (Fw.-io-\m-Yv, ""`mjm-]cnWmaw Hcp ]p\¿hn-Nm-cWw'',
ae-bm-f-hn-a¿iw 12- -]p.79). A[n-Im-c-L-S-\bpw mjb-pw XΩn-ep≈ ]mc-
kv]-cy-Øn-eqsS \ne-\n¬-°p∂ `n∂-hy-h-lmc amXr-I-I-fm-Wv Hmtcm
Ncn-X-L- -Øn-ep-ap-≈Xv F∂ Xncn-®-dn-hn¬ \n∂mWv ]pXnb mjm-]-T-
\-߃ \ne-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv, Cu Xncn-®-dn-hns\ ap≥\n¿Øn tIc-f-Øns‚
`mjm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-X-\n¿Ωn-Xn-bpsS ]Xy-b-im-kvXsØ Is≠-Øm-
\m-Ipw.
`mjm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-X-\n¿ΩnXn
]n.-tKm--hn-µ-]n-≈-bpsS "ae-bm-f- m--jm-N-cnXw' (1881) apX¬°mWv tIc-
f-Øns‚ `mjm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-X-\n¿ΩnXn XpS-ßp-∂-Xv. ]sØm-ºXmw
\q‰m-≠ns‚ c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-bn-emWv mjm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-Xm-t\z-j-Whpw
\n¿Ωn-Xnbpw Bcw`n®Xv F∂¿∞w. * \nb-X-amb Hcp q]-tZ-i-]-cn-[n-
bn¬ \n∂p sIm≠mWv Cu bXv\-ß-sf√mw \S-∂-Xv. ae-_m¿, sIm-®n,
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ F∂v th¿Xn-cn-™mWv InS-∂n-cp-∂-sX-¶nepw ""thjw,
`mj, Pohn-X-co-Xn, BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-߃ tZio-bm-tLm-j-߃, kmln-
Xy-I-em-kmw-kvIm-c-߃ XpSßn kakvX-Im-cy-ß-fnepw'' (Fw.ANyp-
X≥, kzmX¥y-k-a-chpw ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-hpw, ]p.144) H∂mb P\-Xsb
ap∂n¬ I≠p-sIm-≠mWv "tIcf'sa∂ tZi-Ønse ae-bm-f- mjm-N-cnXw
\n¿Ωn-®-Xv. sImtfm-Wn-b-en-khpw AXns‚ `mK-am-bp≠-mb anj-Wdn
_n-bn¬ ae-bmfw Fgp-X-emWv'' (ap…o-ßfpw tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-hpw,
]p.216- 217). Cu hnh--c-W-Øn¬ \n∂v Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-sa-∂Xv ae-_m-dnse
]mtZ-in-I-`m-jm-t`-Z-Øn\v en]n \¬Inb ]In-b-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂v
ImWmw. CsXmcp hc-sam-gn-t -Z-am-sW∂v sI.-Fw.-]- m-I-c-hm-Zycpw kΩ-
Xn-°p-∂p≠-v. (a-e-bmfw am‰hpw hf¿®-bpw, ]p. 111,129). CXv hfsc kz`m-
hn-I-am-bp-≠mb en]n-h¬°-c-W-]-In-b-bmWv. sNs∂-Øp∂ tZi-ß-
fnse `mj-Iƒ°v en]n-Iƒ ]Nm-c-Øn-ept≠m F∂-t\z-jn-°p-Itbm
AXv ]Tn-°p-Itbm sNømsX ]mtZ-in-I- m-jbv°v Ad-_n-en]n \¬In
Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ coXn-bmWv Ad-_n-I-fp-tS-Xv. (C-
ßs\ cq]o-I-cn® en]n-bmWv amen-Zzo-]n¬ C∂pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv).
ae-_m-dns\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw en]n-bn-√m-Xn-cp∂ Hcp ]mtZ-inI
`mjbv°v en]n \¬Ip-I-bmWv Ad-_n-Iƒ sNbvX-Xv.
]nev°m-eØv F√m hn⁄m-\-im-J-I-sfbpw Dƒs°m-≈p-hm≥ X°-
hn[w hf¿® ]m]n® Cu en]n-h-ev°-cWw Hcp P\-hn- m-K-Øns‚ kmln-
Xy- m-j-bmbn amdn. ""ae-bm-f- m-jbv°v Aº-Xph¿j-߃°v apºp-≠m-
bn-cp∂ KZy-]-Zy-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS FÆ-sØ-°mƒ \qtdm AXn-e-[n-Itam Cc´n
KZy-]-Zy-K-Ÿ-߃ Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-Øn-ep-≠v. aX-]-c-amb KŸ-߃,
I¿ΩimkvXw, Irjn-im-kvXw, sshZyw, Ncn-Xw, t\mh-ep-Iƒ, \nL-
≠p-°ƒ XpS-ßn-b-h... 150 h¿jw ]g-°-ap≈ Xn∫p-\_n F∂
]pkvXIw, Jp¿ B≥ ]cn- m-j-Iƒ, sshZyi-mkvXw, X®p-im-kvXw,
I®-h-S-°m-cy-߃, Ic-Iu-i-e-hn-Zy-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ IrXn-
Iƒ, A„mw-K-lr-Z-bw, Aa-c-tIm-i-]-Zm¿∞w F∂n-h-bpsS X¿÷-a-Iƒ,
_me-Nn-In-’, \mev°m-en-Nn-In-’, \S-∏vZo-\-Nn-In’, bq\m\n NnIn’
F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ sshZy-°n-Øm-_p-Iƒ... Cµp-te-Jbv°pw Bdp-
h¿jw-apºv ]cn- m-j-s∏-Sp-Ønb Nm¿Z¿thiv F∂ t]¿jy≥ t\mh¬,
Aem-hp-±o≥, Ja¿kvam≥, Da-d-®≥, Aao-¿-lwk, kpss_-Z, ssk\_
XpS-ßnb t\mh-ep-Iƒ, F´p-hm-ey-ß-fn-embn Ad-_n-°-Y-Iƒ, hnI-am-
Zn-Xy≥ IY-Iƒ, kmtcm-]-tZ-i-I-Y-Iƒ, 16- mw \q-‰m-≠n-se-gp-Xnb tIc-f-
N-cn--Xw, Ad-_n-cm-am-b-Ww, ]S-∏m- v, Jn -∏m- v, ame-∏m- v, ssaem-©n-∏m-
v, I∏-∏m- v, H∏-\-∏m v XpS-ßnb ]m´p-Iƒ, IYm-Im-hy-߃, Nca-Ko-X-
߃, hs -gp-Øv, tImse-gpØv XpS-ßnb en]n-Iƒ ]Tn-°m-\m-hm-iy-amb
]pkvX-I-߃, Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-am-kn-I-Iƒ, H∏-\, Z v ap v, Ad-_\ap v,
tIm¬°fn XpS-ßnb Zriy-I-e-Iƒ'' Cßs\ hn]p-e-amb Hcp NcnXw
Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-Øn-\p≠v (A-d-_n-a-e-bmfw ]p. 28- 32). I¿j-I-k-a-c-߃,
_n´ojv hntcm[w F∂nh ]Xn-]m-Zy-hn-jb-amb Ht´sd IrXn-Iƒ Cu
en]n-bn-se-gp-Xn-bn- p-≠v. sImSp-ß-√q¿ apX¬ Nµ-Kn-cn-h-sc-bp≈ ]tZ-
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
882010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
89
bmf'`mj-bmbpw \n¿∆-Nn-°-s∏- p. s]mXp-]m-c-º-cyw, kwkvIm-cw, Ncn-
Xw, kmº-Øn-ssIIyw XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw s]mXp-hmb Hcp mj-tbm-
sSm∏w Cu tZi-Øn\v ssIh-∂p. tZi-Øns‚ Ncn-X-\n¿Ωn-Xn-bn¬ Ch-
tbm-tcm∂pw ]m[m-\y-tØmsS \ne-sIm-≠p. CΩ- n-ep≈ _rl-Zv]m-c-
º-cy-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ ]Xn-Iq-e-ambn \n¬°p∂ ]e-Xn-s\bpw X≈n-
°-f-tb-≠n-h-∂p. sN-dnb \yq\-]-£-]m-c-º-cy-ambn \ne-sIm≠ "Ad-_n-
a-e-bmf'Øn\pw, Hcp s]mXp- m-jm-N-cn-X-kr-jvSn-bn¬ amdn-\n¬t°≠-n
h∂p. tZio-bX AXns‚ AkvXnXzw Dd-∏n-°p-∂Xv "A]c'ßsf
kr„n®pw C√m-Xm-°n-bp-amWv (C.-hn.-cm-a-Ir-jvW≥, tZio-b-Xbpw kmln-
Xy-hpw, ]p.18) F∂ Adn-hns\ ap≥\n¿Øn mjm-N-cn-X-\n¿-ΩnXn Ad-
_n-a-e-bm-f-Øn\pw kmln-Xy-Øn\pw `mjm-]-c-amb Hc-]-cXzw \n¿Ωn-
°p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv F∂p]dbmw. "]e-Xmbn NnX-dn-°n-S-°p∂ knhn¬
kaq-lsØ ta[m-hn-Ø-Øns‚ Zni-bn¬ G-tIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ mj,
kwkvIm-cw, A®Sn ap-X-em-bh Imcy-amb ]¶v hln-°p∂p' (AXn¬Ø-
s∂, ]p.48) kaq-l-Øns‚ _lp-kz-c-Xsb \in-∏n®v `c-W-Iq-S-]n-¥p-
W-bn-√m-Xn-cp∂ D]-kw-kvIm-c-߃, D]- m-j-Iƒ F∂n-hsb ]pdw-X≈n
km£c-X, A®-Sn, hnZym- ymk]h¿-Ø-\-߃ F∂n-h-bn-eqsS Hcp apJy-
[m-cm-kw-kvImcw cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂p. "\ºq-Xn-cn-am¿, £Xn-b¿, A¥-cm-f-
h¿-§-°m¿, \mb-∑m¿ F∂n-h-cpsS CSbv°v BZy-Imew apX¬°p-Xs∂
hnZym- ym-k-\ne Db¿∂-Xm-b-Xn-\m¬ Ah-cpsS hyh-lm-c- mj Ipd-®p-
IqSn ip≤n-bp-≈-Xm-bn-cp-s∂-∂mWv shbv]v' (]n.-sI.-]-c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿,
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-Xw, ]p.8) Cu "ip≤-amb mj'bn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v
]n∂n-te°pw ap∂n-te°pw k©cn®v tZio-b-X-bpsS htc-Wy-hy-h-lm-c-
߃°-\p-Iq-e-ambn "`mc-Xo-b-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ al-Ømb ]mc-
ºcy'Øneq∂ns°m≠v tIc-f- m-jm-km-ln-Xy-N-cnXw cNn-°m-\p≈ DZy-
a-ß-fmWv ]n∂oS-v \S-∂-Xv. ap≥kq-Nn-∏n® hn`m-K-ß-fpsS kwkvIm-chpw
`mjbpw "tIcf'sa∂ tZi-Øns‚ mjbpw kwkvIm-c-hp-ambn Cu Ncn-
X-k‘n \nP-s∏-Sp-Øn.
ae-_m-dnse ap…ow kaq-l-Øn¬ aX-]-cn-jvI-c-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-
´p-b¿-∂p-h∂ hmZ-߃ kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ `n∂n-∏p-≠m-°n-bXpw Cu Ncn-
X-k-‘n-bn¬ "Ad-_n-a-e-bmf'Øns‚ \ne-\n¬]ns\ _m[n-®n- p-≠m-Imw.
16- mw \q‰m≠n¬ Fgp-Ø-—s‚ ka-Im-en-I-\mbn Pohn® tImgn-t°mSv
Jmkn apl-ΩZv cNn® "samln-bn±o≥ame'sbØp-S¿∂v aq∂v \q-‰m-t≠mfw
ame-∏m- p-Iƒ Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-Ønse ‡n-]-ÿm-\sØ t]mjn-∏n-®p.
A≤ym-fl-cm-am-b-W-sØ-t∏m-se-Xs∂ Cu IrXn hoSp-I-fn¬ hmbn-°p∂
]Xnhpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. (ap-…o-an-ßfpw tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-hpw, ]p.210)
hnZym- ymk]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb mh-\m- q-]-tZ-i-am-Wn-Xv.
ae-bm-f- m-j, tIcfw XpS-ßnb k¶¬]-\-߃ AhnsS cq]o-I-cn-°-
s∏- p-I-gn-™p. ⁄mt\m-Z-b-Øn-s‚bpw \thm-∞m-\-Øn-s‚bpw -aq-ey-
ßfpw B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS bp‡nbpw hnizm-k-ßfpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ cm„-
sa∂ hnim-e-hy-h-lm-c-Øn-\-I-ØmWv AXv h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv. XnI®pw
cm„o-b-amb H∂m-W-Xv. sImtfm-Wn-b¬ hyh-ÿn-Xn-bpsS Dev]∂w IqSn-
bm-W-Xv. "Ad-_n-a-e-bmf'Øns‚ `q]-cn-[n-bmbn Is≠-Ønb "sImSp-
ß-√q¿ apX¬ Nµ-Kn-cn-∏p-g-hsc'bp≈ mjm-]-tZiw Cu mjm-km-ln-
Xy-N-cn-X-Øns‚ Ahn- m-Py- m-K-am-Wv. "Ad-_n-a-e-bmfw' F∂v th¿Xn-
cn®v sNdn-sbmcp hni-I-e\w \¬In-bX-√msX ap≥kq-Nn-∏n® kmln-Xy-
ssh-⁄m-\n-I-im-J-Itfm Fgp-Øp-Imtcm tIc-f-Øns‚ apJy-[m-cm- m-
jm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-X-Øn¬ Dƒs∏- n- n-√. q]-tZ-ihpw mjbpw XΩn-ep≈
_‘w B ]tZ-i-Øns‚ cm„o-b-Im-cy-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏- m-Wn-cn-°p-
∂Xv F∂-Xm-Wn-Xn\v Imc-Ww.
"Ad-_n-a-e-bmf'Øns‚ `q]-tZiw `mjm-km-ln-Xy-\n¿Ωn-Xn-bpsS
Ime-L- -Øn¬ `n∂-amb cm„o-b-]-In-b-bn-te°v hgn-am-dn-bn-cp-∂p.
sImtfm-Wn-b-en-kw, \thm-∞m-\-]-In-b, tZio-b-X, B[p-\n-IX F∂n-
h-bpsS ]cn-k-c-Øn¬ cq]-s∏- p-h-∂ Hcp ⁄m\-a-fi-e-amWv AXn¬
][m-\w. tZio-b-X-bp-sSbpw kzmX-¥y-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp-≠mb tZio-b-
]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚bpw GI-in-em-]-c-amb ss\Xn-I-X, "Hcp mj Hcp tZiw'
F∂ "kmam-\y-t_m[w' Dev]m-Zn-∏n-®p. Cu kmam-\yt_m[amWv "Ad-
_n-a-e-bmf'sØ Hgn-hm°n "a-e-bmf'kmln-Xy-N-cn-XsØ \n¿Ωn-®-Xv.
kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw h¿§o-b-hp-amb hyXym-k-ß-sfbpw hyh-
lm-c-ß-sfbpw C√m-Xm°n Hcp tZio-b-P-\-Io-bX cq]-s∏- p. mj, aXw,
BNm-c-߃ XpS-ßn-bh tZi- -cm-„ob kzXz-Øn¬ ]p\¿\n¿∆-Nn-°-
s∏- p. hym]m-cw, hn]-Wn, A®-Sn, FgpØv F∂n-h-bpsS GIo-I-c-W-
Øn-\p-th≠n kr„n-°-s∏´ ]mtZ-inI`m-jm-k-aq-l-ß-fpsS Ncn-X-\n¿Ωn-
Xn-bmWv B Ime-L- -Øn¬ \S-∂-Xv. Hcp Ncn-X-L- -Øn¬ kmaq-ln-I-
hy-Xym-kw-sIm≠pw Ad-_n- m-jm-k-º¿°wsIm≠pw ae-_m-dnse am∏n-
f-am-cpsS \mS≥ hyh-lm-c- m-j-bv°p-≠mb en]n-h¬°-cWw a-s‰mcp Ncn-
X-L- -Øn¬ tZio-b-X-bpsS e-am-bp-≠mb ae-bm-fo-I-c-W-]-In-b-bn¬
A]-k-‡-am-Ip-∂p. ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏´p InS-°p-∂-h-cm-sW∂pw s]mXp-
hmb NneXv X߃°n-S-bn-ep-s≠∂pw Hcp P\-Xsb t_m[y-s∏-Sp-
tØ≠ Bh-iy-IX tZio-b-X-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\mbn Hcp mj,
Hcp tZiw, Hcp P\X F∂ kzXz-t_m[w Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-´p.
"tIcf'Ønse aq∂p-\m-Sp-Iƒ H‰ tZi-ambpw `mjm-t`-Z-߃ "ae-
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
902010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
91
`mjm-]-camb "A]-cXz' \n¿Ωn-Xnsb km[y-am-°p∂ apJy-[mcm htc-
Wy-hy-h-lm-c-ßsf Du´n-bp-d-∏n°p-∂-Xn¬ km£-c-X, A®-Sn, hnZym- ym-
k-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ F∂n-h-bmWv ][m-\-]¶v hln-®-Xv.
anj-W-dn-a-e-bmfw Hcp htc-Wy-hy-h-lmcw
km£-c-X-bpsS hym]\w tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-hp-∂Xv InkvXy≥ anj-
W-dn-am-cpsS hcthm-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]mXn-cn-a-e-bmfw F∂ mjbpsS Dev -
hhpw AtXm-sSm∏w \S-∂p. ]mXncn ae-bm-f-Øns‚ B[p-\n-I-cq-]-Øn-
emWv BZy-Im-e-hn-Zym- ym-k-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Gsdbpw \S-∂-Xv. ][m-
\-ambpw mjm-ssi-enbnse hyXym-k-amWv "ae-bmf'Øn¬\n∂pw anj-
Wdn KZysØ n∂-am-°p-∂-Xv. 17,18,19 \q‰m≠-pIfn¬ tI-c-fo-bcpw hntZ-
io-b-cp-amb InkvXp-a-X-]-Nm-c-I¿ cNn® aX-]-chpw A√m-Ø-Xp-amb
KZy-K-Ÿ-߃ ae-bm-f- m-j-bpsS hnI-k-\-Øn\pw \ho-I-c-W-Øn\pw
]tbm-P-\-I-c-amb ]e Imcy-ßfpw sNbvXn- p≠v F∂mWv s]mXp-sh-
bpfv mjm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-X-a-Xw. hntZ-io-b-c-S-°-ap-≈-h¿ Fgp-Xnb ]mXn-
cn-a-e-bm-f-Ir-Xn-Iƒ mjsb t]mjn-∏n-®p-sh∂pw Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-Ir-Xn-
Iƒ mjbv°v kw`m-h-\-I-sfm∂pw \evIn-bn√ F∂pw Icp-Xm-\m-hptam?
Cu A`n-]m-b-ß-sf√mw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂Xv "`mj'sb ae-bm-f-sa∂ hyh-
ÿm-]n-Xcq]-Øn¬ ImWp-tºm-gm-Wv. Ht´sd D]-kw-kvIm-c-ßsf Xnc-
kvI-cn®v \n¿Ωn-s®-SpØ tZio-b-P-\-Io-b-X-bpsS Dev]-∂-amWv
""aebmfsa∂v \mw I≠p-I-gn-™p. Ad-_n-a-e-bm-fhpw ]mXncn ae-bm-
fhpw XΩn-ep≈ km-Zr-iy-ssh-km-Zr-iyß-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-sN∂v ]mXncn
ae-bm-f-Øn\v e- n® Cu ]cn-K-W-\-bpsS Imc-W-a-t\z-jn-°mw. ""]m v,
aWn-]-hmfw F∂nh ]Xn-\mdmw \q-‰m-≠p-hsc \neh-n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ hc-
sam-gn-t -Z-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv ]I-S-amb hyXym-k-ß-tfmsS ]N-cn-∏n-
®n-cp∂ c≠v hc-sam-gn-t -Z-ß-fmWv anj-W-dn-a-e-bm-fhpw am∏n-f-a-e-bm-f-
hpw. Ch-bv°p≈ kmZr-iy-߃: 1) c≠pw aX-hp-ambn _‘-s∏- mWv
]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. 2) hntZ-i- m-jm-]-Z-߃ c≠nepw [mcm-f-ap-≠v. 3)
hmsam-gn-bnse h¿Æ-hn-Im-c-߃ c≠nepw ]I¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. 4) hymI-c-
W-cq-]-ß-fn¬ ASn-ÿm\]c-amb am‰a-n-√; F¶nepw ]tbm-K-Øn¬ Nne
hyXn-bm-\-߃ ImWmw. sshkm-Zr-iy-߃: 1) In-kvXp-a-X-]-Nm-cWw
apJy-e-£y-ambn ]h¿Øn-®-h¿ cNn® IrXn-I-fnse mj-sb-bmWv anj-
W-dn-a-e-bmfw F∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xv, am∏n-f-a-e-bm-f-Ir-Xn-Iƒ cNn-®-h-cn¬ aX-
]-fin-X-∑mcpw A√m-Ø-hcpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. 2) an-j-W-dn-a-e-bmf-Øn¬
aX-kw-_-‘n-bmb ]Z-k-©-b-Øn-emWv A\y- m-jm-kzm-[o\w A[n-I-
ap-≈Xv; am∏n-f-a-e-bm-f-Øn¬ aX-hp-ambn _‘-an-√mØ [mcmfw A\y-
`m-jm-]-Z-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®n- p-≠v. 3) InkvXy≥ anj-W-dn-am¿ aX-]-N-
F∂m¬ Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°-Øn-ep-≠mb aX-]-cn-jvI-c-W-
hmZw ame-∏m- p-Isf aX-hn-cp-≤-Ir-Xn-I-fmbn apZ-Ip-Øp-Ibpw CtX XpS¿-
∂p-≠mb ]iv\-߃ kap-Zm-bsØ n∂n-∏nt-e°v \bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
"Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-km-lnXy'Imc≥ (H.A-_p) Cu kw -hsØ hnh-cn-°p-
∂Xv t\m°pI: ""Zo\ns‚ AIhpw ]pdhpw ]dn-s®-dn™ `‡-∑m-cmb
]fin-X-∑m-cpsS I¨ap-ºn¬h®v Ah-cpsS A\p-a-Xn-tbmSpw A\p-K-l-
tØmSpw IqSn Xg-®p-h-f¿∂ Hcp ‡n-]-ÿm\w C∂sØ Np‰p-]m-Sn¬''
A[n-I-∏-‰m-sW∂v h√-h¿°pw A`n-]m-b-ap-s≠-¶n¬ Ah¿°v AXns\
Isøm-gn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. Ahbv°v C√mØ tZmj-߃ Btcm-]n®v aX-
]-cn-[n-bn¬\n∂v \n-jvIm-k\w sNøm≥ HXp-ßp-∂Xv \oXn-bm-hp-I-bn-√.
C…m-an-t‚-X-√mØ Hcp hnizm-k-]-am-Wtam BNm-c-k-º-Zm-btam BWv
ame-∏m- p-Iƒ ]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-sX∂v ]d-bp-tºmƒ Cu Ign™ ct≠m
aqt∂m \q‰m-≠vImew tIc-f-Øn¬ Pohn® ]i-kvXcpw k¿∆m-Z-c-Wo-
b-cp-amb ]fin-X-∑m¿ Hcp C…m-an-X-c-]-h-WX ChnsS h-f¿Øn-sb-Sp-
Øp F∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw AXns‚ A¿∞w. tIc-f-Ønse ap…nw-k-ap-Zm-b-
Øns‚ _p≤n-]-c-amb t\ -ß-fpsS Ie-h-d-bmb "Ad-_n-a-e-bmfkmln-
Xy'-Øn¬ \n∂v AXnse kp]-[m-\-L-S-I-amb ame-∏m-´p-Isf
_lnjvIcn-°p-hm≥ ap≥ssI-sb-Sp-Ø-h¿, Aßs\ sNbvXXv F¥ns‚
t]cn-em-bmepw icn, Xß-fpsS kml-kn-I-bXv\w aqew Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-
km-ln-Xy-Øn\v kw -hn-∏m-\n-S-bp≈ \jvS-sØ-°p-dn®v Hm¿°mXn-cp-∂Xv
Ahn-th-I-]-c-amb I„-am-bn-t∏m-sb∂v ]d-bm-Xn-cp∂pIqSm Fen-sb-sIm-
√p-hm≥ C√w NqSm-h-X-√t√m'' (]p.63- 65). ae-_m-dnse ap…ow kap-Zmbw
`mj, ]mtZ-in-I-X, aXw, BNm-c-߃ F∂n-h-sb√mw X\-Xmb Hcp
kzXzw ÿm]n® kaq-l-am-bn-cp-∂p. t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS B[n-]-Xy-
Imew apX¬ B[n-]-Xy-i-‡n-I-tfmSv [oc-ambn t]mcm-Sp-Ibpw ]Xn-
tcm[w kr„n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. (t]m¿´pKo-kp-Im-cp-ambn \S∂
IS¬bp-≤-߃ apX¬ ae-_m¿ Iem]w hsc-bp≈ N-cnXw sXfn-hm-
Wv) _n´ojv sImtfm-Wn-b¬ AS-hp-\-b-߃ C¥y-bn-se-ºm-Spw, ]m¿iz-
h-ev°-cn-t°≠ Hcp "A]c'kwkvIr-Xn-bmWv ap…nw-P-\-X-sb∂
s]mXpt_m[ap≠m-°n-bn-cp∂p. tZio-b-X-bpsS hnim-e-]-cn-t]£yw
_rl-Zv]m-c-º-cy-Øn-\-\p-Iq-e-am-bmWv k©-cn-®-Xpw. "`n∂n-∏n®p -cn-°pI'
F∂ sshtZ-in-I-X-¥-Øns‚ hnPbtØm-sSm∏w kº-∂-am-bn-cp∂ Hcp
`mjm-kw-kvIr-Xn-bpsS AwKo-Im-c-\n-cm-k-Øn\pw Cu kap-Zm-b-I-elw
hgn-sh-®p. tIc-f-Øns‚ `mjm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-X-\n¿Ωn-Xn-bn¬ "ae-
bmf'Øns‚ _rl-Zv]m-c-º-cy-Øn\v ]m[m\yw e`n-°p-Ibpw "Ad-_n-a-
e-bmf'Øn\v mjm-]-c-amb Hc-]-cXzw \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
922010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
93
tIc-f-Øn¬ _m“-W-cpw kwkvIr-X-sagpXm≥ KŸ-en-]n-bn¬ Nne
am‰-߃ hcp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. DØ-c-tI-c-f-Øn¬ ]N-cn-®n-cp∂ Cu cq]-
Øn\v "Bcy FgpØv' F∂mWv t]cv. inem-im-k-\-ß-fnepw a‰pw
kwkvIr-X-i-_vZ-߃ KŸm-£-c-Ønepw _m°n- m-Kw hs -gp-Ønepw
Fgp-Xp∂ coXn \S-∏n-em-bn-cp-∂p. C∂sØ \ΩpsS ae-bm-f-en]n an°-
hmdpw KŸm-£-c-Øn¬ \n∂v cq]w ]q≠-Xm-sW∂v ImWmw '' (s]m-
^. sI.-F.-P-eo¬, en]n-Ifpw am\-h-kw-kvIm-c-hpw-, ]p.238- 239). ""tNc-
tNm-f-]m-fiy-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ A∂v HutZym-Kn-I- m-jbpw hyh-lm-c- m-jbpw
Xan-gm-b-Xn-\m¬ hs´gpØn¬Øs∂ Fgp-Xn-h-∂n-cp-∂p. AXn-J-c-ar-Zp-
tLm-j-ß-fpsS A`m-h-Øn¬ kwkvIr-X-]-Z-߃ Fgp-Xp-∂-Xnt\m
kwkvIr-X-K-Ÿ-߃ ]I¿Øp-∂-Xnt\m hs -gp-Øn\v km[n-°msX h∂-
t∏mƒ hs -gpØv \ne-\n-∂n-S-sØms° ka-Im-en-I-ambn cq]-s∏- -XmWv
KŸm-£-cw. kwkvIr-X-K-Ÿsagp-Xm-\p≈ Cu KŸ-en-]n°v aqew
_m“n-X-s∂. Xan-gns\ At]-£n®v ae-bm-f-Øn¬ kwkvIr-X-]-Z-߃
IqSp-X-ep-≈-Xn-\m¬ ae-bm-f-Øn\v "Bcy-F-gpØv' F∂p-IqSn t]cp≈
KŸ-en]n kzoIm-cy-ambn h∂p. Cu KŸ-en-]n-bpsS ]cn-jvIr-X-cq-]-
amWv C∂sØ ae-bm-f-en-]n. Xan-gven]n hs -gp-Øn-s‚bpw'' (]-fp-¶¬
KwKm-[-c≥ \mb¿, ae-bmf en]n D¤hhnImk ]cn-Wm-a-߃, ae-bm-f-
`m-jm-N-cn-Xw, ]p. 152). en]n-bpsS L\-bnepw en]n-am-e-bpsS ]q¿Æ-X-
bnepw B[p-\nI "ae-bm-f-en-]n-°p≈ IS-∏mSv KŸ-en-]n-tbm-SmWv' (tUm.
Fkv.-sP.-aw-K-ew, ]mNo-\- m-c-X-Ønse en]n-im-kvXhpw ae-bm-f-en-]n-
bpsS hnIm-k-hpw, ]p.162). ""tIc-f-Øn¬ kwkvIrXw IqSp-X-embn D]-
tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ _m“-W¿°v hnZym- ym-k-]-c-ambn CX-c-Pm-Xn-°m-cpsS
taep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ta[m-hnØw sIm≠mWv KŸ-en]n/Bcy-F-gpØv a‰p
]mtZ-in-I-en]n-Isf D∑q-e\w sNbvXp-sIm≠v thcp-d-∏n-®Xv'' (D-≤-c-Wn,
cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ ap√-t»-cn, AXn¬Xs∂, ]p.11). Zmhn-U-h-ev°-c-W-Øn-
\p-tijw tIc-f-t-ZiØp-≠mb kw-kvIr-X-h-evI-c-W-Øns‚ \n¿Ωn-Xn-
bmWv "B-cyFgpØv a‰p ]mtZ-in-I-en-]n-Isf D∑q-e\w sN-bvXp-sIm≠v
thcp-d-∏n-®Xv' (D-≤-c-Wn, cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ ap√t»-cn, AXn¬Ø-s∂, ]p.11).
Zmhn-U-h-ev°-c-W-Øn-\p-tijw tIc-f-tZ-i-Øp-≠mb kwkvIr-X-h-ev°-
c-W-Øns‚ \n¿Ωn-Xn-bmWv "Bcy-F-gpØv' F∂v Cu D≤-c-Wn-I-fn-eqsS
hy‡-amIpw. AXm-b-Xv, Imem-Im-e-ß-fmbn mjbpw A[n-Im-c-L-S-\bpw
XΩn-ep-≠mb ]mc-kv]-cy-Øn-eqsS hf¿∂p-h∂ Hcp mjbpw en]n-bp-
amWv "ae-bmf'sa∂ hyh-ÿm-]n-X-cq-]-ambn amdn-b-Xv.
Cu en]n-h¬°-c-W-]-In-b-bn¬ HºXmw \q-‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ kmwkvIm-
cn-I-cw-KØv \S∂ am‰-ßfpw ][m-\-]-¶p-h-ln-®p. ""aWn-]-hm-f-I-hnX
cWw e£y-am-°n-bn- p≈ IrXn-Iƒ°v ]pdsa mjm-t]m-j-W-Øn-\m-h-
iy-amb IrXn-Ifpw cNn-®n- p≠v; Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-Øn¬ Nne Ad-_n-a-e-
bm-f-\n-L-≠p°fp-s≠-¶nepw mjm-t]m-j-Wia-߃ \S-∂n- n-√. 4) am∏n-
f-a-e-bmfØnse ASn-ÿm-\-h¿Æ-am-e-bnepw en]n-hy-h-ÿ-bnepw ae-
bmf Ad-_n- m-j-I-fpsS k¶-e\w D≠v; anj-W-dn-a-e-bm-f-Øn¬ h¿Æ-
am-ebpw en]n-hy-h-ÿbpw ae-bm-f-Øn-s‚-Xp-Xs∂. ][m-\-s∏´ as‰mcp
Imcyw, anj-W-dn-K-Zy-Ønse ]e IrXn-Ifpw "Xpd∂' kaq-lsØ e£y-
am°n cNn-®-h-bmWv; am∏n-f-a-e-bm-f-c-N-\-I-fpsS e£yw "AS™' kaq-
l-am-bn-cp-∂p.'' (sI.-Fw. ]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿, ae-bmfw am‰hpw hf¿®-bpw,
]p.129- 130). hyh-ÿm-]nX "ae-bmf'`m-j-bn¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠p≈ Cu \nco-
£Ww c≠v hc-sam-gn-t -Z-ß-fp-sSbpw ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ ImWn-®p-X-cp-∂p.
en]n-bpsS Imcy-Øn-emWv ][m-\-hy-Xymkw \ne-\n-¬-°p-∂-Xv. tIc-f-
Øn¬ 17,18,19 \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ ae-bm-f-en-]n-bmb "Bcy-
F-gpØv' AYhm KŸm-£-c-Øn-emWv anj-W-dn-am¿ IrXn-Iƒ cNn-®-
Xv. aX-]-N-cWw ][m-\-e-£y-am-bn-cp-∂Xv sIm≠p-Xs∂ AXv "Xpd∂'
kaq-lsØ e£y-am°n. ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-≠n¬\n∂pw apºv cq]-s∏´
"Ad-_n-a-e-bmfw', ]mtZ-in-I- m-jbv°v en]n \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. B
kaq-lsØ t]mjn∏n°p∂ IS-a-bp-ta-s‰-Sp-Øp. kº-∂-amb Hcp]
`mjbv°pw kaq-l-Øn\pw "]pdtØ'°v t\mt°≠ Imcy-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p.
AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ae-bm-f-Øns‚ hc-sam-gn-t -Z-sa∂ coXn-bn¬ Ihn™v
Ad-_n-a-e-bmfw ]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂Xv kzX-¥-amb Hcp mj-sb∂ \ne-
bn-em-Wv.
D¬Ir-„`mj-bpsS cq]o-I-cWw
hc-sam-gn-t -Z-sa∂ \ne-bn¬\n-∂n-cp∂ anj-W-dn-KZyw tZio-b-X-bp-ambn
_‘-s∏´ kzmwio-I-cW (appropriation) ]In-b-bn-emWv apJy-[mcm
ae-bm-f-tØmSv tN¿∂p-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. mjm-]-c-amb A]-c-Xzw AXn-\p-
≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. aX-]-N-c-W-Øn-\p-th-≠n mj ]Tn-°p-Ibpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-
Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂ anj-W-dn-K-Zy-Øns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ mjm-]-cn-jvI-
c-W-i-a-߃ F∂ \ne-bn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AsX-gp-
X-s∏´ en]n-bmb "Bcy-F-gpØn's‚ Ncn-Xhpw ae-bm-f-en-]n-sb∂ coXn-
bn-ep≈ IS-∂p-h-chpw IqSn At\z-jn-°p-∂Xv DNn-X-am-bn-cn-°pw. ""Z£n-
-tW-¥y-bn¬ ]Nm-c-Øn-en-cp∂ Hcp ][m-\-cq-]-amWv KŸ-en-]n. kwkvIr-
X-KŸ-߃°p≈ en]n F∂ \ne-bv°mWv "KŸ' F∂v t]cp-≠m-b-
Xv. kwkvIr-X-i-_vZ-߃ IrXy-ambn Fgp-Xm≥ ]cym-]vX-am-bn-cp∂ 51
A£-c-߃ KŸ-en-]n-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kwkvIr-X-Øns‚ ]Nmcw
aqe-amWv KŸ-en]n sXt°-C-¥y-bn-seßpw hym]n-®-Xv. Xpfp-\m- nepw
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
942010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
95
≈q. anj-W-dn-KZyw cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb "\m-tSm-Sn-®p-h-bp≈' tIc-fo-b- q-an-
Isb Dƒs°m≠v ]n¬°m-eØv ]uV-kw-kvImcw hnZym- ym-k-]-In-
b-bn-eq-sSbpw a‰pw "ae-bmfw' cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.
kwkm-c- m-j-bmbpw kmln-Xy- m-jbmbpw AkvXnXzw t\Snb Ad-
_n-a-e-bm-f-Ønepw KZyhpw A®-Snbpw ]Nmcw t\Sn-bn-cp-∂p. 1867tem
68tem BWv BZy-ambn Ad_n apZ-W-ime ÿm]n-°-s∏- -Xv. Xe-t»-
cn-bn¬ _mk¬an-j¨ ]kn¬ \n∂v apZ-W-hnZy A`y-kn®v Xe-t»-cn-
bn¬ Xs∂-bm-WXp ÿm]n-®-Xv. ]n∂oSv s]m∂m-\n, Xncq-c-ßm-Sn, hf-]-
´Ww F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnepw ÿm]n-°-s∏´p (A-d-_n-a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-
Xw, ]p.126). F∂m¬ Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ Xs∂ ae-
bm-f-Ønse A®-Sn-im-e-I-fp-sSbpw ]X-am-kn-I-I-fp-sSbpw hnZym- ym-k-
]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚bpw FÆhpw e£zpw am¿§-hp-sa√mw \n¿∆-Nn-°-s∏-
´p-I-gn-™p. ]≈n-°q-S-ßfpw Cw•ojv hnZym- ym-khpw ]pXnb sXmgn¬
taJ-e-Iƒ kr„n-®p. ]X-am-kn-I-Iƒ kzmX-¥y-k-a-cm-lzm-\-ßfpw ae-
bm-f-km-ln-Xy--t]m-j-W-ßfpw e£yam°n. Hcp `mj, Hcp en]n F∂
s]mXp-e£yw "Ad-_n-a-e-bmf'sØ ]msS \nc-kn®p If-™p. C.-hn.cma-
Ir-jvW≥ tZio-b-X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ssk≤m-¥n-I-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn¬
A®Sn mj-Iƒ ][m-\-ambpw aq∂v coXn-bn-emWv ]h¿Øn-®-sX∂v ]d-
bp-∂p≠v. ""]e tZiy- m-j-Iƒ ]N-cn-∏n-®n-cp-∂nSØv Hcp A®-Sn- mj
Db¿∂p-h-cp-tºmƒ AXn-eqsS hen-sbmcp P\-k-aq-l-hp-ambn kº¿°w
]pe¿Øm≥ Ign-bp∂ hfsc t]¿ D≠m-Ip-∂p. A®-Sn-bn-eqsS atX-X-c-
am-sbmcp kmtlm-Z-cyhpw kam-\-Xbpw Ch¿°v tXm∂n-Øp-S-ßp-∂p. mj-
bpsS am\-Io-I-cWw \S-°p-∂Xv A®-Sn-bpsS ]Nm-c-Øn-eqsSbmWv. am\-
I- mj \ne-hn¬ hcp-∂-tXmsS mjm-hy-h-lm-c-߃°v kpÿn-c-Xbpw
ÿmbnbpw e`y-am-Ip-∂p. cm„sØ k¶-ev]n-°m≥ ]mNo-\-X-sb-°p-
dn-®p≈ t_m[hpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. `mjm-k-aq-l-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-I-
ti-J-csØ A\-kyq-X-ambn hnI-kn® Hcp tZiob ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚
`mK-ambn Is≠-Sp-°m≥ klm-bn-®Xv A®Snam-[y-a-am-Wv. am\-I- m-j-
bmbn amdn-bXv ]e tZiy-t -Z-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv. AXn\v a‰v tZiy-t -Z-ß-
sf-°mƒ am\yX ssIh-∂p. CØcw am\yX A[n-Im-c-ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-am-
bp≈ _‘-ß-fmbn cq]m-¥-c-s∏´p F∂-XmWv aq∂m--asØ hkvXpX''
(]p.23). tIc-fØnse mjm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-X-Øn¬-\n∂pw kmam-\y-t_m-
[-Øn¬\n-∂p-ap≈ Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-Øns‚ Xnc-kvI-c-W-Øn\pw "ae-
bmf'`mjm-\n¿Ωn-Xn°pw ]n∂n-ep≈ B[p-\n-Ikm-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS
]h¿-Ø\w ChnsS hy‡-am-Wv. \thm-∞m-\-Im-eØv \S∂ kmln-Xy-
t]m-j-W-ß-sf√mw mj-bpsS tZio-b-]m-c-º-cysØ Is≠Sp°m-\p≈
\S-∏mb \mƒ apX¬ ae-bm-fn-Iƒ°v Xan-gns‚ t\sc ITn-\-amb Hcp
shdp∏pw kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ AIm-c-W-amb Hcp ]£-]m-Xhpw Df-hmbn
\mƒ°p-\mƒ h¿≤n-®p-h-∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Cu L -Øn¬ Xangv ]-Z-
ßsf [mcm-f-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏- m¬ an°-t]¿°pw Akzm-c-k-Øn-\n-S-
hcpw'' F∂ tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n-bpsS A`n-]mbw ]nev°m-eØv \ne-hn-en-
cp∂ s]mXp-t_m-[-Øn\v sXfn-hm-Wv. "ae-bm-f- m-jm-]-cn-Wmaw kn≤m-
¥-ßfpw hkvXp-X-Ifpw' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ Xncp-s\-√q¿ Icp-Wm-I-c≥
Cu s]mXp-t_m-[-Øns‚ Imc-W-Øn-te°v IS-°p-∂p. ""Bcym-[n-
]XyØn≥Iogn¬ tIc-f-Ønse kmaq-ln-Ihpw cm„o-bhpw kmwkvIm-
cn-I-hp-amb cw-K-ß-fn-ep-≠mb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v Xpey-amb am‰w tIc-
f- m-j-bn-ep-≠m-bn. tIc-f-Øn¬ Bcy-∑m-cpsS A[n\nthiw Hcp sshtZ-
in-Im-[n--]-Xy-ambn A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn-√. F--¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ AXv
Hcp ]pXnb tIc-fo-b-Xsb kr„n-®p-sIm≠v AXn¬Xs∂ hnebw ]m]n-
®p. tIc-f- mj Bcy- m-j-bn¬ \n∂v Dƒs°m-≈m-hp-∂-sX√mw kzmwio-
I-cn®v hnI-kn-®-t∏m-tg-°v, Bcy- mj AXns‚ h‡m-°ƒ°p-Xs∂ \nXy-
Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Bh-iy-an-√m-Xm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw hyh-lm-c-Øn¬ \n∂v kzbw
Xntcm- -hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp'' (]p.101) Cßs\ cq]-s∏- -XmWv tIc-f-
Ønse D¬Ir„ (elite language). Cu mjbpsS h‡m-°-fmb ]mtZ-
in-I-h-tc-Wy-hn- mK (local elite) Øn¬ \n∂mWv tZio-b-X-bpsS L -
Øn¬ Hcp ae-bm-f-h-ev°-c-W-]-Inb \S-°p-∂-Xv. "`mc-Xo-b-kw-kvIm-c-
Øns‚ al-Ømb ]mc-ºcy'apƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp `mj-bp-sSbpw en]n-
bp-sSbpw am\-ho-I-c-W-]-In-b-bpsS kµ¿ -amWv ]n∂o-Sv.
Cu ae-bm-f-h-evI-c-W-]-In-b-bn¬ anj-W-dn-K-Zy-Øns‚ ]¶v Gsd
hep-Xm-Wv. KZy- m-j, A®-Sn, hnZym`ymk-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ F∂n-h-bn-eq-
sS-bmWv Cu ]Inb \S-∂-Xv. Cu aq∂v ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Gsd-°psd
anj-W-dn-am-cpsS \nb-¥-W-Øn-emWv \S-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS
kmam-\y- m-j-bn¬\n∂pw kwkvIm-c-Øn¬\n∂pw AI-∂p-I-gn-™n-cp∂
]uV-kw-kvImc (high culture)- m-jbpw en]nbpw kzoI-cn®v c-W-Iq-S-
Øns‚ ]n≥-_-e-ap≈ anj-W-dn-am¿ Xt±-iob A]-Ir„`mj (lowerlanguage) sb Ia-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ XpS-ßn. anj-W-dn-]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS
km£-c-cmb Xt±-io-b-P-\-Iob ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬\n-∂mWv tZio-b-X-bpsS
hyh-lm-c-߃ hf¿∂p-h-∂Xpw Xt±-io-b¿ kzbw Xncn-®dn-bm≥ XpS-
ßn-b-Xpw. tIc-f-Øns‚ ]›mØeØn¬ anj-W-dn-a-e-bm-f-amWv ]uV-
kw-kvIm-csØ P\-Io-b-]m-cº-cyhpambn _‘n-∏n-®-Xv. KZy-Øns‚bpw
A®-Sn-bp-sSbpw ]mam-Wy-Øns‚ ImeØv ]mtZ-in-I-h-tc-Wy-hn- m-K-
Øn\v ]mXn-cn-a-e-bm-f-tØm-sSmØp t]mIp-Itb \n¿∆m-l-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
962010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
97
5. thWp-tKm-]≥ \mb¿, Fkv.-hn. (F-Un), ae-bm-f- m-jm-N-cn--Xw, am-fq-_≥ ]ªn-
t°-j≥kv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 2000.
6. Icp-Wm-I-c≥ Xncp-s\-√q¿, ae-bm-f- m-jm-]-cn-Wmaw kn≤m-¥-ßfpw hkvXp-X-
I-fpw, ]`mXv _p°v lu-kv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 1996.
7. Peo¬ sI.-F. s]m^. en]n-Ifpw am\-h-kw-kvIm-c-hpw, tIc-f- mjm C≥Ãn-
‰yq v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 1980.
8. awKew Fkv.-sP.-tUm., ]mNo-\- m-c-Xob en]n-im-kvXhpw ae-bm-f-en-]n-bpsS
hnIm-k-hpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.
9. ae-bm-f-hn-a¿iw, \º¿- 12, Pqsse 91- -Pq¨ 92, ae-bm-f-hn- m-Kw, tImgn-t°mSv
k¿-∆-I-em-im-e.
10. tPm¿÷v sI.-Fw. tUm., (F-Un) kmln-Xy-N-cn-Xw ]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eq-sS, F≥.-
_n.-F-kv., tIm -bw, 1998
11. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ ]n.-sI., aebmfkm-ln-Xy-NcnXw, tIµ-km-ln-Xy
-A-°m-Z-an, \yqU¬-ln, 1969.
12. ]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿ sI.-Fw. ae-bm-fw am‰hpw hf¿®-bpw, h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-
]o-Tw, 2004.
13. cma-Ir-jvW≥ C.-hn., tZio-b-X-Ifpw kmln-Xy-hpw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm -
bw, 2001.
15. io\m-Y≥ Fw., tIc-fØnse mj-Iƒ, A¥m-cm„ tIc-f-]-T-\-tI-µw, Xncp-
h-\-¥-]p-cw, 2006.
* bYm¿∞-Øn¬, ]-sØm-ºXmw \q‰m≠-ns‚ c≠mw-]-Ip-Xn-bn¬ C¥y-bn-se-
ºmSpw C¥y≥ Ncn-X-\n¿ΩnXn F∂ Bibw DS-se-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. ""\ap°p
Ncn-X-an-√, \ap-s°mcp Ncn-X-ap-≠m-IWw'' F∂ _¶nw-N-µ-bpsS hnJym-X-
]-kvXm-h-\sb ap≥\n¿Øn hntZ-i-hym-JymXm°ƒ hf-s®m-Sn-°mØ
tZiØns‚ qX-Im-esØ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-I F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Cu Ncn-X-sa-gp-
Øns‚ e£yw. Cu coXn-bn¬ qX-Im-esØ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂Xv kzbw-]-Xn-
\n-[m\w sNøm-\p≈ A[n-Im-c-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ t]mcm- -sØ-bmWv kqNn-
∏n-°p-∂-Xv. CXv cm„o-bm-[n-Im-c-a-√msX as‰m-∂p-a√ (Partha Chatterjee, Na-tion and Its Fragments OUP, 1997, p. 76-80)
ia-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. sshbm-I-c-W-∑mcpw kmln-Xy- m-jm-N-cn-X-Im-c-∑mcpw
Fgp-Øp-Im-cpw tZio-b-X-bpsS _r-l-Zv]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬\n∂psIm≠v GI-
in-em-]-c-amb Ncn-X-\n¿ΩnXn \S-Øn. \nL-≠p-°fpw hymI-c-W-]p-kvX-
I-ßfpw D≠m-b-tXmsS Ah-bn-eq-∂n-s°m-≠p≈ ]T-\-ßfpw "a\- n-em-
°¬' ]In-b-bp-amWv \S-∂-Xv. A£-c-⁄m-\-an-√m-Ø-h¿ IqSn Cu
Iq´mb t_m[-h¬°-c-W-]-In-b-bn¬ Dƒs∏-s´. "Ah¿°p-IqSn ]¶m-
fnØw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂ coXn-bn¬ tZio-b-X-bpsS hyh-lm-c-߃ \nc-
h[n am[y-a-ß-fn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏- -t∏mƒ Hcp cm„-Øns‚ mK-
ambn Ah¿ kzbw Xncn-®dn-™p' (AXn¬X-s∂, ]p.26). `mjm-km-ln-
Xy-N-cn-X-\n¿Ωn-Xn-bn-eqsS Hcp tZi- -cm-„-Øns‚ \n¿Ωn-Xn-bmWv km£-
c-Xbpw A®-Snbpw \n¿∆-ln-®-Xv. B[p-\n-I-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-s‚bpw
sXmgn¬ta-J-e-bpsSbpw Xe-߃ ]uV-kw-kvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw mj-bp-
sSbpw hgn-bn-em-bn. ssZ\wZn\Pohn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Cu Xe-߃
D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Xnc-kvI-c-W-Ønepw Xa-kvI-c-W-Ønepw Ad-
_n-a-e-bm-f-sa∂ tZiy-t -Z-Øn\v ]nSn®p\n¬°m-\m-bn-√. Hcp mj, Hcp
tZio-b-X, Hcp cm„w F∂ ka-hmIyw ]m¿iz-h¬Ir-X-tZ-io-b-X-Isf
_e-]-tbm-K-Øn-eqsS C√m-Xm-°m-\p≈ t]cW \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. A\n-
hm-cy-am-bn-Øo¿∂ ae-bm-f-km-£-cX "Ad-_n-a-e-bmf'hpambn _‘-s∏´
F√m kmwkvIm-cn-I-Ø-\n-a-I-sfbpw ae-bm-fn-bpsS kmam-\y-t_m-[-Øn¬-
\n∂v ]pd-¥-≈n.
F¶nepw Xo¿Øpw Ah-K-Wn-°m\mhmØ H∂v GsXmcp mj-bv°p-
ap-≠v. Imc-Ww, aXw, Ie, BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-߃ F∂nh-t]mse mjbpw
kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-am-Wv. kmwkvIm-cn-I-cw-KsØ
hº≥am-‰-ß-fmWv Ah-bpsS cq]-h-ev°-c-W-Øn\pw Xntcm-[m-\-Øn\pw
]n∂n-ep-≈-Xv. ka-Im-en-I- mjmimkvX-Z¿i-\-߃ hwio-bhpw ]mtZ-
in-I-hp-amb mjm-t -Z-߃°v Gsd ]m[m\yw sImSp-°p-∂p≠v F∂Xv
CØcw ]mtZ-in-I- m-j-I-fpsS ]p\-c-t\z-j-W-Øn\v hgn-sX-fn-°p-∂p.
tZiy-t -Z-ßsf Is≠-Øm\pw Ah-bpsS \nL-≠p-°fpw a‰pw \n¿Ωn-
°m-\p-ap≈ Kth-j-W-߃ tIc-f-Ønepw XpS-ßn-°-gn-™p. ]pXnb
kwth-Z-\-kn-≤m-¥-ßfpw kwth-Z-\-k-aq-l-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ \nco-£-W-
ßfpw CØcw ]m¿iz-h¬Ir-X- m-j-Isf°pdn®v Iq-Sp-X¬ Adnhv ]I-
cp-∂-Xm-Wv.
klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃1. A_p.H., Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-Xw, F¬.-_n.-F-kv. tImgn-t°m-Sv, 1970.
2. Ad-_n-a-e-bm-fw, C≥Ãn-‰yq v Hm v am∏nf ÃUo-kv, Xriq¿.
3. them-bp-[≥ ]n≈ ]n.-hn.tUm., a[y-Im-e-a-e-bm-fw, Id‚ v _pIvkv, tIm -bw,
2004.
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
982010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
99
hfsc i‡n-s∏- n-cn-°p∂p. kmln-Xy- m-jsb kw_-‘n® B[p-\n-I-
\n-e-]mSpw hnj-b-kzo-I-c-W-Øn¬ ImWn-°p∂ Xpd∂ kao-]-\hpw IY-
I-fpsS temIØv sshhn[yw krjvSn-°p-I-bm-Wv. AtXm-sSm∏w IY-
Iƒ Ncn-X-sØbpw h¿Ø-am-\-sØbpw cmjvSo-b-h¬°-cn-°p-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p. \S-∏p-io-e-ß-fn¬ \n∂v IpXdn amdn mjsb \ho-I-cn®v kmln-
XysØ P\-Io-b-am-°p-hm-\p≈ iahpw Hcp mKØv \S-°p-∂p-≠v. Fgp-
Øp-Im-c\pw hmb-\-°m-c\pw XΩn¬ kwh-Zn-t°≠ CS-ßfpw IY-I-
fn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xp ImWmw. ]mc-º-cysØ Xnc-kvI-cn®pw \ho-I-
cn®pw \S-°p∂ IYm-¥-co£w P\m-[n-]Xy]-c-amb \nc-h[n kzc-ßsf
hna¿i-\-]-c-ambn kao-]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. 1997 ¬ Cd-ßnb "Dº¿t´m
Ft°m' F∂ sNdp-I-Ym-k-am-lm-c-Øn-eqsS it≤-b-\mb _n. apc-fn-
bpsS IY-I-fnse cmjvSo-bsØ hni-I-e\w sNøm-\mWv teJ\w ian-
°p-∂-Xv.
B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c sNdp-I-Ym-Ir-Øp-I-fn¬s]´ Hcm-sf∂ \ne-bn-emWv
_n. apc-fn-bpsS IY-Isf s]mXpth hne-bn-cp-Øm-dp-≈-Xv. B[p-\n-Im-\-
¥c sNdp-I-Y-Iƒ°v Hcp s]mXp-k-hn-ti-j-X-bp-t≠m-sb∂pw ]ta-b-]-
c-ambpw BJym-\-]-c-ambpw Ch Fßs\ hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂p-
ap≈ At\z-jWw _n. apc-fn-bnepw sNdp-I-Y-I-fpsS hyXy-kvX-X-Isf
Ipdn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-am-Wv. ]ta-b-Ønepw Fgp-Øp-co-Xn-bnepw
ImWn°p∂ hyXy-kvX-X-bpsS cmjvSob A¿∞-ß-fmWv ][m-\-ambn
h¿Ø-am-\-Ime \ncq-]-W-ta-Je N¿® sNtø≠ Imcy-ß-fn¬ H∂v. ae-
bmf sNdp-IY CXp-hsc t]mImØ GXp hgn-bn-eq-sS-bmWv Ct∏mƒ
sNdp-IY k©-cn-°p-∂-sX∂pw k©mcw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ hgn-Ifpw
]iv\-ßfpw Fs¥∂pw Nn¥n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
""`mjsb hntam-Nn-∏n-°m≥ ka-b-sa-Ønb Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ Im v‰pw
hnj-b-ßfpw H∏w hntam-Nn-X-am-bn-cn-°pw. c≠p-]m-X-Ifpw H∂mWv. Cu
Xncn-®-dnhpw AXn¬ \n∂v Db-cp∂ krjvSn-bp-amWv \sΩ kw_-‘n-®n-
S-tØmfw B[p-\n-tIm-Ø-c-X. apc-fn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ Im v‰n-s‚bpw
BJym-\-Øn-s‚bpw ]mX-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn-s‚bpw B A\m-bm-k-amb
B[p-\n-tIm-Øc kzmX¥yw Rm≥ ImWp∂p'' sh∂v "Dw_¿t´m
Ft°m' F∂ _n. apc-fn-bpsS BZy IYm-k-am-lm-c-Øns‚ Ah-Xm-cn-
I-bn¬ k°-dnb ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ Cu A[n-\n-th-im-\-¥c
kaq-l-Ønepw XpS¿∂p sIm≠n-cn-°p∂ A[n-\n-th-i-Øn-s‚bpw A[n-
Im-c-Øn-s‚bpw hyXy-kvX-X-e-ßsf kq£va-_p≤ym \nco-£n®v hna¿i-
\-hn-t[-b-am-°n-bmte ]pXnb IY-Iƒ ]nd-°p-I-bp-≈q. Im v‰pw mj-
bn¬ ImWn-°p∂ "Kan°p' Ifpw IYsb ]pXp-a-bp-≈Xpw hyXy-kvX-
_n. apc-fn-bpsS IY-I-fnse
cmjvSobwtUm. cmtPjv Fw.-B¿.
h¿Ø-am-\-Ime sNdp-I-Ym-km-lnXyw bph-I-Ym-
Ir-Øp-I-fpsS cN-\-Iƒ sIm≠v hyXy-kvX-amb
kuµ-cym-\p- q-Xnbpw Bi-b-tem-Ihpw ]Zm\w sNøp-
∂p-≠v. BZy-Ime IY-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ efn-Xhpw
hnt\m-Z-hp-amb Ah-X-cW mjbpw lmky-hp-sa√mw
]pXnb temI-I-a-Øn¬ \qX-\-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°-
s∏-Sp-tºmƒ kwkvIm-c-sØbpw kmln-Xy-sØbpw
kw_-‘n® hnK-l-_nw-_-߃ XI¿∂-Sn-bp-∂p.
\thm-∞m-\-aq-ey-ß-fpsS ]cn-Wm-ahpw aX- -h¿§ob
kwL-S-\-I-fpsS apt∂-‰hpw IΩyq-WnÃv Bi-b-ß-
fnepw ]tbm-K-ß-fnepw D≠m-Ip∂ ]pXp-]-h-W-X-
Ifpw ka-Im-enI sNdp-I-Ysb kPo-h-ambn CS-s]-
Sm\pw ]p\¿\n¿Ωn-°m\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p-≠v.
\ho\ Im^v‰pw ]ta-b-hp-amWv Poh-\p≈ IY-
Iƒ°v apJy-amb Imc-W-߃. \ne-hn-en-cp∂ kmln-
Xy- m-j-bpsS hn]p-eo-I-cWw C∂p IY-I-fn¬ \S-
°p-∂p-≠v. AXn-\m¬ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS ImesØ
IY-I-fn¬ IS-∂p-h-cmØ mj-bpsS sshhn-[y-߃
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
1002010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
101
temI-Øns‚ kmº-Øn-Im-h-ÿ-sbbpw Pohn-X-sØbpw ZmcnZyØnem-
gvØp∂ Km v Icm¿ krjvSn-°p-∂-]-Xn-k‘n XcWw sNøp-hm-\p≈
ia-amWv A¿∞-im-kvX-Øn-t‚Xv. \m´n≥]p-d-Øp-Im-c≥ Ah-cpsS mj-
bn¬ Km v Icm¿ N¿® sNøp-tºmƒ kw -hn-°p-∂Xv BtKm-f-amb A[n-
\n-th-i-sØ-t∏mepw ]mtZ-in-I-ambn tXm¬∏n-°-\m-hp-sa-∂m-Wv. F∂m¬
_u≤nI taJ-e-bnse A[n-\n-thiw a\p-jys\ Ffp-∏-Øn¬ IogS-
°m≥ km[n-°p∂ X¥-am-Wv. Ipkp-a-Ip-amcn ""Rm≥ ∂tew tPm¿Pp-
Ip- n-®m-bs\ skm]v\w-I-≠o\'' F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ tPm¿Pp-Ip- n-bpsS
adp-]Sn t\m°pI : "]Xp-s°-∏d s‚ Ipkp. ™n Zv C°-tWm-an-Ãns‚
te‰Ãv Cjyp hmbn-®nt√ ? Km v N¿® H∏m-°n-b∏w Hcp \nbaw D≠-
tX. Fs¥∂m¬ HcmfpsS A\p-hmZw IqSmsX A]-c≥ Abm-fpsS
kz]v\w ImWp-∂Xv _u≤nI kzØ-h-Im-i-Øns‚ ewL-\-am-Ip-∂p.
Ω°v CXvt\m-sSmcv C‚-e-IvNz¬ HmWÃn ImWn-°-t≠s‚ Ipkq.''
Pohn-X-Øns‚ ka-kvX-ta-J-e-I-fnepw A[n-\n-thiw AXns‚ sh≈-
s°mSn \m´n-bn-cn-°pI F∂ Nn¥ Cu IY Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p.
"se_-t\m¨' F∂ IY-bn¬ temI-hym-]-I-ambn \S-°p∂ Ata-cn-
°≥ A[n-\n-th-i-Øns‚ NnXw tIc-fob kaq-l-Øn¬ hym]-I-ambn
kzm[o-\n-°p-∂Xv hnh-cn-°p-∂p. Nm\-ep-I-fn¬ \nc-¥cw ImWp∂
A vKm≥ ]iv\w, Ckm-b¬ BI-a-Ww, CdmJv BI-aWw F∂n-h-
sb√mw hy‡n-a-\- p-Isf Akz-ÿ-am-°p-∂p-sh∂pw AXn-\m¬ se_-
t\m-Wns‚ ZpxJw \mSns‚ ZpxJ-ambn Gs‰-Sp-t°≠Xns‚ Ime-L´w
h∂-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw D≈ kqN-\-Iƒ Cu IY apt∂m´p shbv°p-
∂p-≠v. BtKmf hnj-b-߃ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ am[y-a-߃ hgn cq]-
s∏-Sp∂ kaql a\x-im-kvX-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ tXSp-hm-\pw Cu IY ian-
°p-∂p.
"temdm \o FhnsS' F∂ sNdp-IY P\-]nb ]W-b-kn-\n-a-bpsS
ssien-bn¬ hmbn-°m-hp∂ coXn-bn¬ Fgp-X-s∏- -Xm-Wv. kn\n-a-bpsS
Zriy-ßsf Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°m-hp∂ hn[-ap≈ BJym-\-am-Wn-Xv. ]W-bw, Zpc-
¥w, ]I F∂n-h-sb√mw IS∂p hcp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w P\-]nb kn\n-a-I-
fnse Km\w sNdp-I-Y-bpsS inev]sØ hyXy-kvX-am-°p-∂p. "Pqdm-knIv
]m¿°v', "F∂nt´m' F∂o IY-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ kn\n-a-bpsS ]mTm-¥-c-
_-‘-߃ am[y-a-tI-µn-X-amb ]pXnb kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ hmb-\-bpsS
hyXykvX A¿∞-߃ apt∂m- p-sh-bv°m-hp-∂-h-bm-Wv. F∂nt´m F∂
IY-bn¬ ln®vtIm°v IS-∂p-h-cp-tºmƒ ImgvN-°m-cs\ hnd-∏n-°p∂
kkvs]≥kv NnX-ß-fpsS amXncn tIc-fhpw hnd-bv°p-∂p. kn\n-a-bn-eq-
sSbpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambpw temI-P-\-Xsb hnd-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂
hp-am-°p-sa-¶nepw Acm-jvSo-b-Xbpw A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ ]mZ-tk-hbpw
]pe¿Øp-∂-h-bm-bm¬ Ah ]n¥≈s∏Sp-I-Xs∂ sNøp-sa-∂p≈ Hm¿Ω
B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c sNdp-I-Ym-Ir-Øp-Iƒ°p-≠m-th-≠-Xm-Wv.
ChnsS ]T-\-Øn-s\-Sp-°p∂ _n. apc-fn-bpsS IYm-k-am-lm-c-߃
Dº¿t´m Ft°m, ]qap-Sn-s°- -gn-™Xpw ]pjv]-Pmew sImgn-™-Xpw,
tImS-Xn-h-cm-¥-bnse Im vI, t]mt´m-tkm-h, sN¥o-t]m-semcp amem-
J, lcn-X-ssh-inIw F∂n-h-bm-Wv. P\-]n-b-amb ssien-sb∂p
tXm∂p∂ `mjbpw ]ta-bhpw kzoI-cn®v h¿Ø-am-\-k-aq-l-Øns‚
hyXy-kvX-X-Isf AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\p≈ ia-ß-fmWv _n. apc-fn-bpsS
IY-Iƒ. ss]¶n-fn-km-ln-Xyhpw kn\n-abpw lmkyhpw B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c
ssk≤m¥nIcpw IYm-]-cn-ksØ sshhn-≤y-am¿∂-Xm-°p-∂p. Dº¿t´m
Ft°m, s]sÆ-gpØ,v \ap°p Np‰p-ap≈ Pohn-Xw˛Hcp ZfnXv s^an-\nÃv
]p\¿hm-b-\, tImSXn hcm-¥-bnse Im vI F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ Xe-s°-
´p-I-fn¬ Xs∂ ae-bm-f-IY ioen-®n- n-√mØ ]pØ≥ hnj-b-ßfpw
kmwkvIm-cn-I-]-iv\-ßfpw hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-h-bm-Wn-sX∂ [z\n hcp-
∂p-≠v.
Dº¿t´m Ft°m F∂ IY hyh-ÿm-]n-X-amb coXn-bn¬ hmbn®p
sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v hgn-amdn hmbn-°p-Ibpw Nn¥n-°p-Ibpw
sNøp∂ kpPm-X-bpsS kzXz-Øns‚ am‰-amWv ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. hmb-\-
bnepw Ima-\-bnepw D≠m-Ip∂ am‰w F∂Xv ]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy-io-e-ß-
fpsS ]mc-º-cy-aq-ey-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hnt—-ZsØ ImWn-°p-∂Xpw IqSn-
bmWv. kmln-Xy-Ønepw kwkvIm-c-Ønepw D≠m-Ip∂ am‰-Øns‚ IqSn
_nw_-amWv Dº¿t´m Ft°m. antj¬ qt°mbpw sdmfmMv _m¿Øpw
Hs° hmbn-°-s∏-Sp∂ B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c ⁄m\-]-cn-k-c-sa-∂Xv kmln-
XysØ tIhew kuµ-cym-fl-I-ambn ImWp∂ H∂-√m-sb∂pw GsXmcp
IrXnbpw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ A[n-Im-c-_-e-X-¥-ßsf Cg-]n-cn-s®-Sp-t°≠
Ime-L- -Øns‚ A\n-hm-cy-X-sb-bm-WXv Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂-sX∂pw Xncn-
®-dn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. AXp-sIm≠v ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ emh-Wy-bp-‡n-I-fn¬
IpSp-ßn-t∏mb cma-Ir-jvW≥ Ah-km\w At\z-jn-°p-∂Xv IÆ-»-cm-
am-bWw Bbn-t∏m-Ip-∂Xv IY-bnse \mb-Is‚ Zpc-¥-am-bn-t∏m-Ip-∂p.
t]mÃv tamtU¨ Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\mb Dº¿t´m Ft°m ssk≤m-¥n-I-
amb cwKØpw it≤-bm-I¿jn-®-bm-fmWv. sNdp-I-Y-bn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-
Sp∂ \nc-h[n ssk≤m-¥n-I-cpsS t]cp-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv amdn-s°m-
≠n-cn-°p∂ kmlnXy kmwkvIm-cnI taJ-e-I-fpsS Nn”-am-bm-Wv.
BtKm-f-h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚ e-ambn \m -dn-hp-Iƒ Ih¿s∂-Sp-°p∂
ka-Im-en-Im-h-ÿ-bpsS apJ-amWv A¿∞-imkvXw F∂ IY. aq∂mw
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
1022010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
103
Xz-Zpx-J-a√ C°m-eØp ImWp-∂-sX-¶nepw \Ω-f-dn-bmØ, \sΩ \nb-
¥n-°p∂, Iogvs]-Sp-Øp-hm≥ ian-°p∂ A[n-Im-c-i-‡n-I-sf-bm-Wv,
Ah krjvSn-°p∂ A\-¥-amb ]oU-\-ap-d-I-fmWv AkvXn-Xz-Zpx-J-ap-≠m-
Ip-∂-Xv.
Pohn-X-bm-Ym¿∞y-ßsf kXy-k-‘-ambn ]Xn- -en-∏n-°p-Itbm
AX-s√-¶n¬ Ahbv°p ]nd-In¬ ad-™n-cn-°p∂ At_m-[-k-Ø-Isf
shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm AXp-a-s√-¶n¬ `mh-\m-fl-I-amb Hcp A\y-tem-
IsØ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Itbm sNøp∂ coXn°p ]Icw kmln-Xy-N-cn-X-
Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Fgp-Øp-Imcpw hmb-\-°mcpw IYm-]m-X-ßfpw
HØp-tN¿∂v A`n-\-bn-°p∂ \mS-Iob cwK-ßsf Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-h-
bmWv _n. apc-fn-bpsS Nne IY-Iƒ F∂ hn.-kn. ioPs‚ A`n-]mbw
hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂Xv ]pXnb IY-Iƒ kwhm-Z-am-°p∂ ]mTm-¥-c-_-‘-ß-
sf-bm-Wv. ]mTm-¥-c-_-‘-߃ \o´n-sh-bv°-s∏-Sp∂ At\Iw hmb-\-
°m¿°pw A¿∞-߃°pw hgn Xcp-∂p. ]mTm-¥-c-_-‘-߃ Ncn-X-
Øns‚ hncp-t≤m-‡n-Iƒ°pw A]\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂-Xp-
hgn h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øns‚ cq£-hn-a¿i-\-ß-fmbpw IY-Iƒ amdp-∂-
Xn\v kml-N-cy-sam-cp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
hmb-\bpw Ima-\bpw tN¿s∂m-cp-°p∂ ]iv\-a-WvUew Bhn-jvI-
cn-°p∂ \nc-h[n IY-I-sf-°p-dn®v hn.kn. lmcokv hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.
kvXo ]pcpj ]W-b-ß-fn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ hmb-\-Iƒ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-
°p∂ C≥^¿ta-j≥ kaq-l-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-am-
sW∂v "Beokv C≥ h≠¿em‚ v', "acn-bp-hm\', s]sÆ-gpØv' XpS-
ßnb \nc-h[n IY-Iƒ At\z-j-W-hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂p-≠v.
kvt\lw, kulr-Zw, ]Wbw F∂n-h-bpsS amdn-h-cp∂ kz`m-h-Øn¬
BIp-e-cm-ImsX h¿Ø-am-\-Øn¬ Pohn-°m≥ ian-°p-∂-h-cmbn temIw
amdn-b-Xns‚ BJym-\-amWv " c≠v Imev]-\n-I-cmb bphm-°ƒ ÃmNyp
PwKvj-\n¬ sNt°m-hns‚ IYm-]m-XsØ I≠-t∏mƒ' ]W-b-Øn\p
th≠n [oc-Xbpw XymKhpw sNøp∂ Imev]-\n-I-cpsS Imew Ah-km-
\n-®n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ Xo£vW Ah-ÿ-I-fn-te°v
Cdßn ht∂ aXn-bm-Iq-sh∂pw Cu IY km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. ]n.-
F-kv.-kn. F∂ IY-bn¬ ]W-b-Øn-\n-S-bnepw Cu sSÃn-se-¶nepw ]m m-
hp-Ibpw tPmen-In´n c£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøm≥ km[n-°p-tam-sb∂ Nn¥-
bmWv \mbn-Isb _m[n-°p-∂-Xv. \mb-I\pw At∏mƒ Pohn-X-bm-
Ym¿∞ysØ I¨ap-∂n¬ ImWp-∂p-≠v. F\n°v b-¶-c-ambn hni-°m≥
Bcw- n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. t]m°-‰n¬ Hcp akme tZmi-bv°p≈ Imti-bp-≈q.
Chsf ÃmNyq-hn¬ hnSp-Ibpw thW-a-t√m. kmº-ØnI Ak-a-Xz-
H∂mw temI-i-‡n-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ A[n-Im-c-tI-µo-I-c-W-Øn-\mbn Cd-
ßn-Øn-cn-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Znt\m-km-dp-I-fpsS ]p\-cm-hn-jvI-c-W-Øn-eqsS
kv]n¬_¿Kv Pqdm-knIv ]m¿°n¬ temI-P-\-Xsb oXn-bpsS apƒap-\-
bn¬ \n¿Øp-∂p. A[n-\n-th-i-Øns‚ ]pXnb am¿§-߃ tXSn-bp≈
bmX-bn-emWv (]p-Xnb kkvs]≥kv tXSn-bp≈ ln®vtIm-°ns‚ hc-
hv) apX-em-fn-Ø-cm-Py-߃. AXn\v G‰hpw D]-bp-‡-amb Bbp-[-am-bn-
´mWv Ah¿ Zriy-am-[y-a-ßsf D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. Zriy-am-[y-a-kw-kvIm-
c-Øns‚ kzm[o-\-Øm¬ C∂v kmlnXyw AXns‚ cq]-Øn¬ am‰w
h∂v AXn-I-Y-I-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-coXn kzoI-cn-°p-∂p. Hcp IY-bn¬ IY-
sb∂ \ne-bv°p≈ AXns‚ AkvXn-XzsØ B IY-bn¬ Xs∂ k¶-
ev]n-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ kmam-\y-ambn AXv AXn-I-Y-bm-sW∂v ]dbmw. _n.
apc-fn-bpsS IY ]d-®n-en¬ Cu kz`mhw ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c kn≤m-¥-߃ IY-Iƒ t]mse Xs∂ BJym\-
ß-fm-sW∂p Icp-Xp∂ kz`m-h-Øns‚ t\cnb kqN-\-Iƒ _n. apc-fn-
bpsS IY-Iƒ hmbn-°p-tºmƒ tXm∂m-dp-≠v. kn≤m-¥-߃ BJym-\-
ß-fn¬ \n∂v n∂-an-√m-sb∂ Adnhv IY-sb-gp-Øns\ hyXy-kvX-am-°p-
∂p. "\ap°p Np‰p-ap≈ Pohn-Xw, Hcp ZfnXv s^an-\nÃv ]p\¿hm-b\'
F∂ sNdp-IY Pohn-Xhpw kmln-Xy-kn-≤m-¥-ßfpw FX-amXw IqSn-
°p-g™p InS-°p-I-bmWv F∂-Xns‚ ]kvXm-h-\m-]-c-]-amb BJym-\-
co-Xn-bn¬ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏- -Xm-Wv. kvXo ZfnXv ]iv\-ßsf apJy-[m-c-bn-
te°v sIm≠p-h-c-W-sa∂v BK-ln-°p-tºmgpw At_m-[-]-c-ambn ]pcp-
jm-[n-]-Xy-hy-h-ÿ-bp-sSbpw kh¿Æ-X-bp-tSbpw kz`mhw ImWn-°p∂
kmwkvIm-cn-Im-h-ÿ-tbm-SmWv Cu IY kwh-Zn-°p-∂-Xv.
""tImSXn hcm-¥-bnse Im vI'' F∂ sNdp-IY XpS-ßp-∂Xv Cß-
s\-bmWv : "ctai≥ \mb¿°v A_-≤-߃ ]nW-bp-∂Xv km[m-c-W-bm-
Wv. Bh-iy-an-√mØ Imcy-ß-fn¬ tIdn CS-s]-Sp∂ B \mS≥ a´p-≠-
t√m. AXp-Xs∂. Cu CS-s]-S-ep-I-fp-sS-sbms° ]Xn- ew Gsd-°-gn-
™mWv At±-lsØ tXSn-h-cnI'. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS AkvXn-Xz-Zpx-Jhpw
t]dn kmaq-ly-amb ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v amdn \S-°p∂ hy‡n-b√
cta-i≥\m-b¿. Hcp a[y-h¿§ k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿs‚ cmjvSo-b-t_m[w
ImØp-kq-£n-°p∂ cta-i≥\m-b¿°v e`n-°p∂ ka-≥kv A\-¥-ambn
\sΩ th -bm-Sp∂ `c-W-IqS bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ cq]-I-ambn hnI-kn-
°p-∂p. c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s‚bpw c-W-h¿§-Øn-s‚bpw Xm¬]-cy-߃°-\p-
kr-X-ambn `cWw \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ C°m-eØv Im^vI-bpsS
AkvXn-Xz-Zpx-Jhpw cta-i≥\m-b-cpsS ka≥kpw c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ A[n-
Im-csØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ H∂m-Wv. F∂m¬ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS AkvXn-
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
1042010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
105
kmkvIm-cn-I-cw-KØp h∂n-cn-°p∂ Cu am‰-߃ hn]-Wn-bpsS tIµo-
Ir-X-kz- m-h-߃°-\p-kr-X-am-sW-∂p≈ kXyw \ntj-[n-°m-\m-hn-√.
temI-k-aq-l-Øns‚ kmº-Øn-I-I-a-Øn¬ h∂ am‰w F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ
kmwkvIm-cn-I-cw-KØp h∂ am‰-amWv CXn\v ASn-ÿm-\w.
"sN¥o-t]m-semcp amemJ' bn¬ Imev]-\n-I-amb ]W-b-Øn-te°v
BI¿jn-°-s∏-Sp∂ bphmhv c‡-km-£n-a-WvU]w Ian-Xm-hp-am-bp≈
kam-K-a-Øn\v Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p. el-cn-bn¬ apgpIn Id-ßn-\-S-°p∂
bphm-hn\v ]Wbw Xebv°v ]nSn® hnπ-h-Im-cn-Iƒ Dd-ßp-∂-bnSw Xs∂
kam-K-a-Øn\v Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ ]Wbw hnπ-h-sa∂v tXm∂n-tb-
°mw. IYm-\m-bn-I-bpsS Ihn-X-bn¬ apgp-Ip-∂Xpw hnπ-h-kva-c-W-I-fm-
Wv. tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-Øn¬ Dd-ßn-°n-S-°p∂ Ncn-XsØ ]pXnb Xe-
apd kvacn-°p-∂-Xp-amhmw Cu Imev]-\n-I-]-Wb-Øn-eqsS sNøp-∂-Xv.
kuaysb ImWp-∂-Xn\v tlm -en¬ Hcp U_nƒ dqw FSp-°p-∂-Xns\°p-
dn®v tPm∏≥ BZyta Adn-bmsX Hm¿ØXpw ]n∂oSv CXv ]W-bhpw
Ihn-X-bp-am-sW∂v "Xncn-®-dn™v' c‡-km-£n-a-WvU-]-Øn-\-SpØv ImWm-
sa∂pw ]d-bp-tºmƒ kzXz-Øns‚ hn`n-∂-ap-J-ß-sf-bmWv ImWp-∂-Xv.
ÿe-Im-e-߃°pw kµ¿ -߃°p-a-\p-k-cn®v Fß-s\bpw amdm-hp∂
kzXz-Øns‚ sshhn-[y-߃ C∂p \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂v Cu IY
hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v.
hntZ-iØp \S-Øp∂ Hcp Ifn-bpsS amXr-I-bn¬ Chn-sS, ]pcp-j-
∑m-cpsS IÆp-Iƒ aqSn-s°- p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS apºn-eqsS kpµ-cn-I-fmb
kvXoIƒ \S∂p t]mIp-tºmƒ ]pcp-j≥ kvXosb kv]¿in®v Adn-b-
Ww. HXp-ßnb Ac-s°- p≈ iin-I-esb IqSp-X¬ t]cpw kv]¿in®v
Adn-bp-∂p. kvXoi-co-csØ kw_-‘n®v B[p-\n-IX \n¿Ωn-s®-SpØ
k¶-ev]-\-ß-fmb ico-c-Øns‚ A®-S-°w, DS-a-ÿ-X, kuµcyw F∂n-
h-sb√mw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw ⁄m\-]-c-hp-amb IS-∂p-h-c-hns‚ ^e-
ambpw hn]-Wn-tI-µn-X-amb aqey-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS e-ambpw am‰-߃°v
hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂p. kuµcyw Xpd∂p ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂Xp Xs∂, kzoI-cn-
°-s∏-Sp∂ Ie-bmbpw amdp-∂p. icocw kzoIm-cy-ambn ]Z¿in-∏n-°p∂
CS-߃ D≠m-bn-cn-s°-Øs∂ CØcw ]Z¿i\w s]mXp-a-WvU-e-Øn-
te°v Cd-ßn-h-cp-tºmƒ apX-em-fnØw CXn\v ]q¿Æ ]n¥pW \¬Ip-
∂p. ico-c-]-Z¿i\w kmaq-ly- -km-º-ØnI D∂-Xn-I-fpsS ]Xo-I-ambn
amdp-tºmƒ, "iin-Ie Hcp A«o-e-i-cocw' F∂ sNdp-IY ]pcp-jm-[n-]-
Xy-io-e-߃ Iq´n-bp-d-∏n®p \n¿Ønb k¶-ev]-ß-fn-emWv hn≈-ep-Iƒ
hogvØp-∂-Xv.
"lcn-X-ssh-inIw' F∂ IY c≠v thiy-I-fpsS hy‡n-Xzm-\p- -h-
Øns‚bpw D]- m-Km-k-‡n-bp-sSbpw temI-Øn¬ ]Wbw ]pXnb aqey-
hy-h-ÿ-I-fp-≠m-°p-∂p. sagpIp ]W-bw, s]mbv XpS-ßnb IY-I-fn¬
ImWp-∂Xpw Ft∏mƒ thW-sa-¶nepw Hgn-bm-hp-∂, Bflm¿∞-X-I-fn-
√m-Ø, kz¥w \ne-\n-ev]n\p th≠n Hgn-∏n-°m-hp∂ ]W-b-Øns‚ ]pXn-
b apJ-ß-fm-Wv. ]W-b-sa∂ kmaq-ln-I-_-‘-߃ Ncn-X-]-c-ambpw
kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambpw ]cn-Wmaw kw`-hn®psIm≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂
hkvXp-X-bmWv Cu IY-Iƒ A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv.
kvXo]p-cp-j-_‘w, kulr-Zw, Zmº-Xyw, ]Wbw Ch-bpsS hgn-
Iƒ ]cn-Nn-X-am-sW∂v GXm-s≠√m IYm-hm-b-\-°mcpw Ah-Im-i-s∏-
t -°pw. Ch-bv°p-dn-s®ms° ]d-bp∂ FX-sbX IY-I-fp≠v F∂ Adn-
hns‚ _e-Øn-emWv Ah¿ Aßs\ ]d-bp-I. F∂m¬ Cu ]mc-ºcyw
\ne-\n¬°th Xs∂ Cu hnj-b-ßsf kw_-‘n®v k¶o-¿-WX apgp-
s°bpw Agn™p t]mbn- n-√. kzXz-kw-L¿j-Øns‚ A≤ym-b-߃
XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv. bmYm¿∞y-Øn¬ \n∂v `am-fl-I-X-bn-te°v XpSsc
\oßn, GXmWv `aw GXmWv \nPw F∂p-d-∏n-°m-\m-hmsX k¶-s∏-
Sp∂ IY-Iƒ Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ D≠m-hp-∂p-≠v. "eXn-I-bpsS hncp-∂p-
Im¿' "Hcp A]-[m\ kw -h-Øns‚ hnNm-cW' F∂o IY-I-fn¬ Cu
A¥-co-£-am-Wp-≈-Xv. apgpØ Hcp kw -h-Øns‚ \mS-Io-I-cWw \S-
Øp-∂-Xn\p ]Icw ]Xn-I-c-W-ß-fpsS `n∂-Pm-Xo-bX FgpXn hbv°p-
∂-Xn-emWv Cu IY-Iƒ i≤n-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v "sN¥o-t]m-semcp
amemJ' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ ]T-\-Øn¬ C.-]n. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥ \nco-
£n-°p-∂p-≠v. AXym-[p-\nI kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bm¬ \n¿Ωn-X-amb am[y-
a-ß-fmepw hmWn-Py-ÿm-]-\-ß-fmepw cq]-s∏´ I¿XrXz \n¿ΩnXn
kvXo/]pcpj ]W-b-ßsf \nc-¥cw ]cn-Wm-a-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°n-s°m-
≠n-cn-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v ]W-b-sa-∂Xv am¿°‰v \ne-hm-c-Øn-\-\p-kr-
X-ambn Ft∏mgpw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ H∂mbpw Icp-Xm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
kulr-Zhpw Zmº-Xyhpw ]W-b-hp-sa√mw Ncn-X-]-c-ambn cq]w sIm≠n-
´p-≈Xpw \nc-¥cw ]pXp-°n-∏-Wn-Xp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb kmaq-ly-_-
‘-ß-fm-Wv. "t]m' F∂ IY-bnse apIp-µs\ £oWn-°msX ]W-
bn®psIm≠n-cn-°p∂ NµnI s]m -j-W¬ Bb Imap-In-bm-Wv. (c-a-
W-\nse Nµn-Isb ChnsS Hm¿°mw) NµnI F∂ t]cp-hgn kmln-
Xy-Ønse ]W-b-N-cn-X-Øns‚ Xs∂ hna¿i-\-ambpw IY amdp-∂p-
≠v. imco-cn-I-ambpw am\-kn-I-ambpw kwXr]vXn Xcp∂ s]m -j-W¬
]W-bn-\n-Iƒ e`y-am-Ip-∂Xpw kzoIr-X-am-Ip-∂-Xp-amb kwkvImcw "A\-
izcamb ]W-b-k-¶-ev]-ß-fpsS XI¿®-I-fp-tS-Xp-am-Wv. \nan-j-ß-fpsS
ssZ¿Lyw Xs∂ AXn\p hep-Xm-Wv. BtKm-f-hym-]-I-am-bn-Øs∂
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
1062010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
107
t\-XrXzw he-Xp-]-£-h¬°-c-W-]m-X-bn-eqsS \oßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-
Wv. "Nh¿Kw Xme-hytam' F∂ IY CØ-c-Øn¬ hnπ-h-∏m¿´nIfpsS
]Xy-b-im-kvX-Øn¬ h∂ ]cm-P-b-sØ-bmWv ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ]Xy-
b-imkvXw Xpd-∂-Sn®p ]d-bp-∂-Xns‚ Imew Xo¿∂p. C\n AXv \nKq-
V-ambn ]d™p hbv°m≥ t\m°-Ww. As√-¶n¬ \mW-t°-Sm-Wv. I¿j-
I¿°pw sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°pw FXnsc \nb-a-ßfpw \S-]-Sn-Ifpw hcp-
tºmƒ AXn\v A\p-hmZw sImSp-°p∂ kwL-S-\-bmbn IΩyq-WnÃv
]ÿm\w amdp-∂p. 1968 ¬ ^m≥knse Iem]w hnZym¿∞n-I-fmWp
\bn-s®-X-¶nepw c-W-Iq-SsØ ]nSn-®p-e-bv°p∂ H∂mbn AXv amdn-bn-
cp-∂p. Iem]w ]cm-P-b-s∏-s -¶nepw AXn¬ \n∂pw ]e ]mT-ßfpw ]Tn-
t°-≠-Xp-≠v. hmb-\-bn¬ \S-°p∂ hnπ-h-tØ-°mƒ henb hnπ-h-߃
ChnsS \S-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. `mjm-]-c-amb N¿®-Isf tIhew hymI-c-W-
kw-_-‘n-bmb ]iv\-ß-fn-te°v HXp-°p-Ibpw (C-hnsS Acm-jvSo-b-
h¬°cWw F∂ A¿∞w sImSp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.) mj Hcp kwkvIm-
c-am-sW∂pw P\-X-bm-sW-∂p-ap≈ bmYm¿∞yw ad∂p sIm≠p s]cp-
am-dp-∂Xv ]Xn-tem-a-]-c-hp-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v "Nh¿Kw Xme-hytam'
F∂Xv ]Xy-b-imkvX \ne-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ \n∂v amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ CS-
Xp-kw-L-S-\-I-fpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Isf ]cn-lm-k-hn-t[-b-am-°p∂ sNdp-I-Y-
bmbn amdp-∂p.
_n. apc-fn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ Acm-jvSo-b-kz- mhw hni-Z-ambn
N¿®-sN-tø-≠-Xm-Wv. kaqlw IqSp-X¬ Acm-jvSo-b-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´p
sIm≠n-cn-°p-tºmƒ AXns‚ bmYm¿∞y-sØ-bmtWm IYm-IrØv
At\z-jn-t°-≠X.v AtXm Acm-jvSo-b-amb kaq-l-sØ-bmtWm Bhn-
jvI-cn-t°-≠-Xv ? CØcw Nn¥-Iƒ \ne-\n-evs°-Øs∂ amdn-h-cp∂ sNdp-
I-Ym-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ Fgp-Ønepw hnj-b-kzo-I-c-W-Ønepw apc-fn-bpsS
IY-Iƒ hyXy-kvXX ]pe¿Øp-∂p-s≠-∂Xv bmYm¿∞y-am-Wv.
ßfpw kvt\lsØ ]c-kv]cw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-s‚bpw Bhn-jvIm-c-ß-
fm-Wv. c-W-Iq-Shpw ]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy-k-aq-lhpw kvXoI-fpsS ta¬ sNep-
Øp∂ AXn-I-a-߃°n-S-bnepw Pohn-°m≥ ]mSp-s]-Sp∂ s]mXp-k-aq-
l-Øn¬ _ln-jvIr-X-cmb ssewKn-I-sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS Ahÿ ZpjvI-
c-am-Wv. s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øns‚ \nIr-jvS-amb s]cp-am-‰-Ønepw \n -lm-
b-cmb Ah¿ ]c-kv]cw ZpxJ-߃ ]¶p-sh-bv°m≥ ian-°p-∂p. ]me-a-
c-t®m- nse b£n-sb-t∏mse ]Xn-Imcw sNøm-\-√m, Pohn-°p-hm-\m-W-
h¿ AhnsS \n¬°p-∂-Xv. kaq-l-Øns‚ ]e XcØnep≈ Ak-a-Xz-
ß-fpsS ]cn-W-X- -e-amWv Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-sa∂v "lcn-X-ssh-inIw'
F∂ IY-bn-eqsS a\- n-em-°mw.
Ce-IvtSm-WnIv kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS ^e-ambn kaqlw amdp-∂-
Xns‚ kqN-\-I-fmWv ssk_¿ IY-Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Nm‰¬a-g-
bnse GImIn C -sa-bnepw Nm‰nßpw tN¿∂ C‚¿s\‰v kwkvIm-c-
Øns‚ hyXykvX ]iv\-ßsf IY-bn¬ ]ta-b-am-°p-∂p. ÿe- -Im-e-
-enw-K-t -Z-߃ C√m-Xm-°n, ambn-I-tem-I-Øns‚ el-cn-bn-te°v bph-
Xz-Øns‚ BK-l-߃ ]d∂p \S-°p∂ Ime-amWv IYm-¥-co-£-Øn¬
ImWm\m-hp-∂-Xv. ]Xo-Xn-bm-Ym¿∞y-߃ krjvSn-°p∂ temIw am[y-
ao-Ir-X-k-aq-l-Øn¬ Hgn-hm-°m-\m-hmØ bmYm¿∞y-am-Wv.
_n. apc-fn-bpsS IY-I-fnse ÿe-Im-e-ß-fn¬ ImWp∂ sI´n-a-dn-
®n¬ tIc-fo-b-kw-kvIm-c-Øn¬ hn]-Wn, am[yaw F∂nh hgn krjvSn-
°-s∏-Sp∂ ]pXnb ]cn-k-c-sØ-bmWv hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv. Kma-Øn\pw
\K-c-Øn\pw h∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ am‰-߃ Ch-bpsS AXn¿Ønsb
th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ km[n-°mØ Ahÿ krjvSn-°p-Ibpw kzXz-t_m-[-
Øn-\p-≈n¬ Xs∂ hn≈-ep-Iƒ hogvØp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. hy‡n-tI-µn-
Xhpw kmaq-ly-km-l-N-cy-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏ v sshcp-≤y-߃ \nd-™-
Xp-amb kzXz-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ãph¿ v lmƒ ]d-bp-tºmƒ tIµo-Ir-X-amb
kzXz-t_m[w amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂ kqN-\-bm-Wp-≈-Xv. hy‡n-
bpsS GI-Xm-\-amb kzm`m-hsØ am‰n-a-dn-bv°p∂ ÿe-Im-e-ß-fpsS
A\p- -h-]-cn-kcw ChnsS ImWmw. ]Xy-b-im-kvXhpw BtKm-f-h¬°-
c-Whpw cq£-ambn hni-I-e\w sNtø≠ ka-bØv P\-߃ aX-Z¿i-
\-ß-fpsS ]mc-º-cysØ ]pevIp-∂Xpw kzXz-kw-L¿j-Øns‚ AS-bm-
f-am-Wv.
IΩyq-WnÃv ]Xy-b-im-kvX-ß-fn¬ h∂ hyXn-bm-\sØ C∂v
kmln-Xyhpw Zriy-am-[y-a-ßfpw N¿® sNøp-∂p-≠v. BtKm-f-h¬°-c-
W-Øn-s‚bpw A[n-\n-th-i-Øn-s‚bpw ]Xy-b-im-kvX-\n-e-]m-Sp-I-fn-eqsS
kmam-Py-Xz-Øn-s\-Xnsc ka-c-ap-d-Iƒ \S-tØ-≠n-bn-cp∂ CS-Xp-]-£-
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
1082010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
109
ambn t\m°n-°m-Wp-∂-Xns‚ mK-amWv Cu teJ-\w. tIcf kwkv°m-
c-Øn\v apI-fn¬ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏- -h-bmWv Ah-bn¬ it≤-b-amb ]e-Xpw,
1984 ¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏- -XmWv sIm®n-bnse hr£-߃. (30- 6- 84
F∂v Ihn-X-bvs°m∏w tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p). 1980- 89 ImesØ i≤m¿l-
amb ]Øp Ihn-X-I-fn¬ H∂mbn sI. k®n-Zm-\-µ≥ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønb2
Ihn-X-bm-Wn-Xv. ]Ir-Xn-bpsS km∂n-[y-ßsf ]pXnb ]cn-ÿnXn t_m[-
Øn¬ amdn ImWp-∂-Xns‚ I¬]-\m-am-Xr-I-Iƒ I≠p In´p∂ F¨]-
Xnse Ihn-X-I-fn-sem-∂mbn sI.-kn. \mcm-b-W\pw hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p 3.
]mcn-ÿn-Xn-Im-h-t_m-[w, D]-t`mK kwkvImc hncp-≤X F∂n-h-bpsS
t]cn¬ ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏´ cN-\-bm-Wn-Xv. Cu Ihn-
X-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏´ kwkv°m-cnI \ne-]m-Sp-I-fpsS ]p\x-]-cn-tim-
[\ kwK-X-am-Wv. i¶-c-∏n-≈-bpsS c≠m-asØ IhnXm kam-lm-c-Øns‚
t]cpw sIm®n-bnse hr£-߃ F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Ihn-Xbv°v Ihn
\¬Ip∂ ]cn-K-W-\bpw AXn¬ \n∂v hy‡-am-Wv. Cu IhnX-sb°p-
dn®v hna¿i-I¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® A`n-]m-b-߃ kwKln-°mw.
sIm®n-bnse hr£-߃ F∂ Ihn-X-bn¬ \nd™p \n¬°p-∂Xv
Nn¥-bpsS NSp-e-amb thK-a-\p- -hn-°p∂ Ne-\m-flI _nw_-ß-fm-Wv....
hr£-߃ hn]-Wn-bpsS mK-am-hp-tºmƒ tKmX-a-\- ns‚ Hcp-abv°p
]Icw hnL-SnX kzXz-ß-fpsS ]cn-`m¥n kaq-lsØ Iog-S-°p-∂p. A -
b-Øns‚ hncq-]-in-J-c-Øn¬ ssZ\y-Øns‚ ]Xm-I-bm-hp∂ CS-∏-≈nbpw
]qØp-b¿∂ ]mXmf hr£-am-hp∂ ]n.bpw Cu am‰-߃ \n£n-]vX-
amb Iem-Im-cs‚ Bfl-\m-ihpw A¥x-On-Zhpw A\p- -hn-®-h-cm-Wv. Cu
kmaqly hnL-S-\-Øn\v kam-¥-c-amb mj-bnse BJym-\-L-S-\bv°p
am‰-߃ kw`-hn-°p-∂p-≠v.... Hcp ÿeØp \n∂p-sIm≠v apgp-h≥
NnXhpw ImWm≥ \n¿_-‘n-°p∂ dnb-enÃv kt¶-X-a-√, \S∂p ImWp-
∂-Xn-eqsS Zriy-tIµw ASn-°Sn am‰p∂ Aßns\ Zriym-\p- -h-Øn¬
kzbw ]¶m-fn-bm-hm≥ Z¿i-Is\ A\p-h-Zn-°p∂ \mS-Iob kt¶-X-amWv
Ihn ]co-£n-°p-∂-Xv. CXp-sIm-≠mWv sIm®n-bnse hr£-߃ amXn-
cn-bp-s≈mcp Ihn-X-bn¬ Zriy-߃ amdn amdn hcp∂ A\p- -h-ap-≠m-Ip-
∂-Xv.4 sXfn-a-tb-dnb Hcp Imew A\ym-[o-\-s∏-Sp-∂-Xns‚ Ncn-X-amWv
sIm®n-bnse hr£-߃. 5 sIm®n-bpsS ]cn-anX Ncn-X-Øn-eq-sS, AXns‚
]cn-Wma sshcp-≤y-ß-fn-eqsS P∑-tZ-i-Øn\pw hkp-‘-cbv°pw h∂p
tN¿∂ am‰-Øns‚ kam-¥c kXy-߃ IÆm-Sn-bn-se∂t]mse ImWmw.
Im¬]-\nI Krlm-Xp-c-Xtbm `kvao-I-c-W-Xz-ctbm A√ AXnse
A¥¿\m-Zw. ]cn-Wm-asØ [z\n-∏n-°m≥ hr£-ßsf ]Xo-I-am-°p∂
Ihn A\p-jvTn-°p-∂Xv hna-eo-I-cW ]In-b-bmWv 6. sIm®n-bnse hr£-
kwkv°m-chpw kmln-Xyhpw :sIm®n-bnse hr£-߃ ap≥\n-dpØn
Nne \nco-£-W-߃tUm. sI.-sI. inh-Zmkv
kwkv°m-chpw kmln-Xyhpw XΩnse _‘w
sIm≈-s°m-Sp-°ep-tS-Xm-Wv. kwkv°m-csØ Iem-
km-ln-Xym-Zn-Iƒ amX-am°n Npcp-°p∂ kao-]-\hpw
kmln-XysØ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ]c-am-[m-c-ambn
ImWp∂ kao-]-\hpw Ime-l-c-W-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.
kwkv°m-c-amWv kmln-Xy-Øn\v \nZm-\w. AtX
kabw kmlnXyw kwkv°m-csØ krjvSn-°p-I-bpw
sNøp-∂p. kuµ-cyw, A\p- -h-߃ F∂n-hsb ap≥
\ndpØn Ch c≠pw XΩnse _‘w XØz-Nn-¥-
I¿, kwkvIm-c-]-Tn-Xm-°ƒ, \ncq-]-I¿ F∂n-h¿
\n¿≤-cn-°m≥ ian-®n- p-≠v. aX-t -Z-ß-fpsS aWvU-
e-amWv Cu cwKw. Iesb ap≥ \ndp-Øn-bmWv
\osjbpw hmƒ´¿ s_©-an\pw kwkm-cn-®-Xv.
\osj a\p-jym-ÿn-XzsØ Ie-I-fpsS D¬∏-∂hpw
]≤-Xn-bp-ambn I≠-t∏mƒ s_©-an≥ Iesb
AkvXn-Xz-Øns‚ D¬∏-∂hpw ]≤-Xn-bp-ambn ÿm]n-
°p-∂p.1 sI.-Pn. i¶-c-∏n-≈-bpsS Ihn-X-I-fn¬
kwkv°m-c-tØm-Sp≈ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
1102010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
111
\S-°p-∂-Xmbn Ihn ]d-bp-∂p. Ihn-X-bpsS \ma-I-c-Ww, ]Xn-\n-[m-\-
ß-fpsS kz`m-hw, Ime-t_m-[w, `mh\ F∂o LS-I-߃ ]cn-tim-[n-
°p-∂-Xn-eqsS h¿Ø-am-\sØ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°m≥ sIev]p-≈-XmtWm
AXns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI \ne-]mSv F∂v a\- n-em-°mw.
hr£-ß-fpsS \ma-P-]hpw ]Xn-\n-[m-\-Øns‚ ]iv\-ßfpw
IS¬, ]gb XpdapJ߃, Imb-ep-Iƒ a‰p Pe-]m-X-Iƒ, a’y-_-
‘\w F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏ v kmwkv°m-cn-I-X-bpsS Zo¿L-]m-c-
ºcyw sIm®n-°p-≠v. AXn\p apI-fn-emWv ]pXnb sIm®n Dcphw sIm≠n-
´p-≈-Xv. (Cu-Pn-]vXn-te°pw Kokn-te°pw t]mb Nµ\w AXns‚ Awiw
amX-am-Wv) ]qWn-Øpd t]mep≈ Xpd-ap-J-߃ a’y-_-‘\w \S-Øn-
bn-cp∂ hme, Ac-b, ap°ph PmXn-°m¿ / NXp-∏p-I-fnepw Imb¬ \ne-
ß-fnepw Irjn sNbvXn-cp∂ ]pe-b¿ F∂n-ßs\ ]mNo-\-amWv B
kmwkvIm-cn-I-X. cmXn Nq´p-Im´n ao≥ ]nSn-°p-∂-hsc I≠v hnNnX
Pe-Po-hn-I-fm-sW∂v \nt°mtWm tIm≠n (1419 1444) sX‰n-≤-cn-®-Xmbn
sI.-]n. ]fl-\m` tat\m≥ ]d-bp-∂p. 12 kmwkv°m-cnI ]cn-Wm-a-Øn\v
henb XpS-°-an´ ]eXpw BZy-ambn kw -hn-®Xv Cu Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-
bn-emWv. kzcq-]-߃, \mSp-hm-gn-Iƒ, sIm¶n-Wn-Iƒ, ]©m-_n-Iƒ
em‰n≥ InkvXym-\n-Iƒ, PqX-∑m¿, A®Sn, Atem-∏-Xn, Iq\≥ Ipcniv
Iem-]w, Bwt•m C¥y-°m¿, Nhn´p \mS-Iw, IpSpw-_n-Iƒ, ap…o-߃
F∂n-ßs\ _lp-e-amb kmwkv°m-cn-IX hr£-_nw-_sØ Bhn-jvI-
cn-®-Xnse ]tXy-I-X-bm¬ \n m-co-I-cn-°-s∏- p. \ma-߃, cq]-߃,
K‘-߃, i_vZ-߃, kmln-Xyw, FSp-∏p-Iƒ, A\-¥-]-c-ºc F∂n-
ßs\ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ sIm®n-bnse Pohn-X-]-cn-Wmaw P\-X-bpsS
km∂n-[y-an-√m-Ø-Xm-bn-Øo¿∂p.
apX-em-fnØ A\y-h-Xv°-c-Øns‚ ]pI-aq-Sp∂ Zp¿LS ]Xn-k-‘n-
I-fpsS \c-I-ambn Ihn ImWp∂ sIm®n-bnse PohnXw AXns‚ a\p-
jy-km-∂n-[ysØ kPo¿Æ-amb AS-cp-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-
∂-Xv. ]mtZ-in-I- m-j, £-Ww, B -c-W-°-S-Iƒ, sSIvssì tjm∏p-
Iƒ, tÃm°v FIvkvtN-©v, hnt\mZ hyh-kmb tIµ-߃, ab-°p-ap-cp-
∂v, s]¨hm-Wn- w, \mhn-I-tk-\, \nb-a-tI-µ-߃, \nb-a-]m-e-I¿, hml-
\-hyq-l-߃, Kp≠-Iƒ, em≥Uv am^n-b, ]Xw, kn\n-a, hnZym- ymk
ÿm]-\-߃, hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ, _kv Ãm‚ v, sdbn¬th tÃj-\p-Iƒ,
hnam-\-Øm-h-fw, aXw, PmXn, atX-X-c-Xzw, NqXm- w, assd≥ssU-hv,
tÃUn-bw, anan-In-°m¿, Km\-ta-f-°m¿, Fgp-Øp-°m¿, kmaq-ly-]-ÿm-
\-߃, cmjvSob ka-c-߃, bmN-I¿, tcmKn-Iƒ, Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ, IpSn-
sh-≈-k-a-cw, IpSn-sbm-gn-°-en-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ ka-cw, sF.-Sn. taJ-e, hyh-
߃ ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ ]p\¿hm-b-\bpw Ncn-X-tØm-Sp≈ KmV-kw-hm-Z-
hp-am-Wv. NcnXw Hcp ]mT-ambn Ihn-XbpsS BJym-\-L-S-\-bn-te°v
BKncWw sNøp-∂p. tcJob NcnXw Aaq¿Ø-am-bmWv ChnsS ]Xy-
£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. .... sImtfm-Wn-b¬ hncp-≤-amb Hcp (D-]) tZiob kzXz-
Øns‚ ]Xyb-imkvXw sIm≠v Ncn-X-Øns‚ Aaq¿Ø-Xsb AXn-
h¿Øn-°m-\mWv sIm®n-bnse hr£-߃ ian-°p-∂Xv. ico-c-Øns‚
en]n-bn¬ h∂p hncn-bp∂ tZi-s∏-cp-a-I-fn-eqsS hnI-kn-°p∂ Imhy- mj
krjvSn®p sIm≠mWv i¶-c-∏n≈ Cu sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂-Xv. 7 s\dn-
t]mb ]pXp-Im-e-Øn-te-bv°p≈ Ah-tcm-l-W-Øns‚ kqN-\-I-fmWv
sIm®n-bnse hr£-ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. D]-t`m-K-kw-kv°m-c-amWv AXn\p
Imc-Ww. 8 yqU-en-k-Øn¬ \n∂v apX-em-fn-Ø-Øn-te-°p≈ hnIm-k-
Øn¬ Aln-Xmw-i-߃ Hgn-hm-°n-s°m≠v ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS am¿§w Im´p-
Ibpw AXns\ ad®p sIm≠v ]S-cp∂ ]mb-ep-I-sfbpw ]pI-sbbpw
Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ t]cn-∏n-°p∂ Ihn-X-bm-Wn-Xv. 9 i¶-c-∏n-≈-bpsS Ihn-X-
I-fn¬ kmln-Xy-Nn-¥-Iƒ kmln-Xy-tI-µ-a-√m-Xm-bn-Øo-cp-∂Xp ImWmw.
DZm-l-c-W-ambn sIm®n-bnse hr£-ßfpw Nq≠n-°m- -s∏-Sp-∂p. 10 i¶-c-
∏n-≈-°-hn-X-I-fn¬ a[y-h¿§ Pohn-Xhpw kwkv°m-chpw Ipsd Nn”-ß-
fmbpw hymI-c-W-ß-fmbpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-sh∂v sI.-Fw. \tc-µ≥ A`n-
]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p11. a[y-h¿§ Pohn-X-Øn¬ Xa-kv°-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Imcy-߃
\ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv Kp]vX-amb as‰mcp mjm LS-\-bn-em-sW∂v ]d-bp∂
\tc-µ≥ AXp hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂n-√. sIm®n-bnse hr£-߃ At±lw
]cm-a¿in-°p-∂n-√.
Xr°m-°c apX¬ sIm®n Xpd-apJw hsc-bp≈ hgn ]g-s©m√p
t]mse \m´p-sh-fn®w \nd-™-Xm-bn-cp∂ ImeØp \n∂v, hgn-bpsS Ccp-
h-iØpw alm-a-c-߃ \n∂n-cp∂ ImeØp \n∂v ]cn-W-an®v hr£-ß-
fpsS t]X--cq-]-ß-fmbn ]pI-bp-b-cp-∂, ]pI s]cp-Ip∂ ]pXnb Ime-
amWv Cu Ihn-X-bn-ep-≈-Xv. ]pI-bpsS Xpºn-°-øn¬ Aa-cp∂ \K-c-Po-
hn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ DXvI-WvTbpw AXn-s\-Xnsc DW-cm-Ø-h-tcm-Sp≈
]cn-lmkw Ie¿∂ D]-tZ-i-Øn-ep-amWv IhnX Ah-km-\n-°p-∂-Xv.
hr£w F∂ _nw_-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv sIm®n-bpsS kmwkv°m-cnI ]cn-
Wmaw AX-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ⁄m\w, Pohn-Xw, acWw / ]X\w F∂n-
hsb _nw_-h¬°-cn-°m≥ ]uc-kvXy, ]m›mXy kmln-Xy-Øn¬ ]c-
º-cm-K-X-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-XmWv hr£-_nw-_w. thcp-Iƒ, imJ-Iƒ,
Ce-Iƒ, ]q°ƒ F∂n-h-bn-eqsS hr£-_nw_ I¬]\ hyXykvX Imhy-
k-µ¿ -ß-fn¬ hyXykvX A¿∞-߃ ssIh-cn-°p-∂p. tIm[w t]mepw
h‰nb ImeØv Hgn-hp-I-fpsS ]®-hn-d-In-t∑¬ P∑-Zo¿L-amb ih-Zmlw
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
1122010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
113
1341 emWv sIm®n Agn Xpd-∂-sX-∂mWv s]mXp hnizm-kw. F∂m¬
1930 31 Ime-ØmWv I∏-ep-Iƒ°v Xpd∂p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv. apJy Xpd-apJw
F∂ ]Zhn 1936 HmsS-bmWv sIm®n°p e`y-am-b-Xv. t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿
hcp-∂-Xn\v apºp≈ sIm®n cmPy-N-cnXw Adn-bm≥ th≠ tcJm-e-£y-
߃ Cs√∂v sI.-]n. ]fl-\m- -ta-t\m≥. I_mfpw as‰m-cmfpw I≠
sIm®n-sb-∏‰n At±lw ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. 1500 Unkw-_¿ 24 \v sIm®n-bn-
se-Ønb I_mƒ sIm®n F∂Xp \o≠ aW¬ ]tZ-i-amb Zzo]m-
sW∂v ]d-bp-∂p, 16 AXn¬ \nd®p sXßp-I-fp-≠v. CXn-s‚bpw hbv]p-
I-c-bp-tSbpw CS-bn¬ Im¬ssa¬ hoXn-bn¬ Bg-ap≈ ]pg-bp-≠v.
CXn¬°qSn Ac-ssa¬ ta¬t∏m´p t]mbm¬ hfsc hoXn-bp≈ Imb¬
ImWmw. AXp-sX-°p-h-S°v GI-tZiw \qdp-ssa¬kv \of-ap-≠v. sIm®n-
]- Ww ]pg-bpsS h°-ØmWv. B ] -W-Øn¬ Nne aplΩ-Zp-Im¿
]m¿Øn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS hoSp-Iƒ ]c-ºp-sIm≠pw aÆp-sIm≠pw Npacpw
He-∏p-c-bp-am-bn- p-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. A∂v tImhn-e-I-ßfpw t£X-ßfpw
HgnsI bmsXmcp ]pc-Ifpw I√p-sI- nbpw HmSn´pw ]Wn-sN-øn-°p-hm≥
]mSn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. I®-h-S-km-[-\-ß-fpsS c£-bm°n apl-Ω-Zp-Im-cpsS hoSp-
Iƒ°v I¬®p-a-cp-sI- m≥ kΩXw sImSp-Øn-cp-∂p.
thsdm-cmƒ ]d-bp∂p : AXv sIm®n cmPm-hns‚ Xe-ÿm-\-am-Wv.
tImgn-t°mSv \n∂v 19 eoKv (57 \mgn-I) sX°p Hcp \Zn-bpsS h°Øv
ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. ]´Ww hfsc _e-ap-≈Xpw Ahn-SpsØ Xpd-apJw
hfsc hnkvXm-c-ap-≈Xpw I∏-ep-Iƒ c£-tbmsS AhnsS InS-°-Ø-°-
Xp-am-Wv. Np‰p-ap≈ qan XmW-]-tZ-ihpw AXp-]e sNdnb sNdnb Zo]p-
I-fm-bn- mWv InS-°p-∂-Xv. sIm®n-bnse hr£-߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂
kmwkv°m-cnI ]cn-Wm-a-Øns‚ Ncn-X-]-c-amb hni-Zmw-i-߃ sIm®n-
cm-Py-N-cn-X-Øn-ep-≠v. \mb-∑m-¿, apl-Ω-Zo-b¿, sN´n-Iƒ, ap°p-h¿, hme-
∑m¿, ]pe-b¿, PqX¿, sIm¶n-Wn-Iƒ, InkvXym-\n-Iƒ, I®vta-a¨am¿
F∂n-ßs\ hnhn[ P\-X-I-fpsS A[n-hmkw At±lw hnh-cn-°p-∂p.
PmXo-bhpw aX-]-c-hp-amb ta¬Iogv _‘-߃, BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-߃,
h¿Ω-am-cp-tSbpw t]m¿´p-Ko-kv, U®v, Cw•ojv hn`m-K-ß-fp-tSbpw CS-s]-
S-ep-Iƒ, anj-\-dn-am-cpsS ]h¿Ø-\-߃, AXn-eqsS ]cn-W-an® sIm®n
1910 \v tijw cmP-tKm-]m-em-Nmcn XpS-ßnb Znhm≥am¿, hnhn[
sXmgn¬°m-cmb P\-߃, DZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿, cmjvSo-bhpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw
kmwkv°m-cn-I-hp-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ, sdbn¬ tdmUv KXm-KX kuI-
cy-߃, F∂n-h-bn-eqsS ho≠pw amdn. 1943 ¬ mIvSpw 1956 ¬ sslt°m-
S-Xnbpw 1971 ¬ sIm®n imkvX kmt¶-XnI k¿∆-I-em-im-ebpw \ne-
hn¬h-∂p. Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, a´m-t©-cn, t^m¿ v sIm®n F∂o ]gb ap≥kn-
kmb ÿm]-\-߃, aen-\o-I-cW ]ÿm-\-߃, ]cn-ÿnXn kwL-S-
\-Iƒ, tIm¿∏-td-j≥ `c-Ww, Sm^nIv tªm°v, vfm‰v IƒN¿, N¥-
Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ k¶o¿Æ-amb AS-cp-I-fp-≈-Xm-W-Xv. yqU¬ ]q¿∆-
L- -Ønse t\¿h-gn-tb-°mƒ, h¿Øp-fhpw ]c-kv]-c-_-‘n-X-hp-amb
Kq∏p-I-fpsS AS-cp-I-fmWv AXn-∂m-[m-cw.
cq]-]-c-amb N -°q-Sn-\p-≈n¬ sh®v Cu Ihn-X-bn¬ sIm®n-bpsS
kmln-Xy-]m-c-ºcyw CS-∏-≈n, Nß-ºp-g, sshtem-∏n≈n F∂n-ßs\
]Xy-£-ambpw Bim≥, sj√n F∂n-ßs\ ]tcm-£-ambpw IS-∂p-h-cp-
∂p. sI.-]n. Idp-∏≥, sal-_q-_v, hnIvS¿ eo\kv XpS-ßnb kmwkv°m-
cnI hy‡n-Xz-߃ Ak-∂n-ln-X-am-Wv. _nw_ kwhn-[m-\-Øn-se-∂-
t]mse ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnse AwKo-IrX ]mc-º-cy-amWv Ihn Ah-X-cn-
∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥, ]Pm-a-WvU-ew, F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈
taJ-e-Iƒ Ihn-bpsS ]cn-K-W-\m-I-a-߃°v ]pd-Øm-Wv.
ÿe-Im-e-߃ Ihn-X-bn¬
sIm®n F∂ ÿe-cq-]-I-Øn-t∑-emWv Cu IhnX ]mY-an-I-ambn
\ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. sIm®n AXns‚ hn]p-em¿∞-Øn¬ sIm®n-cm-Pyhpw
]cn-an-Xm¿∞-Øn¬ Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√-bnse GXm\pw ]tZ-i-ß-fp-am-
Wv. kap-Z-Øn¬ ]Xn-®n-cp∂ sIm®p-]p-g-bn¬ \n∂v cq]w sIm≠-XmWv
ÿe-\m-a-sa-∂mWv kmam-\y-hn-izm-kw. sIm®gn F∂-Xns‚ Npcp-°-am-
Im-sa∂v kn. ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥13. ]d-bp-∂p. sIm®n Zzo]ns‚ hS-t°-b-
‰Øp amX-am-bn- mWv BZyw ÿe-\maw ÿm\w ]nSn-®-sX∂pw XpS¿∂v
hmWn-Py-_-‘-Øn-eqsS Xpd-ap-J-]-´-W-am-bpw, s]cp-º-S-∏ns‚
Bÿm-\-am-b-tXmsS cmPy-\m-a-am-b-Xmbpw hn.-hn.-sI. hmeØv ]cm-a¿in-
°p-∂p. 14
sIm®n hmW h¿Ω-am¿ F∂ hcn sIm®n-cm-PysØ Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-
∂p-sh-¶nepw Ihn-X-bn¬ apJy-ambpw kpNn-X-am-hp-∂Xv ]cn-an-Xm¿∞-
am-Wv. Kmabv°pw h¿Ω-am¿°pw apºp≈ Ime-amWv BZ¿im-fl-I-ambn
Ihn-X-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Xr°m-°c apX¬ sIm®n-Øp-d-apJw
hsc-bp≈ t\¿hc t]mse hnizmkw \nd™ hgn AXns‚ kqN-I-am-
Wv. Cß-s\-sbmcp hgn-bn-√m-Xn-cp∂ Ime-hp-ap-≠-tX. A°m-eØv
Xr°m°c-hsc Ad-_n-°-S¬ Ib-dn-°n-S-∂n-cp-∂p. (I-S-em-bn-cp-∂) sIm®n-
bn¬ \n∂v Xr°m-°-cbv°v ]¥≠v In.-ao. Zqc-ap-≠v. _n.-kn. 302 ¬
\n∂v XpS-ßp∂ B IYbpw hgn-Ifpw Nß-ºp-g-°mew hsc henb
tISp-Iq-SmsX \ne-\n-∂-Xmbn hmeØv ]d-bp-∂p. Xr°m-°-c-bpsS kuµ-
cy-amWv Nß-ºpg ae-c-Wn-°m-Sp-Iƒ Xnßnb Kma- w-Kn-bmWv Nß-ºpg
1936 ¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv. 15
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
1142010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
115
kln-jvWpX F∂n-hsb Ipdn®v ]d-bp-∂p. D]-cn-Xe kv]¿in-bmb Cu
]T\w kmwkv°m-cnI \ne-]m-Snse Fen-‰-nk-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bm-Wv. amlzm\pw
kndn-b≥ InkvXym-\n-Ifpw sIm¶n-Wn-Ifpw cmP-hw-io-bcpw t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-
Imcpw U®p-Imcpw 1341 se sh≈-s∏m-°hpw _o^p Ign-°p∂ he-Xp-]-
£-°mcpw kwKo-X-⁄cpw amX-ambn sIm®n Npcp-ßp-∂p.
s]dp-°n-Iƒ, t]m°-‰-Sn-°m¿, Iqen-Ø-√p-Im¿, Iq´n-s°m-Sp-∏p-Im¿,
sX≠n-Iƒ, at\m-tcm-Kn-Iƒ, hgn-hm-Wn- -°m¿, thiy-Iƒ, IogvPm-Xn-°m¿,
]c-tZ-in-Iƒ, sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ At[mXew c≠n-SØpw
Ak-∂n-ln-X-am-Wv. Ah-cpsS `mj Htc kabw Bjojv \µnbv°pw
i¶-c-∏n-≈bv°pw A]m-]y-am-Wv. ImXepw ehpw £bn® ]c-ºc a[y-
h¿§-Øns‚ iq\y-Z¿k-\-߃°pw kuµcy ]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ°p-a-∏p-dØv
\nXy Pohn-X-sa∂ \c-IsØ t\cn-Sp-Ibpw AXn-Po-hn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
∂p. At[m aWvU-e-Ønse P\-X-bpsS Akm-∂n-[y-amWv sImtfm-Wn-
b-en-kw, aX-em-fn-Ø-hn-I-k-\-Iaw F∂n-h-bvs°-Xnsc yqU¬ ]q¿∆
emfn-Xy-Øn-te°v kwkv°m-csØ Npcp-°p∂ GI-Im-en-I-X-bmbn
sIm®n-bnse hr£-߃ F∂ Ihn-Xsb AS®p If-™-Xn¬ apJyw.
\K-chpw Ihn `mh-\bpw
1794 ¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏´ hneyw tª°ns‚ "e≠≥' endn-°¬
_meUv F∂ cq]-Øn-eqsS hn]pe hnjbw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. hyh-
km-b-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´ \K-c-Øns‚ At[m-X-e-Im-gvN-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-
°p∂ Cu Ihn-X-sb-°p-dn®pw hyXykvX ho£-W-ß-fp-≠v. hm°p-I-
fpsS DNn-X-amb sXc-s™-Sp-∏n-eqsS Imev]-\nI Ihn-X-bpsS ]cn-anXn
tª°v adn IS-∂p. Zriy-߃, i_vZ-߃ F∂nh hm°p-I-fpsS tbmPn-
∏n-eqsS anI-®-Xm-°p∂p. AXn-eqsS kmaqly kmº-ØnI Ah-ÿ-Iƒ,
kmap-Zm-bnI Xn∑-Iƒ F∂n-h-bvs°-Xnsc IhnX hnI-kn-°p-∂p. tIhew
e≠-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ Ihn-X-bm-ImsX AXn-cp-I-fn-√mØ am\h Zpcn-X-Øn-
te°v [m¿Ωn-I-XbpsS ]n≥_-e-Øn¬ hmb-\-°msc tª°v FØn-°p-
∂p, F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ ho£-W-tØm-sSm∏w A]-cn-Nn-Xs‚ ImgvN-bmWv
e≠≥, hn[n-cq-]-amb kZm-Nmc ]kvXm-h-\-bpsS kzc-amWv AXn-t‚-
Xv, sshhn-[y-an-√mØ ImgvN-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ IhnX \K-c-Øns‚
ÿncw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ km[y-X-Isf NXp-jv]mZ cq]-Øm¬ \n›-
e-am-°p∂p F∂pw hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-≠v.
Nmƒkv t_mZvse-b-dpsS Ihn-X-I-fn¬ ]mcokv \Kcw IS∂p hcp-
∂p. thiy-sb-t∏mse hn¬°p-Ibpw hn¬°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂ H∂mWv
t_mZvse-b¿ Ihn-X-I-fnse \Kc NnXw. kvXo, arXyp F∂o _nw_-
߃ ]mco-kn-t\mSv CS-I-e-cp-∂-Xmbn \ncq-]-I¿ Nq≠n-°m- p-∂p. B[p-
∏m-en-‰n-I-fpw, ]≈p-cpØn. shÆ-e, ssh‰n-e F∂o ]©m-b-Øp-Ifpw
Nne Zzo]p-Ifpw Iq´n-tN¿Øv 1967 ¬ sIm®n tIm¿∏-td-j≥ \ne-hn¬h-
∂p. 1909 ¬ Po¿tÆm≤-cWw \S∂v C∂sØ \ne-hn-te°v amdnb Xr°m-
°c t£Xw CtXm-sSm-∏-ap-≠v. Xpd-ap-JØv \n∂m¬ Xr°m-°c hnf°v
ImWm≥ Ign-bmØ hn[-Øn¬ hf-hp-Iƒ s]cp-Inb kmwkv°m-cnI
]Inb k¶o¿Æ-am-bn-cp-∂p.
\Kc Pohn-XsØ Aip-≤-am-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬, izmkw ap´n-°p∂ Xc-
Øn¬ ]pI hngp-ßp∂ Ime-ambn 1984 ¬ sIm®n amdn-b-Xmbn Ihn
ImWp-∂p. 25 h¿j-߃ Ign-™n´pw sIm®n-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-
Wmaw XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv. sImXpIpw aen-\o-I-c-Whpw s]cp-In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
H∏w Bfp-Ifpw FSp-∏p-Ifpw. 99 ¬ hnam-\-Øm-hfw \ne-hn¬ h∂p.
At[m-tem-Ihpw kmt¶-Xn-I-Xbpw ]cn-W-an-®p. a[y-h¿§ Pohn-Xhpw D]-
t`m-K-kw-kv°m-chpw ]Xn-∑-S-ßm-bn. A\y-kw-ÿm\ sXmgn-em-fn-Iepw
\n¿ΩmW ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-a-S°w \Kcw ho≠pw amdp-I-bm-Wv. apX-em-
fn-Øz-Øns‚ Nc-°p-h¬°-cWw D]-t`m-K-]-c-X, s^‰n-jnkw F∂n-h-
bvs°-Xn-scbpw AXns‚ _lp-hn-[-amb FSp-∏p-Iƒs°-Xn-scbpw DW-
cm≥ aSn-°p-∂-h¿s°-Xnsc ]cn-lm-k-Øn¬ ]Xn™ Xm°o-Xmbn Ah-
km-\n-°p∂ sIm®n-bnse hr£-߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n® Imhy-[¿Ωw
bYm¿∞-Øn¬ F¥m-bn-cp∂p ? AXns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI cmjvSobw
ae-bm-f-Ønse B[p-\nI Ihn-I-fpsS \K-c- -b-Øn\v ]nd-Inse X\n-am-
t_m-[hpw ip≤n-hm-Z-hp-am-tWm. F√m km[y-X-Ifpw AS-™-X-c-Øn¬
Xs‚ kao-]-\-Øn\v A\p-cq-]-amb \n›eX-bpsS Ub-e-IvSn-IvkmWv
Cu Ihn-X-bn-ep-≈-Xv. Kmaw, \Kcw F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ Zzµz-I-ev]-\-
bvs°m∏w Xs‚ BZ¿i-Øn\v hncp-≤-amb am‰sØ \K-c-ambn am‰p-∂-
Xv. ImWp-∂-hs\ / hmbn-°p-∂-hs\ i≤n-®n-s√-¶n¬ ]›m-Ø-e-
Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ \n›-e-Zr-iy-ß-fmWv IhnX apgp-h≥. Cu Zriy-Øn¬s∏´
\ncq-]-I-cmWv Ihn-Xsb hmgvØn-b-Xv. As√-¶n¬ sIm®n-bnse hr£-
ß-fnse kmwkv°m-cnI cmjvSobw kzoI-cn-°m≥ X° ]cn-anX Nn¥-
bp≈ hmb\m kaqlw \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. Chcpw A]-
K-Y\ hnt[-b-cm-tI-≠-Xp-≠v. ]tXyI Ah-t_m[w amX-am-bn, A\p- -
h-ß-fpsS sshhn[yw \ncm-I-cn-°p∂ Ihn-Xbpw hmb-\-°mcpw sIm®nsb
amX-a√ kwkv°m-csØ samØ-Øn¬ Npcp-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv.
CXn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn t\sc FXn¿ Zni-bn¬ Bjnjv \µn
ssSw Smh¬ Sp F t]mkn-_nƒ sk¬ v sk¿®nßv t^m¿ G≥
Bƒ´¿t\‰ohv tImkvtam s]mfn-‰-\nkw Hm v sIm®n≥ F∂ ]_-‘-
Øn¬ 17 sIm®n-bpsS kmwkv°m-cnI _lp-Xzw, aX-]-chpw hwio-b-hp-amb
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
1162010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
117
4. C.-hn. cma-Ir-jvW≥ ˛ Ihn-Xbpw ]h¿Ø-\hpw (sIm-®n-bnse hr£-߃
1993)
5. Iev]‰ \mcm-b-W≥ AXp-am-X-a√ (sIm-®n-bnse hr£-߃ 1993)
6. Fw. eoem-hXn sIm®n-bnse hr£-߃ Hcp ]mcm-bWw
7. ]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c≥ shfn-hns‚ kqjva-iqXn (sI.-Pn. i¶-c-∏n-≈-bpsS Ihn-
X-Iƒ, ]pdw 225)
8. tUm. kn. cmtP-µ≥ ]pXp-hm-b\ (]n-b-I-Y-I-fn-√n∂v ]d-bp-hm≥)
9. Fkv. cmP-ti-J-c≥ \thm-∞m-\-¥c IhnX t]Pv 208
10. sI. kZm-\-µ≥ sI.-Pn.Fkv. IhnX Nne tZi-Ime hnh-£-Iƒ (km-ln-Xy-
temIw 2006 am¿®v G]n¬)
11. sI.-Fw.-\-tc-µ≥ ˛ sI.-Pn.Fkv. Ihn-X-Iƒ (sI.-Pn.-F-kv. Ihn-X-Iƒ
(1997 2007)
12. sI.-]n. ]fl-\m- -ta-t\m≥ ˛ sIm®n cmPy-N-cnXw, amXr- qan, 1996 t]Pv 20
13. kn. ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥ ˛ sIm®n≥ tÉv am\p-h¬ (a-e) t]Pv 3, sIm.-h. 1088
14. hn.-hn.-sI. hmeØv : tIc-f-Ønse ÿe-N-cn-X-߃ ˛ Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√,
tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan 2006
15. hn.-hn.-sI. hmeØv : AtX ]pkvXIw ]pdw : 221, 222
16. sI.-]n. ]fl-\m- -ta-t\m≥ ˛ AtX ]pkvXIw ]pdw : 128- 129
17. Ashis Nandy - time warps - permanent Black 200318. _n. cmPo-h≥ ˛ Ihn-X-bpsS kXyw (I-hnX : sI.-Pn. i¶-c-∏n-≈, ]cn-N,
Xncp-h√ 1984)
\n-I-X-bpsS Ihn-bmbn t_mZvse-bsd IW-°m-°p∂ hmƒ´¿ s_©-
an≥ mhmflI Ihn-X-bpsS km[y-X-Iƒ ]iv\-h¬°-cn-°p∂ Nne tam´n-
^p-Iƒ t_mZvse-b¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sh∂ hkvXpX X≈n-°-f-bm-\m-hn-
s√∂v A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Iesb N¥bv°v hn´p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-
sc-bp≈ Hc-hn-izm-kn-bpsS Iem-]-am-bn-cp∂p t_mZvse-b¿ kmln-Xyw.
F∂m¬ sSIvt\m-f-Pn-bn¬ \n∂pw hnI-k-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw Hfn-®p-I-S-Øm-
\p-≈-XmtWm Iebpw kmln-Xyhpw F∂ ]iv\w k¶o¿Æ-ambn \ne-
\n¬°p-∂p. Bƒ°q- -Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ GIm-In-fpsS lkz- m-j-W-
߃ kuµ-cym-fl-I-X-bpsS hnXm-\-Øn¬ hyXy-kvX-X-bmhmw. F∂m¬
Ah-bnse P\-hn-cp-≤-X-bpsS kmwkv°m-cnI cmjvSobw kq£va-hn-i-
I-e\w A¿ln-°p-∂p.
sIm®n \K-c-Øn\v apI-fnse mh-\-bpw hmb-\-bp-amWv sIm®n-bnse
hr£-߃. Ihn-X-bnse BJym-Xmhv \K-c-sØ-Ip-dn®v hn]pe hn⁄m-
\-ap≈ Hcm-sf-t∏m-se-bmWv kwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xv. B ⁄m\w ]cn-an-Xhpw
apX-em-fnØ hncp-≤-X-bpsS t]cnse GI-]-£o-b-X-bp-am-Wv. P\ Pohn-
X-Øns‚ hn]p-e-amb A\p- -h-߃°pw kmwkv°m-cn-I-]-cn-Wm-a-Øn\pw
ss\c-¥-cy-Øn\pw ]nf¿∏p-Iƒ°p-an-S-bn¬ Ihn mh\ Bfl- m-h-\-bmbn
Npcp-ßp-∂p.
ss\XnI PmK-X-bpsS t]cn¬ ]—∂ Im¬∏-\n-I-X°pw Acm-jvSob
B[p-\n-I-X-bv°p-sa-Xnsc \mfsØ Ihn-X-bmbn _n. cmPo-h≥ ae-bm-
f-Øn¬ ]Xn-jvTn-®-XmWv i¶-c-∏n-≈-bpsS Ihn-XIƒ. At±-l-sØ-t∏m-
ep≈ \ncq-]-Icpw B[p-\n-I-cmb as‰-gp-Øp-Imcpw ambm-Z¿i\w sNbvX
iq\yX F∂ kuµ-cy-imkvX ]Xn-k‘n t\cn-Sp-∂-Xnepw adn-I-S-°p-
∂-Xn\pw kw -hn® ]cn-an-Xn-bmWv i¶-c-∏n≈°hn-X-I-fp-tS-Xv. mjsb
\ho-I-cn®pw tZisØ Fgp-Xnbpw Nn”-ß-fpsS temIw \n¿Ωn®pw
kmwkv°m-cn-I-Xbn-te°v amdnbpw Ihn B ]cn-anXn adn IS-∂p-sh∂
hmZ-߃ amX-am-Wv. kwhmZw F∂ hymP-Øn¬ GI mj-W-Øns‚
CS¿®-bn-√m-bva-bmWv i¶-c-∏n-≈-bpsS an° Ihn-X-bn¬ \n∂pw Db-cp-
∂-Xv.
kqN-\-Iƒ, ]cm-a¿i-߃
1. The Poectic Ground Laid Bare (Benjamin Reading Baudelaire) - Rainer Nagelein David S. Ferris Edited walter Benjamin Theoretical questions. StanfordUniversity prss
2. sI. k®n-Zm-\-µ≥ At\z-j-W-߃, Ihn-X-bpsS F¨]-Xp-Iƒ F∂ teJ\w
3. sI.-kn. \mcm-b-W≥ ˛ ae-bm-fn-bpsS cmXn-Iƒ ˛ hr£hpw ]pIbpw F∂
teJ-\w.
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
1182010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
119
kn≤n Abmƒ°p \jvS-am-Ip-∂p. "]Wn-Xo¿∂ inev]-Øn-\p-ap-ºn¬
inev]n Ipg-™p-hoWp acn®p' F∂ H‰-hm-Iy-Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-bn≥ \Ωƒ
b-Ym¿∞-Øn¬ kw -hn® Imcy-ß-f-dn-bm-sX, "sS≥j≥ sIm≠m-hmw,
s]s´∂v lm¿ -‰m°v h∂-Xmhmw' Fs∂m-s°-bp≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-I-fn-
te¿s∏-Sp-∂p. F∂m¬ inev]n inev]w Xs∂bmbn amdn-bmtem? \Ω-f-
sX-ßs\ hni-Zo-I-cn°pw?
FUvK¿ Gen-bm-kns‚ ]hr-Øn-Iƒ I≠p-I-≠mWv Hcp inev]n
FX-tØmfw Bfl-kw-L¿j-ß-fpsS DS-a-bmWv F∂-Xns‚ Hcp hnZq-
cm-\p- hw F\n-bv°p-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. Abmƒ Fs‚ IqsS `£Ww Ign-
bv°p-Ibpw aWn-°q-dp-I-tfmfw kwkm-cn-®n-cn-°p-I-bpw, IqsS \S-°p-I-
bpsams° sNøp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw Abm-fpsS A\p- -h-߃, F\n-bv°Xv
A\p- -hn-®-dn-bmt\m ]¶p-sh-bv°mt\m ]‰-Ø-Xbpw Imew, shdpw Zqc-
°m-gvN-I-fm-bn-cn-bv°p-a-t√m. shInfn ]nSn® Imf-sb-t∏m-se-bmWv FUvK¿
]e-t∏mgpw. £Ww \∂mbn Bkz-Zn®v Ign-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-
bn¬, s]s -∂v, H∂pw ]d-bmsX Fgp-t∂‰v Hcp t]m°m-Wv. ssIIƒ
hoin-ho-in, Imep-Iƒ hen-®p-sh®v FUvK¿ t]mIp-∂Xp ImWp-tºmƒ
ambbv°v Nne-t∏mƒ -A-cniw hcpw. ImcWw hnf-ºn-s°m-SpØ tNmdns‚
ap°m¬]¶pw Ipg-®-fp-ºn-bn- n´p≠mIpw ]mX-Øn¬. ]e-t∏mgpw, R߃
c≠p-t]cpw kwkm-cn-®p-s°m≠v ]Xps° \S-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬, bmsXmcp
ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-an-√msX FUvK¿ ]m™p-t]mIpw. ]e-X-hW I≠v ioe-am-
b-Xp-sIm-≠v, bmsXmcp-]-cn- -h-hp-an-√msX Rm≥ Xncn-®p-\-S-°pw. ]cn- -
hn-®mepw henb Imcy-sam-∂p-an-√. ka-bw, Imew, ÿew F∂n-h-
sbms° FUvK¿ Gen-bm-kv F∂ ]q¿Æ-a-\p-jy-ap-ºn¬ A]-k-‡-
am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. BZyw H∂p-c≠pXhW "F¥p-t]m-°mWv Xm\n-∂se
t]mbXv' F∂p Rm≥ tNmZn-®-Xm-Wv. "Ft∏mƒ? Fhn-sS-\n∂v?' F∂-p-
≈, FUvK-dns‚ XnI-®pw \njv°-f-¶-amb At\z-j-W-hpw,-ap-J- m-hhpw
Fs∂ IqSp-X¬ Nn¥n-∏n-®p. AtXmsS, ÿe-Im-e-ß-fpsS N -°q-Sn¬
FUvKdns\ ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\p≈ Fs‚ iaw shdp-sX-bm-sW-∂v-
F-\nbv°v t_m[y-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
]pXnb hoSns‚ ]Wn \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-bv°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bnemWv. Hcp
Zohkw FUvK¿ Gen-bm-kv Im‰p-t]mse ]m™p-h∂v Fs‚ apºn¬
\n∂p. apJØv hnlz-e-X-bpsS Hcp mh-am-bn-cp-∂p. aZy-]n-bv°msX Xs∂
Hcp aZy-]s‚ apJ- m-hhpw tNjvS-I-fp-amWv FUvK-dn-\v. ]Wn-°m¿
FUvKdns\ Xpdn-®p-t\m-°p-∂-Xn¬ Akz-ÿX tXm∂n-b-Xp-sIm≠v
Ahs\ hnfn-®v Rm≥ tdmUn-tebv°v \S-∂p. ]IpXn Zqcta \S-∂n- p-
FUvK¿ Gen-bmkv AYhm
BZm-ans‚ aI≥ A_p
iIp-¥-f.-kn.
IY
I√n-tem, aÆn-tem, XSn-bn-tem, teml-Øn-tem,
kna‚ntem Hmcp inev]w, ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-°p-tºmƒ,
Xs‚ ]mWs‚ Hcwiw IqSn inev]n AXn-te-°v
k∂n-th-in-∏n-°p-∂p. Imem-Im-e-ß-fmbn hmbn®pw
tI´pw A\p- -hn®pw kz]v\w I≠pw Bflm-hn¬
A≈n-∏n-Sn-®p-t]mb Hcp cq]w mh-\-bpsS h¿Æ-Øn-
f-°-Øn¬ an\p-°n-sb-SpØv, ]pd-tØbv°v ]dn-®p-sh-
bv°p-I-bm-Wbmƒ sNøp-∂-Xv. Aßs\ ]dn-s®-SpØv
\ΩpsS ImgvNbv°v shfn-hm-°n-Ø-cp-tºmƒ ]e-
t∏mgpw D≈n¬ Dcp-hw-sIm-≠X ]q¿ÆX AXn-\p-
≠m-hn-√. Akw-Xr]vXn Abmsf ho≠pw ho≠pw
inev]-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\pw t]cn-∏n-bv°p-∂p. AY-hm,
GsX-¶nepsamcp cq]w ]pdØpw AXns‚ ]q¿ÆX
Is≠-Øn-sb-∂n-cn-bv°-s´, inev]n Xs‚ ]mWs\
]q¿Æ-ambn inev]-Øn-te-bv°m-hm-ln®p Ign™p
F∂m-W¿∞w. ]ns∂, bmsXm∂w Abmfm¬
km[y-a-√. Bhm-ln® ]mWs\ Xncn-s®-Sp-°m-\p≈
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
1202010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
121
Rm≥. CXbpw tI´p-I-gn-™-t∏mƒ FUvK-dns\ ImØp-\n¬°p-∂-Xp-
sIm≠v Imcy-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-hn-s√∂v F\n°p a\- n-em-bn. amb-bpsS
Xo£vW-Zr-„n-Isf Fßs\ t\cnSpw F∂p-t]-Sn®v cmXn hfsc sshIn
ho´nseØptºmƒ, kt¥m-j-tØm-sS, a°ƒ HmSn-h∂p ]d™p,
"FUvK¿ ama≥ h∂p A∏m. Zm AhvsS ]Wn-Sv°vWv≠v'. A∏pdsØ
]d-ºn¬, ]pXnb hoSns‚ ap‰Øv sagp-Ip-Xncn shfn-®-Øn¬ kna‚pw
aWepw Iq´p-I-bmWv FUvK¿.
sht -‰Xv aq¿≤m-hn-em-tWm, AtXm sNhnbv°p apI-fntem F∂v Xn -
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºp-Xs∂ kn°-¥¿ Ako-kns‚ Xe-t®mdv Xcn®p
ac-hn®v I´n-bp≈ Hcp hkvXp-hmbn amdn. Xe-bnse ]nf¿∏n¬-\n∂v tNmc
IpXn-®p-Nm-Sn, Hcp sh≈-®m´wt]mse Xmtgbv°p ]Xn-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn--
sb-¶n-epw, hmbp-hns‚ BZy-kv]¿i-Øn-¬-Øs∂ AXp I´n-]n-Sn-bv°p-
Ibpw Idp-Øp-sIm-gpØ Hcp ad-bmbn IÆp-Isf Imgv-N-bn¬\n∂p
adbv-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kn°-¥-dns‚ a\- ns‚ D≈-d-I-fn-se-ºmSpw
Ccp- n-s\-°mƒ Idp-∏p≈ Ccpƒ h∂p-aq-Sn-bn-cp-∂p˛ Imc-Ww, sh´p-I-
Ønbpw hSn-hm-fpw, ssk°nƒ-®-ß-e-I-fp-ambn ]m™p-h-∂-h-cpsS
apºn¬Øs∂ PK-Zo-i-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. H∂mw-¢m- p-ap-X¬ H∏w-]-Tn® PK-
Zo-i≥. ]mWs‚ Awi-sa-s¥-¶nepw ico-c-Øn¬ Ah-ti-jn-®n- p-s≠-
¶n¬Øs∂ AXp \ne-\n¿-Ø--sa∂ bmsXm-cm-K-lhpw kn°-¥-dn-\p-≠m-
bn-c-p∂n-√.
kn°¥-dns‚ tNmc DW-ßn-∏n-Sn-®p-In-S-∂nSØpsh-®mWv ]nt‰∂v lcn-
\µ\p sht -‰-Xv. InS∂ InS-∏n-¬\n∂v Xe s]m°n-t\m-°m≥ Ah-s\m∂p
ian-®p. Xncn-™p-t\m-°nb A≥h¿ AXp-I≠v HmSn-h∂v Hcp-sh- pw-IqSn
sImSp-Øp. AtXmsS ]nS-™p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ lcn-\-µs‚ Ne\w shdp-
samcp hnd-b-en-tebv°p Npcp-ßn. \∂mbn hen-®p-sI- nb Iºn apdpIn
Ab-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse ASpØ \nan-j-Øn¬ AXp \n›-e-am-hp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. tZl-am-k-I-e-ap-≠mb apdn-hp-I-fn¬\n∂v Hgp-In-∏-c∂ tNmc
kn°-¥¿ Ako-kns‚ tNmc-bpsS apI-fn-eqsS ]c∂v I -]n-Sn®v H∂m-
bn-Øo¿∂p.
]≈n-bpsS ]pdw-Np-a-cn-¬ sNfnsIm-≠p≈ tZho-cq-]-ap≠m-°n-sh-®n-
´p-≠v Btcm F∂v tI -t∏mƒØs∂ AXv FUvK-dns‚ ]Wn-bmhpw
F∂v F\n°v a\- n-em-bn-cp-∂p. a\- n-se-s¥-¶nepw cq]w-sIm-≠m¬
AXp ssII-fn-eqsS hm¿∂p hogp-∂-Xp-hsc Ah\p hni-ap-≠m-hn√.
]Wn ]q¿Øn-bm-bm¬ Ft∏m-gp-sa∂t]mse Fhn-sStbm A]-Xy-£-
\m-hp-Ibpw sNøpw. amk-߃°pt-i-j-amhpw ]n∂sØ hchv. ]iv\-
≠m-Iq, AXn-\n-Sbv°v s]s´∂v FUvK¿ Fs‚ ssI]n-Sn®phen®v hoSn-
\p-t\¿°v Hcp IpXn∏v. kn‰u- ns‚ Xd-bn¬ Ib-dn, AXns‚ G‰hpw
\of-ap≈ Npa-cn-tebv°v ItÆm-Sn®v "CsX-\n-bv°p-th-Ww, ChnsS \o
H∂pw sNøm-sX- CSWw' F∂v- C-Øncn [m¿jvSyØn¬ Ft∂mSv
Iev]n®v Ah≥ h∂ hgntb Xncn-™p-\-S-∂p. ]ns∂, amk-ß-tfmfw
\o≠- A-⁄m-X-hm-kw. ]Wn-°m-cpsS apjv°pw, ]nW-ßn-t∏m°pw AXn-
Po-hn®v hoSns‚ c≠mw -\n-e-bp-sS ]Wnbpw ]q¿Øn-bm-bn. FUvK¿ F¥m-
Wp-t±-in-bv°p-∂Xv F∂-dn-bm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v "Ahs‚ Npa-cn¬ kn-a‚ v
]cp-°-\mbn tX®n- p-tI-dn-Xm-a-kn-°m-Ø-sX-¥m-sW∂ F√m-h-cp-sSbpw
tNmZy-Øn\v DØ-cw -]-d™p]d™p aSp-Øp."ssa°-em-©-tem-hns\
ImWm-\n-√t√m' "]qapJw Xs∂ tN]-tI-Sm-°o v Fhn-sS-t∏mbn \nßsS
NßmXn' Fs∂m-s°-bp-≈ -am-b-bpsS ]cn-lmkw tI v k-ln-bv°- h-
ømsXbmWv FUvK-dns\bt\z-jn®p ]pd-s∏- -Xv. Ime-ß-fmbn ]cn-N-bhpw
ASp-∏hpw D≠m-bn´pw FUvK¿ Gen-bmkv Fhn-sS-bmWv Xma-kn-°p-
∂Xv F∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n bmsXmcp [mc-Wbpw F\n-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. At\z-
jn®p \-S∂v HSp-hn¬ Ah≥ Xma-kn-°p∂ sse≥Izm¿t´gvkv I≠p-]n-
Sn-®-t∏mƒ F\n-bvs°-s∂-∏‰n Hcp aXn-s∏ms° D≠m-bn. F∂m¬ FUvK-
dn-s\-∏‰n tI´ Imcy-ß-sfms° tN¿Øp-sh®v ]cntim[n-bv°p-I-bpw,
IqSp-X-e-t\z-jn®p a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS B aXn-s∏ms°
tNm¿-∂p-t]m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
GsXm-cmƒ°pw, kaq-l-Øn¬ am\y-amb ÿm\w t\Sn-sb-Sp-°-Ww,
henbhtcmSv _‘w ÿm]n-bv°Ww Fs∂m-s°-bp≈ BK-l-am-
Wt√m D≠m-hp-I. FUvK-dns‚ kz`mhw CXn-\p-t\sc hn]-co-X-am-sW∂v
Gsd-°psd Hcq-l-sams° F\n-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂mepw kwKXn
CX ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-am-sW∂v Rm\-dn-™n-cp-∂n-√. \-K-c-Ønse bmN-I-cpw,
aZy-]cpw Ibdn-bn-d-ßp∂ Hcn-S-am-bn-cp∂p FUvK-dns‚ hoSv. B¿°pw
Ft∏mgpw tIdn-s®-√mw, ASp-°-f-bn-se-s¥-¶nepw Ds≠-¶n¬ FSp-Øp-
Xn-∂mw, Fhn-sSbpw tIdn-°n-S-∂p-d-ßmw, Cd-ßn-t∏m-Imw- -C-Sbv°v aq°‰w
IpSn-®n-s´m-cmƒ hcp-∂-Xp-Im-Wmw, Hcp \mb-b-ap≠mIpw IqsS- -ap-‰-tØm,
hcm-¥-bntem InS-∂p-d-ßpw, Ft∏m-sg-¶nepw Cd-ßn-t∏m-Ipw. apgp-h- -\m-
sW∂v tXm∂n-∏n°p∂ Hcph-\p-≠v. hmXn¬]q- n-°-≠m¬ Ah\p `m¥n-
f-Ipw. Hcp Znh-ksØ Ahs‚ ]cm-I-a-߃°p tij-am-WsX FUvK-
¿ hmXn¬ ]q´n-bn-Sp-∂Xp \n¿Øn-b-Xv. hmXn¬ shdpsX HmSm-º-en- n-cn-
°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠-v FUvK-¿ ASp-sØ-hn-sS-sb-¶n-ep-ap-≠mIpw,
Ipd-®p-Im-Øp-\n-∂m¬ ImWm≥ ]‰n-tb°pw F∂ ]Xo-£-bn-em-bn-cp∂p
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
1222010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
123
tSm, D≠m-°n-sh-bv°p-∂-Xn-s‚-sb√mw A¿∞w hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-X-tc≠
_m[yX X\n-bv°n√ F∂p ]Jym-]n-®-Xp-sIm≠-v Rm≥ FUvK-
dnt\mtSm AØcw kwhm-Z-ß-fn-te¿s∏-Sm-dn-√. ambbpw Ip´n-Ifpw ]ns∂
a‰p ]ecpw AXp-I≠v Hmtcm kwibw tNmZn-°p-tºm-sgms° (B inev]-
Øns‚ ]tXy-IX AXm-Wv. Hmtcm XhW ImWp-tºmgpw \ap°v
]pXnb ]pXnb tNmZy-߃ a\- n¬ apf-®p-s]m-¥nhcpw). hmkvX-h-Øn¬
F-\n-s°m-∂p-a-dn-bn√ F∂Xv ad-®p-sh-®v, A∏-t∏mƒ tXm∂p-∂-sXms°
X´n-hn-Sp-I-bm-sWs‚ ]Wn. inev]-\n¿Ωm-W-Øns‚ kmt¶-Xn-IXzw hi-
an-s√-¶n-epw, AXns‚ hym-Jym\w \∂mbn hg-ßp-sa∂ Hcp tXm∂-se-
\n-°p≠-v. ]et∏mgpw, Fs‚ hmbn¬\n∂p hogp∂ hm°p-IƒtI´v
Rm≥Xs∂ hnkva-bn-°m-dp-ap-≠v. ]s£, FUvK-¿ Np‰p-h- -Øp-≈-t∏mƒ
Rm\n-Øcw hni-Zo-I-c-W-sam∂pw B¿°pw sImSp-°m-dn-√. AXn¬ GXp
hm°mWv Ahs\ tZjyw ]nSn-∏n-°pI F∂-dn-bn-√-t√m. Ahs‚ inev]-
ß-sf-°p-dn®v Bcpw Hc- n-]m-bhpw ]d-bp-∂-Xv, ]tXy-In®v hna¿i-\-
߃, Ah\p kln-bv°m-\m-hn√. AYhm Bsc-¶nepw Aß-s\-sb-s¥-
¶nepw ]d-™m¬ h√msX hb-e‚m-hp-Ibpw sNøpw. Akm-am-\y-k¿§-
ti-jnbv°v Aÿn-c-amb am\-kn-Im-hÿ IqS-∏n-d-∏mtWm F∂v
F\nbv°v ]et-∏mgpw A¤pXw tXm∂n-bn- p-≠v. kzXth D≈Xm-tWm,
AtXm Hcp c£-bv°p-th≠n ]ns∂ FSp-Øn-Sp-∂-XmtWm `m¥ns‚
tae¶n F∂m-sWs‚ kwi-bw. km[m-cW a\p-jy¿ sNøp∂ Imcy-ß-
sfm-∂p-a√ FUvK-dns‚ sNbvXn-I-fn-ep-≈-Xv. CX-b-[nIw bmN-Icpw
`m¥-∑mcpw tIdn-bn-d-ßp∂ Xc-Øn¬ hoSv ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xn-s\-
∏‰n R߃ H∂p-c≠p kplr-Øp-°ƒ D]-tZ-in-bv°m-\m™-t∏mƒ, H‰
t\m´w-sIm≠v AXp XS™v FUvK-¿ ]d™XnXmWv "Ah¿°pw
tht≠ In-S-°m-s\mcp ÿew?' Aan-X-amb aZy-]m-\hpw H∏w CØn-cn-
h´pw D≈ aq∂p-\m-ep-t]-tcm-Sp≈ ASp∏w "CØncn Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xt√
\√Xv? F∂ tNmZy-Øn\v "]ns∂ B¿°m-cmWv hniz-kn-°m\pw kvt\ln-
°m-\p-sam-s°-bp-≠m-hpI?' F∂ adp-tNm-Zy-amWv FUvK-¿ adp-]-Sn-bmbn
X∂-Xv. Aß-s\, BZy-amZyw Xam-i-bm-bn, ]ns∂-∏ns∂ Imcy-ambpw
FUvK-dns\ A_p F∂v R߃ hnfn-°m≥ Ip-Sßn "BZm-ans‚ a-I≥
A_p!'
tIc-f-∏n-d-hn-bpsS hm¿jn-I-Øn\v Pn√m-X-e-Øn¬ Hcp ]cn-]m-Sn-sb-
¶nepw Hmtcm ]©m-b-Øn¬ \n∂p-ap-≠m-IWw F∂ k¿°m¿ Xocp-
am\w Fßs\ \S-∏m°mw F∂m-bnc-p∂p A∂v Btem-N-\. h∂p-tN¿∂-
h¿ ]cn-]m-Sn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ N¿®-I-fn-em-bn-cp∂p. bm°q_pw tPmk^pw
ap-≠m-°m≥ a-\x-]q¿∆w Btcm sNbvX-XmWv F∂ [mc-W-bn-emWv
kwibw tXm∂n-b-hsc XS-™p-sh®v tNmZyw sNbvX-Xv. FUvK-
dmbncn°pw I£n F∂v IΩn-‰n-bnse Nne¿°v kwi-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
F∂m-epw, Ah-s\-s°m≠v Btcm sNøn-∏n-®-XmWv F∂p hniz-kn-°m-
\m-bn-cp∂p ]e¿°pw C„w. AXp-sIm≠v hm°n¬ Ipdt®-dn-t∏m-bn, D¥pw
X≈p-am-bn. AX-ßs\ Xocp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]t£, cmXn ]≈n-bv°p-t\sc
It√-dp-≠m-bXv ]iv\-߃ IqSp-X¬ hj-fm-°n.
Rß-fpsS kn‰u- n¬ FUvK-¿ BZy-ap-≠m-°n-bXv Imen-ta-bv°p∂
IrjvWs‚ inev]-am-Wv. km[m-cW ImWp∂ coXn-bn-ep-≈-X-√, aSn-bn-
tebv°v Xe \o- n-\n¬°p∂ Hcp ]ip-Ip- nsb Xtem-Sn-s°m≠v ]md-∏p-
d-Øn-cn-bv°p∂ IrjvW≥. Np‰pw, ta™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ ]ip-°ƒ.
amb-bv°Xv henb kt¥m-j-am-bn. ]o‰¿ F∂p-t]-cp≈ Hcp ]ptcm-K-a-
\-°mc≥ InkvXym-\nsb I-eymWw Ign-®-tijw IrjvW-t\m-Sp≈ C„-
sams° a\- n¬ Hfn-∏n-®pw, Bcpw ImWm-Ø-t∏mƒ F-SpØp Xmtem-
en®pw Ign-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-ht√m Ahƒ. ]o‰¿ henb ]ptcm-K-a-\-\m-Sy-
°m-c-\m-sW-¶nepw A-hs‚ ho´pIm¿ ip≤-k-Xy-th-Zm-¥-°m-cm-b-Xp-
sIm≠v a°ƒ c≠p-t]-scbpw amtam-Zok ap°n kXy-In-kvXym-\n-I-fm-
°n-bmWv hf¿-Øp-∂-Xv. \n w-K-\m-sW∂ \mSy-Øn¬ ]o‰-sd∂ Rm≥
D≈p-sIm≠v CXn-sems° kt¥mjn°p∂pap≠-v. aXhpw hf-¿∂ kml-
N-cy-ßfpw Hm¿Ω-I-fp-sams° \ap°-ß-s\-bßv hn´p-I-f-bm≥ ]‰ptam?
GXm-bmepw FUvK-¿ IrjvW-s\-bp-≠m-°n-b-Xns‚ t]cn¬ AΩ-®nbpw
A∏-®\pw Ft∂mSp ]nWßn. Ah¿°X C„-a-p-≠m-bn- √ amb-tbm-
Sp≈ Fs‚ ]Wbw Ah¿ AwKo-I-cn-®-Xv. H‰ \n_-‘-\tb Ah¿-Ip-
b-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q- -amb aXw amd-Ww. AXn-\-hƒ°v FXn¿s∏m-∂p-ap-
≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√, ]W-b-km- -ey-Øn\v kvXoIƒ F¥p XymKhpw kln-
°p-a-t√m. dqØv F∂mWv amb-bpsS ]≈n-bnse t]cv. ss__n-fnse
I¿Øh-yt_m[-ap≈ acp-a-I-fm-Wt√m dqØv. F¶nepw amb-bp-sStbm
h≈p-h-\m-S≥ \mb¿`mj dqØn\p tNcn-√. AX-hƒs°m- p-am-‰m\pw
]‰n√. AXp-am-X-a-√, ]g-am-ßm-∏-®-Sn-tbm-Sp≈ C„hpw, "_o v' ImWp-
tºm-gp≈ tZjyhpw H∂pw˛
Zp¿-K-l-amb Hcp inev]-Øn-\p-]-Icw FUvK-¿ CØ-c-sam-∂p-≠m-°n-
b-Xn¬ hfsc kt¥m-jn-°p-I-bmWv Rm≥ sNbvX-Xv. apºv, Rß-fpsS
]gb hoSns‚ Npa-cn¬ FUvK¿ sNbvXp-sh® cq]-߃ F¥m-sW∂v
F\n°v Ct∏mgpw a\- n-em-bn- n-√. AXv a\- n-em-°n-sb-Sp-°m-\p≈
_p≤n F\n-bv°n√ F∂v kzbw kΩ-Xn-®p-sIm≠-v FUvK-¿ Ft∂m-
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
1242010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
125
t]mb Ahs‚ ico-c-tØmSv H´pw Iqdp-Im-Wn-°msX XSn°-j-W-ß-fn-
ep-S-°n-°n-S-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. sImgpØ tNmc-°- -Iƒ AXn-e-hnShnsS
]‰n-°n-S-∂p. sh≈-Øn¬°n-S∂p No™ XSn-I-fpsS ]pd-t¥m-Sns‚ K‘-
Øn¬ tNmc-bpsS Xo£vW-K‘w apßn-b-en-™p-t]m-bn. sh≈-Ønepw
K‘-Øn¬ tNmc-bpsS Xo£vW-K‘w apßn-b-en-™p-t]m-bn. sh≈-
Ønepw Ic-bn-ep-ambn At\Iw ac-߃ I_-‘-ß-fmbn InS-∂p. Ah-
bv°n-S-bn¬, Ah-sb-t∏m-se-Øs∂ kn°-¥-dpw˛
FUn-K-dn\v Imcy-amb h-cp-am-\-sam∂pap≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. ]e¿°pw-th≠n
inev]-߃ sNbvXp. ]e-t∏mgpw X\n-°p-th-≠nbpw. ]Wn-sb-Sp-∏n-®-h-
scms° Npfp-hn¬ Imcy-߃ \S--∂p-In- -W-sa-∂p-≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. IW-
°p-]-d™v hmßm-\p≈ Ign-shm∂pw FUvK-dn\v D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. R߃
kplr-Øp-°ƒ ]ecpw ]e kµ¿- -ß-fnepw FUvK-dn\v t\sc ]Ww
\o´n-°m-Wn®v kzbw A]-lm-ky-cm-bn-t∏m-hp-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. h√-
t∏mgpw h∂p-I-b-dp-tºmƒ sImSp-°p∂ Blm-c-a-√msX FUvK-¿
Bcn¬\n∂pw H∂pw kzoI-cn-®n-√. "\osb-ßs\ Ign-™p-t]mh-pw Cu
t]m°p-t]m-bm¬' F∂ Rß-fpsS thh-em-Xnbv°v AXn-s\-°mƒ henb
thh-em-Xn-Iƒ DØ-c-am-bn-Ø∂v FUvK-¿ Rß-fpsS hmb-S-®p. \m´n-ep-
≠m-hp∂ Hmtcm ]-iv\-ß-fnepw Ah≥ Akz-ÿ-\mIpw. Dd-°-an-√m-Xm-
hpI F∂-XmWv BZysØ ]Xn-I-c-Ww- -]ns∂ Ac-h- ns‚ e£-W-
߃. temIw \∂m-°n-bn-s´m∂pw \ap°v Pohn-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. \o ]mIvSn-
°-em-hm≥ t\m°v F∂v D]-tZ-in®v hnP-b\pw tkhy-dn\pw aSp-Øp. Ch-
\m-cv, alm-fl-Km-‘ntbm?' F∂p tNmZn®v Ah¿ Ifn-bm-°p-∂Xv tIƒ-
°p-tºmƒ F\n°pw tXm∂m-dp-≠v- -X-e-bn¬ sIm≈mØ Nn¥-Ifpw mh-
\bpw Akz-ÿ-X-Ifpw F√mw-IqSn Chs‚ mhn-sb-¥mIpw?
IrjvWs‚ AXn-a-t\m-l-c-amb Hcp inev]w Npa-cn-ep-≠m-b-tXmsS
ambbv°v Ft∂m-Sp≈ ]cn- hw Xo¿∂p. \√-k-abw t\m°n R߃
Atßm v Xmakw am‰p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXns‚ sXm -SpØ BgvN-bn-
emWv FUvK-dns‚ ]≈n-®p-a-cnse Iem-]-cn-]mSn. tIdn-Øm-a-kn-°p-tºmƒ
FUvK-dn\v Imcy-am--sb-s¥-¶nepw sImSp-°-W-sa∂v F\n-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp-
∂p. AXn\p I≠p-In- n-bn´ptht≠! inev]-Øn-\p-]n∂n¬ FUvK-dm-sW-
∂-dn-™-ti-jhpw \m´n¬ Ipg∏߃ Ipd-™n-√. BZy-a-c-W-ß-fpsS
]Icw ho´m≥ c≠m-aX-pw, AXn-\p-]-Icw ho´m≥ aq∂m-a-Xpw- -A-ßs\
aq∂p-du≠v sIme-]m-X-I-߃- -F-UvK¿ CXp-h-√Xpw Adnt™m F∂
Imcyw kwi-b-am-Wv. Adn-™m¬ Ah≥ Fßs\ ]Xn-I-cn-°p-sa-
t∂m¿Ømbn-cp∂p F\n°v thh-em-Xn. ]tXy-In®pw Ah≥ ImcWw
hmkphpsam-∂pw FØn-bn- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Ah-sc-√m-hcpw ASp-Ø-SpØp
InS-°p∂ ac-an-√p-I-fn-se-Øs∂ ]Wn-°m-cm-Wv. ]nt‰∂v Cucm-\p≈
ac-ß-fpsS IW-°p-I-sfms° AS-bm-f-s∏-SpØn c-≠p-aq-∂p-X-Sn-Iƒ sh≈-
Øn¬ \n∂p tI‰n-bn- mWv hmkp hcp-∂-Xv. kn°-¥¿ Akokpw lcn-
\-µ\pw IqSn an√ns‚ ap‰Øv tXmep-sN-Øn-bp-cp- nb XS-n°-j-W-߃
\o°n-bn-Sp-I-bm-bnc-p∂p. an√nse ]Wn-I-gn-™p≈ ka-b-ß-fn¬ thsd
Nne G¿∏m-Sp-Ifpw Ah¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F√m-hcpw tN¿∂v kmam\yw
\√ tXmXn¬ \S-Øp∂ Hcp Ipdn, D’-h-߃°pw ]≈n-s∏-cp-∂m-fn\pw
s]mSn-]m-‰nb Km\-taf! CXns‚ IqsS Aev]-kzev]w kmln-Xy-N¿®bpw
\mS-Im- n-\-b-hpw. Ign™ inh-cm-Xn°v Ah¿ Xs∂ Hcp \mS-I-sa-gpXn
A`n-\-bn®p F∂p ]d-™m¬ \n߃ hniz-kn-°ptam? m¿§-h-s‚bpw
tPm¿÷n-s‚-bp-sams° ]I-S-\-sam∂p ImtW-≠-Xm-bn-cp∂p! kn°-¥-
dns‚ D∏bv°v \ne-ºq-cnse Iq∏p-Ifnem-bn-c-p∂p ]Wn. D∏-bpsS IqsS
]e-t∏mgpw kn°-¥dpw Iq∏n¬ t]mbn- p-≠v. "ac-߃ CX-bvs°ms°
hep-∏w-h-bv°ptam?' F∂-h≥ B›-cy-s∏- Xv A∂m-Wv. am¿Øm-fi-
h¿Ω AΩ-®n-πm-hns‚ -s]m-Øn¬ Ib-dn-bn-cp∂v iXp-°-fpsS ]nSn-
bn¬\n∂v tI´ncp--∂Xv. BgvN-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ D∏ Ahs\ Iq∏nse ]Wn-
I-sfms° ImWn-®p-Xcmw F∂v kΩ-Xn®vsIm≠pt]mb-t∏m-gt√ ckw!
AhnsS hº-s\mcp πmhv! Ah\pw kp_nbv°pw ssaap-\-Øm-Øbv°pw
DΩbv°pw thW-sa-¶n¬ D∏-bv°pw-hsc H-∂n-s®m-fn-®n-cn-bv°m-hp∂ AX
henb s]mØp-≈Xv!
sImºpw sXmenbpw Dcn™p sh≈-Øn-en´ ac-ß-fpsS IÆo-cpw,
\nizm-k-ßfpw Aen™pw Agp-In-bpw, ]pg IdpØpw sImgpØp-an-cp-
∂p. Ic-bnse sNfnbv°pw Idp-∏p-\n-d-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ft∏mgpw AXnse
\S∂pw ]Wn-sb-SpØpw kn°-¥-dn-s‚bpw lcn-\-µ-s‚bpw hmkp-hn-s‚-
bp-sams° Imep-Ifpw ssIIfpw sh≈-Øn¬°n-S∂p No¿Ø XS-°-j-
W-ß-sf-t∏mse Ccp-≠pw-\ndw sI´p-an-cp-∂p. Ah-bv°p-≈-Xp-t]m-se-Ø-
s∂, aq°-S-®p-I-f-bp-∂, Zp¿K‘sØ°mƒ Zp¿K-‘-ap-≈, ]pcm-X-\-amb
hmS F√m-bvt∏mgpw Ahsc Nqgv∂p-\n-∂p.
F∂-sØ-bpw-t]mse A∂pw ]pe¿∂v AXp-h-sc-bp≈ kw -h-ß-
sf√mw hfsc IrXy-ambpw hnNm-cn-®-Xp-t]m-sebpw \S-∂p. ]s£, ]ns∂,
Ccp- p-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºp≈ Hc-c-a-Wn-°q-dn-\p-≈n¬ Bbp-[-ß-fp-ambn Ae-dn-
°pX-n®ph-∂-h-cpsS A -lm-k-߃-°pw, BtIm-i-߃°p-sam-Sp-hn¬
AhnsS _m°n h∂sX-¥mWv? \oebpw sh≈bpw I≈n-I-fp≈
kn°¥-dns‚ Ins‰Ivkv ep¶n, \neØv InS-∂p-g®v sNfn-bn¬ ]pX-™p-
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
1262010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
127
sXm- p-t\m-°n-t∏m-Ip-∂X X∑-bXzw! ]nW-ßn-t∏mb A∏-\p-a-Ω-®nbpw
A∂p sshIp-t∂cw Xncn-®p-h∂p!
I„n®p c≠p-amkw Ign-™-tX-bp-≠m-hq- -F-UvK¿ ho≠pw h∂p.
AØmgw Ign™v Rm≥ kn‰u- n-en-cp∂v Ft¥m hmbn-°p-Ibm-bn-cp-
∂p. Ip´n-I-sfms° Dd-ßn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. h∂ DSs\ F-UvK¿ sh´p-I-
Ønbpw sNdnb ]mcbpw sIm≠v inev]-ß-tfm-tcm-∂mbn sNØn-I-f-™p.
]ns∂ [rXn-bn¬ Npa-cmsI sh´p-I-Øn-bpsS Np-≠p-sIm≠v sImØn-
s°m-Øn-bn-f-°n. Ft∏mgpsa-∂-t]mse Fs‚ t\sc cq£-amb Hcp
t\m´w t\m°n. F-UvKdn\v Xs‚ ]Wn-Iƒ Bcpw t\m°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv
C-„-a√. \√ aqUn-em-sW-¶n¬ \∂mbn kwkm-cn-°p-∂-bmƒ Nn-e-t∏mƒ
Hcp iXp-hn-s\-t∏m-se-bmWv s]cp-am-dp-I. cwKw a\- n-em°n AI-Øp-
t]m-hp-I-bm-sWs‚ Npa-X-e. Cubn-sS-bmbn F-UvKdn\v kwkmcw Xosc
Ipd-hm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v Atßm´pw H∂pw ]d-bm≥ hø. hmXn-e-S-bv°p-
∂-sX-ß-s\-bmWv F-UvKdn\p-ap-ºn¬, F∂ thh-em-Xn-tbmsS Rm\-hnsS
CØn-cn-t\cw \n∂v, ]ns∂ AI-tØbv°p \S-∂p. s]s´∂v Hce¿®bmWv
tI -Xv "hmXn-e-S-®n v t]mSm˛ \ns‚ ho´n\v Imh-emtWm Fs‚ ]Wn?'
hmXn-e-S®v Dd-ßm≥ InS-°p-tºm-gmWv F-UvKdn\v `£Ww h√Xpw
thtWm F∂v Rm\-t\z-jn-®n-√t√m Ft∂m¿Ø-Xv. tNmZn-®m¬ Nne-
t∏mƒ adp-]-Sn-bp-≠m-hn-√. AXp-sIm≠v Rm≥ Ipg--®p-sh® amsh-SpØv
c≠p-N-∏m-Øn-bpw, ]ns∂ D≈nbpw X°m-fnbpw shfn-s®-Æ-bn¬ hg‰n
Hcp Idn-bp-≠m-°n, IpSn-bv°m-\p≈ sh≈hpw ]mX-Øn-em°n kn‰u-
´nse Sot∏m-øn¬ sIm≠p-h-®p. "Ign-t®mfmw' F∂v Ah≥ ]d-™Xv
tIs -¶n-epw, Ipd-®p-I-gn™v Fgp-t∂-‰vsN∂v H∂p-IqSn Hm¿Ωn-∏n°mw
F∂p I-cp-Xn-bmWv Rm≥ InS-∂-Xv. Adn-bmsX Dd-ßn-t∏m-bn. cmhnse
DW¿-∂p-t\m-°p-tºmƒ AsX√mw Ahn-sS-Ø-s∂-bp-≠v. Npa-cn-se-¥mWv
sNbvXp-sh-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂v F\n-bvs°mcp ]nSnbpw In´n-bn√. tbip-
hns‚ inev]w-sIm≠v Gsd kt¥m-jn-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p Rm≥, A∏\pw
AΩ-®nbpw ]nW-ßn-t∏m-b-Xns‚ _m[y-X-bn¬\n∂v Hgn-™t√m F∂-
Xn¬. Iptd-t\cw Npa-cn¬ kq£n-®p-t\m°n F\n°v ]cn-N-b-ap≈ Fs¥-
¶nepw AXn¬\n∂v sXfn-™p-h-cp∂pt≠m F∂v Btem-Nn-°p-∂-Xn-\n-
S-bn¬ a°ƒ Fgp-t∂‰v h∂-Xp-sIm≠v Rm\-hn-sS-\n∂v XSn-Ø-∏n. "Hm^o-
kn¬ t\csØ FØ-Ww. Xnc°p≠v sN∂n- v,' F∂v amb-tbmSv I≈w-
]-d™v cmhn-esØ `£-Ww-t]mepw Ign-bv°m≥ \n¬°msX ho´n¬
\nt∂m-Sn-t∏m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
cmXn sshIn ho- n¬ sN√p-tºmƒ kn‰u- n¬ F-UvKdns\ I≠Xv
Cß-s\-sbms° D≠m-b-Xn¬.
Ahs\ BZyw ImWp∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬Øs∂ ]d-bm-\mbn Rm≥
hmN-I-ß-sfms° Xøm-dm-°n-sh-®n-cp-∂p.
1. inev]-߃ ImcWw C\nbpw Ipg-∏-ß-fn-√m-sX-bn-cn-bv°m≥ Ah
s]s´∂v a\- n-em-°n-sb-Sp-°m-\m-hmØ hn[-Øn¬ D≠m-°p-∂-Xmhpw
\√-Xv. aX-]cw F∂p apZ-b-Sn-°-s∏-Sm≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-°-cp-Xv.
2. s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fntem tdmU-cn-Intem aX-Nn-”-ß-tfm, aX-
Øns‚ `mK-ambn IW-°m-°-s∏- p-t]m-cp∂ Bcm-[-\m-aq¿Øn-I-fpsS
inev]-ßtfm D≠m-°n-sh-bv°-cp-Xv.
3. Ipd-®p-IqSn ]cn-k-c-t_m[w thWw, ÿe-Im-e-ß-sf-∏‰n Adn-
hp-th-Ww ˛ FUvK¿ Pohn-bv°p-∂Xv im¥n\n-tI-X-\n-e√. Ccp-]-
sØm∂mw \q‰m-≠nse tIc-f-ØnemWv F∂Xv Ft∏mgpw Hm¿Ω
-th-Ww.
Ch ad-°m-Xn-cn-bv°m≥ Dcp-hn- p-cp-hn v F\n°v h´m-bn-t∏m-Ip∂ ÿnXn-
bm-bn´pw FUvK-dns‚ Hcp hnh-c-hp-an-√. ]Xp-°-∏-Xps° FUvK¿ Gen-
bmkv F∂ inev]n Fs‚ a\- n¬ \n∂p IpSn-bn-d-ßn-Øp-S-ßp-∂-Xn-\n-
S-bn-semcp Znh-kw, ]mXn-cbv°v X´pw ap´pw tI´mWv Rm-\p-W¿∂Xv.
i_vZw-tI- v, I≈-\m-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂q-ln-®v, ]cn- -an®v P\¬ Xp-d-∂p-t\m-
°p-tºmƒ hcm-¥-bn¬ kIe ]Wn-bm-bp-[-ßfpw IqSn FUvK¿! Rm\-
hnsS t\m°n-\n¬°p-∂-Xn¬ CØncn Cu¿jy-tbmsS Ah≥ P\¬ hen-
®-S-®p. \m´n-ep-≠mb ]iv\-ß-sf-∏‰n Ah-t\mSv ]d-b-W-sa-∂pw, Icp-
Xn-sh® hmIy-߃ Ah-\n¬ ]tbm-Kn-°-W-sa∂pw F\n-°p-≠m-bn-cp-
∂p. P\-eS® ÿnXnbv°v C\n Ahn-sS-\n-∂n v Imcy-an√ F∂-Xp-sIm≠v
Rm≥ InS-∏p-ap-dn-bn-te°v ]n≥hm-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂mepw F\n-
°p-d°w h∂n-√. t\cw shfpØp ap≥h-isØ hmXn¬Xp-d∂v kn‰u´n¬
h∂p-t\m-°p-tºmƒ Rm≥ A¥n-®p-\n-∂p-t]m-bn. AhnsS Npa-cn¬ ]gb
inev]-Øns‚ Ah-in-„-߃ bmsXm-∂p-an-√. ]Icw Hcp ]‰w B´n≥Iq-
-ßfpsS ]pd-In¬ AXn-sem-∂ns\ ssII-fn-se-SpØv CS-bs‚ thj-
Øn¬ tbip! c≠p-Zn-hkw AXv kna‚ns‚ \nd-Ønepw cq]-Ønepw
\n∂p. aq∂m-asØ cmXn-bn¬ Ft∏m-gmWv FUvK¿ h∂-sX∂pw t]m-b-
sX∂pw Rm\dn-™n-√. amb-bmWv cmhnse hnfn-®p-W¿Øn ImWnX-X-
®p-X-∂-Xv. Poh-\p-≈-Xp-t]mse Hcp Iq´w BSp-Iƒ˛ Ahbv°p \Sp-hn¬
AXn-tesd ssNX-\y-ap-≈, apJØv A¤p-X-I-c-amb im-¥X Hmfw-sh-
´p∂ tbip! ]›mØe-Øn¬ \oe ae-I-fpw, ]®-∏p¬ta-Sp-I-fpw. tbip-
hns‚ ssIbn¬ D≈Xv bYm¿∞-Øn-semcp h-Sn-X-s∂-bmtWm F∂v
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
1282010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
129
IS∂v Nn√-Iƒ \o´n-\n¬-°p-∂p. AXns‚ Nn√-I-fn-sem-s°bpw ]e-Xcw
Infn-°q-Sp-Iƒ- -Xp-∂m-c-t‚-Xv, Xq°-Wmw-Ip-cp-hn-bp-tS-Xv, amS-Ø-Ø-bp-tS-
Xv... B¬a-c-Øns‚ aÆn-te-bv°m-gv∂p-\n¬°p∂ thSp-I-ƒ°n-S-bn-eqsS
Ahy-‡-ambn ImWp-∂Xv Hcp kvXocq-]-am-sW-∂mWv tXm∂n-b-Xv.
k¿∏®p-‰p-Iƒt]mse hf-™p-]p-f-™p-e-™p-In-S-°p∂ apSn®p-cp-fp-Iƒ-
˛-]-IpXn Xpd∂ angn-I-fn¬\n-∂mtWm ]Imiw ]k-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
ssIIfpw Nn√-Ifpw th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bm-\m-Im-ØX H∂p-tN¿∂mWv \nev]v
F-UvKdns\ Ahn-sS-sbßpw I≠n-√.
cmhnse a°fpw ambbpw henb D’m-l-tØmsS Fs∂ h∂p Ipep-
°n-bp-W¿Øn-b-t∏m-gmWv Rm\p-W¿∂-Xv. Rmb-dm-gvN-bm-sW-∂Xv
t_m[Ønepw At_m-[-Ønepw Hcp-t]mse Dd--®p-In-S-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-
≠mhmw Aemdw sNhnbv°p sXm -Sp-Øp-\n--∂-e-dn-bmepw Rm\p-W-¿∂nn-
√. Ah-tcm-sSm∏w kn-‰u- nse Nph-cn-∂-SpØp-sN-∂p-t\m-°p-tºm-gmWv
F\n°v cmXn-bnse Imcy-߃ Hm¿Ω h∂Xv.
Nph-cn¬, Rm≥ P\-en-eqsS I≠-sX√mw inev]-cq-]-Øn¬ InS-∏p-
≠m-bn-cp-∂p. thSp-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ Ahy-‡-ambn ImW-s∏´ kvXocq-]-
Øns‚ Xe-bn¬ Ae¶mc-ßfpw Inco-S-hp-an-√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠-v tZhn-
bmtWm F∂pw, intcm-h-kvX-an-√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Znhy-am-Xm-hmtWm
F∂pw Xo¿-®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hmsX Rm-\Xpw t\m°n Iptd-t\cw \n∂p.
inev]-Øns‚ apJØv Hmfw-X-≈p-∂Xv Hcp hm’-ey-°-S¬ X-s∂-bmWv!
"A∏m, Cu a\p-jy\v F-UvK¿ amas‚ Omb' F∂v sd-bvanbpw
tPm∏phpw B¿Øp-hn-fn-®-t∏m-gmWv Rm-\Xp i≤n-°p-∂-Xv. kvXocq-]-
Øns‚ aSn-bn¬ InS°p∂Xv F-UvKdmWv. ]s£, ]m]-©nI a\p-jy-
cq-]-Øntem hkvX-ß-fntem A√˛ H∂m-¥-c-samcp inev]w Xs∂! CX
at\m-l-c-ambn H-cmƒ°v kz¥w inev]-ap-≠m-°m-\m-hptam? Fs‚ a\ v
cmXnbnse Im-gvvN-I-fn¬Øs∂ IpSp-ßn-°n-S-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. inev]n
inev]w Xs∂bmbn amdptam? BImw-£-sIm≠-v ]e-X-hW Rm\m-cq-]-
Øn¬ hnc-tem-Sn-®p-t\m°n. kna‚pw aWepw tN¿∂p-≠mI-p∂ Hcp- -h-
kvXp-h-ns‚ Dd∏pw ZrV-Xbpw F\n°v sXm -dn-bm-\m-bn. At∏mƒ F-
UvK¿?
F-UvKdns\ CX Ime-sam∂pw ImWm-Xn-cn-bv°m-dn-√t√m F∂v
kplr-Øp-°ƒ CS-bv°n-Sbv°v tNmZn--°p-tºmƒ F\n-bvs°mcp hnd-b-
ep-≠v. Rß-fpsS kmbm-”-kw-hm-Z-ß-fn¬\n∂v Rm\n-t∏mƒ Hgn-™p-
\nev°p-I-bm-Wv. Bsc-¶nepw kq£n®pt\m-°n-bm¬, F-s¥-¶nepw tNmZn-
®m¬ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv ]d-™p-t]m-hpI F∂ `oXn-bn-emWv Rm-\n-
F\n°v henb Bizm-k-am-bn. F\n°v hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m-\m-hp-∂-
X-c-Øn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw ]cn-Nn-X-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ AXn-ep-≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°m≥
F-UvKdn\p tXm∂-tW F∂p ]m¿∞n®v Rm≥ AI-tØbv°v \njvI-
an-®p. Ip´n-Iƒ Dd-ßn-bn- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. "Rß-fpsS c≠m-fp-sSbpw inev]w
F-UvK¿ ama-t\mSv ]d-™p-≠m-°n-®qtS A∏\v, _msKm∂pw ]pd-Øn-Sm-
sX, Iptd sNSn-I-fp-sSbpw ]qºm-‰-I-fp-sS-bp-sam-s°-bn-S-bn¬' F∂v
sdbvan Ft∂mSp tNmZn-®Xv Xe-bm´n icn-sh®p tPm-∏p-hpw. _mKp-]p-d-
Øn´p\n¬°p∂Ip´n-I-fpsS inev]w, Ah-cpsS kvIqƒ sKbn-‰n-ep-≈Xv
F-UvK¿ Xs∂ sNbvX-Xm-Wv. knÃ-dpsS \n¿-_‘w kln-bv°-h-øm-
sX-bmWv F-UvKdns\, Rm\Xp sNøm≥ G¿∏mSm°n-s°m-Sp-Ø-Xv. AXp-
I-≠-t∏mƒ apX¬ Ahƒ°p≈ BK-l-am-W-Xv. Aß-s\-sbmcp Imcyw
"FUvK-dns‚ Npa-cn¬' sNøm≥ ]d-bm-\p≈ ss[cy-sam∂pw F\n-bv°n√
F∂v Ah-f-dn-bp-∂pt≠m?! "tlmwh¿s°ms° Ign-s™-¶n¬ thKw InS-
∂p-dßv' F∂ Iev]\ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn®v Rm\m BKlw Ahn-sS-sh®v
apdn-®p. \Ωƒ c£nXm-°-fpsS ]cm-[o-\X Ip´n-I-f-dn-bp-∂-Xn¬∏cw
\mWt-°-sS-¥p≠v! C\nbpw B tNmZyw s]m¥n-h-t∂-bv°ptam F∂p
`b∂v "lu, Fs¥mcp Xe-th-Z-\, amtb, ssSK¿-_m-sa-hn-sS-bmWv? F∂p-
d-s°-t®m-Zn®v Rm≥ ASp-°-f-`m-K-tØbv°v t]mbn. F-UvKdn\p≈
`£Ww ]mX-Øn-se-Sp-Øp-sh-®Xv kn‰u- n¬ sIm≠p-t]mbn sh®v,
Rm\pw ambbpw IqSn `£Ww Ign-bv°m-\n-cp-∂p. F-UvK¿ F¥m-Wp-
≠m-°p-∂Xv' F∂ amb-bpsS tNmZy-Øn\v Xev°mew DØcw ]d-bm-Xn-
cn-°p-∂-XmWv `wKn F∂v a\- n-ep-d-∏n®v `£Ww s]s´∂p Ign-®p-
Xo¿Øv Rm≥ AI-Øp-t]mbn InS-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
cmXn hf-sc-tbsd sN∂n- p≠mIpw. Rm\p-W-cp-tºmƒ ]pdØv Xt´m
apt´m H∂pw tIƒ°m-\n-√. amb-sbbpw Ip- n-I-sfbpw DW¿Øm-Xn-cn-
bv°m≥ i≤n-®v, Hcp ]pgp-hn-s\-t∏mse Rm≥ InS°bpsS a≤y-
Øn¬\n∂v Cg-™n-g™v I´n-en-t∂m-c-sØ-Øn, H®-bp-≠m-°msX Xmsg-
bn-d-ßn. s_Uvdqw emºns‚ Cew-\oe shfn®w lmfnepw h∂-sX-ß-
s\-bm-sW-∂-¥n-®v, kn‰u- n-tebv°p Xpd-bv°p∂ P\-ens‚ hnS-hn-eqsS
Rm≥ F-UvK¿ Gen-bmkv F¥p-sN-øp-I-bm-sW∂v FØn-t\m-°n.
C\n Rm≥ ]d-bp∂ Imcy-߃ tI´m¬, Fs‚ am\-kn-I-\n-ebpw
XI-cm-dn-emtbm F∂v \n߃ kwibnt®°mw. kn‰u´pw ap‰hpw \nem-
hn--se-∂-t]m-se, Cfw-\o-ebpw tdmkpw I-e¿∂ A`u-a-amb Hcp-Xcw
]Im-i-Øn¬ apßn-°p-fn®p \n¬°p∂p! thSp-I-fn-d-°n-\n¬°p-∂,
]S¿∂p-]-¥-en® Hcm¬acw hoSn-t\-°mƒ Db-c-Øn¬ tK‰pw hgnbpw
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
1302010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
131
am¿t°-WvtV-bw...
Fw.-Fw. kNo-µ≥
IÆn-bp-dbv°pw aptº
Fdn™p hogvØm-\-t√,
ImcWw ImWn-°msX
""sImt -j≥'' sImSpØp \o....?
Imes‚ ISpw-sI- n¬
Imep aÆn¬\n-∂‰p
]mW-s\-∏n-gn-™-t∏mƒ
\o Xs∂ c£bvs°-Øn.
acWw acn-°p∂
Nnc-Po-hn-X-Øn-tebv°v
DW¿Øpw alm-enw-K-am-b-h≥!
inh-t\.... \o...
NpSe-Øo-bn¬
Xe-I-Øn® Nmcw sXm v
ap°Æp hc-®-t∏mƒ
Rm≥ \n∂n-sem-Xp-ßn-t∏m-bv....
IÆocpw Ic-®nepw
Nncnbpw ]Xo-£bpw
shÆodpw shfn-®hpw
tNmcbpw ]mepw.... tX\pw...
lna-h¬]-km-ZsØ
]pWcpw Ccpƒ°mSpw
\n∂n-eq-sSm-en-®-nt∏mƒ
F∂n¬ ho-WS-n-bp-∂p...
XpSpØ hnc¬Øp-ºm¬
C°n-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p,
]pXp ]q°-fn¬ th¿Ø
a[phpw kpK-‘hpw.
hcn™p apdp-°p-hm≥
IS™p hnjw tNm¿Øm≥
Dc-K-®p-cpƒt]mse
hgp°pw Hfn-°n-W¿....!
t∏mƒ. AtXmsS Rm\pw Hcp `m-¥-\mbn NnXo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-a-t√m. CXn-
s‚-sbms° CS-bnepw Fs∂ A¤p--X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv as‰mcp hkvXp-X-
bm-Wv-˛-in-ev]-Ønse F-UvKdns‚ apJØv Fs¥mcp im¥n-bmWv!
ÿmbn-bmb AXr-]vXn-bn°pw Akz-ÿ-Xbv°pw ]Icw A\n¿h-N-\o-
b-amb B\-µ-amWv Ahs\ Nqgv∂p-\n-¬°p-∂-Xv. cmXn-I-fn¬ ]e-t∏m-
gpw, Cfw-\o-ebpw tdmkpw Ie¿∂ ZypXn-bn¬ AXp ]]©w apgp-h≥
]c-°p-∂-Xmbn F\n°p tXm∂m-dp-≠v. amb-tbm-Sp-t]mepw Rm\n-sXm∂pw
]d-™n- n-√. Cu Imcy-߃ B¿°pw hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-t°≠ _m[yX
F\n-bv°n-s√-∂mWv C-t∏mƒ Fs‚ ]£w.
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
1322010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
133
shbn¬
_ntPmbv Nµ≥
BImiw Hcp
ap\ Iq¿Ø
shbn¸mfn.
PesØ ]nf¿°pw
a\ v
ImWn-®p-Xcpw
]p√n¬ \n∂p-‰p-t\m°pw
]®Øh-fsb
IÆp-cp´n
sXm≠ anSn-∏n®v
shdpsX t]Sn-∏n°pw
Icn-bn-e-°mSv
hoSns\ \nh-¿Øn
hmbn®v
\ng-enSßfmbv
ap‰Øv \ncØpw
Hcp an∂m-bw-t]mse
A-Ωsb hc-®nSpw
]\-ºn¬ tXmcm\n´
s\√v
Im°-sb-s°m≠-v
sImØn°pw
shbn-e-tØm-Sn-sbØmw
Hm¿Ω Nn°n-\n-c-Øm≥
ap-ػn.
Xqº-bn¬ ]‰n-∏n-Sn®v
sXmSn-bn-te°v t]mIpw
shbn-e-—≥
Inf-®n´ aÆn≥
Nph∏n-te-bv°n-dßn
]ns∂
Fhn-sS-t∏mbv shbn¬?
OnZw
ju°-Ø-eo-Jm≥
Hcp sh¨ap-In-ens‚
Nnd-In≥ Iq´n-emWv
Ifn®pw Nncn®pw
\mw H‰ \nd-Øns‚
sFIy-ap-∂-Wn-bm-b-Xv.
C∂v k‘ybv°v
ag-hn-√ns‚ ]tem- -\-Øm¬
IS¬°-m‰ns‚ XWpØ
Benw-K-\-ta‰v
Icn-ta-L-߃
\ΩpsS AXn-Yn-I-fm-bn.
CSn-an-∂-ep-Iƒ
\ΩpsS tXmfn¬ ssIbn- p.
Ic-°m-‰p-I-fpsS
NXn-b≥ Ipcp-°n¬s∏ v
ap\bpw aq¿®-bp-ap≈
Ggv \nd-ß-fmbv
Xo¿∏p-Ifpw Xo¿®-Ifpw tXSn
sam -°p-∂p-Ifpw ]pdw-I-S-en¬ X≈n.
Cu \nd-sIm≠ ]mXn-c-bn¬
Hcp s]cp-a-g-bn-te°v
Nph∏pw ]®bpw Imhn-bp-ambv
\Ωƒ hgn-]n-cn-bp-∂p.
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
1342010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
135
Xqen-I-Øp-ºn-se-ØmØ
Imcy-⁄X
Fw.-B¿.-N-µ-ti-J-c≥
KŸ-\n-cq]Ww
FgpØv hmb-\-°m-cs\ sR´n-°-Ww F∂-sXmcp
sNm√m-Wv. DZ-b-i-¶¿ IYm-k-am-lm-c-Øns‚ t]cp-
sIm-≠p-Xs∂ AXv sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. "]®-°p-Xn-c-
I-fpsS ag' F∂ t]cv A‘m-fn∏v D-≠m-°p-∂-Xm-
Wv. "]®-°mf' F∂mWv, Xr»q-cn-\-SpØv Fs‚
\m´n≥]p-dØv ]d-™p-h-cm-dp-≈-Xv. ]®-°p-Xnc F∂
hm°ns\ A£-cm¿∞-Øn¬ FSp-Øm¬, AsXm-cn-
S-tØbv°pw LSn-°n-√. sh´pIn-fn-—m-b-bp-ff Hcp
Pohn-bmWv ]®-°m-f. ]®-∏øv F∂pw ]d-bm-dp-≠v.
H∂p-c-≠p-aq∂p ]®-°m-f-Iƒ ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ apJ-
®- -bn-ep-≠v. kwi-b-\n-hm-c-W-Øn\v AXv DXIp∂p.
ASn-s]mfn
"ASn-s]mfn' F∂ hm°n\p Ct∏mƒ kmlnXy
Kuc-h-ap-≠v. AXv Bfp-I-fpsSsbms° \mhn¬ Ib-
dn-°q-Sn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. \nXy-kw- m-j-W-Øn¬ B hm°v
NmSn-ho-gp-∂p. ASn-s]mfn BZyw IS-∂p-Iq-Sn-bXv
]m´ns‚ afi-e-Øn-em-Wv. Ct∏mƒ, ]m´p-Iƒ c≠p
hn[-amWv: AXn-sem∂v ASn-s]m-fn.
DZ-b-i-¶¿ ASn-s]m-fn-sb sNdp-I-Y-bn-te°p Ib-
kpthm-fPn
kn.-F-kv. Pb--N-µ≥
BIm-i-tØmfw
Ncnhpw hen-∏-hp-ap-≈
Hcp ag-hn-√n¬
\njv°-f-¶-\-√mØ
Hcp Ip´n
]£n-ar-Km-h-ensb
ASp°n hbv°p∂p.
CS-tØ-b‰w apX¬
ISph ]pen knwlw
Fen ]mºv ]cp¥v
Igp-I≥ aqß h∆m¬
apXe Im≠m-arKw
apX-embn
Xm≥ shdp-°p∂
`oI-c-scbpw
he-tØ-b‰w apX¬
]mhv Ipbn¬ abn¬
]q® ]´n Xmdmhv
B\ Ddpºv H´Iw
am≥ ao≥ apb¬
CXymZn
Xm≥ CjvS-s∏-Sp∂ kuay-tcbpw
sh n
ASp°n
H´n-bv°p∂p.
hn´p-t]mb
]ip-hn-t\bpw
Fcp-a-tbbpw
heØpw
CS-Øp-ambn
AWn-tN¿°p∂p
sshIn-sb-Ønb
BSp-Isf
Ccp-h-iØpw
tabm≥ hnSp∂p.
(Im-°-sb-t∏m-se)
]pd-Øm-bh
]pd-Øm-bh Xs∂.
HØ-\-Sp-hn¬
D®-kq-cy-s\-t∏mse
Xs‚
kvIqƒ sFU‚n‰n Im¿Unse
]mkvt]m¿ v sskkv t^mt´mbpw
]Xn®p hbv°p∂p
H´pw
\njv°f¶-\-√m-Ø
Hcp Ip´n.
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
1362010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
137
AXn-i-tbm-‡n-bn-√msX cmjvSo-b-an-√. CSn-ap-g-°w-t]mse
Fs¥¶nepw ]d-b-Ww. AXnt\ timXm-°-fp-≠m-hq. DZ-b-i-¶¿ cmjvSo-
b-Øns‚ AI-°mºv I≠-dn-™-h-\m-Wv.
kam-lm-c-Ønse henbIY "tjm' BWv. B IYbv°v Aº-Xn-
\m-bncw hne-∏n-Sn-∏p≈ Ahm¿Uv In´n. ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ Ib-dn-∏-‰p-∂-Xn-
\p-ap-ºmWv AXp-≠m-b-Xv.
t]mIvkn
Ip∂n-°¬ \mcm-b-W-s‚bpw aµm-In-\n-bp-sSbpw IY-bmWv A\y
\ma-t[-b-ß-fn¬ Ipdn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. \mcm-b-W≥, Ip∂p-Ω¬ \mWp, aµm-
In-\n, I-Y-bn¬, atl-izcn. \mWp-hns\ atl-izcn `¿Ømhmbn hcn-®-
Xv, Nmcp-a-Ppw-Zm-cpsS "t]mIvkn' Bbn- m-sW-∂v. Nmcp-a-Ppw-Zm¿ cm„o-
b-N-I-hm-f-Øn¬ Xmc-am-bp-b-cp-∂Xv 1967- \v tij-amWv. aµm-In\o \mcm-
b-W-∑m-cpsS Zmº-Xyw AXn\pw FXtbm apºv XpS-ßn. \Ivk¬ apt∂-
‰-Øn¬ APnX hoc-\m-bn-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-∂-t√m.
Hm, IY-bn¬ bYm¿∞-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ°v \ndw Nm¿Ømw. sNdp-I-Y-
bpsS inev]-sØ-∏‰n BZyw Nn¥n®v FUvKm¿ Ase≥t]m
]d™n´p≈Xv, Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ ]d-bm-\p≈ Imcy-Øn\p ]mI-Øn¬
hkvXp-X-Iƒ tXSn-∏n-Sn®v \nc-Ø-W-sa-∂mWv. Ipd-®p-\mƒ Pzen®v ]Sp-
Xncn IØn-t∏mb tIc-f-Ønse \Ivk-en-ksØ h≥-Imcyambn Ah-X-
cn-∏n-°m≥ i¶¿ BK-ln-®p. AXn\v At±-l-Øn\v kzmX-¥yhpw Ah-
Im-ihpw D≠v. atl-iz-cn-bpsS Fgp-X-s∏-SmØ Poh-N-cn-X-sØ-∏‰n ]d-
bp-∂p≠v IY-bn¬. 64, 76, 86, 112 F∂o A≤ym-b-ß-fn¬\n-s∂∂p ]d-
™v, Nne Imcy-߃, atl-iz-cn-bpsS sXfn-™p-a-d™ t_m[-]-hm-l-
Øn¬\n∂v D≤-cn-°p-∂p. AXv IuXp-I-I-c-am-Wv.
"\mtSm-Sn]-pcmWw' F∂ IY-bn¬\n-∂p-≈-XmWv Xmsg D≤-cn-°p-∂-
hm-Iy-߃: 1. Cu KŸw Rm≥ Fcn°pI-bmWv 2. Nmcw-]p-g-bn¬ Hgp-
°Ww 3. CXnse hm°p-Iƒ IrXn-a-am-Wv. 4. B -c-W-a-Wn™ `mj
Rm≥ shdp-°p-∂p.
Im´p-Ip-Xnc
CXnse H∂pw c≠pw ]kvXm-h-\-I-sf-∏‰n Rm≥ H∂pw ]d-bp-∂n-
√. aq∂m-asØ ]kvXm-h-\, DZ-b-i-¶-dns‚ Cu ]pkvX-IsØ kw_-
‘n-®m-sW-¶n¬, ]®-]-c-am¿∞-amWv. \mem-asØ ]kvXm-h-\, CXnse
IY-I-fpsS ]Xn-]m-Z-\-co-Xn-sIm≠v km-[q-I-cn-°-s∏- n- n√. mj Hcp Im´p-
Ip-Xn-c-bm-Wv. AXns\ sacp°n khm-cn-sN-øm≥ Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ Hc-e-
Ivkm-≠¿ BI-Ww. DZ-b-i-¶-dn\v Imcy-⁄-X-bp-≠v. AXv Xqen-I-Øp-
º-sØ-Øn-bn- n-√.
(]-®-°p-Xn-c-I-fpsS ag, DZ-b-i-¶¿, tkm¿_ ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, ]qtßm- p
-]-d-ºv, hne : 40 cq])
‰n-hn- p. AXmWv Cu IYm-k-am-lm-c-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X. A£-cm¿∞-
Øn¬, ASn-s]m-fn-bmWv CXnse BZysØ IY. FkvX-∏m\pw tla-
¥pw, Aen-l-dn¬ ]Tn-®n-d-ßnb P¿Æ-en-Ãp-Iƒ. tla¥v hen-sbmcp
]X-Øn¬, \√ \nebn¬. FkvX-∏m≥ ^oem≥k-dmbn Ign-bp-∂p. c≠p-
t]¿ h¿j-߃°p-tijw I≠p-ap- n. Hcp sdbn¬th tÃj-\n¬. lkvX-
Zm-\w. ""ssI XWp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. Hcp apdp-°-hp-an-√. FkvX-∏m≥ Ct∏mgpw
apJy-[m-c-bn-e√''.
""FkvX-∏m-\mWv ][m\ IYm-]m-Xw.'' D®-bvs°m∂pw Ign-®n- n-√.
IrXy-ambn h≠n-°qen amXw; F¬.-]n. kvIqƒ A≤ym-]n-I-bmb
`mcybpsS iº-f-Øn¬\n∂v Hcp ss]≥Un-\p≈ Imipw''.
ssZ\y-Nn-X-߃
""`¿Øm-hn\v aZyw hmßm≥ ssÃ∏≥Uv Xcp-∂ GI mcy Cu temI-
Øn¬ I]ne So®¿ amX-am-bn-cn-°Ww''.
kplr-Øp-°ƒ I≠p-ap- p∂ cwK-Øns‚ ]c- m-Kw.
""FkvX-∏m-≥, sdbn¬th Sm°n-te°p t\m°n, Iyma-d-bpsS
t^m°kv IrXy-am-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. `£-W-s∏m-Xn-bpsS Ah-in-jvS-
߃°n-S-bn¬ ]´n°pw Im°-bv°pw CS-bn¬ Hcp Ip™v.''
CXn¬ Ihn™ ssZ\y-Nn-X-ß-fmWv IY-bn¬ XpS¿∂phnhcn-°-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xv. tla¥v D√m-kn-bm-Wv. ]X-Øn¬ \√ t]mÃv; \√ iº-fw.
Xs‚ ]h¿Øn afi-e-sØ-∏‰n tla¥v hnh-cn-®p-]-d-bp-∂p. `£-W-
I-a-amWv ][m-\-kw-K-Xn.
tla¥v FkvX-∏ms\ Hcp ]©-\-£X tlm -en-te°p \bn-®p.
AhnsS kplr-Øn-t\mSv tla¥v ]d-™-sX√mw , \mb°p `£Ww
\¬Ip∂Xp kw_-‘n®v imkvXo-b hnh-c-W-ambncp∂p. tI´n-cp∂
FkvX-∏m\v F¥mWv kw -hn-°p-∂-sX∂v tla-¥n\v Adn-bn-√m-bn-cp-
∂p. Npcp-°n-∏n-Sn-®- Xs‚ apjvSn Zneo]v tla-¥ns‚ apJØv IrXy-
ambn sIm≠p-sh∂p am-X-a-dn-bmw. Abmƒ (tl-a-¥v- -te.) -I-tk-c-tbmsS
ae¿∂-Sn-®p.
CSn-ap-g°w
IY-bpsS Cu ]cn-Wmaw hmb-\-°m-cs\ D’p-I-\m°pw F∂mWv
F\n°p tXm∂p-∂-Xv. Ip‰-Øn\v in£ "hcºØp' Xs∂-bm-Ip-∂Xv \∂v.
""Hm¥ns‚ CXn-lmkw'' F∂ IY-bn¬ NnIn-’-bnse sIm≈-Iƒ
BWvv kqNn-X-am-Ip-∂Xv. tUmIvS¿ ^m≥knkv s\cn-t°mS\pw Abmƒ
sk≥ _p≤≥ F∂p hnfn-°p∂ Hm¥p-amWv IYm-]m-X-߃. s\cn-t°m-
S≥ F∂ t]cn¬ IY-bpsS A¥¿`mhw kqNn-X-am-Ip-∂p-≠v.
"Pew' F∂ IY sIm°-t°m-f-bvs°-Xn-cm-Wv. ""C\n ag s]bvXm¬
ag°v Icw sImSp-°-Ww. \m´nse sh≈sams° kzIm-cy-I-º-\n°p
hn‰n-cn-°p-∂p. s]bvX sh≈w Ah-cp-tS-Xm-Wv.......''
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
1382010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
139
kzXzw Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw X\n°p t\sc \ofp∂ Nqj-I-\n-b-a-ßsf tNmZyw
sNøm\pw Xkveoabv°p Ign-bp-∂p-≠v. Ah¿°p th≠Xv a\p-jy-\o-Xn-
bm-Wv. kvXosb∂ kl-Xm-]-tØmsS e`n-°p∂ XmW-Xcw ]cn-K-W-\-
b-√. kz¥w _m_-bpw, ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cpw, Imap-I-∑mcpw k¿°mcpw ]pcp-
j-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øns‚ A[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i-߃ ssIbm-fp-∂-h-cm-Wv. hoSpw
\mSpw `c-W-Iq-Shpw \¬Ip∂ ka-c-k-s∏-S-en-t‚-Xmb kwc-£-WsØ
IpS-s™-dn™v Xkveoa apt∂m- p-t]m-Ip-∂p. Ah¿ Xt‚-Xmb CSw Is≠-
Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Xs‚ DSa Xm≥ Xs∂-sb∂v Xncn-®-dn-™n-cn-°p-∂p.
1962 HmKÃv 25 \v _w•m-tZ-inse sabvsam≥knw-Kn¬ P\n® Xkveoa-
bpsS Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-I-fpsS BZy- m-K-amWv "Fs‚ s]¨Ip- n-°mew'.
_m_sb "ba≥' F∂ Cc- -t∏-cn´p hnfn-°p∂ Hcp s]¨Ip- n-bpsS
Ip´n-°mew ]pdØp XnW¿Øp InS-°p∂ Nm -hm-d-Sn-bpsS tNmc-∏m-Smbn
amdp-∂p. XpS¿s∂-gp-Xn-b-XmWv "buh-\-Øns‚ apdn-hp-Iƒ'. X\n°p Np‰p-
ap≈ Hcp Iq´w kvXoI-fpsS thZ-\bpw Zpc-¥-hp-ambn Ah¿ kwh-Zn-
°p-∂p. ChnsS kmaq-ly-hy-hÿ cuZ-th-j-a-Wn™p \n¬°p-∂p. ]W-
bn® ]pcp-j-\p-am-bp≈ hnhm-l-Po-hn-Xhpw tUmIvS-dpsS tae-¶n-bn´
HutZym-KnI Pohn-Xhpw Xnc-kvIm-c-ß-fpsS CuSp-sh-bv]mbn amdp-∂p.
tUmIvS¿ F∂ \ne-bn¬ amX-amWv Ah¿ Aev]-sa-¶nepw Xr]vX-bm-
Ip-∂-Xv. A\p- -h-ß-fpsS NqSn¬ hmSn-Ø-f-cp∂ Hcp-hsf \mw ImWp-∂n-
√. adn®v Pohn-X-Øn\v ]pXnb A¿∞-߃ Is≠-Øp-I-bmWv Xkveoa.
Ah¿ Ah-K-W-\-bpsS, thZ-\-bpsS A]-am-\-Øns‚ Nmc-Øn¬ \n∂v
]pXnb Hcm-Im-i-Øn-te°v Dbn¿Øp ]d-°p-∂p.
"\njvIm-knX' sb∂m¬ ]pdw X≈-s∏- -hƒ. kaq-l-Øns‚ kZm-
Nm-c-kw-ln-X-I-fn¬ \n∂v, IpSpw-_-Øns‚ \mep-Np-h-cp-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ \n∂v
]pdw-X-≈-s∏- -hƒ. kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ Icp-XpØp t\Snb Xkveoa-bpsS
Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-I-fpsS aq∂mw mK-amWv "\njvIm-knX'.
kzXzw Xncn-®-dn-™-Xns‚ sXfn-a-bmWv "\njvIm-knX' bpsS ImX¬
A¿∞-iq-\y-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xmbn Xkveoa-bv°-\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Imc-W-h-∑m-cmb Fgp-Øp-Im-tc-°mƒ aptº sNdp-]m-b-Øn¬ "B\-
µ-]p-c-kvImc' sa∂ hnJymX _lp-aXn t\Snb Xkveoabv°v kmln-
Xy- -kmw-kvIm-cnI _p≤n-Po-hn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ \n∂v kΩn-i-]-Xn-I-c-
W-amWv e`n-°p-∂-Xv. Xkveoa C…mw aX-Øn-s\-Xnsc Fgp-Xp-
∂XpsIm≠v lnµp-au-en-I-hm-Zn-I-fmb B\-µ-_-km¿, ]pc-kvImcw
\¬In F∂v aX-au-enI hmZn-Iƒ ]Nm-cWw \S-Øn. "C≥Izn-em_v'
F∂ ]Xw Xkveoa "tdm' bpsS GP‚m-sW∂v Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øn. A]-hm-
Z-ß-fpsS IpsØm-gp-°p-Xs∂ ]n∂o-S-h-cpsS Pohn-X-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip-∂p.
Xpd-s∂-gpØv
Ie
]pkvX-I-\n-cq-]Ww
Fgp-Xp-∂Xv kz¥w IY-bm-Ip-tºmƒ Pohn-X-k-
Xy-߃ \nd™ ]e Ad-Ifpw Bfl-kw-b-a-\-
Øns‚ Xmt°m¬ ]q´p-I-ƒ sIm≠v apZn-X-am-bn-cn-
°pw. Xkveoa \kvdos‚ Bfl-I-Y-bn¬ au\-ap-Zn-
X-amb AI-Ø-f-ß-fn-√. Ah¿ F∂pw hnhm-Z-ß-fp-
ambn ssIhn-c¬ tIm¿Øp \S-°p-∂p. CXv Xpd-s∂-
gp-Øm-Wv. \njvI-f-¶-Xbpw Bflm¿∞-X-bp-amWv
Hmtcm shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-en\pw Imh¬ \n¬°p-∂-Xv.
AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ A\p-hm-N-I-cpsS kwi-b-Nn-¥-
Iƒ°v ]th-i\w \ntj-[n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. am[-hn-°p- n-
bpsS "Fs‚ IY' sb Ipdn®v ]n∂o-Sp-≠mb ]cm-
a¿iw-t]mse CXn¬ `mh-\bpw bmYm¿∞yhpw
th¿]n-cn-s®-Sp-°m-\m-hmsX Cg-]n-cn-bp-∂n-√. Aß-s\-
sbmcp Xcw-Xn-cnhv Bkzm-Z-Is\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-
tØmfw ]k-‡-hp-a-√.
B¿÷hw \nd™ ss[cy-amWv Xkveoa-bpsS
FgpØv ]k-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. kaq-l-Ønse Iogm-f-
h¿§-ambn F∂pw ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏- n-cp∂ kvXobpsS
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
1402010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
141
ambp-∂-XmWv \√-Xv. ssZ\w-Zn\ IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-Øn-tebv°v kz]v\-]p-
cp-js\ Iq´n-s°m-≠p-h-cp-∂Xp \√-X-√. kz]v\w bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ ]cn-
[n-bv°-∏p-dØv ]cn-ip-≤hpw Xnf-°-am¿∂-Xp-ambn hkn-°-s´. AXp
ssIsb-Øn®p ]nSn-°m-hp-∂-Xn-\-∏p-d-am-bn-cn-°-s´. kz]v\-Øns‚ ]´w
Pohn-Xm-Im-iØp ]d∂p sIm≈-s´. Hcn-°epw AXp \qep s]m´n Xmsg
hog-cp-Xv. kz]v\wsIm≠v Pohn-X-Øn-\m-\µw e`n-°-Ww.'' Cu Bi-b-
Øns‚ F√m A¿∞-]q¿Æ-X-tbmSpwIqSn Xkveoa, kz]v\-ßsf ZpxJ-
Øn-s‚bpw If-¶-Øn-s‚-bp-sa√mw A∏p-d-tØbv°p ISØn \n¿Øn-bn-
cn-°p-∂p.
ssewKnI kzmX-¥ysØ Ipdn-®p≈ Xkveoa-bpsS \ne-]mSv kZm-
Nm-c-Øns‚ Imh¬ amem-J-am-cpsS Dd°w sISp-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv. «oem-«o-
e-ßsf \n¿∆-Nn-°p-hm≥ aX-ßsf Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xm-cmWv ? kz¥w
t]asØIpdn-®v, ssewKnI thgvN-I-sf-Ip-dn-®v, ]pcp-j-kp-lr-Øp-°-fp-
am-bp≈ CS-s]-S-ep-Isf Ipdn®v Xkveoa Xpd∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
ico-c-Øns‚ a‰p ]mY-an-Im-h-iy-ßsf t]mse Xs∂bmWv ssewKn-
Im-k-‡n-bpw. AXv \nd-th-‰m≥ ]c-]p-cp-j-∑m-cp-ambn kz¥w icocw hn\n-
abw sNbvXn- p≈ Imcyw Ah¿ ad-®p-sh-bv°p-∂n-√. Xkveoa BZy-
ambn ico-c-kpJw A\p- -hn-®Xv cpZ≥ F∂ Ihn-bp-am-bm-Wv. Ah¿
hnhm-ln-X-cm-bn. s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp-Iƒs°m-Sp-hn¬ hnhm-l-tam-Nn-X-cp-am-bn.
cpZ≥ Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-Øn-en-√m-Xm-b-t∏mƒ anf≥, \mbnw, ao\m¿ F∂n-
h-cpsS IqsS-bm-bn-cp∂p icocw sIm≠p≈ eoe. Cu _‘-ß-fn-se√mw
kz¥w kpJ-tØ-°m-fp-]cn ]pcp-js‚ kpJ-Øn-\m-bn-cp∂p ]m[m-\y-
sa∂ Imcyw Xkveoasb ]n∂oSv \ncm-i-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. kpµ-c-∑m-
cmb ]pcp-j-∑m¿°p-th-≠n-bp≈ Zmlw X\n°v Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h≥
D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Xkveoa kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p. ssIk¿ F∂ hy‡n-bp-
ambn B Hscm‰ Imc-W-Øm-emWv Ah¿ _‘w ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv
F∂p hy‡-am-Wv. ssI\o- n-bm¬ In´pw F∂p hnNm-cn®p Np‰n-Øn-cn-
bp∂ ta[m-hn-Iƒ Xkveoasb am\-kn-I-ambn XI¿°p-hm≥ iaw \S-
Øn-bn-cp-∂p. HutZym-Kn-I-ÿm-\-N-e-\-߃ AXns‚ mK-am-bn-cp-∂p.
Unkw-_¿ 6˛mw XnøXn _m_vdn-a-kvPnZv XI¿°-s∏´ kw -h-Øn-\p-
tijw _w•m-tZiv CfIn adn-™p. c‡-cq-jn-X-amb Iem]w s]m´n-∏p-d-
s∏- p. _m_vdn akvPnZv t\cn´p ImWp-I-t]mepw sNbvXn- n-√mØ _w•m-
tZ-inse lnµp-°ƒ ap…o-ap-I-fm¬ BI-an-°-s∏- p. IS-Ifpw hoSp-Ifpw
a\p-jycpw IØn-sb-cn-™p. ]cn-t°-‰-h-sc-s°m≠v Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ \nd-
™p. Ah-cpsS CS-bn-eqsS tkh-\-\n-c-X-bmbn HmSn-\-S∂ XkveoabpsS
a\- n¬ cq]w sIm≠-XmWv e÷. anX-amb hm°pIfn¬, anX-amb
"\n¿∆m-NnX tImf'Øn¬ Xkveoa XpS¿®-bmbn kvXoIƒs°-Xnsc
\S-°p∂ ]oU-\-ßsf Ipdn-s®-gp-Xn. ]t£ kvXo ]oU-\sØ Ipdn®p
amX-a√ Ah-sc-gp-Xn-b-Xv. AXn\p Imc-W-°m-cmb aX-Xo-h-hm-Zn-Isf
Ipdn®pw Ahsc kwc-£n-°p∂ kap-Zm-bsØ Ipdn®pw Fgp-Xn. AXv
bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-k-aq-lsØ Cf-°n-a-dn-°m≥ Imc-W-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. ]ptcm-
K-a-\-hm-Zn-Iƒ F∂ ]pdw-Ip-∏m-b-an v \S-°p-∂-h-cpw Xkveoa-bvs°-Xnsc
hmtfm-ßn.
Hcp aX-Ønepw hniz-kn-°mØh¿, kvXo]p-cpj ka-Xz-Øn¬ hniz-
kn-°p-∂-h¿, hniz-kn-°pI amX-a√ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ]mX-bn¬ \ns∂m-
gn™p ]ptcm-K-a-\-hm-Zn-I-fm-bn-Øo¿∂-h¿ amX-amWv bYm¿∞-Øn¬
Xkveoasb ]n¥p-W-®Xv. Ah-cn-sem-cm-fmb hncq-]m-£-]m¬ Hcp tImf-
Øn-se-gp-Xn. "Xkveoa Ah-cpsS a\- n¬ tXm∂n-bXv ss[cy-tØmsS
Xpd-s∂-gp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. a‰p _p≤n-Po-hn-Iƒ Ba-sb-t∏mse kz¥w Xe-
kp-c-£n-X-ambn tXmSn-\p-≈n¬ Hfn®p shbv°p-tºmƒ, Xkveoa [oc-
ambn Xe ]pd-Øn- p-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ]d-bp∂p'.
A\p-Iq-en®pw ]Xn-Iq-en®pw [mcmfw teJ-\-߃ h∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-
∂p. A\p-Iq-en-I-sf-°mƒ qcn-]£w FXn-cm-fn-Iƒ°m-bn-cp-∂p. kvXoi-
co-c-sa-∂m¬ cpNn-I-c-amb hn -h-am-Wv. apdn®p hdp-tØm, Idn-sh-t®m,
Ae-¶-cn® Xo≥ta-i-bn¬ Hcp-°n-sh-bv°m-hp∂ H∂v. Cu [mc-W-sb-
bmWv Xkveoa Fgp-Øn-eq-sS, Pohn-X-Øn-eqsS sh√p-hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv.
Xkveoa-bpsS teJ-\-߃ C…mw aX-Øn\v Hcp £Xnbpw hcp-
Øm≥ t]mIp-∂n-s√∂v ]d-bp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw C…mw `oI-c-hm-Zn-Iƒ
Ahsc AI-an-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. Xkveoa-sb XS-bm≥ ]‰n-bn-s√-¶n¬
C…mw acn®p aÆ-Snbpw F∂ a´n-em-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS \o°-߃.
Hcp hiØp kvt\lw, adp-h-iØp shdp-∏v. CXn-\n-S-bn-em-bn-cp∂p
Xkveoa. kvt\lhpw shdp∏pw c≠pw Ahsc Iogvs∏-Sp-Øn-°-f-™n-
√. ]Xps°∏Xps° c≠pw Dƒs°m-≈m≥ As√-¶n¬ c≠n¬\n∂pw
tamN\w t\Sm≥ Xkveoa Xs∂-Øs∂ Xøm-dm-°n.
]W-b-Øn-e-I-s∏-Sp-hm≥ Xoh-ambn BK-ln-°p∂ Hcp am\-kn-I-\n-
esb Ipdn®v Xkveoa hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v. t]an-°p-∂-bm-fns‚ sshcp-
]yhpw Zp¿Kp-W-ßfpw t]aw F∂ alm-k-Xy-Øn-\p-ap-∂n¬ Dcp-In-sbm-
en-°p-∂p. ]n∂oSv ]e Pohn-X-k-‘n-I-fnepw sN∂p-s] v hnlz-e-bmbn
\n¬°p-tºmƒ Xncn®p \S-∂mtem F∂v Ah¿ hymtam-ln-°p-∂p. F∂n pw
lrZ-b-Øn¬ t]a-Øns‚ apdn-∏m-Sp-Iƒ Ah-ti-jn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠mWv Ah-
cpsS Pohn-X-Ønse Hmtcm kµ¿i-I\pw IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xv.
Xkveoa Fgp-Xp-∂p. ""kz]v\-Øn-ep≈ ]pcp-j≥ kz]v\-Øn¬ Xs∂
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
1422010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
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teJI ]cn-Nbw
tUm. sI.-F-kv. chn-Ip-am¿, F^v-˛5, "KoXv' Ce¶w
Km¿U≥kv, sh≈-b-º-ew, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw-˛10 tUm.
Fkv.-sI.-h-k-¥≥, 2 Un, bqWn‰n F≥t¢hm bqWn‰n
tdmUv, Ipcn-b-®nd ]n.-H., Xriq¿ ˛ 680 006. tUm.-kn.-
B¿. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥, "ioImhv', IWn-aw-Kew ]n.-H., Xriq¿
˛ 680 027 tUm. Fw. IrjvW≥\-ºq-Xn-cn, Pn˛4, "IrjvW-
]-kmZw', KwK A∏m¿´p-sa‚ vkv, i¶-cø PwKvj≥,
]qtØmƒ, Xr»q¿ ˛ 4 _n.-B¿. kpta-jv, ]\-®-hn-fm-
IØv hoSv, Nmß ]n.-H., Bcy-\m-Sv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
hn.-bp. kptc-µ≥, sshtem-∏n≈n hoSv, ]n.-H. IWn-aw-K-ew,
Xr»q¿ 680 027 tcJ ]n., ae-bm-f-hn-`m-Kw, i¶-cm-Nmcy
kwkvIrX k¿h-∆-I-em-im-e, ImeSn tUm. jo_ Fw.
Ipcy≥, Nmem-t»-cn¬, tIm -ae ]n.-H., hc-°m-Sv, \ote-izcw
(h-gn), Imk-d-tKmUv tUm. Fw.-B¿. cmtP-jv, ae-bm-f-
hn- m-Kw, C≥Ãn-‰yq v Hm v UnÃ≥kv FUyp-t°-j≥, tIcf
k¿∆-I-em-ime, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw tUm. sI.-sI. inh-Zm-
kv, eIvN-d¿, ae-bm-f-hn- m-Kw, IÆq¿ k¿∆-I-em-im-e, \ote-
izcw ˛ 671 314 tUm. kn. iIp-¥-f, Akn. s]m^-k¿,
kpthm-fPn hn`m-Kw, alm-flm-Km‘n Kh. tImtf-Pv, amln
˛ 673 311 Fw.-Fw. kNo-µ≥, ioZ-fw, ]n.-H. tImln-∂q¿
˛ 673 635 ju°-Ø-eo-Jm≥, Xh-bn¬ lukv, Fc-aw-
Kew ]n.-H., ae-∏pdw ˛ 679 587 _ntPmbv Nµ≥, HtaK
,eIvN¿ sk‚¿, ]n.-H. PwKvj≥, aphm-‰p-]p-g, Fd-Wm-Ipfw
kn.-F-kv.-P-b-N-µ≥, "io', Sn.-kn. 20/1970, imkvXn-\-K¿
kuØv, Ic-a\ ]n.-H., Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw s]m^. Fw.-
B¿. Nµ-ti-J-c≥, hm∏m-e-°-f-Øn¬ hoSv, ]n.-H. ]\-a-
Æ, tImX-°p-dp»n hgn, H‰-∏mew Ie, hmf-°m-hn¬
lukv, ]n.-H. Af-K-∏-\-K¿, Xr»q¿ ˛ 680 302
h¿Æ-\-I-fn¬ apJy-ambpw bmYm¿∞y-߃ \ncØn _w•m-tZ-inse
lnµp-°-fpsS Ahÿ Ah-sc-gp-Xn. CXns\ IY-sbt∂m t\mh-set∂m
hnfn-°m≥ hø. ]pkvX-I-Øn\v e÷ F∂p t]cn- p.
e÷-bpsS cN-\-bv°p-tijw XkveoabpsS PohnXw as‰m-∂mbn amdp-
I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS ]mkvt]m¿ v c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp.
cmPy-Øn\p shfn-bn¬ t]mI-W-sa-¶n¬ k¿°m-cns‚ A\p-hmZw t\S-
W-sa∂p iTn-®p. XkveoabpsS shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-sc,
aX-au-en-I-hm-Zn-Isf hnd-fn-]n-Sn-∏n-®p. Ahsc aX-hn-tcm-[n-bmbn apZ-Ip-
Øn. tZi-tZm-ln-bmbpw hy`n-Nm-cn-Wn-bmbpw NnXo-I-cn-®p. ]pkvX-I-im-
e-Iƒ Itø-dn. XkveoabpsS ]pkvX-I-߃ A·n-°n-c-bm-°n.
Xkveoasb Igp-hn-te-‰-W-sa∂ Bhiyw D∂-bn®v PmY-Ifpw l¿Øm-
ep-Ifpw \S-Øn. Ah¿s°-Xnsc ^Xvh ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p. XkveoabpsS
Xe sh´n-s°m≠p sN√p-∂-h¿°v Aº-Xn-\m-bncw cq] C\mw ]Jym-
]n-®p.
k¿°m¿ XkveoabpsS ]pkvX-I-߃ I≠p-sI-´n. HSp-hn¬
FgptØm tPmentbm F∂ ÿnXn h∂-t∏mƒ Xkveoa tPmen cmPn-
sh-®p. Fgp-Øns‚ temI-tØbv°p ]th-in-®p. _w•m-tZ-in¬ \ntcm-
[n-°-s∏´ e÷ ]n∂oSv C¥y-bn¬ _wKm-fnepw \ntcm-[n-°-s∏-´p.
Iev°Øm sslt°m-SXn Cu \ntcm-[-\sØ \o°w sNbvXp.
hnJym-X-cmb Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ aXhpw cmjvSo-bhpw sXm´m¬
s]m≈p∂ hnj-b-ß-fm°n am‰n-\n¿Øp-tºmƒ Xkveoa X\n°v icn-
sb∂p tXm∂p∂ Imcy-߃ kl-P-amb ss\¿Ω-ey-tØmsS Ah-X-cn-
∏n-°p-∂p. Bfl-]-iw-k-bpsS t\¿Ø ]´p-\q¬kv]¿i-an-√mØ Xmfp-
I-fmWv ZznJ-WvUnX F∂ Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏ns‚ aq∂p- m-K-ß-fnepw Xp∂n-
t®¿Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. temIm-]-hm-Z- o-Xn-bn-√m-sX, ho≠p-hn-Nm-c-ß-fn-√msX
Xkveoa Xs‚bpw _w•m-tZ-in-s‚bpw Hcp sXfn-a-b‰ NnXw ImWn-®p-
X-cp-∂p-≠v. AXv A\p-hm-N-I¿°v t\¿°m-gvN-bm-Ip-∂p. kXy-Øn\p
t\sc ]nSn®p apJ-°-Æm-Sn-bmWv \njvIm-kn-X. AXn¬ sXfn-bp∂ Pohn-
X-kXyw \ΩpsS apJw ad-®p-sIm≠v hf-cp-∂p. Xkveoa Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-
sS-bp-sSbpw a\- n¬ Bflm¿∞-bpsS ]pXnb Xe-߃ tXSp-∂p.
Aßs\ Xkveoasb∂ Fgp-Øp-Imcn Xms\∂ hy‡n-bpsS kzmX-
¥y-Zn\w Hmtcm Znh-khpw BtLm-jn-°p-∂p.
(\njvIm-knX, Xkveoa-\-kvdn≥, ]km. Ko≥ _qIvkv, Xriq¿)
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn
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