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Pediatric TB Meningitis Alex Kay, MD California Department of Public Health Many Faces of TB April 20 th , 2016 1
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Pediatric TB Meningitisnid]/3._kay...Pediatric CNS TB • Rates of clinical morbidity (40‐50%) and mortality (10‐25%) in US pedi idiatric series – Largest series are from resource

Feb 23, 2020

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Page 1: Pediatric TB Meningitisnid]/3._kay...Pediatric CNS TB • Rates of clinical morbidity (40‐50%) and mortality (10‐25%) in US pedi idiatric series – Largest series are from resource

Pediatric TB Meningitis

Alex Kay, MDCalifornia Department of Public Health

Many Faces of TBApril 20th, 2016

1

Page 2: Pediatric TB Meningitisnid]/3._kay...Pediatric CNS TB • Rates of clinical morbidity (40‐50%) and mortality (10‐25%) in US pedi idiatric series – Largest series are from resource

2

Page 3: Pediatric TB Meningitisnid]/3._kay...Pediatric CNS TB • Rates of clinical morbidity (40‐50%) and mortality (10‐25%) in US pedi idiatric series – Largest series are from resource

EpidemiologyEpidemiology

• Pediatric TB and TB meningitisPediatric TB  and TB meningitis (TBM) are “sentinel events” as markers of recent TBmarkers of recent TB transmission

PPD Conversion

ction

I II III Disseminated (TBM)

Primary Pulmonary

Infec

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Marais et al.  The natural history of childhood tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004; 8; 392‐402 3

Months0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

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Risk of TBMRisk of TBM

A I f i Ri k f DiAge at Infection Risk of Disease< 1 year Pulmonary disease 30‐40%

TBM or miliary disease 10‐20%

1‐2 years Pulmonary disease 10‐20%1 2 years Pulmonary disease 10 20%TBM or miliary disease 2‐5%

2 years‐adult Pulmonary disease 5%TBM or miliary disease 0.5%

4Marais et al.  The natural history of childhood tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004; 8; 392‐402

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5

Page 6: Pediatric TB Meningitisnid]/3._kay...Pediatric CNS TB • Rates of clinical morbidity (40‐50%) and mortality (10‐25%) in US pedi idiatric series – Largest series are from resource

The Epidemiology ClinicalThe Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Pediatric Central Nervous System TB in California from 1993‐2011TB in California from 1993 2011

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Al D Sil MD• Alex Duque‐Silva, MDPediatric Infectious Diseases ClinicianContra Costa County Health Department 

• Pennan Barry, MD, MPHChief Surveillance and Epidemiology Sectionp gyCalifornia Department of Public HealthTuberculosis Control BranchTuberculosis Control Branch

7

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ObjectivesObjectives1. Identify risk factors for pediatric CNS TB and 

death from TB

2. Determine how clinical and demographic factors impact outcome following CNS TBfactors impact outcome following CNS TB

3. Examine the effect of time to treatment on clinical outcome and stage at presentation

8

Page 9: Pediatric TB Meningitisnid]/3._kay...Pediatric CNS TB • Rates of clinical morbidity (40‐50%) and mortality (10‐25%) in US pedi idiatric series – Largest series are from resource

Pediatric CNS TBPediatric CNS TB• Rates of clinical morbidity (40‐50%) and 

li (10 25%) i US di i imortality (10‐25%) in US pediatric series– Largest series are from resource limited settings b hi hl i blbut highly variable 

• Poor outcomes associated with–Young age–Advanced clinical stage at presentationAdvanced clinical stage at presentation

Doerr C. et al. Clinical and public health aspects of TB meningitis in children.  Jpeds; 1995.p p g p ;Yaramis A. et al. Central Nervous System Tuberculosis in Children: A review of 2016 cases. Pediatrics 1998.van Well G. et al. Twenty Years of Pediatric Tuberculous Meningitis: A retrospective cohort study in the Western Cape of South Africa.  Pediatrics; 2009. 9

Page 10: Pediatric TB Meningitisnid]/3._kay...Pediatric CNS TB • Rates of clinical morbidity (40‐50%) and mortality (10‐25%) in US pedi idiatric series – Largest series are from resource

Pediatric CNS TB in CaliforniaPediatric CNS TB in CaliforniaIncrease proportion of 9%

10%14S 

TB

proportion of pediatric CNS disease in  7%

8%

9%

14

14

ic Non

‐CNS

California in 2011

Prompted this4%

5%

6%

19 15

19

12

14

1113

6

8TB

/Ped

iatri

Prompted this large U.S. population based  1%

2%

3%19

7

1215

86

8 7 56

2

iatric CNS T

study of pediatric CNS TB

0%

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

7

Pedi

10

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Risk Factors For CNS Tuberculosis1Risk Factors For CNS Tuberculosis1

6,193 pediatric TB  5,993 Cases of 

Registry Data

6, 93 pediatric Tcases in California TB Registry 1993‐

2011

Non‐CNS TB TB registry data analysis

200 Cases of CNS 2011TB

1) Identify demographic and clinical factors associated1) Identify demographic and clinical factors associated with pediatric CNS TB

2) Identify features associated with death from TB1Duque‐Silva, A et al. Risk Factors For Central Nervous System Tuberculosis. Pediatrics; 2015. 11

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Demographics

Demographic Factors

CNS TBn (%)

Non‐CNS TBn (%)

MultivariateOR (95% CI)( ) ( ) ( )

Age 0‐4 y 144 (72) 2615 (44) 2.6 (1.6‐4.2)

Ethnicity Hispanic

150 (75) 3787 (63) 2.5 (1.0‐6.3)

^ 76% of US born children with CNS TB in 2010‐2011 had at

U.S. birth^ 164 (82) 3482 (58) 1.9 (1.3‐2.9)

 76% of US born children with CNS TB in 2010 2011 had at least one foreign born parent 

12Duque‐Silva, A et al. Risk Factors For Central Nervous System Tuberculosis. Pediatrics; 2015.

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Clinical CharacteristicsClinical Characteristics

CNS TB N (%)

Non‐CNS TB N (%)

MultivariateOR (95% CI)Characteristics ( ) ( ) ( )

TST Positive 105 (61) 5322 (93) 0.1 (0.1‐0.2)( ) ( ) ( )

Culture Positive 118 (59) 1978 (33)( ) ( )

78 % of cultures from CSF and 22% from non‐CSF

13Duque‐Silva, A et al. Risk Factors For Central Nervous System Tuberculosis. Pediatrics; 2015.

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Factors Associated with DeathFactors Associated with DeathDied  (N = 32)N (%)

Survived  (N = 6142) N(%)

MultivariateOR (95% CI)N (%) 6142) N(%) OR (95% CI)

CNS TB 9 (28) 191 (3) 3.8 (1.4‐9.9)CultureCulture Positive 25 (78) 2056 (34) 6.2 (2.2‐17.3)

Factors Associated with SurvivalFactors Associated with SurvivalTST Positive 8 (25) 5418 (88) 0.1 (0.04‐0.02)

Age, gender, ethnicity, country of origin, susceptibilities and receipt of DOT were not associated with death

14Duque‐Silva, A et al. Risk Factors For Central Nervous System Tuberculosis. Pediatrics; 2015.

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SummarySummary

• Pediatric CNS TB cases were more likely <5Pediatric CNS TB cases were more likely <5 years, U.S.‐ born and Hispanic

• AFB culture positive and TST negative results i d i h b h CNS TB d d hwere associated with both CNS TB and death

• CNS TB had a 4.5% vs. 0.4% mortality for non‐CNS TB

15

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Pediatric CNS TB Chart Review• TB registry data lack information about1. Clinical presentation  2. Outcome 3. Time 

to treatment

200 Cases of

151 (76%) cases   92 (61%) with 

complete79 (86%) cases with complete

Chart Review

200 Cases of CNS TB reviewed

& 18 LHJ visited

complete outcome  

information

with complete date 

information

Clinical Features

Time to Treatment A l i

Outcome Analysis

16

Analysis y

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CNS TB Cli i l F tCNS TB Clinical Features

0‐4 yrs0 4 yrs

5‐18 yrs

17

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Presenting symptoms by age0‐4 yrs 5 ‐ 18 yrs

Presenting symptoms by age

708090100

3040506070

%

0102030

18

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Severity at PresentationSeverity at Presentation

Total

MMRC  N (%)MMRC III (31 vs. 3%)MMRC I (50 vs. 16%)

100

Stage I 30 (26)50%

Stage II 59 (51)50%

Stage III 26 (23) 0

I II III

19

*MMRC = Modified Medical Research Council

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CSF ParametersInitial LP N (%)

Normal 8 (6)Abnormal 125 (94)

CSF ParametersWBC ≥10 cells/µl  115 (92)

Lymphocytes>50%  67 (63) • Protein (70 )

Glucose <40 mg/dl 86 (66)vs. 50%)

Protein >100 mg/dl 85 (64)

Trend (p = 0.09) for normal CSF from an EVD vs LP

20

(p )Marais, S et al. Tuberculous Meningitis; a uniform case definition for use in clinical research. Lancet Infectious Disease, 2010.

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Imaging Features

Neuroimaging(MRI CT )

N (%)(MRI or CT scan)

Normal 18 (14)• Normal (24 vs 10%)

Basilar enhancement   

75 (58) Normal (24 vs. 10%)

Hydrocephalus 85 (66)

I f t 50 (39) Infarct 50 (39)

Focal lesion 32 (25)

• Hydrocephalus (78 vs. 35%)

• Infarct (47 vs. 19%)

21

Infarct (47 vs. 19%)Marais, S et al. Tuberculous Meningitis; a uniform case definition for use in clinical research. Lancet Infectious Disease, 2010.

Page 22: Pediatric TB Meningitisnid]/3._kay...Pediatric CNS TB • Rates of clinical morbidity (40‐50%) and mortality (10‐25%) in US pedi idiatric series – Largest series are from resource

Clinical Features

Site of disease N (%)

CNS TB only 90 (69)y ( )Disseminated  39 (30)

Other 1 (0.8)• CNS Only (86 vs 63%)

Culture for Mtb

Positive 88 (58)

• CNS Only (86 vs. 63%)

Negative 63 (41)Susceptibility results

ibl 69 ( 8)• Disseminated TB (37 

Pansusceptible 69 (78)INH resistance  4 (4)

MDR 3 (3)

vs. 8%)• Culture + (64 vs. 44%)• Pan susceptible (86 vs. 

22

MDR 3 (3)PZA mono‐resistance  10 (11)

p (53%)

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TreatmentN (%)

I iti l TB iInitial TB regimen3 drugs (not EMB) 79 (56)≥ 4 CNS drugs 62 (44)≥ 4 CNS drugs 62 (44)

Steroids Yes 106 (70)

• ≥4 drugs 50 vs. 30%• Surgery 57 vs. 21%

No 45 (30)Surgery 

EVD/VP h t 70 (46)

g y

EVD/VP shunt  70 (46)Tuberculoma biopsy 7 (5)

23

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Predictors of good vs.Predictors of good vs. poor outcomepoor outcome

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Measuring post‐treatment outcomesMeasuring post treatment outcomes• Six deficit areas assessed

• Hearing Vision Language Ambulation Development• Hearing, Vision, Language, Ambulation, Development, Focal neurologic deficits

• Developed a standardized protocol for classifying deficits • Cases with information on ≥4 areas included for outcome analysis 

• Determination of outcomes• Determination of outcomes• Good: Normal (no deficits) or mild (1 area abnl) clinical sequelae 

• Poor: Moderate (2 areas abnl)/Severe clinical sequelae (3 areas abnl or complete deficit in 1) or death

25

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Pediatric CNS TB OutcomesPediatric CNS TB Outcomes

Good outcome = 40% Poor outcome = 60%Mild S

Normal20.7%

Mild clinical sequelae19.6%

Moderate clinical sequelae13%

Severe clinical sequelae33.7%

Death13%

N = 37 N = 55

0 20 40 60 80 100%

N = 92N = 92

26

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Page 28: Pediatric TB Meningitisnid]/3._kay...Pediatric CNS TB • Rates of clinical morbidity (40‐50%) and mortality (10‐25%) in US pedi idiatric series – Largest series are from resource

Clinical Severity ScoreClinical Severity Score

Clinical Severity Good Poor Adjusted forClinical Severity Score*

Good Outcome

Poor Outcome

Adjusted for Age

PRR^ (95%CI)( )Stage I 13 (39) 2 (5) Ref

Stage II 17 (52) 23 (52) 1.2 (0.99‐1.5)Stage II 17 (52) 23 (52) 1.2 (0.99 1.5)

Stage III 3 (9) 19 (43) 1.4 (1.1‐1.9)

*MMRC = Modified Medical Research Council^PRR = Prevalence Rate Ratio

28

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Clinical Parameters CSF AnalysisI d P t i

NeuroimagingI f ti• Increased Protein

• *PRR 1.2 (1.03‐1.4)• Infarction• *PRR 1.2 (1.04‐1.3)

Cli i l S it AMultivariate

Clinical SeverityMMRC II or III 

Age• PRR 1.4 (1.2 – 1.7)

• PRR 1.2 (1.03 – 1.5)

29*Age adjusted

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No difference detected in good vs. poor outcome for:poor outcome for:

– Clinical Symptomsy p– MTb culture positive– Susceptibilities– Clinical case definition: definite vs. probable vs. possible– Number of drugs in regimen– Steroid use– Duration of therapySurgical treatment– Surgical treatment

30

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Impact of time to treatment on outcome?

21

Symptom onset

1st medical  encounter

TB treatment 

Post‐treatment onset encounter started outcomes

1. Date of TB treatment – Date of symptom onset2. Date of TB Treatment – Date of 1st medical 

encounter  31

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Time to TreatmentGood 

OutcomePoor 

Outcome

Adjusted for Age PRR

1. Sx Onset–TB Rxmedian (days)   16 15 n/a

d ( ) ( )< 10 days 8 (22) 8 (17)≥ 10 days 28 (78) 39 (83) 1.04 (0.9‐1.2)

2. 1st Medical Encounter–TB Rx

median (days)   11 11 n/a7 d 11 (31) 12 (27)< 7 days 11 (31) 12 (27)

≥ 7 days 24 (69) 32 (73) 1.01 (0.9‐1.2)

No association between time from symptom onset to presentation

32

No association between time from symptom onset to presentation and the clinical stage at presentation

Page 33: Pediatric TB Meningitisnid]/3._kay...Pediatric CNS TB • Rates of clinical morbidity (40‐50%) and mortality (10‐25%) in US pedi idiatric series – Largest series are from resource

1. Early diagnosis remains critical for a good outcome2. No clear linear relationship between time to treatment and 

outcome in this analysis

Symptom OnsetGood Outcome

1st Medical EvaluationGood Outcome

     I

tage Treatment

II        

nical St

I           

BM Clin

Poor Outcome

IIITB

33Time

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Source Case Identified

Contact

N = 58 (38%) Source CaseContact 

Investigation40%

Source Case Investigation57%40% 57%

76% Poor Outcome61% Poor Outcome 76% Poor Outcome

Source  Parent 52% Foreign 

61% Poor Outcome

case found in home 95%

Relative 40%Other 8%

gBorn 78%

34

95%

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LimitationsLimitations

• No pre‐existing validated outcome scaleNo pre existing validated outcome scale• Limited access to pre‐hospitalization records

ff h h d l bl• Difference in group that had outcomes available • Small numbers limited: 

– Power to detect differences between outcome groups

–Ability to adjust for confounding variables

35

Page 36: Pediatric TB Meningitisnid]/3._kay...Pediatric CNS TB • Rates of clinical morbidity (40‐50%) and mortality (10‐25%) in US pedi idiatric series – Largest series are from resource

Summary• Almost 2/3 of pediatric CNS TB cases in California had poor clinical outcomes

• Age and severity of disease at presentation are g y passociated with poor outcome but are not easily amenable to intervention

• Outcomes are better in Stage 1 disease but recognition of early non‐specific CNS TB symptoms is challenging in young infants and with an increasingly rare disease

36

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Clinical Interventions For CNS TBClinical Interventions For CNS TB

• Think CNS TB for non‐specific symptoms suchThink CNS TB for non specific symptoms such as fever and vomiting in a young infant with TB exposure or who is high risk for exposureTB exposure or who is high risk for exposure

• Treat empirically based on imaging findings, CSF parameters and the absence of anotherCSF parameters and the absence of another etiologyR b id f CNS TB d• Remember steroids for CNS TB treatment and that TST is only positive in about 50% of CNS TBTB cases

37

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Public health focus on TB preventionPublic health focus on TB prevention• Prioritize rapid contact investigations involving children with appropriate treatmentchildren with appropriate treatment

• Emphasize LTBI risk assessment /testing/ treatment for adult caregivers (Cocooning)treatment for adult caregivers (Cocooning)

• Emphasize routine TB risk assessments in infants (2 weeks 6 mo 1 yr annually)infants (2 weeks, 6 mo, 1 yr, annually)

• Consider BCG in communities with high rates of recent TB transmission or for infants withrecent TB transmission or for infants with extended travel to high TB incidence countries

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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

Alex Duque‐Silva MD Thank You!Alex Duque Silva, MD CDPH Pennan Barry, MD, MPH

Thank You! Varsha Nimbal, MPH Jennifer Flood, MD, MPH Amit Chitnis, MD, MPH, , Neha Shah, MD, MPH Janice Wastenhouse, MPH Saul Kanowitz Saul Kanowitz Gisela Schecter MD, MPH

Infectious Diseases Department at CHRCO

39