Personality

PERSONALITY

October 23, 2012

THIRD QUARTER

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the discussion about Personality you are expected to:

COGNITIVE:– identify the major theories of personality–compare and contrast the different

theories of personality

AFFECTIVE–sustain interest in studying the

personality of a person

PSYCHOMOTOR–imitate the positive

characteristics of Filipinos

Various Meanings of Personality

From Latin WordsAncient Latin

persona

“mask”These are the personas that people

project and display, but also includes the inner characteristics and qualities.

Medieval Latin

personalitas

In LiteraturePersonality as a

constructNot directly

observable but must be inferredfrom observed

events

Personality as an area of inquiry

From theoretical and empirical investigations of personality

ConclusionPersonality is not an existing

substantive entity to be searched for, but a complex

construct to be developed and defined by the observer

- Bischof, 1970;Hall and Lindsey, 1978; Sarason, 1972-

Major Theories of Personality

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

TRAIT THEORYTRAIT THEORY

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

HUMANISTIC THEORY

INSTINCT

inborn psychological representation (wish) of an

inner somatic source of bodily excitation (need)

Ex. State of hunger

• Serve the purpose of the survival of the individual and the human race

• All pleasurable acts

• Self-destructive behavior as an expression of the energy created by death instincts.

LIFE INSTINCTS DEATH INSTINCTS

The Structure of Personality

Conscious

Preconscious

Unconscious

Everything we are aware of

Everything we are aware of

Outside of our consciousnessOutside of our consciousness

Memories that have minimal and emotional

significance

Memories that have minimal and emotional

significance

CONSCIOUS (thoughts, perceptions)

PRECONSCIOUS (memories, habits)

UNCONSCIOUS (urges, repressed ideas, desires)

ID, EGO, SUPEREGO

ID Pleasure Principle

Contained completely in the unconscious level and is present at birth

Calls for immediate reduction of tension that may arise or calls for immediate gratification

EGO Reality Principle

Contained completely in the three sections

Acts to delay the satisfaction of an id impulse, until an appropriate object is located in the external environment

SUPEREGO Moral Arbiter

Contained in the three sections

Serves as an “in-dwelling parent”

Blocks ego gratification because not all reality striving of the ego is necessarily moral

ANXIETY

Develops out of the conflict among the id, ego and superego

Is the state of tension that motivates us to do something

REALITY ANXIETY• the fear of danger from the

external world, and the level of such anxiety is proportionate to the degree of the real threat.

NEUROTIC ANXIETY

• the fear the instinct will get out of hand and cause one to do something for which one will be punished.

MORAL ANXIETY

•the fear of one’s conscience

DEFENSE MECHANISM

Characteristics:

1.They are unconscious, the person is never aware to using the defense,

2.They deny, falsify or distort readily to some degree

Examples

• Refusing to admit that something unpleasant is happening

Ex. A 50-year-old man is wearing clothes for teenagers

DENIAL

REGRESSION

• Returning to more primitive levels of behavior

Ex. Mary was homesick and anxious when she started college. Se slept with her favorite teddy bear again

REACTION FORMATION

• Transforming anxiety-producing thoughts into their opposites in consciousness

Ex. John has unconscious hostility toward his father but he acts very affectionate toward him

RATIONALIZATION

• Justifying failures with socially acceptable reasons instead of the real reasons

Ex. After Carla rejected him, Phil told his friends that he didn’t think she was attractive.

DISPLACEMENT• Discharging pent-up feelings on

object less dangerous than those that initially aroused the emotion.

Ex. Mark slams the door after knowing that his little brother broke his bike.

REPRESSION

• Blocking a threatening memory from consciousness

Ex. Abuse victims sometimes don’t recall events from their childhood

OTHERS

• Projection• Sublimation• Intellectualization• Aim Inhibition• Avoidance

The theory gives emphasis to both individual

differences and the total personality

Common and Unique Traits

Common Traits

describe a group of individuals

Unique Traits

pattern of traits possessed by specific individuals

Source and Surface TraitsSource Traits

• Underlying causes of overt behavior

Constitutional traits and environment-world traits

Surface Traits

• behaviors which appear superficially like traits but they lack consistency over time

Cognitive , Emotional and Motivational

• Ability Traits – ex. intelligence

• Temperamental traits – ex. Happy

• Dynamic Traits - motivation

Dynamic TraitsERGS

• Constitutional traits which may be equivalent to primary drives, biological needs or instinct

METAERGS

• Learned drives, divided into sentiments and attitudes

Sentiment and AttitudesSentiments

• Learned traits that are less influential than the ergs

Attitudes

• Overt expressions of the influence of ergs and sentiments

The Trait theory of Cattell states that behavior is determined by heredity, environment and the

interaction of heredity and environment

conclusion

A. pointed out or specifiedB. weighted according to their importance in

given situationC. when temporary influences such as illness,

anxiety are taken into consideration

“then a person's behavior can be predicted with considerable accuracy”

Specification equations

Cattell further asserts that when an individual’s traits are:

Social Learning Approaches

• Emphasize the importance of environment or situational determinants of behavior

• Behavior is the product of a continuous interaction between personal and environmental variables

Reciprocal Determinism

“environmental conditions shape behavior through learning, and the person’s behavior in return

shapes the environment”

Modeling Theory

1. Attentional processes2. Retentional processes3. Motor reproduction processes4. Motivational and reinforcement

processes

Major determinants of behavior

Antecedents (past)

Consequence (result)

Cognitive factors (how we are motivated)

Conclusion

Social learning theory as regards to personality development

assumes that an individual is born with only elementary

reflexes and genetically influenced behavior potentials

According to Bandura, all actual behavior patterns must be learned through traditional learning (by reinforcement)

and observational learning (by modeling)

Humanistic View

Emphasizes the person’s self-concept and striving

for growth and self-actualization

Rogers’ Theory

Rogers believes in the primacy of self-actualization for the basis of

his non-directive or client-centered therapy

Rogers Theory centers on the self, or self-concept which refers to the image people have of themselves, which may or may not correspond

to reality as others see it.

Organismic striving

Most basic level of motivation is striving for actualization

Self-regard and positive regard

These are attitudes essential for the

enhancement and fulfillment of the

individual

fully functioning person

A person who feels wanted, highly valued and loved when he was a child and is likely to

develop a positive self-concept, become open to experience,

and have the capacity to achieve actualization

Maslow’s Theory

Maslow’s theory of motivation and the striving for self-actualization led him to develop the concept of

hierarchy of needs

BIOLOGICAL NEEDS

INTELLECTUAL

SELF-ESTEEM

LOVE AND BELONGINGNESS

AESTHETIC

SAFETY/SECURITY

SELF-ACTUALIZATION

The Filipino Character

Based on the study conducted in 1988 which is commissioned by

the Senate Committee on Education, Arts and Culture and the Committee on Social Justice,

Welfare and Development

Strengths of the Filipino Character

• Pakikipagkapwa-Tao • Family Orientation• Joy and Humor• Flexibility, Adaptability, and Creativity• Hard work and Industry• Faith and Religiosity• Ability to Survive

Strengths of the Filipino Character

Pakikipagkapwa-Tao

Filipinos value the meaning of relationship, they are open to others, feel one with others

and sensitive to others’ feeling.

Family OrientationFilipinos have a strong belief in “Blood

is thicker than water”. To the Filipino, one’s family is the source of emotional and material support and

one’s main commitment and responsibility.

Joy and Humor

Filipinos have a cheerful and fun-loving approach

to life through its ups and downs

Flexibility, Adaptability, and Creativity

Filipinos have a great capacity to adjust and adapt to different

circumstances and surrounding environment, both physical and social. Creative, resourceful and

quick learners and have the ability to improvise and make use what ever is

available.

Hard work and Industry

Filipinos have the capacity for hard work given the proper conditions,

the desire to raise one’s standard of living and posses the essentials of a decent life for ones family, makes

the Filipino work very hard.

Faith and Religiosity

Filipinos as Catholics have a deep faith and respect to God. The

result of Filipinos’ faith are courage, inner peace as well as the capacity to accept tragedy

and death.

Ability to Survive

This strength is manifested in Filipinos’ capacity for

endurance despite difficult times

WEAKNESSES OF THE FILIPINO CHARACTER

• Extreme Personalism. • Extreme Family-Centeredness • Lack of Discipline. • Passivity and Lack of Initiative. • Colonial Mentality. • Kanya-Kanya Syndrome. • Lack of Self-Analysis and Self-Reflection.

Extreme Personalism

Filipinos view the world in terms of personal relationships and the extent to which one is able to personally relate to things and

people

Extreme Family-Centeredness

While concern for the family is one of the Filipino's greatest strengths, in the extreme it becomes a serious flaw.

Excessive concern for the family creates an in-group to which the Filipino is fiercely loyal, to the detriment of concern for the larger community or the common good.

Lack of Discipline

We have a casual and relaxed attitude towards time and space which manifests itself in lack of

precision and compulsiveness, in poor time management and in

procrastination.

Passivity and Lack of Initiative

Filipinos are generally passive and lacking in initiative. One waits to

be told what has to be done.

Colonial Mentality

Filipinos have a colonial mentality which is made up of two dimensions: the first is a lack of patriotism or an active awareness, appreciation, and love of the Philippines; the second is

an actual preference for things foreign.

Kanya-Kanya Syndrome/Crab Mentality

Filipinos have a selfish, self-serving attitude that generates a feeling of envy and competitiveness towards

others, particularly one's peers, who seem to have gained some status or

prestige.

Lack of Self-Analysis and Self-Reflection

There is a tendency in the Filipino to be superficial and even

somewhat flighty. In the face of serious problems both personal

and social, there is lack of analysis or reflection.

The roots of the Filipino Character

• The home environment• The social environment• Culture and language• History• The educational system

The roots of the Filipino Character

• Religion• The economic environment• The political environment• Mass media• Leadership and role models