SV Fall08 Ch11(Personality).ppt - West Virginia UniversityPersonalit… · Personality Traits • Personality Traits ... describing people than them.. ... SV_Fall08_Ch11(Personality).ppt

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Personality:Theory,Research,andAssessment

Chapter11

Assessingpersonality

DefiningPersonality

ThewordcomesfromtheLatinpersona,meaning

Personality:Anindividualsdistinctandrelativelyenduringpatternof ,feelings,motives,g p , g , ,and .

:Stabilityinbehaviorovertimeandacrosssituations

:Behavioraldifferencesamongpeoplereactingtothesamesituation

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DefiningPersonality:PersonalityTraits

PersonalityTraits anddimensions

The Modeli Extraversion

. Opennesstoexperience Agreeableness .

StudyingPersonality

The Approach Thefivefactormodel

PsychodynamicPerspective BehavioralApproaches Perspective BiologicalPerspective

Perspectives

psychoanalytictheory Structureofpersonality

Pleasureprinciple Ego Realityprinciple Morality

Levelsofawareness Conscious Unconscious .

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PsychodynamicPerspectives

Freudspsychoanalytictheory .

andAggressionA i t Anxiety

Defense .

Figure 11.2 Freuds model of personality structure

Figure 11.3 Freuds model of personality dynamics

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DefenseMechanisms .

Keepingdistressingthoughtsandfeelingsburiedin . Projection

Attributingyourthoughts,feelings,ormotivestosomeoneelse .

Divertemotionalfeelings(anger)fromoriginalsourcetosubstitute Reactionformation

Behavingexactlyoppositeofyourtruefeelings .

Revertingtoimmaturepatternsofbehavior Rationalization

Creatingafalseexcusetojustifyunacceptablebehavior .

Increasingselfimagebyforming withperson/group

FreudonDevelopment:Stages

=physicalpleasure Psychosexualstages

Oral Phallic Latency Oral, ,Phallic,Latency, . =Excessivegratificationorfrustration Overemphasisonpsychosexual duringfixatedstage

Stage

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Stage

Earlyordelayedweaningleadsto:

talkativeness

.

overeating

alot

bitingsarcasm

Stage

Stage

Adultswhoremainfixatedattheanalstagetendtobe:

. Stubborn Obsessedwithorderliness

Sloppy, ,disorganized

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Stage

Stage The Complex

Boysidimpulsesinvolvesexualdesirefor ,andadesiretoeliminatethe .Eventually,identifieswithhis .

The Complex Girlhasstrongattachmenttomother,

anddevelops envy,wheresheblameshermotherfornothavingapenis.Eventuallytransferlovetofather,identifieswith .

Stage

Iffixatedatthisstage,adultstendtohave: . Problems with .Problemswith . sexualidentity Problemswithstableloverelationship

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Period

Stage

EvaluatingPsychodynamicPerspectives

Strengths Theimportanceofearly experiences Spurredotherresearchandtheories The . Theroleofinternalconflict Theuseof torespondtounpleasantexperiences

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EvaluatingPsychodynamicPerspectives

Weaknesses Violatesthescientificprincipleoffalsifiabilitypoor .

Inadequate baseInadequate base Basedonexperiencesofafewatypicalindividuals

Theoryisbasedonretrospectiveaccountsandfalliblememories

views

Perspectives

views Conditioningandresponsetendencies

Bandurassocial theory Observationallearning Behaviorisshapedbymodels Selfefficacy

Mischelsviews The controversy

Situationalfactorsdeterminebehavior,ratherthantraits

Figure 11.5 A behavioral view of personality

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Figure 11.6 Personality development and operant conditioning

EvaluatingBehavioralPerspectives

Pros Basedon ,controlledresearch ExplainsdifferentbehaviorsindifferentsituationsMajor events in life can change Majoreventsinlifecanchange

Cons Overdependenceonanimalresearch Personalitynotavalid .

Perspectives

CarlRogerss theory Selfconcept

Conditional/unconditional regard andanxiety

AbrahamMaslowstheoryof . ofneeds Thehealthypersonality

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Figure 11.7 Rogerss view of personality structure

Figure 11.8 Rogerss view of personality development and dynamics

Figure 11.9 Maslows hierarchy of needs

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Figure 11.10 Maslows view of the healthy personality

EvaluatingHumanisticPerspectives

Pros Recognizedimportanceofsubjectiveviews Recognizedimportanceofself . Led to some effective .Ledtosomeeffective . Laidfoundationfor psychology

Cons Manyaspectsoftheoryaredifficulttotest Unrealistic . Moreempiricalresearchneeded

BiologicalPerspectives

theory Determinedbygenes Extraversionintroversion

Behavioralgenetics studies Heritabilityestimates

Theevolutionaryapproach Traitsconducivetoreproductive .

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Figure 11.11 Eysencks model of personality structure

EvaluatingBiologicalPerspectives

Pros Convincingevidencefor influence Extensive,carefullycontrolledresearch ofneural/brainpatternsand/ ppersonalitytraits

Cons Toomuchrelianceon estimates Cannotexplainallbehavior(nocomprehensivetheoryof )

PersonalityTests

projectivetests Thematic Test(TAT) .S lf t i t i Selfreportinventories FactorTraitInventory

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PsychoanalysisPersonalityTests

Tests Allowpeopleto unconsciousneeds,wishes,andconflictsonto stimuli

. Atestinwhichpeopleareaskedtoreportwhattheyseeinasetofinkblots

PsychoanalysisPersonalityTests

Tests Thematic Test(TAT)

Atestinwhichpeopleareaskedtomakeup fromaset of ambiguous picturessetofambiguouspictures

Activity11.3

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ReviewofTAT

Wewillgoovereachpictureanddiscusswhatyoufound

Therearenorightanswers

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PersonalityScales

Answeraseriesofquestionaboutself Iameasily TorF Iliketogoto TorF

Assumesthatyoucanaccuratelyreport Therearenorightorwronganswers Fromresponses,developapictureofyoucalleda profile

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Minnesota PersonalityInventory

Mostwidelyusedpersonalityinstrument NowtheMMPI 2

Clinical& settingsg Measuresaspectsofpersonalitythat,ifextreme,suggestaproblem e.g.,extreme .

Longtest questions

CharacteristicsoftheMMPI2

Hasseveraldifferent (multiphasic) Scalesthoughttomeasuredifferentkindsofpsychological . e.g.,depression

Scalescoresindicatehowyoucomparewithothers

Overallassessmentis . Frominspectingprofileofdifferentscales

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MMPIScoreProfile

The Model

Someversionofthe factorsreliablyappearinmanycultures/countriesmaybebasic

t f hcomponentofhuman .

However,therearesomedrawbackstoadoptingthisviewofpersonality theoriesarebetteratdescribingpeoplethan them.

.. Artistic, curious, Artistic, curious, imaginative, insightfulimaginative, insightful

.. Efficient, organized, Efficient, organized, reliable, ethicalreliable, ethical

The Model

reliable, ethicalreliable, ethical.. Active, assertive, Active, assertive,

energetic, gregariousenergetic, gregarious.. Appreciative, forgiving, Appreciative, forgiving,

generous, considerategenerous, considerate.. Anxious, selfAnxious, self--pitying, pitying,

tense, impulsive, touchytense, impulsive, touchy

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InfluencesonPersonality

123pairsofidenticaltwinsand127pairsoffraternaltwins

Measured on Big Measuredon Big personalitydimensions

Resultssuggestthatpersonalitydifferencesinthepopulationare 050%geneticallydetermined.

Evaluating Tests

Strengths Normed againstavarietyof samples

Allowsyoutodeterminewhatisoutsidetheboundsofnormal in comparison to a groupnormal incomparisontoa group

. Reliesonselfreport Butwithcaveatstocatch .

ElevatedscoresonMMPIcorrelatetoavarietyofdifferent disorders(suggestssomekindofutility)

EvaluatingObjectiveTests Limitations

measures Deception Social . Responsesets(e.g.,nay )

utility Particularlyfortestsotherthan . Youreoutgoing:so ?

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Bias Characteristicofalmostallpersonalitytheories/tests

Knowthe pattern Correlateittootherthingstoexplainwhereitcamefromandhowitwillaffectfuturebehavior

Easyto differentwaysthatyourpersonalitycouldhavebeen .