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more flagrant behaviors are often most pronounced in early adulthood. Numerous impulsive, aggressive, and antisocial behaviors of diagnostic significance are presented in DSM-III-R. The behaviors exhibited in this disorder--diffuse aggression, impulsiveness, and disregard for norms and laws-contribute to unsafe driving. (See references 62 through 64 and 67 through 72.) The antisocial person’s often inappropriate quest for excitement and risk-taking behavior adds to the danger. The following diagnostic criteria are of special concern: (1) failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behavior (traffic laws and safe driving practices); (2) irritable, aggressive, pugnacious, assaultive behavior (overly aggressive driving); (3) recklessness regarding safety, e.g., driving while intoxicated or recurrent speeding. (61) Additionally, an associated concern is the increased risk of psychoactive substance abuse disorder (addressed separately in this report). For an individual who has been diagnosed with APD using established DSM-III-R criteria, the task force members recommend mat the risk assessment for personality disorder be performed to further assess the possible risks’ validity. Individuals with APD are often unreliable informants, and mendacity is a common feature of the disorder. Hence, collateral interviews are most important and should aim to further assess the individual’s history of aggressive and impulsive behaviors, violation of social norms and laws, history of seeking excitement in a manner that entails unnecessary risk, driving practices, and evidence of substance abuse. Psychological testing by a clinical psychologist should assess, in particular, hostility, aggressive tendencies, impulsiveness, social judgment, and hunger for excitement. The psychiatrist should evaluate the following records: school records, with special attention given to discipline and behaviors that are aggressive and impulsive; military and employment records, noting any and all signs of aggressive, impulsive, norm-violative, and unsafe behaviors; and records pertaining to prior treatment/rehabilitation for substance abuse. In determining if an applicant with APD should be recommended as psychiatrically qualified for commercial driving, the psychiatrist should emphasize the following features of the disorder, if present: (1) reckless disregard for safety, including driving while intoxicated or recurrent speeding; (2) dual diagnoses, e.g., APD and a substance abuse disorder, (3) failure to conform to social norms including traffic laws and principles of safe driving; and (4) irritability and pugnaciousness, including overly aggressive driving. Borderline Personality Disorder The essential feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a pervasive pattern of unstable self-image, relationships, and mood. (61) Characteristic symptoms are abruptly changing dysphoric moods associated with impulsive behaviors and low frustration tolerance. The BPD patient typically lacks a consistent and well-integrated sense of self. No scientific data relate BPD to driving performance. Nonetheless, abnormal imipulsivity, low frustration and stress tolerance, angry outbursts, and recklessness can reasonably be expected to compromise driving safety. (See references 63, 67, 68, 70, and 7 1.) Among the diagnostic criteria, the following should raise concern for driving safety: (1) impulsive behavior such as reckless driving and substance use; (2) inappropriate, intense anger or lack of control of anger: and (3) recurrent suicidal threats or behavior (vehicular
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Histrionic Personality Disorder - FMCSAconditions include impulsive personality disorder, explosive personality disorder, and sadistic personality disorder. Every effort should be

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Page 1: Histrionic Personality Disorder - FMCSAconditions include impulsive personality disorder, explosive personality disorder, and sadistic personality disorder. Every effort should be

more flagrant behaviors are often most pronounced in early adulthood. Numerous impulsive,aggressive, and antisocial behaviors of diagnostic significance are presented in DSM-I I I -R .

The behaviors exhibited in this disorder--diffuse aggression, impulsiveness, anddisregard for norms and laws-contribute to unsafe driving. (See references 62 through 64and 67 through 72.) The antisocial person’s often inappropriate quest for excitement andrisk-taking behavior adds to the danger. The following diagnostic criteria are of specialconcern: (1) failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behavior (traffic lawsand safe driving practices); (2) irritable, aggressive, pugnacious, assaultive behavior (overlyaggressive driving); (3) recklessness regarding safety, e.g., driving while intoxicated orrecurrent speeding. (61) Additionally, an associated concern is the increased risk ofpsychoactive substance abuse disorder (addressed separately in this report).

For an individual who has been diagnosed with APD using established DSM-III-Rcriteria, the task force members recommend mat the risk assessment for personality disorderbe performed to further assess the possible risks’ validity. Individuals with APD are oftenunreliable informants, and mendacity is a common feature of the disorder. Hence, collateralinterviews are most important and should aim to further assess the individual’s history ofaggressive and impulsive behaviors, violation of social norms and laws, history of seekingexcitement in a manner that entails unnecessary risk, driving practices, and evidence ofsubstance abuse. Psychological testing by a clinical psychologist should assess, in particular,hostility, aggressive tendencies, impulsiveness, social judgment, and hunger for excitement.The psychiatrist should evaluate the following records: school records, with special attentiongiven to discipline and behaviors that are aggressive and impulsive; military and employmentrecords, noting any and all signs of aggressive, impulsive, norm-violative, and unsafebehaviors; and records pertaining to prior treatment/rehabilitation for substance abuse.

In determining if an applicant with APD should be recommended as psychiatricallyqualified for commercial driving, the psychiatrist should emphasize the following features ofthe disorder, if present: (1) reckless disregard for safety, including driving while intoxicatedor recurrent speeding; (2) dual diagnoses, e.g., APD and a substance abuse disorder, (3)failure to conform to social norms including traffic laws and principles of safe driving; and(4) irritability and pugnaciousness, including overly aggressive driving.

Borderline Personality Disorder

The essential feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a pervasive pattern ofunstable self-image, relationships, and mood. (61) Characteristic symptoms are abruptlychanging dysphoric moods associated with impulsive behaviors and low frustration tolerance.The BPD patient typically lacks a consistent and well-integrated sense of self.

No scientific data relate BPD to driving performance. Nonetheless, abnormalimipulsivity, low frustration and stress tolerance, angry outbursts, and recklessness canreasonably be expected to compromise driving safety. (See references 63, 67, 68, 70, and7 1.) Among the diagnostic criteria, the following should raise concern for driving safety: (1)impulsive behavior such as reckless driving and substance use; (2) inappropriate, intenseanger or lack of control of anger: and (3) recurrent suicidal threats or behavior (vehicular

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crashes are sometimes caused by drivers who intend to commit s u i c i d e ) . An associatedconcern is that some individuals with BPD will, under extreme stress, experience transientpsychotic symptoms.“”

For an individual who has been diagnosed with BPD using established DMS-III-Rcriteria, the task force members recommend that the risk assessment for personality disordersbe performed to further assess the possible risks’ validity. Collateral interviews should aim tofurther clarify the history of aggressive behavior, impulsive behavior, low frustration andstress tolerance, reckless behavior, temper outbursts, substance use, suicidal threats andbehavior, psychotic speech and behavior, and unsafe driving practices. (Any inquirypertaining to suicidality should include not only frequency and lethality of threats andattempts, but also the relationship of thoughts of suicide to vehicular crashes.) Psychologicaltesting by a clinical psychologist should assess hostility, aggressive tendencies, impulsiveness,low frustration tolerance, suicidal and morbid thought content, and reality adherence. Thepsychiatrist should evaluate the following records: school records, with special attentiongiven to discipline and behaviors that are aggressive and impulsive; military and employmentrecords, noting any and all signs of aggressive, impulsive, and unsafe behaviors; recordspertaining to prior treatment/rehabilitation for substance abuse.

In determining a patient’s psychiatric qualification for commercial driving, thepsychiatrist should emphasize the following features of the disorder, if present: (1) impulsivebehavior involving reckless driving or substance abuse; (2) suicidal thoughts, preparation, orattempt via vehicular crash; and (3) angry outbursts or recklessness shown to compromisesafe driving.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

The essential feature of histrionic personality disorder (HPD) is a compelling quest foraffection and reassurance that others like and care for the individual. Those with HPD areexcessively emotional and attention s e e k i n g .

No known scientific data relate HPD, as defined in DSM-III-R, to driving performance;however, one study showed the “hysterical personality” to be disproportionally representedamong drivers in automotive accidents. (75) The only symptom of special concern for drivingis exaggerated emotional expression that may include “temper t a n t r u m s . During extremestress, the individual may experience psychotic symptoms.

Many individuals with HPD do not have temper tantrums, excessive aggression, orpsychotic symptoms. HPD, per se, should not disqualify an applicant for a commercialdriver’s license. However, the examiner should look for abnormal aggression and psychoticsymptoms that may warrant an alternative diagnosis (e.g., BPD) and that would therefore bedisqualifying.

For an individual who has been diagnosed with HPD using established DSM-III-Rcriteria and who shows evidence of suicidality, the task force members recommend that a riskassessment for personality disorders be performed to further assess if the possible risks arevalid. Collateral interviews should aim to further clarify the history of aggression,

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impulsiveness, low frustration and stress tolerance, recklessness, temper outbursts, substanceuse, psychotic speech and behavior, unsafe driving practices, and suicidal threats andbehavior. (Inquiry pertaining to suicidality should include not only the frequency andlethality of threats and attempts, but also the relationship of suicide thoughts to vehicularcrashes.) Psychological testing by a clinical psychologist should further assess hostility,aggressive tendencies, impulsiveness, low frustration tolerance, suicidal and morbid thoughtcontent, and reality adherence. The psychiatrist should evaluate records pertaining to priortreatment/rehabilitation for substance abuse and prior psychiatric hospitalization.

HPD with a history of suicidal behavior, recent suicidal thoughts, or recent psychiatrichospitalization (i.e., within the previous 6 months) should be weighed heavily in decidingwhether to make an affirmative recommendation. (See references 62, 65, 67, 71, 74, 76, and79.)

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

The essential feature of narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is a sustained, insatiablequest for self-aggrandizement, respect, and admiration from others. The narcissisticindividual holds grandiose aspirations, an inflated view of her/himself, hypersensitivity toevaluations by others, and lack of empathy for o t h e r s . Many individuals with NPD arccapable of a high level of job performance. Hoivever, many experience depression whenself-esteem is attacked or aspirations are frustrated.

No scientific data relate NPD to driving performance. The quest for self-improvementcould conceivably serve to foster safe driving, although evidence also suggests egocentricityor self-centeredness is related to accident proneness. This disorder should not be consideredmedically unqualifying by itself. If depression or psychosis develops, other exclusionarydiagnoses will then need to be addressed.

No special assessment procedures are required for NPD per se. For clinical and riskassessment in an individual with a history of psychosis or depression, the evaluator must referto the corresponding section of this report.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

The essential feature of avoidant personality disorder (APD) is a pervasive avoidance ofsocial involvements despite normal desire for human contact. The individual is timid andshy, fears negative evaluations by others, and easily experiences unbearable discomfort insocial situations.“”

No scientific data relate APD to driving performance. One could ask whether socialtimidity results in driving timidity of such extreme as to present a hazard. This possibility isfar too speculative to be a useful concern. No sound reason exists for considering acommercial vehicle driver with APD alone as medically unqualified. Therefore, no specialassessment procedures are required for APD per se.

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Dependent Personality Disorder

The essential feature of dependent personality disorder (DPD) is a pattern of dependentand submissive behav io r s . The individual with DPD relies heavily on others to make mostdecisions affecting his/her life.

No scientific data relate DPD to driving performance. Conceivably, lack ofself-assuredness can affect driving style, but this observation is too speculative to be. a usefulconsideration. DPD alone should not be criteria for medical unqualification. Therefore, nospecial assessment procedures are required for DPD per se.

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

The essential feature of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder )OCPD) is apervasive pattern of perfectionism and inflexibility. (61) Overconcern with control over time,money, emotions, etc., is pronounced. Individuals with OCPD may be highly orderly andorganized in most areas of their lives.

Diagnostic criteria for this disorder do not present sufficient mason for concern overdriving safety. The tendency toward perfectionism, the valuation of order and rules, and thedesire to conscientiously maintain control in activities may actually enhance safe drivingpractices. However, a nondiagnostic associated syndrome that sometimes occurs with OCPDwarrants mention. Some OCPD personality traits overlap with “Type A” personality traitssuch as hostility and aggressiveness, sense of time urgency, and risk of myocardialinfarction.

To assess the presence of untoward aggression and its relationship to safe driving in anOCPD patient, the task force members recommend that the risk assessment for personalitydisorder be performed. Collateral interviews should aim to further clarify the history ofaggressive behavior, low stress tolerance, temper outbursts, and unsafe driving practices.Psychological testing by a clinical psychologist should aim to further assess the patient’s levelof hostility, aggressive tendencies, and vulnerability to stress.

OCPD alone should not be reason for a commercial driver to be considered medicallyunqualified. However, if the disorder is diagnosed, the clinician should also look for “TypeA” personality traits. Traits that have led to present or past dysfunction on the job orexcessive hostility and aggressiveness known to compromise job performance should lead tofurther risk assessment.

Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder

The essential feature of passive-aggressive personality disorder )PAPD) is “pervasiveresistance to demands for adequate social and occupational pe r fo rmance . The individualhas difficulty dealing with anger directly and adaptively. Instead, resentment leads to passiveneglect and poor performance. Earlier conceptualizations of PAPD included an aggressivesubtype with angry outbursts. Today an individual with temper outbursts and violentbehaviors may carry the diagnosis of APD, BPD, or intermittent explosive disorder (IED).

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Although presently accepted diagnostic criteria for PAPD do not suggest unsafe drivingpractices, this type of individual will not be an ideal employee because of unreliability.

No scientific data relate PAPD, as defined in DSM-III-R, to driving performance.However, a few studies show PAPD to be over-represented among drivers who attemptsuicide or homicide by automobile. (75, 78) Therefore, although PAPD alone does not indicatefurther risk assessment, when combined with recent suicide or homicide thoughts, recenthospitalization (within the past 6 months), or prior arrest for violent offense, PAPD warrantsfurther i n q u i r y .

Personality Disorder Not Otherwise Specified

This category includes other personality disorders not fully recognized by DSM-III-Rand mixed personality disorder. (61) Any personality disorder characterized by excessive,aggressive, or impulsive behaviors warrants further inquiry for risk assessment. Theseconditions include impulsive personality disorder, explosive personality disorder, and sadisticpersonality disorder. Every effort should be made to apply currently recognizednosologicdiagnostic terms. For an individual with a personality disorder characterized byaggressive or impulsive behaviors, the task force members recommend that the riskassessment for personality disorders be performed to further assess if possible risks are valid.

Mixed personality disorder consists of disorders with some criteria of more than onepersonality disorder, but not enough of any one disorder to establish its diagnosis. Mixedpersonality disorder should not render a candidate medically unqualified if the symptoms arethose of disorders that are not medically unqualifying. If the symptoms derive from disordersthat require further inquiry, attention should be given to the nature of the diagnostic criteriathemselves. For example, under APD, the diagnostic criterion of failing to sustain a totallymonogamous relationship for more than 1 year would not be medically unqualifying for acommercial driver’s license, because this symptom has no relevance to driving. On the otherhand, reckless behavior, including recurrent speeding, would warrant a complete riskassessment as is otherwise done for ADP.

IMPULSE CONTROL DISORDERS NOT ELSEWHERE CLASSIFIED

intermittent Explosive Disorder

IED has the following two essential featmes: (1) several discrete episodes of loss ofcontrol of aggressive impulses, resulting in serious assaultive acts or destruction of property,and (2) a degree of aggressiveness expressed during these episodes that is grossly out ofproportion to any precipitating psychosocial s t r e s s o r .

Concern that the patient may exhibit abnormally aggressive behavior while driving isvalid. Although symptom control may appear to be achieved with medication(carbamazapine, phenytoin, lithium, beta blockers, etc.), effective treatment is experimental atthis time.

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Although unsafe driving practices are not mentioned in the DSM-III-R description ofIED, some investigators have asserted that this disorder is a diagnostic feature of a relatedphenomenon, the dyscontrol syndrome, if not a correlate of recurrent violence in general.One of four symptoms designated the dyscontrol syndrome is “[a] history (in those who drovecars) of many traffic violations and serious automobile acc iden t s . " However, the othersymptoms of dyscontrol syndrome (i.e. physical assault, pathological intoxication, andimpulsive sexual behavior) do not conform to the DSM-III-R criteria for LED, and thedyscontrol syndrome has not been recognized as a mental disorder. The other symptomsoverlap mote with those of BPD or APD. The important point is the suggestion that unsafedriving may be associated with other aggressive behaviors, such as those of IED.

A critical question regarding IED is to what extent the temper outbursts arecompartmentalized and restricted to nondriving situations. Or, conversely put, to what extentare. temper outbursts more likely under the pressures of heavy traffic, slow traffic, or whendriving amidst other drivers who are aggressive and provocative?

To further assess if recurrent aggressive outbursts as a serious driving risk ate a validconcern, the risk assessment for personality disorder would apply hem as well. Collateralinterviews should aim to further clarify the history of aggressive, impulsive, and recklessbehaviors; temper outbursts including situational-cultural aspects; and unsafe driving practices.Psychological testing by a clinical psychologist should assess hostility, aggressive tendencies,impulse control, stress tolerance, and violent thought content. The psychiatrist shouldevaluate school records, with special attention given to discipline and behaviors that areabnormally aggressive, and military and employment records, noting signs of aggressive,iimpulsive, and reckless behaviors.

Kleptomania, Pathological Gambling, and Pyromania

No known scientific data relate any of these disorders to driving performance, and noneof these conditions pertain directly to it. However, kleptomania (pathological stealing) canaffect an individual’s desirability as an employee. The critical question regardingkleptomania is whether the behavior is truly and absolutely encapsulated in a single behavioror whether the most pronounced symptom is a sign of more generalized impulsiveness anddisregard for social norms. What may first appear to be stealing alone may, under closerscrutiny, prove to be only one of several impulsive, aggressive behaviors of another disorderthat warrants special risk assessment (e.g., APD). In contrast, if pathological gambling occursalone, no further risk assessment is needed.

On the other hand, recurrent pathological fire setting should result in risk assessment inany event. Fire setting is itself very dangerous and destructive, and it is commonly associatedwith other aggressive, impulsive violent behaviors. (See references 81 through 86.) Thedanger of misdiagnosing pyromania without other impulsive behaviors is too risky when thesafety of many people must be considered. Therefore, pyromania is an indication for furtherrisk assessment.

The task force members recommend that the risk assessment for personality disordersbe performed to further assess if these impulsive or aggressive behaviors, not restricted to fire

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setting alone, present a serious, valid driving risk. Psychological testing by a clinicalpsychologist should further assess aggressive tendencies, diffuse poor-impulse control, andviolent thought content not restricted to fire setting. The psychiatrist should evaluate schoolrecords, with special attention given to discipline and behaviors that are abnormallyaggressive, and military and employment records, noting signs of aggressive, impulsive, andreckless behaviors.

Trichotillomania is often associated with some degree of attentional problem. Furtherpsychiatric interview alone should suffice to assess this disturbance and its possiblerelationship to safe driving.

Factitious Disorder

Individuals with factitious disorders (FD) consciously and deliberately feign symptomsof physical (factitious disorder with physical symptoms) or mental illness (factitious disorderwith psychological symptoms).(61) In contrast to a malingerer, whose motive is avoidingwork, this individual is driven by a psychological need to assume the sick role and is unableto refrain from such behavior though he/she has no other obvious self-serving objective.

No known scientific data relate FD to driving performance, and the diagnostic criteriado not pertain directly to driving, except where hospitalization necessarily removes theindividual from the highway. Nonetheless, the presence of FD implies severepsychopathology as well. This diagnosis is an indication for further assessment to rule out asevere personality disorder that itself requires a detailed risk assessment (e.g., BPD).

Furthermore, depending on the nature of the disorder simulated, some very specific andserious risks can affect driving. For example, an individual who injects him/herself withinsulin can suffer from hypoglycemia and become comatose; these conditions would cause anextreme hazard if they occurred while the individual was driving. Drug abuse is anassociated feature with corollary risks (see section on drug use).

Because this disorder implies serious, associated psychopathology and presentssecondary risks to the individual’s physical and mental well-being, it warrants risk assessmentif it is presently active or recurrent. If the FD was once active and symptomatic years ago,but not since, and the individual appears to be in fine mental and physical health now, nospecific procedures for risk assessment may be needed.

If a physical disorder has been self-induced (e.g., insulin-induced hypoglycemia), theindividual should be referred to the appropriate medical specialist and other guidelines mayapply. Other aspects of the psychiatric evaluation should carefully establish the presence ofother personality disorders and substance abuse disorders.

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SELECTED DIAGNOSTIC CONDITIONS

Psychological Factors Affecting Physical Conditions

The scientific literature does not indicate whether or not psychological factors thataffect physical conditions cause driving impairment. The variety of physical conditions thatmay be affected, their severity, and the nature of the psychological factors make it impossibleto speak apecifically. In evaluating the condition, the disability associated with thepsychological factor would best be considered; e.g., a migraine headache that comes onprecipitously and blindingly may well impair the driver on the road significantly. The factthat it may also be brought on or associated with psychological factors does not alter thisbasic situation. Therefore, the task force that addresses the physical conditions should speakto these issues. However, psychiatric evaluation may be helpful in determiniig if a specificpredictable psychological risk factor would preclude interstate commercial driving or iftreatment of the condition would enable the individual to perform such work safely.

Interaction Between Personality Disorders And Substance Abuse

Alcohol abuse and personality disorder (especially APD) are the two psychiatricconditions most associated with a higher incidence of traffic accidents, including trafficfatalities. (See references 87 through 91.) Thus, those people who suffer from bothconditions are at the greatest risk. However, much of the scientific literature supports theidea that alcohol use, not necessarily alcohol dependence, is the disabling factor for drivers.Therefore, reviewing the problem of the overlap of substance abuse and personality disorders,or simply alcohol abuse, addresses only part of the problem. Although the followingdiscussion separates alcohol and other drug problems, in reality much substance abuse ispolysubstance abuse, especially among persons with antisocial and certain other personalitydisorders.

Active alcohol abuse and dependence disorders with respect todriving safety whether or not the patient has APD. However, when in remission, alcoholismis not disabling unless transient or permanent neurological changes have occurred. Becausemany primary alcoholics express and manifest antisocial behaviors as a symptom of theirillness, when it is effectively treated and in remission, alcoholism is less disabling for driversthan concurrent alcoholism and APD. If the recovering individual has coexisting APD, theremission will reduce the degree of disability only to that level of disability caused by APD.Some alcoholics who actively engage in Alcoholics Anonymous may possibly improve theirAPD as well and thereby further reduce the disability. However, alcohol abuse may also bean expression of the impulse control difficulties of APD, an expression that further diminishesimpulse control. This condition is disabling and quite unpredictable. Furthermore, engagingsuch a person in treatment for APD may be difficult.

Regarding the overlap of personality disorder and other drug abuse, less can be said.While CNS depressants, amphetamines, antihistamines, marijuana, and opiates have all beenimplicated as a cause of increased accidents,(9294) few of these studies are convincing ore x t e n s i v e . Most of these substances have been shown to impair performance Of avariety of cognitive and motor tasks, but the most relevant question concerning the actual

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effect on driving performance at a given dose in an addicted person has not been studied well.Common sense dictates that addiction to drugs other than alcohol can be disabling to thedriver. Driving impairment due to marijuana use is well s u b s t a n t i a t e d 98) and is of specialconcern because of its prevalence among adolescents and young a d u l t s . 100) Also, a personwho has APD and is addicted to any drug would seem to be significantly more disabled thansomeone with APD alone. When the substance abuse or dependence is in remission, thedisability would fall to the level of that associated with APD. Other personality disordersassociated with impulse control difficulties may fall under the conclusions reached here,especially BPD.

Alcohol and other drugs cause impairment through both intoxication and withdrawal.Episodic abuse of substances by commercial drivers that occurs outside of driving periodsmay still cause impairment during withdrawal, even a hangover is associated with cognitive,motor, affective, and behavioral impairment.

The interaction of alcohol and other drug dependencies and abuse with personalitydisorders might best be conceptualized by stating that each is a profound risk factor in thepresence of the other.

The central question in the evaluation is whether or not a person with an addiction iscapable of commercial driving when psychoactive substances have been recently used. Theanswer is best determined by mine screening, not by clinical examination or drivingexamination. Clinical examination is most relevant to determine the diagnosis and thepresence or absence of neurological complications. Collateral interviews are usually essentialin the diagnostic process. Driving tests are most useful for assessing whether neurologicalchanges are sufficient to impair driving. An evaluation of driving records would also greatlyhelp assess risk. Frequent urine screening would be recommended for those in whomsubstance abuse or dependence has been diagnosed.

DISRUPTIVE DISORDERS OF CHILDHOOD OR ADOLESCENCE

Conduct Disorder

The essential feature of this disorder is a persistent pattern of conduct in which thebasic rights of others and major age-appropriate norms or rules are violated. Diagnosticcriteria such as lying, stealing, absence from work, aggressiveness, and other antisocial actswould impair work performance and attendance. Associated features such as poor frustrationtolerance, irritability, temper outbursts, and recklessness are frequent characteristics.Substance use is common. Complications include substance abuse or dependence, high ratesof injury due to all types of accidents, and suicidal b e h a v i o r . Impairment is mild tosevere.

The outcome and course of the disorder are variable. Mild forms frequently showimprovement while severe forms tend to be chronic. Over 50 percent of conduct-disorderedchildren do not become antisocial as adults.(102) The group type is particularly associated withreasonable social and occupational adjustment as adults. However, early onset (e.g., before

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age 10 to 12) is associated with a higher risk of continuation into adult life as APD. Also,among children referred for antisocial behavior, 84 percent then had a diagnosis of apsychiatric disorder as an adult.(103) Other characteristics predict continued antisocial behaviorin adulthood: (1) a greater number of different types of antisocial behavior; (2) a higherfrequency of antisocial episodes; and (3) serious antisocial behavior in childhook, especially ifthe behavior could be grounds for ad jud ica t ion . The severely conduct-disorderedindividual has a markedly increased chance of a violent death in adolescence or youngadulthood, the death may involve a driving accident.

Individuals who have been diagnosed with either moderate or severe conduct disordersin the past are. more likely to display continuing or coexisting symptoms. Therefore, anindividual who has a past history of conduct disorder should undergo a mental examination sothat recent symptoms that may adversely affect driving arc documented. The functionalassessment of such individuals as related to driving competence should include a personalhistory and collateral data to document any ongoing degree of impulsiveness, antisocialbehavior, aggressiveness, and substance use/abuse. The individual’s complete legal historyand driving record for all offenses should be evaluated. Particular attention should be paid toaggressive or undifferentiated conduct disorder. Aggressive behavior is likely to be a stablecharacteristic and is an indication for risk assessment relative to driving. Objective testingmay also document the degree of continuing sociopathy.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

The essential feature of this disorder is a pattern of negativistic, hostile, and defiantbehavior without serious violation of the basic rights of others. Impairment is greatest withinthe home, although in some cases symptoms are displayed outside the home. Associatedfeatures include mood lability, low frustration tolerance, and temper outbursts. Substanceabuse or ADHD may also be present. Although the course of this disturbance is unknown, itmay evolve into a conduct disorder or a mood disorder.

Functional assessment should include the following components: (1) interview offamily members and past employers to document the absence or presence of oppositionalbehaviors; (2) collateral interviews to document antisocial, hyperactive, and mood disorders;(3) review of legal records and past traffic offenses; and (4) consideration of a detailedsubstance history with collateral verification.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

The essential features of this disease are age-inappropriate levels of inattention,impulsiveness, and hyperactivity. Symptoms worsen in situations that require sustainedattention. The patient has difficulty sitting still. Work may be careless and impulsivelyperformed. The patient may display impulsiveness by changing activity on the spur of themoment from a previous obligation. Associated features include mood lability, lowfrustration tolerance, and temper outbursts. ADHD often coexists with oppositional defiantdisorder, conduct disorder, and specific developmental disorders. In the majority of cases, thedisorder persists throughout childhood. One prospective study indicates that approximatelytwo-thirds of children with ADHD show continued signs of the disorder into adulthood, with

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complaints of restlessness, poor concenaation, impulsiveness, and exp los ivenes s .Numerous studies have suongly supported the link between the presence of ADHD inchildhood and significant antisocial behavior in adolescence and adulthood.“‘“’

The effectiveness of stimulant medication in the treatment of ADHD children is wellk n o w n . However, medication alone does not prevent antisocial acting out. For example,in one study group of hyperactive children treated with drugs alone, these children had a 10to 20 times higher juvenile arrest rate and rate of institutionalization compared to a normalcontrol group. (109) Multimodal interventions (including both medication and intensivecognitive-behavioral-interpretive treatment based upon an individual treatment plan for eachchild) have been demonsuated to prevent antisocial behavior in ADHD c h i l d r e n .Therefore, the preferred intervention of hyperactive children is multimodal. Such treatmentshould be ongoing for 2 to 3 years.

Current data indicates that an individual with a past diagnosis or behavior consistentwith ADHD will probably continue to display related symptoms. In addition, ADHD hasconsiderable comorbidity in adulthood with APD and BPD. However, the percentage ofpatients with ADHD who sustain a moderate to marked degree of improvement on stimulantmedication is between 50 to 70 percent.

Functional assessment should include the following components: (1) a practical drivingtest conducted by an occupational therapist, (2) collateral contact with employers or otherswho have observed individuals in group settings and doing tasks requiring sustained attention,(3) an evaluation of the applicant’s full legal and driving records, and (4) a review of theindividual’s detailed work history documenting the length of service and mode of terminationfor each employer.

ANXIETY DISORDERS OF CHILDHOOD OR ADOLESCENCE

Separation Anxiety Disorder

The essential feature of this disorder is excessive anxiety concerning separation frommajor attachment figures. At the time of separation, the child may experience panic levelanxiety. Children with this disorder are uncomfortable when they travel independently tounfamiliar places, including school. Symptoms may include difficulty staying alone, clingingbehaviors, and somatic symptoms when separation is anticipated or occurs. These childrenmay be preoccupied by fears or perceived dangers, depressed mood, or demanding and inneed of constant attention. The impairment may be very incapacitating when the child isunable to attend school or otherwise function independently. As adults, the dysfunctionalindividuals may have diagnoses of phobic states, often anxiety disorders, or depression.

The clinical course of this disorder is varied. Individuals with an early history (5 to 7years old) with acute school refusal often have a good prognosis. However, if school refusaloccurs slowly in the adolescent years, the prognosis is much more guarded. Longitudinaloutcome studies indicate that one-third of children who refuse to attend school continue tomanifest significant psychiatric symptoms. A positive outcome is associated with intelligence,

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treatment before the patient reaches age 14, and substantial improvement after treatment(inpatient in this s t u d y ) .

Functional assessment should include the following components: (1) a detailed mentalstatus examination detailing the degree of active symptoms of anxiety or depression and anyresulting activity restrictions, (2) collateral interviews with family members to verify activityrestrictions, (3) a detailed work history indicating the impact of anxiety symptoms uponoccupational performance, and (4) consideration of a practical driving test conducted by anoccupational therapist.

Avoidant Disorder

The essential feature of this disorder is a shying away from contact with unfamiliarpeople to such a degree that it interferes with social functioning in peer relationships. A childwith this diagnosis often appears socially withdrawn, embarrassed, or timid in the company ofunfamiliar people. This disorder rarely occurs alone: children with this disorder usually haveanother anxiety disorder such as overanxious disorder. The impairment in social functioningis often severe.

The course of this disorder is variable. Some children recover while others fail to formfriendships and social bonds outside the family with resultant feelings of isolation anddepression. How often their disorder becomes chronic and persists into adulthood isunknown. Related disorders of adulthood are APD and social phobia.

Functional assessment should include the following components: (1) description of theimpact of current symptoms upon social functioning relevant to work, (2) contact withprevious employers to document work-related behavior, and (3) a mental status examinationto the assess presence and impairment of overt anxiety disorders.

Overanxious Disorder

The essential feature of this disorder is excessive or unrealistic anxiety or worry for aperiod of 6 months or longer. Such a child worries about past behavior and future events.The child may spend an inordinate amount of time inquiring about the discomforts or dangersof a variety of situations and need much reassurance. Somatic complaints maybe evident.

The onset of overanxious disorder may be sudden or gradual. Its clinical course ischaracterized by exacerbations associated with stress. Overanxious disorder may persist intoadult life as an anxiety disorder such as generalized anxiety disorder or a social phobia.Complications in childhood include unnecessary medical workups, poor school performance,and a failure to engage in age-appropriate activities.

Functional assessment should include the following components: (1) a mental statusexamination and collateral sources describing any work-related restrictions posed by active orfluctuating symptoms and (2) consideration of a practical driving test conducted by anoccupational therapist.

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ANXIETY DISORDERS

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

No specific scientific data refer to drivers with this condition. The individual withgeneralized anxiety disorder (GAD) may have the following characteristics: preoccupied andruminative, leading to inattention to a given task; hypervigilant, leading to indiscriminateresponses to umimportant stimuli and distraction from the task at hand; inwardly focused onsomatic symptoms; easily startled and distracted; and restless, nervous, and impatient. Dailyfunctioning is significantly compromised in severe cases. If very anxious, an individualwould probably have difficulty maintaining attention, being aware of the surroundingcircumstances, and dealing with stress. Individuals with GAD may also be depressed. Somesuffer major depression, others dysthymia. Comorbid depression probably lessens the abilityto function. Some excessively anxious individuals use alcohol for symptom relief. Caffeineand other stimulants often increase anxiety symptoms.

Effective treatment for GAD includes behavioral and cognitive therapy and medications.When treated adequately, the patient’s functioning improves. The most commonpharmacologic agents used to treat GAD, benzodiazepines, may impair driving performance.

GAD may interfere with safe driving when it is severe and untreated or is coexistentwith depression, other anxiety disorders, or alcohol or stimulant use.

When an individual referred for psychiatric evaluation has GAD, the evaluatingpsychiatrist should interview collateral sources regarding the individual’s condition and reviewthe individual’s record of traffic offenses. A practical driving test conducted by anoccupational therapist should be considered.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

No specific data refer to drivers with this condition. The individual withobsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) suffers from intrusive and unpleasant thoughts tharinterfere with concenaation and responsiveness to external events and that result incompulsive acts requiring an intense focus on completion of the ritual. Daily functioning issignificantly compromised in severe cases. Such an individual would probably have difficultymaintaining attention, keeping track of the surrounding circumstances, and dealing with stress.Severely affected individuals usually lead very limited lives. Individuals with OCD may alsosuffer from depression, Tourette's syndrome, and other anxiety disorders such as panicdisorder. Comorbid conditions probably lessen the patient’s functional capacity.

Effective treatment for OCD includes medication and cognitive-behavioral therapy.Functioning may improve markedly with adequate treatment. OCD may interfere with safedriving when it is severe and untreated, unresponsive to treatment, and/or coexistent withother conditions. These individuals would not be able to function effectively as commercialdrivers.

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When an individual referred for psychiatric evaluation has OCD, the evaluatingpsychiatrist should interview collateral sources regarding the individual’s condition and reviewthe individual’s record of traffic offenses. A practical driving test conducted by anoccupational therapist should be-considered.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Specific data regarding individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) secondaryto a motor vehicle accident indicate that these individuals may have driving phobias of apartial or complete n a t u r e . Preoc cupation with traffic, weather and road conditions isreported to be common. Some individuals with PTSD have difficulty discerning theproximity of other vehicles in traffic. Some individuals reexperience or revisualize the pasttraumatic situation while driving. (112) Such revisualizations prove to be distracting and, in 45percent of cases, lead to hazardous driving circumstances, as judged by the drivers.Individuals with PTSD may also suffer from depression or high levels of anxiety. Severesymptoms of depression or anxiety would probably reduce functional capacity.

Individuals with PTSD may lose regard for personal safety, whether the trauma wasrelated to a motor vehicle accident or other trauma, and therefore may be reckless or actdangerously. A common problem associated with PTSD is substance abuse or dependence.Impairment secondary to alcohol or drugs could compromise driving capacity.

PTSD may interfere with safe driving when the individual has symptoms related todriving or has lost regard for personal safety. This interference is probably most common inindividuals who were traumatized by a motor vehicle accident. However, treatmentameliorates symptoms and probably improves the person’s ability to drive safely.

Effective treatment for PTSD includes psychotherapy and medication. Functioning mayimprove markedly with treatment. However, some individuals with PTSD receivebenzodiazepines as pharmacologic treatment which may impair driving ability.

When an individual referred for psychiatric evaluation has PTSD, the evaluatingpsychiatrist should interview collateral sources regarding the individual’s condition and reviewthe individual’s record of traffic offenses. A practical driving test conducted by anoccupational therapist should be considered.

Panic Disorder Without Agoraphobia

No specific data refer to drivers with this condition; however, panic attacks canpreoccupy or distract the driver from the task at hand. During a panic attack, the individualmay become impatient and wish to escape the circumstances quickly. Health concernscreated by the panic attacks may be distracting for the individual. Nevertheless, dailyfunctioning is not usually significantly compromised in panic disorder without agoraphobia.Individuals who are most affected are those who develop major health concerns and thereforeneed to seek health care frequently. Panic disorder without agoraphobia is unlikely tointerfere with safe driving.

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Effective treatment for panic disorder without agoraphobia includes cognitive behavioraltherapy and medication. Symptoms are usually significantly reduced by treatment.

Individuals with panic disorder may also suffer from depression or other anxietydisorders. Comorbid conditions probably lessen functional capacity.

Panic Disorder With Agoraphobia

Individuals who have panic disorder with agoraphobia often have driving phobias.They avoid driving or drive only with great reluctance or hesitation. No data that referspecifically to drivers with this condition are reported in the scientific literature.

Patients who have panic disorder with agoraphobia are prone to feeling caught in unsafesimations; this feeling may lead to rash and incautious actions. When distracted by a panicattack, the patient has difficulty remaining focused on the task at hand. Daily functioning issignificantly compromised in severe cases. Such an individual would probably have difficultymaintaining attention, keeping track of surrounding circumstances, and dealing with stressesin a commercial driving situation. Severely affected individuals usually lead very limitedlives.

Individuals with panic disorder with agoraphobia may also suffer from depression,anxiety disorders, or substance dependence disorders. Comorbid conditions lessen functionalcapacity.

Effective treatment for panic disorder with agoraphobia includes cognitive behavioraltherapy and medication. Functioning usually is markedly unproved with adequate treatment.However, treatment often includes the use of benzpdiazepines, which may compromisedriving ability.

Panic disorder with agoraphobia may interfere with safe driving when it is severe anduntreated, unresponsive to treatment, and/or coexistent with other conditions. Moreover,individuals with severe cases of panic disorder with agoraphobia are very unlikely to seekwork as commercial drivers. If an individual were already working as a commercial driver atthe time that this condition started, it is unlikely that the individual would be able to continueworking until treatment was provided.

When an individual referred for psychiatric evaluation has panic disorder withagoraphobia, the evaluating psychiatrist should interview collateral sources regarding theindividual’s condition and review the individual’s record of traffic offenses. A practicaldriving test conducted by an occupational therapist should be considered.

Social Phobia

No specific data refer to drivers with this condition. Individuals with social phobiaexperience intense anxiety when they feel they are being scrutinized by others. Commoncircumstances that provoke this anxiety include speaking with or to others, eating in a publicplace (restaurant), or performing some other activity such as writing in front of others. They

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are not symptomatic at other times except when anticipating an anxiety-provoking situation.Driving performance is not affected.

Simple Phobia

While driving, individuals with driving phobias may become intensely anxious, fearful,and feel out of control of the situation. (114) They tend to feel helpless and angry. A previouscollision may be one of the causes of driving phobias. The relationship of such episodes todriving safety is not known. However, an individual who is keyed up by intense anxiety hasdifficulty remaining focused on the task at hand. Thus, a person who is fearful about drivingmay be worried or preoccupied and therefore not attentive. Nevertheless, no evidence ofdeteriorating driving skills or loss of judgment in these individuals while driving has beenpresented.

Effective treatment for simple phobia is cognitive behavioral therapy. Functioningusually improves markedly with adequate treatment.

Simple phobia, that is, driving phobias, may interfere with safe driving when thephobias are severe and untreated. However, individuals with preexisting phobias are unlikelyto seek work as commercial drivers. Individuals who have had collisions may be at risk fordeveloping some phobic driving behavior.

When an individual referred for psychiatric evaluation has a driving phobia, theevaluating psychiatrist should interview collateral sources regarding the individual’s record oftraffic offenses. A practical driving test conducted by an occupational therapist should beconsidered.

Agoraphobia Without a History of Panic Disorder

No specific data refer to drivers with this condition because these individuals areavoidant and often avoid driving. The individual may experience intense anxiety whiledriving, leading to a lack of attention to the driving task and possibly poor judgment. Dailyfunctioning may be significantly compromised in severe cases. These individuals leadrestricted and limited lives. Individuals with agoraphobia without a previous history of panicdisorder may also suffer from depression or other anxiety disorders. These comorbidconditions probably lessen functional capacity.

Agoraphobia without a previous history of panic disorder may interfere with safedriving when it is severe and untreated. However, individuals with this condition are unlikelyto seek jobs as commercial drivers.

Effective treatment for agoraphobia without a history of panic disorder is cognitivebehavioral therapy. Functioning may improve markedly with adequate treatment.

When an individual referred for psychiatric evaluation has agoraphobia without aprevious history of panic disorders the evaluating psychiatrist should interview collateralsources regarding the individual’s condition and review the individual’s record of traffic

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offenses. A practical driving test conducted by an occupational therapist should beconsidered.

Anxiety Disorder Not Otherwise Specified

This diagnostic entity comprises all anxiety syndromes that do not fall into a clear-cutdiagnostic category. Although studies from the 1960's and 1970’s refer to psychoneuroticindividuals, separating individuals with anxiety disorders from other kinds of neuroticconditions as defined by DSM I is, unfortunately, not possible. Therefore, the report ofincreased accidents, violations, and serious violations by neurotics in the research cannot berelated to current diagnostic criteria.(115) An increased accident rate and an increased violationrate have also been found in male neurotics before hospitalization versus a control g r o u p .However, because the study used DSM-I diagnostic criteria, applying contemporary diagnosticstandards is difficult.

SOMATOFORM DISORDERS

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Although no specific data refer to drivers with this condition, no indications of drivingdifficulties exist.

Conversion Disorder

No specific data refer to drivers with conversion disorder. However, the presence offluctuating neurological symptoms such as blindness or paralysis, which may come on atunpredictable times, does raise a concern about driving in these individuals. Therefore,careful evaluation of obvious symptoms is indicated. Some speculate that conversionsymptoms occur more frequently in individuals who have been in motor vehicle accidents.

When an individual referred for psychiatric evaluation has a conversion disorder, theevaluating psychiatrist should interview collateral sources regarding the individual’s conditionand review the individual’s record of traffic offenses. A practical driving test conducted byan occupational therapist should be considered.

Hypochondria&

No specific data refer to individuals with this condition. Because these individuals arefixated on being ill, they may be preoccupied, less focused on work, and inefficient.However, they have no obvious problem with driving capacity.

Somatization Disorder

No specific data refer to drivers with this condition. Because they ate focused onsymptoms and illness, they may have numerous tests and treatments. Therefore, thepharmacologic treatment that they receive (such as an anxiolytic agent like a benzodiazepine,

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which might lead to functional impairment) would be an area of concern. Drivingperformance should not be altered significantly.

Somatoform Pain Disorder

No specific data refer to drivers with this condition. These individuals often do notwork because they are disabled by pain and do not hide. it. The routine examination andinterview for a commercial driving job would probably reveal the fact that they experiencechronic pain.

When an individual referred for psychiatric evaluation has somatofrom pain disorder,the evaluating psychiatrist should interview collateral sources mganiing the individual’scondition and review the individual’s record of traffic offenses. A practical driving testconducted by an occupational therapist should be considered.

Undifferentiated Somatization Disorder

No specific data refer to drivers with this condition. In general, they tend to be less illand symptomatic than individuals with somatixation disorder. Also, they are very unlikely tohave difficulty driving as a result of the disorder.

Somatoform Disorder Not Otherwise Specified

No specific data refer to drivers with this condition because their ability to drive is notcompromised.

DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

Multiple Personality Disorder

Although specific data refer to drivers with this condition, reports of differencesbetween personalities do raise concerns. For example, an unrecognized personality may havereckless or dangerous characteristics that are not identifiable in the present personality.Different personalities may also have differential knowledge levels; for example, if one of thepersonalities is a child, driving may be compromised. Belligerent and antisocialcharacteristics in personalities may make driving hazardous. Individuals with multiplepersonality disorder may suffer functioning impaitment that lasts from minutes to hours todays depending on the nature of the disturbance. Functionitig may be severely compromisedduring periods of dysfunction. This condition may interfere with safe driving whenpersonality shifts occur. Effective treatment for multiple personality disorder is usuallypsychotherapeutic. Functioning may improve with adequate ueatment.

When an individual referred for psychiatric evaluation has a multiple personalitydisorder, the evaluating psychiatrist should interview collateral sources regarding theindividual’s condition and review the individual’s record of traffic offenses. A practicaldriving test conducted by an occupational therapist should be considered.

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Psychogenic Fugue

No specific data refer to drivers with this condition, and the risk for unsafe behavior inthis disorder is unknown. Symptoms arise following stress.

If the patient reports memory lapses, further evaluation is needed and should include.the following components: (1) interviews with collateral sources regarding the individual’scondition and (2) an evaluation of all traffic offenses.

Psychogenic Amnesia

No specific data refer to drivers with this condition. The individual usually experiencesloss of memory after a traumatic event. Although functioning may be impaired when thecondition is severe, this condition usually is not ongoing.

When an individual referred for psychiatric evaluation reports memory lapses, theevaluating psychiatrist should interview collateral sources regarding the individual’s conditionand review the individual’s record of traffic offenses.

Depersonalization

No specific data refer to drivers with this condition. These individuals suffer eitherpersistent or recurrent depersonalization. Although they may be disconnected from theirsurroundings, they are not usually out of touch with reality. Their feelings of detachment andautomaton-like functioning may lead to insufficient awareness of their surroundings whendriving. In severe cases this condition may cause concern for driving.

Further evaluation of individuals with depersonalization disorder should include thefollowing components: (1) a practical driving test conducted by an occupational therapist, (2)interviews with collateral sources regarding the individual’s condition, and (3) an evaluationof all traffic offenses.

ADJUSTMENT DISORDERS

Adjustment disorders are characterized by the development of acute symptomsfollowing significant stress. Symptoms may be behavioral, emotional, or physiological, withvariable severity. A wide range of symptoms is possible: minor symptoms cause subjectivedistress and discomfort, while major symptoms cause functional impairment. When moresevere symptoms endure, another Axis I diagnosis is appropriately made. Individuals withadjustment disorders may be affected significantly by symptoms of depression, anxiety, orproblematic behavior, but no specific data refer to drivers with these disorders.

Many investigators have studied the role of stress and life events to accidents. (Seereferences 117 through 120.) Some have concluded that stress and life events play a role intraffic accidents. A higher incidence of stressful life events has been found in accident

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victims designated at fault as opposed to accident victims designated not at fault (for periodsof 12 months, 2 months, and 24 to 48 hours before the accident).““’ Reports also show thatdrivers have an increased number of accidents 6 months before and 6 months after adivorce.““’ However, one study did not find an increased number of life events for controlsor drivers in accidents when compared to a cohort of individuals who had attempteds u i c i d e .

Because the findings in these studies are conflicting and no diagnosis of adjustmentdisorder was made in any of these reports, no conclusions can be drawn from these studies.

Functional impairment due to an adjustment disorder should-lead to further evaluationof a potential commercial drivers. Another Axis I disorder may explain the symptoms or theindividual may require additional information from other sources to determine his/her capacityfor driving safety. A practical driving test should provide additional information.

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APPENDIX A-MEDICAL EVALUATION SYSTEM PROCEDURES

Driver with Psychiatric Disorder Drivers a Medical Qualification

1Visit to Personal Physician

II

Positive screen by personal physicianIndicating l nv of the following:

1) presence of CNS damage/dysfunction2) evidence of use of anzlolytic or sedative drugs, anti-depressants, history of ECT, of antipsychotic drugs3) peychotlc disorders4) pesonality disorders5) other diorders6) positive ur ing screen (including benzodiazepines,barbiturates, tricyclic l tldepnurnts)

1)Applicant obtains medical records frompast 18 months.2) Extensive evelution by FHWA-Desig-nated prychletrlst (mey Include consulta-tion from neurologlrt or neuropsycholo-gist) to document presence or l beomm ofDSM-III-R diagnosis

I

Specialist fills out form l ftorl valucitlon.

INegative screeningexamination bypersonal physician

Figure 1. This chart shows the steps recommended by the expert panel for evaluating thepsychiatric qualification of applicants for a commercial vehicle driver’s license.The left side shows steps to be followed if the examining physician refers theapplicant for further psychiatric evaluation.

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APPENDIX B-JOB PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS FORM

Few people outside the motor carrier industry fully appreciate the mental and physicaldemands placed on commercial drivers. Medical examiners should not apply automobiledriving experience to evaluate the fimess of commercial driver applicants.

The physical demands of commercial driving and related tasks vary considerably withthe type of vehicle and duties involved. To effectively match job demands with anapplicant’s ability to meet these demands, the examining physician must know the type ofvehicle driven, job demands, and the environment involved.

This form is to be completed by a motor carrier official (preferably the applicant’simmediate supervisor) and co-signed by the subject driver. The driver or motor carrier willthen provide the original copy as part of the driver’s waiver application.

On the following page is a universal job task description. Direct your attention to thoseboxes checked as pertinent to the particular driver.

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JOB PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS FORM

A. Vehicle Type

[ ] 1. Straight Trucks-are used mainly for local pickup and delivery and may have up tofive axes, utilizing van, flatbed, tank or dump bodies. Drivers may spend hoursclimbing in and out of the truck and loading and unloading cargo.

[] a. Gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) less than 10,000 pounds.[ 1 b. GVWR between 10,000 and 26,000 pounds.[] C. GVWR greater than 26,000 pounds.

[ ] 2. Tractor-Trailers-are used for both local and long haul operations and arecomprised of a power unit (tractor) and one or mom trailers. Assume a GVWR ofgreater than 26,000 pounds.

B. Type of Route

[ 1 1. short-relay--drives 4-5 hours to a turnaround point, exchanges trucks and drivesback to the starting point

[ 1 2. Long-relay--drives 8-10 hours, sleep for 8 hours and returns to the starting point.

[ 1 3. Straight-through to destination--includes coast-to-coast operations; typically is away. from home for - nights at a time.

[ 1 4. Sleeper-team--drives constantly for 4 hours followed by 4 hours in the bunk whileco-driver drives; typically is away from home for - nights at a time.

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APPENDIX C-INITIAL SCREENING

The following guidelines were developed to aid the examining physician in teaching adiagnosis and evaluating the commercial motor vehicle driver.

Observations

Does the applicant have any of the following characteristics:

Suspicious?

Evasive?

Threatening?

Hostile?

Easily distracted?

Flat affect or no emotional expression?

Unusual or bizarre ideas?

Auditory or visual hallucinations?

Dishonest?

Omits important information?

Questions

The examiniig physician should ask the applicant the following questions:

Have you ever thought of hurting yourself?

Have you ever thought of suicide?

Have you ever attempted suicide?

Have you attempted suicide involving vehicular crash?

Do you ever get into fights?

Have you ever thought of hurting or killing other people?

Do you ever have problems with your concentration or memory?

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Have you ever heard voices that other people don’t seem to hear or that weren’t reallythere?

Have you ever seen things that weren’t really there?

Have you ever been hospitalized for psychiatric problems?

Am you taking any medication for nerves?

Have you ever used medicines inappropriately?

History

In addition to evaluating the driver based on observations and responses to the precedingquestions, the examining physician should obtain the following information on the driver:

. Work history.

. Driving history.

. Drug and alcohol history.

. Military history, including type of discharge.

. Legal history.