PC-1 Solid & Liquid Waste Remediation NWFP Post Tour 111

2010

Sardar Taimur Hyat-Khan

PARC1/7/2010

GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN

Article I. Table of ContentsTables:Figures:Annexures: Executive Summary:1. Name of the project:................................................................................................12. Location:...................................................................................................................33. Authorities responsible for: 4. Plan provision:5. Project objectives and its relationship with sector objectives:6. Description, Justification, Technical Parameter and Technology Transfer

Aspects: ....................................................................................................................46.1 Solid Waste:……………………………………………………………….6.2 Surface Water:……………………………………………………………6.3 Soils:……………………………………………………………………….6.4 Justification:………………………………………………………………6.5 Benefits:………………………………………………………………. 6.6 Description: Historical Background:……………………………………6.7 Technical Aspects:………………………………………………………..6.8 Project Components:…………………………………………………..

I. Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) Mobilization & Awareness Raising:………………………………………………

II. Composting of Municipal Solid Waste; Nutrient Enhancement & Commercial Sales:……………………………………………

III. Bioremediation of Municipal Liquid Waste through Waste Water Gardens:…………………………………………………

7. Capital Cost Estimates............................................................................................58. Annual Operating and Maintenance Cost after Completion of the Project......69. Demand and Supply Analysis:…………………………………………………...710. Financial Plan and Mode of Financing:…………………………………………811. Project Benefit and Analysis:…………………………………………………….12. Implementation Schedule:………………………………………………………..13. Management Structure and Manpower Requirements Including Specialized

Skills during Construction and Operational Phases:………………………….14. Additional Project/Decisions Required Maximizing Socio-Economic Benefits

from the Proposed Project:……………………………………………………. 15. Certified that the Project Proposal has been Prepared on the Basis of

Instructions Provided by the Planning Commission for the Preparation of PC-1 for Production Sector Project……………………………………………….

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Table Executive Summary: Page(s)

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Table A Budget by Component/ Year: 4Table B Employment by Component: 4

Table C Employment by Job: 5Table D Breakdown by Component/ Head/ Year: 5Table E Breakdown by Head/ Component/ Year: 6Table F Returns/ Bags/ Day/ pm/ pa: 6Table G Payback & Cost after Exit: 6Table PC-1 Page(s)Table 1. Sector-Wise Allocation For On-Going And New Schemes 2009-10 7Table 2. Sectoral Allocation Of Resources 7Table 3. Development Budget 7Table 4. The Looming Water Scarcity 8Table 5. Description: Historical Background 15Table 6. Technical Aspects: District Population 1998 (Census) 15Table 7. Quantification of Solid Waste by Category 16Table 8. Component I: Work Plan (Quarterly Activities). 19Table 9. Component I: PROJECT BUDGET DETAILS 21

Table 10. Component II: Work Plan (Quarterly Activities). 24Table 11. Component II: PROJECT BUDGET DETAILS 25Table 12: Biodegradable Waste Quantities by City 31Table 13. MDGs 42Table 14. Targets 43Table 15. Component III: Work Plan (Quarterly Activities). 43Table 16. Component III: P ROJECT BUDGET DETAILS 44Table 17. Root Depth for Selected Phytoremediation Plants: 45Table 18. Phytoremediation Overview: 47Table 19. Plants Used in Phytoremediation 48Table 20. Summary of Bioremediation Technologies: 53Table 21. Abbreviations: 53Table 22. Processes occurring in Treatment of Waste: 54Table 23. Performance of New Generation Reed Bed Systems 57Table 24. Means for Total Phosphorus (TP) and Total Nitrogen (TN) 58Table 25. Means for Total Phosphorus (TP) and Total Nitrogen (TN) 58Table 26. Transformed standard errors for TP and TN 59Table 27. The means for Cu and Zn 59Table28. Load/ Removal Rates for Reed-Beds 59Table 29. Effluents Treated from Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plants 62Table 30. SUCCESSFUL APPLICATIONS 66Table 31. Component IV: Work Plan (Quarterly Activities). 68Table 32. Component IV: PROJECT BUDGET DETAILS 68Table 33. PCU Employment Details 69Table 34. PCU: BUDGET DETAILS 70Table 35. PERFORMANCE INDICATORS : 70Table 36. District wise Sale of Fertilizers, in NWFP, 2004-05 to 2006-07Table 37. District Wise Land Utilization Statistics in NWFP, (2007-08)

Project Component Cost Details

Executive Summary:

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Budget by Component/ Year: Table A# Component Year 1 Year 2 TOTAL

1 Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) 48.05 14.04 62.092 Municipal Solid Waste Segregation/ Processing 195.67 16.71 212.383 Composting of Municipal Solid Waste 259.14 32.73 291.874 Bioremediation of Municipal Liquid Waste 104.93 15.82 120.745 Project Coordination Unit 14.47 10.70 25.17  TOTAL 622.26 89.99 712.25

Employment by Component: Table BComponent II Segregation 

# Title Nos. Rate pm pa Other/ TADA1 Project Coordinators 6 0.04 0.24 2.88 0.142 Office Assistant 6 0.02 0.09 1.08 0.053 Technician 6 0.02 0.12 1.44 0.074 Drivers 24 0.01 0.24 2.88 0.145 Mate 6 0.01 0.06 0.72 0.046 Labor 24 0.01 0.14 1.73 0.097 Cleaner 12 0.01 0.07 0.86 0.04

TOTAL 84   0.97 11.59 0.58Component III Composting1 Project Coordinators 6 0.04 0.24 2.88 0.142 Mate 6 0.01 0.06 0.72 0.043 Labor 24 0.01 0.14 1.73 0.094 Drivers 18 0.01 0.18 2.16 0.115 Cleaner 6 0.01 0.04 0.43 0.02

TOTAL 60   0.66 7.92 0.40Component IV Waste Water Gardens

1 Project Coordinators 6 0.04 0.24 2.88 0.142 Mate 6 0.01 0.06 0.72 0.043 Labor 12 0.01 0.07 0.86 0.044 Drivers 6 0.01 0.06 0.72 0.04

TOTAL 30   0.43 5.18 0.26PCU

1 Project Director 1 0.15 0.15 1.80 0.902 Accounts Officer 1 0.06 0.06 0.72 0.363 PA to PD 1 0.03 0.03 0.30  4 Technician 3 0.02 0.06 0.72 0.365 Assistant to Technicians 3 0.01 0.02 0.29 0.146 Drivers 2 0.01 0.02 0.24 0.127 Peon 1 0.01 0.01 0.10  8 Cleaner 1 0.01 0.01 0.07  

TOTAL 13   0.35 4.24 1.88GRAND TOTAL 168   2.297 27.564 3.252

Employment by Job: Table C

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# Job Title Nos.1 Project Director 12 Project Coordinators 183 Accounts Officer 14 PA to PD 15 Office Assistant 66 Technician 97 Assistant to Technicians 38 Mate 189 Drivers 50

10 Labor 6011 Peon 112 Cleaner 19

TOTAL 187

Breakdown by Component/ Head/ Year: Table D

Component Code NarrationYEARS Total

Y-1 Y-2  

I. 61 ESTABLISHMENT EXPENSES 0.000.00

0.00  62 OPERATIONAL EXPENSES 11.42 10.33 21.75  63 CAPITAL EXPENSES 36.64 3.70 40.34

Sub Total    48.05 14.04 62.09

II. 61 ESTABLISHMENT EXPENSES 12.17 13.39 25.56  62 OPERATIONAL EXPENSES 2.55 2.91 5.46  63 CAPITAL EXPENSES 180.95 0.41 181.36

Sub Total    195.67 16.71 212.38III. 61 ESTABLISHMENT EXPENSES 7.86 8.65 16.51  62 OPERATIONAL EXPENSES 14.56 16.12 30.67  63 CAPITAL EXPENSES 236.73 7.96 244.69

Sub Total    259.14 32.73 291.87

IV. 61 ESTABLISHMENT EXPENSES 6.35 6.99 13.34

  62 OPERATIONAL EXPENSES 7.16 8.03 15.19  63 CAPITAL EXPENSES 91.42 0.80 92.22

Sub Total    104.93 15.82 120.74PCU 61 ESTABLISHMENT EXPENSES 6.12 6.73 12.85

  62 OPERATIONAL EXPENSES 3.95 3.61 7.56  63 CAPITAL EXPENSES 4.40 0.36 4.76

Sub Total   14.47 10.70 25.17  G. Total: 622.26 89.99 712.25

Breakdown by Head/ Component/ Year: Table E

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Narration Component YEARS TotalY-1 Y-2

Establishment expenses I 0.00 0.00 0.00II 12.17 13.39 25.56III 7.86 8.65 16.51IV 6.35 6.99 13.34PMU 6.12 6.73 12.85

Sub Total 32.50 35.76 68.26Operational expenses I 11.42 10.33 21.75

II 2.55 2.91 5.46III 14.56 16.12 30.67IV 7.16 8.03 15.19PMU 3.95 3.61 7.56

Sub Total 39.64 41.00 80.64Capital expenses I 36.64 3.70 40.34

II 180.95 0.41 181.36III 236.73 7.96 244.69IV 91.42 0.80 92.22PMU 4.40 0.36 4.76

Sub Total 550.12 13.24 563.36 Grand Total

622.26 89.99 712.25

Returns/ Bags/ Day/ pm/ pa: Table F# City MSW

t/dayCompost/

day/ tCompost/ day/ 000

50 kg bags pd

Price Rs.300.00 per bag

Price pm

Price pa

1 Abbottabad 52.80 21.12 21,120.00 422 0.13 3.80 45.62

2 Bannu 24.00 9.60 9,600.00 192 0.06 1.73 20.74

3 DI Khan 43.20 17.28 17,280.00 346 0.10 3.11 37.32

4 Kohat 62.40 24.96 24,960.00 499 0.15 4.49 53.91

5 Mingora 81.60 32.64 32,640.00 653 0.20 5.88 70.50

6 Mardan 120.00 48.00 48,000.00 960 0.29 8.64 103.68

  TOTAL 384.00 153.60 153,600.00 3,072 0.92 27.65 331.78

Payback & Cost after Exit: Table G  Component II Y-1 Y-2

61 ESTABLISHMENT EXPENSES 12.17 13.3962 OPERATIONAL EXPENSES 2.55 2.91

  Component III    61 ESTABLISHMENT EXPENSES 7.86 8.6562 OPERATIONAL EXPENSES 14.56 2.92

  Component IV    61 ESTABLISHMENT EXPENSES 6.35 6.9962 OPERATIONAL EXPENSES 7.16 8.03

  Yearly Cost Less Investment & Implementing Agencies 38.48 29.50Investment   583.78 60.49Gross Returns   331.78 331.78Net returns -252.00 19.28

GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN

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PLANNING COMMISSIONPC-1 FORM

(WSS SECTORS)1. Name of the project: Master Plan for Provision of Bio-Environmental Services

Teams (BEST) in selected Cities/ Towns of N.W.F.P. 2. Location: Abbottabad; Mingora; Mardan; Bannu; Kohat; DI Khan.3. Authorities responsible for:

i. Sponsoring: Go NWFP. ii. Execution: Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC).iii. Operation and maintenance: Respective City Municipal Authorities. iv. Concerned federal ministry: Ministry of Food and Agriculture.

4. Plan provision:Sector-Wise Allocation for On-Going and New Schemes 2009-10 (Rs. In millions):

Table 1Sector Schemes Schemes Total

(On-Going) (New)No Allocation No Allocation No Allocation

Drinking Water & Sanitation

41 1441.169 41 1441.169

Environment 6 26.438 3 17.700 9 40.138

Sectoral Allocation Of Resources (Rs. In millions) Table 2Sector Y1-Y2 Y3-Y5 Y6-Y7 Total % TotalWater & Sanitation 2,136 3,360 2,218 7,714 1.3 %

Development Budget (Rs. In millions) Table 3Development Program 2009-10

Annual Development Program

Foreign Project Assistance Total

Drinking Water & Sanitation

1441.169 1434.541 2875.710

The proposed project is in line with the Medium Term Development Framework (MTDF) 2005-10 of the Planning Commission of Pakistan and an amount of Rs.1.441 billions in the ADP and Rs. 1.434 billions as Foreign Project Assistance in the Sector has been allocated for the Drinking Water & Sanitation Sector in NWFP. The proposed project will help in achieving the MTDF (2005-10) goals, targets and objectives besides supporting the implementation of its sectoral strategies. It will help Pakistan to fulfill international obligations of the Millennium Development Goal (MDGs) targets; Goal-7; (Ensure Environmental Sustainability). In addition the proposed project supports the National Agricultural and Environment Policy, National Conservation Strategy (NCS) and National Environment Action Plan (NEAP).

In case of the regular water supply and sanitation programs an overall financial outlay of Rs.120 billion is envisaged to achieve the MTDF targets, including Rs 60 billion by the Federal and Provincial PSDPs.

The proposed project would be financed out of the block provision for NWFP in the PSDP.

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5. Project objectives and its relationship with sector objectives: “Major Themes for the Vision 2030 Project:13. The Quality of Life:

vi. Preserving the habitat.” “6 Agriculture Growth: Food, Water and Land:6.1 Major Challenges: Sustainable management of the natural resource base and protection of the

environment; Public investments in rural infrastructure and institutions including water

management, research and extension, education, health, water supply and sewerage.

6.3 The Water Challenge:Pakistan has not managed its water resources with care and is now becoming increasingly water stressed (current availability of 1100 cubic meters per capita which is fast approaching the water scarcity regime of under 1000 cubic meters per capita).

The Looming Water Scarcity: Table 4Year Population ( millions) Water Available, Per

Capita (cubic metres)1951 34 56502003 146 12002010 168 10002025 221 800Without additional storage, the shortfall will increase by 12 per cent over

the next decade alone.6.3.1 Managing the Use of Water:Strict prevention of discharge of industrial effluent in natural streams is another serious issue to be addressed through incentives and punitive measures, coupled with cleaning of polluted water streams.10 Rural and Urban Development:Infrastructure and services in both rural and urban areas are deficient and substantial improvements are needed. However, the quality of life in rural areas is much lower than in urban areas and it continue to lag in the availability of physical infrastructure, education and health facilities, safe drinking water supply and sanitation and other social services.The community-based infrastructure development has shown great success and promise in Pakistan. Community based waste management and water supply and sanitation systems are examples of successful implementation of municipal service delivery.10.5 Urban Services:With rapid urbanization coupled with inadequate investment, the quality of urban infrastructure has deteriorated. Less than 1 per cent of wastewater is treated in Pakistan. The rest is thrown into ravines, streams, and rivers which have turned into sewers and impact negatively on downstream users.The metropolitan governments recover less than 50 per cent of the solid waste generated in the cities. The rest is left to rot on the streets. Even the waste that is

1 Vision 2030

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collected is mostly dumped in open fields or is incinerated. The dumped waste pollutes the groundwater and the incinerated waste creates air pollution.Our urban planners have seldom followed pro-poor strategies in the past. The rich get subsidized sewers; the poor live in often appalling sanitary conditions. Yet a lot can be done with some grit, and vision, as shown by the Orangi Pilot Project in Karachi; this provides sewerage services to over a million poor people and provides many lessons which can and are being emulated on a larger scale.The Key Lesson from Orangi:Poor people also want good quality services just like rich people. Orangi also showed how poor people can transform their environment and reduce costs and corruption to a small fraction of ‘standard’ costs by technical innovation and self-help.It also showed the importance of high-quality technical support, and why eventually, there must be a partnership between the informal sector (which can handle much of the local infrastructure better than the municipality) and the government (which must build the bulk collection and wastewater treatment facilities).10.5.1 Urban Water Supply and Sanitation:The strategy for urban water supply would be based on meeting rapidly increasing demand for household and industrial water, increasing investments in new water delivery systems, upgrading and managing the existing systems more efficiently, ensuring provision of potable water to poor households, recycling of water, where feasible, and enhancing cost recovery. The sanitation improvement options would cover wastewater management and disposal of human wastes through cost efficient and affordable means, including improvement in the management of septic tanks. For solid waste, the strategy would be to develop integrated solid waste management systems, sanitary landfills, and to minimize waste through refuse recovery and electricity generation.”

The Bioenvironmental aspect of our habitations is under threat of ecological collapse. The Natural Cycles have been interfered with and have broken down in many places. Due to this the vital regenerative aspect of Nature and constant supply of fresh air and water along with replenished soil fertility is being curtailed. Emission of noxious and hazardous gasses, leachates and breeding grounds for disease vectors are some of the problems associated with our manner of living. The discovery that every aspect of Nature works in harmony with each other to produce and maintain the eco-system in habitable condition should make us realize that we have to conform to the Laws of Nature in order to ensure that we can continue to inhabit that particular eco-system.

When we learn that the products required for regeneration of soil fertility and the generation of vitally needed energy as well as water is available to us with a little effort then there is no justification of allowing these potential inputs to create a nuisance rather than be beneficial. Solid and Liquid Municipal Waste affords us the opportunity to produce compost and digestate liquor which can be used as a fertilizer supplying vital nutrients to soils. The solid, fibrous component of compost and digestate can be used as a soil conditioner. The liquor and nutrient fortified compost can be used as a substitute for chemical fertilizers which require large amounts of energy to produce and transport. The use of manufactured fertilizers is more carbon intensive than the use of anaerobic digestate fertilizer thus savings can be affected by reduction in their use.

At present Solid & Liquid Waste is grossly polluting the environment. This is causing increasing incidence of diseases and indirectly contributing to decreased economic

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activity due to degradation of the environment. Invisible costs in terms of loss of man-hours and increased pressure upon medical facilities are of great concern.

Most MSW is disposed of in landfills, burnt, or illegally dumped, as there is no special government regulation on MSW treatment. GHG emissions especially CO2 and other air pollutants, i.e. NOx, CO, SOx and also particulates are polluting the environment. MSW landfills produce leachates that contaminate water body/soil creating water/soil pollution. The unsorted municipal solid waste in the six nominated cities amounts to an average of just under 384 tons per day. There is no proper waste collection system. Waste is dumped in the open. Different types of waste are not segregated. There are no controlled sanitary landfill sites.

“It has been estimated that around 4,000 million gallons of sewage is being discharged to surface water bodies every day in Pakistan, with very little consideration of used-water management for fresh water conservation and human well being. Serious health concerns arise in the absence of a regular monitoring of the water quality of the surface and groundwater bodies. Contaminated and poor quality water loads estimated health costs of Rs. 114 billion, or approximately 1.81 percent of GDP per annum.” The high proportions of costs due to premature child deaths, followed by the mortality impacts of typhoid in the older population are striking (Pak- SCEA2006). A study conducted by UNICEF found that 20-40% of the hospital beds in Pakistan are occupied by patients suffering from water-related diseases, such as typhoid, cholera, dysentery and hepatitis, which are responsible for one third of all deaths (Pak SCEA2006). 2

The Rivers Swat and Panjkora (in Malakand Division) are at threat from the ever increasing disposal of domestic; agricultural, municipal waste water; industrial effluents; solid wastes; deforestation; unplanned construction and encroachments as well as the high level of environmental unawareness of the residents and the visiting tourists to the region”3

“The links between water quality and health risks are well established. Inadequate quantity and quality of potable water and poor sanitation facilities and practices are associated with a host of illnesses such as diarrhea, typhoid, intestinal worms and hepatitis. It is estimated that more than 1.6 million DALYs (Disability Adjusted Life Years) are lost annually as a result of death and disease due to diarrhea, and almost 0.90 million as a result of typhoid. Diarrheal and typhoid mortality in children accounts for the bulk of the losses, reflecting the vulnerability of children to these diseases.

The negative impact of the above mentioned contamination can be reversed by using bio-remediation techniques, and local communities will actually benefit from enhanced soil fertility and better overall health. National Agricultural Research Center (NARC) has high potential and state of the art capabilities to deal with the used water through environment friendly biological means. Benefits of used-water management can be seen in terms of improvement in the quality of life, health standards of communities combined with used-water reclamation and soil safety from toxicity within three years.

The contamination of water is just one example of the harm being done to natural resources. Bio-remediation technologies, which utilize natural processes of decontamination by facilitating the remedial activity of various organisms, can be applied to many aspects including decontamination of water, decomposition of biodegradable

2 Pak- Strategic Country Environment Assessment 20063 Feasibility Study to divert domestic and municipal sewage entering into the River System Swat & Panjkora in Districts Swat & Dir Lower (ADP No. 483): Swat Irrigation Division Saidu Sharif.

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solid waste and detoxification of soil. These methods, when combined with Integrated Farming promote a broad-based and holistic approach.”4

Latest techniques of Biotechnology have led to the development of low-cost solutions to what was earlier a high cost exercise. Rapid decomposition by bacteria through Bioaugmentation is the application of selected microorganisms to enhance the microbial populations of an operating waste treatment facility to improve water quality or lower operating costs. Bioaugmentation involves working to improve a continuous process and can readily convert Biodegradable and noxious solid and liquid waste into valuable by-products.

Environment Control Infrastructure for Solid & Liquid Waste Treatment has also been revolutionized by the NARC by developing low-cost and rapidly constructed structures for both Solid & Liquid Waste Management. Thus operating period of beds and ponds is extended well into winter. Resultant cost effectiveness of by-products and short turnover periods make the Project extremely beneficial and desirable.

Thus the Overall Project is extremely effective; immediately implemented and bears low-cost. It is a Project of High Profile as it caters to one of the most critical problems being faced by our Society. The beneficial results for protecting the environment from further degradation are incalculable. The Eco System that we inhabit might be reaching critical stage in destabilization. Once this thresh hold is passed we will face an extremely expensive and uphill rehabilitation task.

A NEW MORN!Project Objectives: The prime objective of the project is to create sustainable Metropolitan Municipal Liquid & Solid Waste Management systems that support GHG emission reduction through Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). For trading purposes, one carbon credit is considered equivalent to one ton of CO2 emission and this carbon credit can be sold in the international market like other commodities at the prevailing price. So far, five exchanges are dealing in carbon credits: The EcoSecurities, Chicago Climate Exchange, European Climate Exchange, Nordpool and Powernext.Domestic and Industrial Water Use and Waste Water Disposal:

Access to water for domestic purposes in the urban areas is limited to about 83% of the population, with 57% having piped supply to their homes. Present water use in the urban sector is of the order of 4.3 MAF. The demand is expected to increase to about 12.1 MAF by the year 2025. Rural domestic water use is currently 0.8 MAF, with only about 53% of the rural population having access to drinking water from public water supply sources. Water consumed by major industries is about 1.2 MAF per year, mostly from ground water.

4 Bio-remediation of used water. A publication of NARC Institute of Eco-toxicology, Bio-remediation and Integrated Farming.

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To address the fact that water pollution is a main concern in Pakistan. The source is from both municipal and industrial uses, with only about 1% of wastewater treated before disposal. This has become one of the largest environmental problems in Pakistan.

General objectives of the proposed project are in line with the sectoral objectives of the sewage and sanitation sector besides supporting the green environment in MTDF (2005-10). Accordingly, the Government of Pakistan is committed to combat environmental pollution in various sectors and at various levels.

Specific Objectives:The proposed Project will establish Community Led Total Sanitation CLTS)

Programs as Bioenvironmental Services Teams (BEST) in: Abbottabad Mingora Mardan Kohat Bannu D. I. Khan

of NWFP including the following components:Component I: Social Mobilization for CLTS and overall Project Management;

Monitoring and Evaluation in Six (06) Cities/ Towns of N.W.F.P.Component II: Segregation of MSW for Composting and Recyclables.Component III: MSW Bioremediation through Bioaugmented Windrow

Composting Facilities for Biodegradable Solid Waste in order to remove foul odors; exclude breeding areas for disease vectors; provide aesthetically pleasing environment; curtail environmental pollution and produce Organic Fertilizer

Component IV: Bioremediation of Liquid Waste Facilities through Waste Water Gardens to recycle water for agriculture; horticulture and aquaculture and prevent contamination of the aquifers.

Component III, (MSW Bioremediation through Bioaugmented Windrow Composting Facilities) can be established on priority basis as a stand-alone Project. However, inclusion of Components I (Social Mobilization for CLTS) and II (Segregation of MSW) are essential for efficient implementation and sustainability of Component III. Component IV (Bioremediation of Liquid Waste Facilities through Waste Water Gardens) is a pressing and emergency requirement. Integrated or phase wise implementation will provide cost effectiveness and high impact to the project as well as earn income to cover expenses incurred. This will ensure sustainability of the project as well as complete bioenvironmental cover to the localities in a replicable manner. Relationship with Sector Objectives:6. Description, Justification, Technical Parameter and Technology Transfer

Aspects:Background:

NWFP covers 39,267 sq miles (101,700 km2), which is 12.8% of the total area of Pakistan and has a population of 22.4 million (15.9 % of total population).6.1 Solid Waste: In the NWFP generation of municipal solid waste is estimated to be between 0.4 and 0.6 kilograms per day per capita and virtually, no proper waste management system exists. Approximately 40 per cent of the generated wastes remain at collection points, or in streets, where they emit a host of pollutants into the air, making it

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unacceptable for breathing. Also on roadside, the dump burning of the municipal solid wastes generates air pollution problem.

Many Cities do not have regular Dumping Grounds and the Solid Waste generated in the Cities is being sold directly to farmers for inculcation into their lands without any form of pre-treatment what so ever.

Pollution of surface and sub-surface water by leachates from MSW is also a matter of grave importance. The EPA has found that quality of drinking water is often low and seldom met the WHO guidelines. Water in many parts of the province was unsafe for human consumption due to both bacterial and chemical contamination.

It says that water samples of Bannu and Kohat districts were 30 to 20 % affected by bacteriological contamination. Almost 50 % in Mardan and Swat, while more than 60 % contaminated samples belonged to D.I. Khan and Mansehra.

6.2 Surface Water: The quality of surface water has also been identified as the major issue of water resources. Untreated waste discharged from factories, industrial units, residential areas and municipal waste are the prime culprits which are polluting sources of surface water.

One of the sources of pollution in Swat River is the water coming from one of its main tributaries, the Mingora Khawar. The Murghuzar Khawar flows past the famous village of Islampur. Here 4-5,000 handlooms are engaged in the weaving of shawls and blankets for export and sale in local markets. The products are washed with chemicals and soap before sale and the entire effluent goes into the Murghuzar Khawar which joins the Mingora Khawar before it enters into the city. All the waste and effluent in Mingora city are added to Mingora Khawar and these pollutants are further injected into River Swat contributing to its ecological degradation as well. Analysis has revealed some frightening figures that indicated serious threats to the aquatic, terrestrial, atmospheric eco-systems and to the well-being of human, plant and animal life. There are many studies and also a PC-1 for undertaking the survey of Liquid Waste effluent dumping in all streams/ rivers of Swat. A Study Group exists within Peshawar University, Area Study Center, Swat Study Group run by a Core Working Group which covers Liquid & Solid Waste in Swat District. An M-Phil Thesis on Solid Waste in Mingora also exists. This Study Group may be taken on board. Geneva University has also carried out research in this matter. Civil Society estimates that a minimum period of 18 months for complete Social Mobilization on CLTS concept for dealing with the hazardous problem of waste entering the food chain as well as the hazard of Hospital waste through formation of Community Groups of 500 Households for primary segregation of Solid Waste in the home. A Round Table for Pollution Prevention was constituted in 1998 by the Environment Protection Society (EPS), a Civil Sector Organization.

6.3 Soils: The soils of all the areas are depleted in Nutrients and Organic Material. As such water retention capacity and soil fertility is being eroded. No soil conservation efforts are being made and non-sustainable road construction as well as deforestation are badly affecting the stability of slopes and carrying capacity of the land. Subsistence farming is replacing the bountiful yields of nature. Soil borne diseases and viruses are plentiful whereas overuse of chemical fertilizers and plant ‘protection’ chemicals has served to eradicate friendly microbes and insects. Over cultivation has led to compaction and destruction of Macro pores in the soil leading to increased run-off and erosion. Soil amendments in the shape of organic content can be served if composting is adopted to provide: Increased water retention capacity.

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Decreased Soil erosion. Increased Soil fertility and carrying capacity. More quality & Quantity yields. Increased revenues from sale of Organic Produce. Curtailment in incidence of diseases.

6.4 Justification: The project consists of aerobic and anaerobic MSW and leachate treatment for producing Compost and Waste Water Gardens for treating Liquid Waste, complete with Bioreactors to generate Methane Gas for energy production in six cities: Abbottabad, Mingora, Mardan, Kohat Bannu and D I Khan, complete with Sorting; Shredding; Composting; Nutrient Enhancement with pure mono and divalent metals chelated with inert organic matter as opposed to ETDA chelation. Leachates and run-off from MSW will be added to the Bioreactors. 6.5 Benefits: The benefits of the proposed project are:a. Reduction of environment pollution (in rivers and ground caused by liquid and

solid waste disposal and air pollution from open burning of waste);b. Overcome social issues occurring from illegal waste disposal (open dumping);c. Harvest Methane Gas for energy production;d. Conversion of non reusable solid waste for better economic benefits;f. Reduction of GHG emissions;g. Cleaner environment for better public health (odor, seeping of contaminated or

polluted water, potential spreading of disease);h. Creation of job opportunities;i. Dissemination of a good municipal waste treatment technology to other locations.

Besides improving the environment, the project is financially and economically feasible. The project has a potential to reduce GHG emission as much as 37.5 M tons of CO2 equivalent per year from Solid Waste alone. Additionally, the project will produce organic fertilizer (compost) that is also environmentally friendly.

The expected operational lifetime of the project activity is 20 years. The project is to be executed by the PARC, Islamabad.

6.6 Description: Historical Background: Table 5

# Era Item1 2500BC Mohenjo Daro & Harappa Covered Drains.2 500BC Aryan Tribal Taboos against polluting flowing water.3 320BC Greek Laws against Refuse Dumping.4 31BC Rome property owners responsible for area cleanliness.5 1400AD England Scavengers.6 1800AD US Municipal Waste Collection.7 1870AD Technological Approach.8 21st Century Biotech Revolution.

In order to maintain a sustained yield from Natural Resources we must introduce rational management of the environment and consequently the ecosystem. Nature, when left on its own, is finely balanced. When man tinkers with Nature this balance is destroyed. For example when man ignorantly upsets the balance by contaminating aquifers, attracting disease vectors to open air dumping and burning of Biodegradable Waste Solid Waste, great perils arise. These activities cause contaminated aquifers; spread

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of water and air borne diseases; release of deadly dioxins (carcinogenic) and polluted rivers.

These in turn yield many other disastrous results such as diminished vitality; expensive medical cures and so on. This results in malnutrition; lowered living standards; depleted resources etc. At the same time pressure keeps on increasing due to rapid population growth. As a result we have Eco-catastrophe on our hands and finally extinction.

6.7 Technical Aspects: District Population 1998 (Census) Table 6# City Population

(millions)MSW tons/ day

MSW million tons/ per

month

MSW million tons/ per

annum

MLW million gallons

/ day

MLW million gallons/month

MLW million gallons/

year

Acre-Inches/

day

Acre-Inches/month

Acre-Inches/ year

1 Abbottabad 0.11 52.80 0.0016 0.019 11.00 330.00 3,960.00 0.00044 0.013 0.16

2 Bannu 0.05 24.00 0.0007 0.0088 5.00 150.00 1,800.00 0.0002 0.006 0.07

3 D.I.Khan 0.09 43.20 0.0013 0.016 9.00 270.00 3,240.00 0.00036 0.011 0.13

4 Kohat 0.13 62.40 0.0019 0.023 13.00 390.00 4,680.00 0.00052 0.016 0.19

5 Mingora 0.17 81.60 0.0024 0.029 17.00 510.00 6,120.00 0.00068 0.02 0.24

6 Mardan 0.25 120.00 0.0036 0.044 25.00 750.00 9,000.00 0.001 0.03 0.36

  TOTAL: 0.80 384.00 0.0115 0.1398 80.00 2,400.00 28,800.00 0.0032 0.096 1.15

It is estimated that a community of 10,000 people can generate 40-acre inches of sewage effluent per day or an equivalent of 1 million gallons of wastewater.

Quantification of Solid Waste by Category (tons/ month): Table 7ITEM % Abbottabad Bannu DI Khan Kohat Mingora Mardan

TotalsRubber & Leather 3.00 47.52 21.60 38.88 56.16 73.44 108.00 345.60

Textiles 3.80 60.19 27.36 49.25 71.14 93.02 136.80 437.76

Wood 5.30 83.95 38.16 68.69 99.22 129.74 190.80 610.56

Food Waste 10.10 159.98 72.72 130.90 189.07 247.25 363.60 1163.52

Yard Waste 12.80 202.75 92.16 165.89 239.62 313.34 460.80 1474.56

Paper & Paperboard

38.60 611.42 277.92 500.26 722.59 944.93 1389.60 4446.72

Others 3.30 52.27 23.76 42.77 61.78 80.78 118.80 380.16

Glass 5.50 87.12 39.60 71.28 102.96 134.64 198.00 633.60

Metals 7.70 121.97 55.44 99.79 144.14 188.50 277.20 887.04

Plastics 9.90 156.82 71.28 128.30 185.33 242.35 356.40 1140.48

TOTAL 100.00 1584.00 720.00 1296.00 1872.00 2448.00 3600.00 11520.00

Biodegradable 35.00 554.40 252.00 453.60 655.20 856.80 1260.00 4032.00

Recyclable 38.60 611.42 277.92 500.26 722.59 944.93 1389.60 4446.72

Total Degradable 73.6 1165.82 529.92 953.86 1377.79 1801.73 2649.6 8478.72

Non-degradable 26.40 418.18 190.08 342.14 494.21 646.27 950.40 3041.28

TOTAL 100.00 1584.00 720.00 1296.00 1872.00 2448.00 3600.00 11520.00

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Being an apex research organization at Federal level responsible for coordination and promotion of agricultural research, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) has the mission “Poverty reduction through science-based improvements in agriculture productivity, profitability, and competitiveness to ensure “food and livelihood security for all in an environmentally sustainable manner”.

6.7 Project Components:

I. Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) Mobilization & Awareness Raising.CLTS represents a radical alternative to conventional top-down approaches to

sanitation and offers hope of achieving the Millennium Development Goals (Kar and Chambers 2008). CLTS emphasizes community action and behavior change as the most important elements to achieving better sanitation – without resorting to subsidies. CLTS highlights how communities themselves are capable of analyzing the problems of fecal-oral routes of disease spread, and of conceiving of ways to deal with these themselves, rather than outsiders offering prescribed solutions. What distinguishes Community-Led Total Sanitation from earlier community-based approaches, therefore, is the way that it emphasizes facilitation rather than education or training. For example, a report on CLTS from Sierra Leone states that; ‘In three weeks, CLTS has managed to do what millions of dollars, hundreds of construction projects, and dozens of NGOs failed to do over decades.’

Project Abstract/Summary:Being sensitive to cultural and religious norms and practices is essential in terms of

adopting a Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) approach. Because the approach relies so heavily on triggering spontaneous behavior change, there is a need to be aware of how current behavior and norms are couched in particular cultural and religious concepts and practices.

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Technological issues In contrast to supply-oriented approaches, the CLTS framework does not offer pre-

designed sanitary solutions; facilitators do not foist particular technological options on dwellers but aim towards generating a drive to build their own facilities, using local technologies and drawing upon local knowledge. Thus, the particular technological options that do emerge will depend on the availability and nature of building materials in the immediate vicinity, their cost, the knowledge and skills of the community, the existence of masonry traditions, and the division of labor within that particular community (Kar and Bongartz 2006).

What is CLTS?CLTS is assisting the community in identifying its sanitation problems and

optimizing its potential to improve (Lokakarya 2008). An approach that focuses on igniting a change in sanitation behavior through community participation rather than constructing toilets (Plan UK 2008)

GOAL: People consciously change their behavior because of collective pressure.Over 50% of the problem related to Solid Waste Management can be overcome by

simple Primary Segregation on the part of the Waste Generating Society. Division into Biodegradable and non-degradable waste streams in the home or business simplifies the problem of sustainable waste disposal. Sanitation staff and scavengers are also not subject to contamination by disease vectors. Biodegradable waste is kept in covered containers and sent straight to the composting facility. Where neighborhoods and people are interested in home composting and have the necessary space, local composting can help to reduce waste bulk. Secondly, disease vectors are denied space to multiply within residential and commercial areas. The local communities need to be motivated and mobilized to undertake this primary responsibility.

Objectives of the Project: To establish Citizens Community Organizations for Solid Waste Management. To disseminate Environmental Health Education. Institute Primary Segregation on the part of the Community. Streamline Solid Waste Collection. Demonstrate and Transfer Rapid Composting Technology.

Justification of the Project:The proposed target areas are heavily populated Urban Spreads. There is a

complete absence of proper Solid or Liquid Waste Management creating a serious Health Hazards. As Waste Producers the residents of the area should be willing to take on the responsibility of managing their own Solid Waste. The Project has been designed with simplicity and ease of implementation as a Prime Objective. The emphasis is upon Practical Management as well as Awareness Raising and not only upon Awareness raising alone. As such the Proposed Project will go a long way in providing a viable demonstration of Low-Cost, Self-Help Solid Waste Management that will be Replicable. As there is a critical need for Solid Waste Management all over the Country, the Project will serve a very Noble Cause that is integral to our Religion and Beliefs.

Specific Objectives:

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1. Arrange Mohallah/ Ward delimitation into populations not exceeding 500 households.

2. Motivate and Mobilize populace to segregate biodegradable and non-degradable waste at site.

3. Ensure segregated waste is transported to Municipal Composting Facility.4. Educate the society regarding composting and safe disposal of solid waste.5. Campaign for Total Sanitation.

Methodology: Local NGOs/ CBOs will be identified to undertake campaigns under the CLTS

approach. Educational and poster campaigns will be launched through these organizations while education institutions and media will be fully involved in the process.

Expected Outputs and Outcome/Impact: With targets for primary segregation achieved the task of rapid, bioaugmented

composting will be facilitated and success of the efforts will be guaranteed. Involvement of the sovereign masses in tackling their own problems will lead to a sense of ownership and lent sustainability to the project. Healthy and sanitary habitations will evolve from the exercise and Public Health will be positively impacted especially amongst children. The prevalence of clean environment will have the subliminal affect of inculcating cleanliness and a sense of pride/ belonging in society and go a long way in promoting harmony. The impact is likely to be even more than expected as aware and highly motivated communities are looking for ways and means to better their living conditions. The use of compost will also be increased as the people will themselves be involved and will be aware of the positive benefits that accrue from this eco-friendly activity.

Team of Experts for Project Component – I

Project Director: The overall Project Director will be responsible for this aspect of the Project.

Other Team Members: Members of Civil Society and NWFP Government will comprise the team divided between the six proposed composting sites.

Project Duration: Duration will be of two years (24 months).

Project Cost: Total Project Cost (Rs. in million): Rs.62.09 million

Locations of the project: The Proposed Project Sites are: Abbottabad; Mingora; Mardan; Kohat; Bannu; D. I. Khan.

Project Implementation:

a. Project Duration: Two Years (24 months).

b. Component I: Work Plan (Quarterly Activities). Table 8

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Start/ End dates of 6-monthly Periods Activities01-03-210 to 01-09-2010 Preparation of Educational/ Promotional

material (Videos/ Manuals/ Brochures/ Banners).Formal OpeningPrimary Segregation and Sanitation Awareness Campaigns (Seminars/ Meetings/ Walks/ Media Campaigns).University of Peshawar/ Hazara: ReviewDoor to Door Campaign for Awareness Raising

/ Motivation. Seminars/ Posters/ Community Meetings.Formation of Neighborhood Committees.Identification of Agents for Positive Change.Election of Executive Committee Members (5 each in 6 locations) through Page Rank Algorithm based ranking.Training/ Demonstration by PARC.Quarterly Monitoring

01-09-20010 to 01-03-2011 Primary Segregation into 2 streams: Green = Bio-degradable Brown = Non-degradable.Determination of Collection Points (CPs)Arrangements for Recyclable Waste SortingPractical composting at Micro LevelSchools Cleanliness Awareness CampaignOn-Going Review by CommunityQuarterly MonitoringReport of 1st & 2nd quarters to Concerned Authorities

01-03-2011 to 01-09-2011 On-Going Schools programPoster CompetitionOn-going CompostingProgress Report & DistributionSelf-Reliant base for Continuity through sale of Compost and RecyclablesTechnical Appraisal by PARC.Project Review AdjustmentQuarterly Monitoring

01-09-2011 to 01-03-2012 On-Going School education programOn-Going motivation programVisits by neighboring CommunitiesOn-going CompostingVisits by OfficialsProject Evaluation by Beneficiaries2nd & 3rd Quarter ReportsEnd of project Review Report

The Project will be implemented by Neighborhood Committees constituted for this very purpose on the lines of Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS). The entire Community will be involved in all aspects of implementation and monitoring of the

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Project. Overseeing and Monitoring Committees of the local community will be constituted and regular meetings and on-going review will be held. College students and School children will be fully involved in all aspects and will be motivated to ensure success of the Project. Agents for positive Change from amongst the community will be identified and will assume responsibility of various aspects of the Project.

Most attention has been paid to Long-term continuity and sustainability of the Project. This has been ensured by the following.

Compost: Given the heightened awareness regarding Organic fertilizers and Global Warming, the residents will be encouraged to go in for small scale composting where ever possible. Small scale demonstrations will be held and literature will be distributed.

A questionnaire will be developed for monitoring and evaluation. Regular meetings of the Community will be held for this purpose as well. Quarterly Review Reports and well as Technical Appraisal of progress by PMU will provide external Audit of Activities. A Participatory Evaluation Process will be initiated and indicators will be developed to mark the progress of the project. Local and area influentials and Govt. Officials will be invited to review the project from time to time.

Details of Components Activities and their itemized cost of material, labor, machinery etc.

Component I: PROJECT BUDGET DETAILS (Rs. in millions): Table 9 Code Narration Y-1 Y-2 Total62-13 Running cost of vehicles 1.44 1.58 3.02

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62-14 Transport of goods 0.60 0.13 0.7362-2 Transportation 2.04 1.71 3.7562-20 Postage & Telegraph 0.04 0.05 0.0962-21 Telephone & trunk calls 0.14 0.18 0.3262-23 Courier service 0.04 0.05 0.0962-24 E-mail & internet 0.04 0.05 0.0962-3 Communication 0.25 0.34 0.5962-30 Utilities/office support 0.07 0.11 0.1862-31 Stationery 0.07 0.11 0.18  Printed Material     0.00  Booklets Rs.30.00 0.60   0.60  Posters Rs.15.00 0.15 0.15 0.30  Stickers Rs 10.00 0.06 0.06 0.12  Banners Rs. 500.00 0.15 0.15 0.30  Schools Awareness Campaign 2.00 2.00 4.0062-36 Consumable stores 0.36 0.40 0.7662-37 Other Misc. Expenses 0.07 0.11 0.18  Software Development 1.00 0.00 1.0062-4 Utilities 4.54 3.08 7.6262-43 Computer & Office equipment 0.15 0.00 0.1562-44 Furniture & Fixture 0.30 0.00 0.3062-5 Repair & Maintenance 0.45 0.00 0.4562-52 Public Meetings 1.20 1.50 2.70  Social Mobilization 1.20 1.20 2.4062-53 Essay/article writing 0.30 0.45 0.7562-55 Other services 0.06 0.07 0.1362-56 Official Visits 0.15 0.18 0.3362-6 Other Services 2.91 3.40 6.3162-60 Publicity and advertisement 0.36 0.54 0.9062-62 Project Review expense 0.15 0.18 0.3362-63 Seminars/workshops/meetings 0.72 1.08 1.8062-7 Other Charges 1.23 1.80 3.0363-1 OPERATIONAL EXPENSES 11.42 10.33 21.7563-12 Survey & Organization 3.20 0.00 3.20  10% Operational Expense to Implementing NGO 1.14 1.03 2.18  Pre-Fabricated Insulated Fiber Glass Office Building 40ft

dia Geodesic Dome @Rs.2,500.00 sq ft24.00 0.00 24.00

  Rapid Composting Demonstration        Composting Pits & Cover Frames x 25 x 6 1.50 1.80 3.30  Black & Green Plastic (Winter/ Summer Cover): 0.08 0.09 0.17  Resource Persons x 2 x 4,000.00 x 30 0.24 0.27 0.51  Bio-Aab (EM Technology) Inputs @ Rs. 80.00 0.48 0.51 0.99  Vehicle 6.00 0.00 6.0064 CAPITAL EXPENSES 36.64 3.70 40.34  Grand Total 48.05 14.04 62.09

CONDUCT: Site Survey and Project Design.

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Submission of Work Plans with financial details and working drawings for the Project.

Physical erection of requisite infrastructure. Monitoring & Evaluation.The Project is urgently required and. deserves prompt perusal and sanction. The

positive effects on humanity and the environment are highly visible and desperately needed! Finally, the project is environment friendly and low-cost in nature. Thus, it is urged that the process be taken forward at the earliest.

II. Municipal Solid Waste Segregation/ Processing:

Secondary Segregation: On-Site. Mixing/ Grinding. “ Recyclables Baling “

1. Solid Waste Handling1.1 Sorting and Shredding: The decomposable materials in refuse are isolated from glass, metal, and other inorganic items through sorting and separating operations. These are carried out mechanically, using differences in such physical characteristics of the refuse as size, density, and magnetic properties. Shredding or pulverizing reduces the size of the waste articles, resulting in a uniform mass of material. It is accomplished with hammer mills and rotary shredders

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1.2 Separation Before any material can be recycled; it must be separated from the raw waste and sorted. Separation can be accomplished at the source of the waste or at a central processing facility. Source separation, also called curbside separation, is done by individual citizens who collect newspapers, bottles, cans, and garbage separately and place them at the curb for collection. Many communities allow "commingling" of non-paper recyclables (glass, metal, and plastic). In either case, municipal collection of source-separated refuse is more expensive than ordinary refuse collection. In lieu of source separation, recyclable materials can be separated from garbage at centralized mechanical processing plants. Experience has shown that the quality of recyclables recovered from such facilities is lowered by contamination with moist garbage and broken glass. The best practice, as now recognized, is to have citizens separate refuse into a limited number of categories, including newspaper; magazines and other wastepaper; commingled metals, glass, and plastics; and garbage and other non-recyclables. The newspaper, other paper wastes, and commingled recyclables are collected separately from the other refuse and are processed at a centralized material recycling facility, or MRF (pronounced "murf" in waste-management jargon). A modern MRF can process about 300 tons of recyclable wastes per day. At a typical MRF commingled recyclables are loaded onto a conveyor. Steel cans ("tin" cans are actually steel with only a thin coating of tin) are removed by an electromagnetic separator, and the remaining material passes over a vibrating screen in order to remove broken glass. Next, the conveyor passes through an air classifier, which separates aluminum and plastic containers from heavier glass containers. Glass is manually sorted by color, and aluminum cans are separated from plastics by an eddy-current separator, which repels the aluminum from the conveyor belt.

1.3 Reuse: Recovered broken glass can be crushed and used in asphalt pavement. Color-sorted glass is crushed and sold to glass manufacturers as cullet, an essential ingredient in glassmaking. Steel cans are baled and shipped to steel mills as scrap, and aluminum is baled or compacted for reuse by smelters. Aluminum is one of the smallest components of municipal solid waste, but it has the highest value as a recyclable material. Recycling of plastic is a challenge, mostly because of the many different polymeric materials used in its production. Mixed thermoplastics can be used only to make lower-quality products, such as "plastic lumber.” In the paper stream, old newspapers are sorted by hand on a conveyor belt in order to remove corrugated materials and mixed papers. They are then baled or loose-loaded into trailers for shipment to paper mills, where they are reused in the making of more newspaper. Mixed paper is separated from corrugated paper for sale to tissue mills. Although the processes of pulping, de-inking, and screening wastepaper are generally more expensive than making paper from virgin wood fibers, the market for recycled paper should improve as more processing plants are established. Rubber is sometimes reclaimed from solid waste and shredded, reformed, and remolded in a process called re-vulcanization, but it is usually not as strong as the original material. Shredded rubber can be used as an additive in asphalt pavements, and discarded tires may be employed in "tire playgrounds." In general, the most difficult problem associated with the recycling of any solid-waste material is finding applications and suitable markets. Recycling by itself will not solve the growing problem of solid-waste management and disposal. There will always be some unusable and completely valueless solid residue requiring final disposal.

2. Project Implementation:

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a. Project Duration & Cost: One Year (12 months). Rs. 198.20 million:

b. Component II: Work Plan (Quarterly Activities). Table 10

Start/ End dates of 6-monthly Periods Activities01-03-210 to 01-09-2010 Conduct planning meetings

ConstructionPurchase of Plant, Machinery & EquipmentInstallationTrials & AdjustmentsTraining OperationAnalysisReports & Returns

01-09-20010 to 01-03-2011 Over run period

3. Details of Components Activities and their itemized cost of material, labor, machinery etc.

3.1 Component II: PROJECT BUDGET DETAILS (Rs. in millions): Table 11Code Object Year-I Year-2 TOTAL

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61-20 Salaries & Allowances 11.59 12.75 24.3461-21 Other benefits to staff 0.58 0.64 1.22

  Establishment 12.17 13.39 25.56  Transport of Goods 0.30 0.10 0.40

62-13 Running Cost of Vehicles 0.12 0.15 0.2762-1 Transportation 0.42 0.25 0.67

62-21 Telephone, E.mail & Internet 0.06 0.07 0.1362-23 Courier Services 0.02 0.03 0.05

62-2 Communications 0.08 0.10 0.1862-31 Stationery 0.03 0.03 0.0662-32 Printing & Publications 0.30 0.40 0.7062-36 Consumable Stores 0.20 0.25 0.4562-37 Other Misc. Expenditure 0.03 0.03 0.05

62-3 Utilities/Office Supp/Rent 0.56 0.71 1.26  Annual Repair & Maintenance 0.30 0.35 0.6562-4 Repair & Maintenance 0.30 0.35 0.65

62-60 Publicity and Advertisement 0.60 0.75 1.3562-63 Seminar/Workshop/Field day 0.30 0.40 0.7062-69 Meetings/Seminars Expenses 0.03 0.04 0.07 Protective Clothing 0.27 0.32 0.58  Fittings & connections      62-6 Other Charges 1.20 1.51 2.7062 Operational expenses 2.55 2.91 5.4662-42 Equipment & Machinery        Weigh Scale (5 tons) (06) 6.00 0.00 6.00  Hydro Pulpers (06) 9.00 0.00 9.00  Magnetic Seperators (06) 12.00 0.00 12.00  Conveyor Belts (100ft x 06) 18.00 0.00 18.00  Shredders/ Chippers (06) 6.00 0.00 6.00  Grinders (06) 12.00 0.00 12.00  Gravi Seperators (06) 18.00 0.00 18.00  Hand Tools (06 sets) 0.60 0.06 0.66  Belarus 510 Tractor (12) 12.00 0.00 12.00  Hydraulic Trolleys (06) 3.00 0.00 3.00  Fork Lift Attachment (12) 1.20 0.00 1.20  Bins/ drums 3.00 0.00 3.00  Moisture Detection Equipment (06) 0.60 0.00 0.60  Temperature Detection Probes (5 ft x 06) 0.60 0.00 0.60  Oxygen Probes (06) 0.60 0.00 0.60  Fittings & Electrification 5.13 0.00 5.13

Clearing/ Handling/ Transportation & Installation Charges 10.26 0.01 10.27

  Tubewell Bore & Fitting 9.00 0.00 9.0062-43 Computer & Office Equipment 0.60 0.05 0.6562-44 Furniture & fixture 0.60 0.00 0.6063-15 Vehicles 6.00 0.00 6.00  Buildings      

 Pre-Fabricated Insulated Fiber Glass Sheds 20x110 ft (06) @Rs.2500.00 sq ft 33.00 0.00 33.00

 Pre-fabricated Office Buildings 30 ft dia Geodesic Domes x06 @Rs.2500.00 sq ft 13.50 0.00 13.50

 10% Operational Charges to Implementing Organization 0.26 0.29 0.55

4. CONDUCT:1. Construction/ Machinery & Equipment Installation: On-Site.

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2. Secondary Segregation: “ 3. Mixing/ Grinding. “4. Recyclables Baling/ Sale “

4.1. Plan of Work: The project will carry out the following activities:1. Conduct planning meetings2. Construction.3. Import Plant, Machinery and Equipment.4. Install Plant, Machinery and Equipment.5. Trial Runs.6. On-going refinement.7. Test & Adjust.8. Analysis.10. Periodic and annual report writing.

Figure 2 Flow Chart of the plant:

5. Objectives:The objectives of the project component include:a. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.b. Reduction of Air Pollution.c. Reduction of impact on water (leaching).d. Reduction of land contamination.e. Reduction of Disease Breeding/ Feeding Grounds.6. Methodology: Many new technologies have been developed to solve MSW problems, but unfortunately, these technologies are either too sophisticated or expensive for use in developing countries like Pakistan.6.1 MSW from the trucks are dumped on to the receiving floor, in which they are

temporarily stored for further treatment. 6.2 Screening is used to separate mixtures of materials of different sizes into two or more

sizes by using screening surfaces. 6.3 Size Reduction Equipment Forks – A forklift attachment for a loader helps to break

material apart and make it more uniform MSW will then be picked up mechanically by overhang arms to conveyor’s hoppers.

6.4 Leachate that may be excreted during the storage will be collected into a collection tank prior to further treatment.

6.5 MSW will then be transported to grinders by a long conveyor. The operator will be placed along the conveyors that will sort valuables, recyclables and large articles

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that may harm process equipment. The process will be undertaken manually by a large number of operators that will have the beneficial effect of providing work for the unemployed.

6.6 MSW will then be processed in size reduction equipment (grinder) so that universal size of around 5 to 10 cm is obtained. Size reduction is a process in which collected waste materials are mechanically reduced in size. In practice, the terms shredding, grinding, and milling are used interchangeably to describe mechanical size reduction. The objective of size reduction is to obtain a final product that is reasonably uniform and considerably reduced in size in comparison with its original form.

6.7 During the process, most readily degradable material will be squeezed out and form organic-rich leachate.

6.8 Ground MSW will then be fed into a hydro-pulper in which organic material will undergo further size reduction and further excretion of suspended organic material so that pulp-like materials is obtained. Materials that cannot be pulped and have high density like glass, battery and stones will sink in the operation.

6.9 The partly pulped MSW is then fed into a rotating trommel in which fine MSW and slurry leach out onto the open tray underneath.

6.10 The retained coarse MSW will be retained and are taken out at another end of the trommel.

6.11 The slurry and fine organics will be pumped out into the Biogas Plant where the organic materials will undergo a series of biochemical reactions leading to acid formation. During the formation of acid, gases such as hydrogen, methane and carbon dioxide will also be produced. Process operation will be maintained at optimum condition that most of the hydrogen produced will bio-chemically be converted into methane to avoid serious toxicity. The acidified solution will be pumped into the second stage reactors in which acids and non-degraded organics are further mineralized into methane, the final product. The whole process will only partly utilize the organic, while the non-easily degradable will form sludge that needs further treatment.

6.12 The coarse organic and slurry from the second stage reactors will be dried in the gravi-separator. In the gravi-separator, most of water will have been squeezed out so that the organic material is relatively dry prior to feeding to windrows.

6.13 The end products are relatively dry organic matter (sludge and coarse organics) and water. Dry organic matter is passed into drying tank while water will be pumped into the biogas plant.

Fork Lift Tractors: Tractors with this attachment are essential for bulk movement of MSW.

Conveyor Belts:The MSW will be passed along a conveyor belt for sorting in order to produce a mix that is compostable.

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Hydro Pulpers: The removal of excess moisture is important, both for sorting as well as composting. Leachate from excessively wet MSW will be captured and sent to the Bio Gas plant for anaerobic digestion and Methane generation. Run off from Composting shed and washing of equipment will also be directed towards this facility.

Eco-Tower Sort consists of a Rare Earth Drum Magnet, Eddy Current Separator, Pro-Sort Metal Sorter and Inductive Sensor Air Sorter. It can be customized to fit requirements and preferences. At the metal sensor stage, material can be ejected either by using air or an airless mechanical paddle system. The overall cost of the system is lower. There will be a return on investment through recovered materials in a very short time.

Magnetic Separators: Ferric material will disturb the Composting process and needs to be completely removed before the actual composting takes place. Any material missed during pre-segregation or scavenger activity will be recovered by using this equipment.

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Trommels: Specialized trommels will be used for sorting MSW through sizing, A wind sifter is incorporated in the trommel in order to facilitate removal of Plastic and small size non-organic material.

Gravity Separator: Material is fed onto a flat porous deck that is sloped in two directions. Low-pressure air is forced through the deck to fluidize and stratify the material bed. A vibrating action is applied to the deck to convey the heavier particles, which have sunk to the bottom of the material bed, up the inclination of the deck. Lighter particles are suspended in the rising airflow and slide down the slope of the deck. The final result, presented at the discharge face of the deck, is a continuous gradation of material from the densest, largest particles to the lightest, smallest particles.

Shredders/ Chippers: Large and bulky material will take a longer time to decompose. Shredding/ Chipping breaks down the material to increase area for microbial interaction.

Grinders: Special grinders are used to reduce the size of the MSW.

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Feeding Hopper: The MSW is loaded into feeder hopper for onwards transmission:

Recyclables Storage and Baling: The amount of recyclables that results from sorting will be temporarily stored in Bins and eventually compacted and baled for disposal.

7. Existing Facilities: At present Open Air Dumping Sites are being used to dump and burn Solid Waste, causing Air, ground and water pollution.

8. Expected Outputs/ OutcomesThere will be some biogas generation from leachate and this will be used in the

Composting Site. As such the first Outcome will be sequestration of leachate and conversion into Alternate Energy.

Large quantities of Compost will be generated which will be re-enforced with High Grade, Organic Plant Nutrients and bagged for Commercial sale.

Air and ground pollution will be eliminated resulting is no dioxins; bad odors or smoke.

III. Composting of Municipal Solid Waste; Nutrient Enhancement & Commercial Sales.

Windrow Formation. Turning. Analysis. Additives & Mixing. Bagging. Sale.

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TYPES OF HUMUSMild humus is dark in color, well saturated with bases, especially calcium, rich in

humic acids (of high molecular weight), and serves to stabilize clay.Raw humus is more red in color, less basic, rich in fulvic acids (of low molecular

weight), and favors dispersion of clay. Soil also contains organic matter that has not yet been humified.

Digesting and processing Pulverized waste is ready for composting either by the open windrow method or in an enclosed mechanical facility. Windrows are long, low mounds of refuse. They are turned or mixed every few days to provide air for the microbes digesting the organics. Depending on moisture conditions, it may take five to eight weeks for complete digestion of the waste unless Bioaugmentation is used. With the addition of microbes lead times are reduced to 3 weeks in summers and 4-5 weeks in winters. With proper insulation, lead times for winters can be decreased by keeping Bacteria active. Extreme heat also needs to be avoided through use of shade or Shading Material/ Open Air circulation.. Because of the metabolic action of aerobic bacteria, temperatures in an active compost pile reach about 1500 F (650 C), killing pathogenic organisms that may be in the waste material. Open windrow composting requires relatively large land areas. Enclosed mechanical composting facilities can reduce land requirements by about 85 %. Mechanical composting systems employ one or more closed tanks or digesters equipped with rotating vanes that mix and aerate the shredded waste. Complete digestion of the waste takes about one week. Digested compost must be processed before it can be used as a mulch or soil conditioner. Processing includes drying, screening, and granulating or pelletizing. These steps improve the market value of the compost, which is the most serious constraint to the success of composting as a waste management option. Agricultural demand for digested compost is usually low because of the high cost of transporting it and because of competition with inorganic chemical fertilizers.

Municipal Solid Waste: Fruit & Vegetable Market waste; Animal manure and Ashes  Large quantities of carbonaceous materials are present in Fruit and Vegetable Market waste. Fish Mundies and Slaughterhouse wastes are also valuable nutrient sources. The exchange of nutrients between living and non-living parts of the Eco-system is called Nutrient Cycling. When based upon human; animal and vegetable waste it is Nutrient re-cycling at peak efficiency rather than merely creating a nuisance; pollution and source of disease. The act of composting consists of two processes; Mineralization and Immobilization. Mineralization occurs when microbial decomposers convert the nutrients in Organic matter into inorganic ions. Immobilization is the uptake of inorganic nutrient ions by organisms. Thus nutrient cycling conserves the nutrient supply and results in repeated use of these nutrients. Organic matter added to the soil consists of many compounds. These are fats; carbohydrates; proteins and lignins. The process of Mineralization and immobilization eventually breaks down the most resistant elements for use of food. The net effect is the release of energy as heat; formation of carbon dioxide and water; and the appearance of Nitrogen as Ammonium (NH4+); Sulfur as Sulfate (So+4); Phosphorus as Phosphate (PO4-3) and other Nutrients as simple metal ions (Ca++; Mg++; K+). As the elements or ions are released in Organic Matter Decomposition; other specialized organisms oxidize some of them. The oxidized forms are more readily available for use by higher plants.

Biodegradable Waste Quantities by City: Table 12Abbottabad Bannu DI Khan Kohat Mingora Mardan

19,272 8,760 15,768 22,776 29,784 43,800

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Introduction: The project consists of aerobic MSW treatment for producing Compost. The expected operational lifetime of the project activity is 20 years. Environment and predator protection will have to be catered to in order to ensure smooth functioning of the Project. Covered sheds with concrete floors and effluent disposal to Biogas Plants will be provided to ensure that leachate does not drain away or infiltrates the aquifer. Hygienic conditions will be maintained at all costs in order to prevent breakout/ spreading of disease.

The project is to be executed by PCU, PARC in conjunction with respective Tehsil Municipal Authorities (TMAs).

Basic Principles of Aerobic CompostingComposting is the decay of biologically decomposable organic the process can

occur either aerobically (with O2) or anaerobically (without O2) producing a product called humus or compost useful as soil amendment. The basic process is as follows.

Collection Segregation Visual / Parameters Monitoring Aeration and Temperature Control C/N Moisture Adjustment Composite Sampling/ Characterization Shredding/Chopping Stacking Sun drying/ PackingActual experimental studies on aerobic composting of agricultural and municipal

solid wastes in place of open air dumping and burning show that carbon dioxide emission can be reduced by 13%, methane emission by 11% and nitrous oxide emission by 14%.

Aerobic Biological Treatment of WasteAerobic Decomposition: is the process where organic matter is digested by

microorganisms under aerobic conditions resulting in a rise in temperature and the formation of carbon dioxide and water in addition to humus-rich compost.Decomposition Phases of Composting:

The composting process consists of four phases when a suitable environment is provided:1. Mesophilic phase (I)

In this phase slightly rotted material exists, in which mainly bacterial degradation of easily degradable substances takes place. The temperature rises up to 420 C.

2. Thermophilic phase (II)In this phase fresh compost is produced where further degradation of easily

degradable materials as well as degradation of cellulose, caused by thermophilic fungi and becteria. The temperature in this phase rises up to 650 C which causes selflimitation or decrease in reproduction of microorganisms.

3. Cooling phase (III)Finished compost is produced in this phase, where degradation of cellulose by

fungi and bacteria, and formation of humus substances takes place. A decrease in microbial activity and temperature occur in this phase.

4. Maturing phase (IV)

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Matured compost is produced in this phase, with further decrease of temperature to the surrounding temperature. Very low microbial activity with further formation of humic substances and stabilization take place.

Important Parameters of Biological Waste Treatment1. Water content: water film on the substrate surface is the most important region for microbial activity. Water is also important for dissolving and transporting nutrients.2. Aerobic organisms need molecular oxygen dissolved in water for respiration and oxidation of organic matter.3. Presence of nutrients is important in composting and almost all nutrients are present in organic waste. Optimum carbon to nitrogen ratio C/N for composting is between 25-35. 4. Temperature of waste during composting is increased due to the release of energy in degradation reactions of the organic materials. The amount of increase depends on the amount of substrate, insulation of waste and aeration.5. The pH value of organic waste may change several times starting from collection of waste until the compost is produced:

1- Acidic (reduction) during collection in containers due to anaerobic decomposition (up to 5).

2- Basic: pH increase during composting (e.g. due to volatilization of organic acids and formation of bases) - pH: 7-9.

3- Acidic: possible reduction in a later composting stage (e.g. due to degradation or release of bases).

4- Neutral: In matured compost.Aims of Biological Treatment (composting)1 Volume and mass reduction of solid waste.2 Return of organic substances to the natural cycle.Stages of Biological Pre-treatment

Delivery of waste:Registration and weighing of vehicles loaded with waste.

2- Storage:a) Intake of waste.b) In the case discontinuous delivery and continuous production.c) Buffer for uniform waste.

3- Shredding:a) To increase the surface area of waste for better degradation.b) To create a well aerateble and homogeneous structure.

4- Screening:a) Pre-screening for fresh waste.b) Post-screening of shredded material.c) Post-screening of the pre-rotten compost for separation of non-degradable

materials.d) Screening of matured compost.

5- Sifting:Separation of light and heavy fractions.

6- Magnetic Separation: to remove ferrous materials from waste.

Processing Techniques of Composting

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Windrow CompostingStages of Windrow Composting:Windrow composting is a two-phase process. And is one of several techniques of composting. Phase I: Rotting1- This phase starts with transferring the mechanically treated waste to a specific area designed especially for windrows. A coarse material such as wood chips is spread over that area to enhance ventilation and drainage at the bottom of the windrow, and to prevent saturation that might cause anaerobic conditions.2- Triangular or trapezoidal windrows are made parallel to each other with enough distance in between.

Length of windrow = 100-130mWidth of windrow = 3m (base)Height of windrow = 1.5m

3- Turning of waste and addition of water by special machine to provide the oxygen and water necessary for aerobic decomposition.

Air can be pumped into the waste for good ventilation (forced aeration). The waste remains in windrows for 12 weeks to decompose with turning and addition of water twice a week during the first three weeks and once a week for the remaining period.

Windrows should be covered with special cover to prevent evaporation but without preventing air intrusion.Phase II: Post – Rotting1- In this phase, the fresh compost produced in the first phase is transferred to another

area and piled up and kept to mature for a period of four weeks, without turning and water addition. Matured and dry compost (water content = 25-30%) is produced.

2- The matured compost is separated into two fractions, fine and coarse by sieving. The fine fraction is packed in suitable quantities according to it purpose of used. The coarse fraction is sold without packaging.This can be effective if material is matted, such as wet leaves or manure/straw

mixtures, and allows for increased airflow. A loader lifts the organic material and drops it back in place, or stacks it to form a new windrow. Some composters have attached forks to buckets so they can incorporate more air and fluff the material. Loaders are a good, all-purpose piece of equipment. They can move, mix, and load compost into trucks. Dedicated equipment designed specifically for turning is not as versatile. Loaders can turn material efficiently if the bucket is sized for the operation. The first stages of composting, proper windrow construction is the key to getting to a good start. Organic waste is formed into rows of long piles called "windrows" and aerated by turning the pile periodically by mechanical means. The pile height allows for a pile large enough to generate sufficient heat and maintain temperatures, yet small enough to allow oxygen to flow to the windrow's core.

The two aspects of windrow building are: 1) Mixing materials2) Forming and shaping the windrow.

If several different types of waste are going to be composted together they must first be thoroughly blended. Mixing is required to balance the carbon and nitrogen ratio and distribute moisture throughout the pile, and also to insure an even distribution of large

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pores so that oxygen can move freely. Mixing can be accomplished with a front-end loader and specialized windrow turning machines.

The size and shape of the windrow are designed to allow oxygen to flow throughout the pile while maintaining temperatures in the proper range. The optimum size varies both with the type of material and with the time of year. Windrows are usually about 5 feet high and 10 feet wide. These sizes are approximate, and may need to be adjusted somewhat. Windrows can be as long as is convenient for the site, up to several hundred feet in length.

There are two goals to keep in mind when turning a compost windrow. The first is to move material from the outside of the pile to the middle, where it can decompose more quickly. The second goal is to loosen and fluff the material, so it will be more porous and air can move freely. Specialized windrow turners are designed to accomplish both of these goals. Turning frequency should normally be based on temperature, and should occur whenever temperatures exceed to 140° F, or drop below 90° F. Regular turning accelerates decomposition by mixing the material and exposing new surface. Catalysts and Innocula

Odors can also be biologically oxidized after they have formed, and this is important for composting systems. Catalysts degrade odorous compounds via Microorganisms. A catalyst facilitates a reaction without itself being permanently changed by the reaction, and thus each Microorganism can act on many molecules of an odorous compound before it is eventually degraded. Microorganisms are applied on the surface of a compost pile. Odorous anaerobic products produced in the low oxygen center of a pile usually pass through an aerobic zone on the way out. Bioaugmented Microorganisms will then degrade the odors aerobically. This process probably occurs on both a macro scale (the pile as a whole) and a micro scale (within individual particles or clumps), essentially providing in situ biofiltration. In a windrow system, it is far better to address the fundamentals of porosity and pile size to insure adequate passive aeration (diffusion and convection) throughout the compost pile.

Aerated (Turned) Windrow Composting

Huge Compost Pile - Photo Courtesy of Campaign Recycle Maui Inc. / Compost Maui

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Mixers and Manure Spreaders – These can be used to mix materials and form windrows. With a flail spreader, it is necessary to move very slowly, allowing the material to pile into a rough windrow. The auger type unloads out of the back or a side-shoot. By moving the spreader slower than normal, it will form a windrow but will generally not make very tall piles. It is essential to maintain correct Carbon: Nitrogen ratio at 30:1 in order to ensure efficient composting.

Bagging Facility: Finished Compost will be bagged for Commercial Sale.

Windrow Turners – Windrow turners are dedicated pieces of equipment that just turn compost windrows. The right turner will mix, reduce particle size, homogenize the organic material and may save time and space. Turners come in many sizes and the choice depends on the amount of use, climatic fluctuations (in cold climates a bigger turner may be needed to achieve adequate pile size). Most turner manufacturers have different accessories, like water or inoculant tanks, rock guards, or attachments that manage compost covers.Windrow spacing needs to account for the size and type of the turner. Elevating Face Conveyors – These can vary in type from PTO driven to self-propelled. They lift the organics up the face and drop them off the back into the windrow.Each time the whole windrow is actually picked up and moved a few feet, which allows for good size reduction, aeration, and mixing.

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Moisture Detection Equipment – Moisture detection equipment can be useful, especially with high moisture feedstock or in very dry climates. The simplest instrument is a gloved hand. The “squeeze test” will indicate relative moisture content. With a gloved hand, take a handful of the mixture and squeeze. If more than a few drops of water come out it is too wet. If it appears to be very dry, moisture will need to be incorporated. Moisture meters are also available from equipment dealers and laboratories can test for it. A moisture content of 50- 60% is ideal. Monitoring Equipment: Thermometers – Equipment for monitoring temperature is most useful when learning to produce compost or keeping a temperature log to meet regulations. Temperature probes come in different forms including 18 inches to 5 feet probes, thermocouples placed in piles and continuous read sensors, or data loggers that download to a computer and produce graphs. The temperature of a pile will give a good indication of how well the microbes are working. Heat produced through the composting process is an indicator of microbial activity. If the pile gets too hot, it can kill the microbes or spontaneously combust. Turning and/or watering can bring the temperature down. If too cool, it is an indication that the pile needs aeration or moisture. If the pile never heats, it may indicate that the mix of materials is not suitable for active composting. During the active stage, the temperature should range from 120- 1600 F. Once the active stage is completed, the pile will cool and can be left to cure. Sensors need to be able to reach the center of the pile and should have a range of 0-2000F.

Hand-held Relative Humidity and Temperature Transmitters Oxygen Meters – Microbes require oxygen in the active stage of composting. An oxygen meter can detect oxygen levels and indicate if there is a need to incorporate more air through turning, forced aeration or changing the mix to include more coarse bulking material. Oxygen levels should range from 5% to 16%. Oxygen sensors are used extensively with in-vessel units and can be used in other applications. Oxygen meters are especially useful to regulate forced aeration systems, and when developing the mixture for static pile composting.

Caution: Probes on monitoring equipment can easily be bent or broken, store in a safe place. Remove from the pile before turning and insert and remove carefully.Many thermometers come with threaded PVC tubes.Data loggers may also need to be protected from heat and moisture.

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Advantages of Composting. Reducing the weight and the size of the solid waste dumped in landfills, and thus

increasing the design life of landfills. Return of organic matter and nutrients to the natural cycle through the application

of compost to the soil. Stabilization of organic matter in the waste to become a non-degradable material

when land-filled. This makes landfills more stable and reduces biogas production to a great extent.

Material gain from selling the compost and reduce unemployment.Biological Properties of Compost

For acceptable compost quality, non-epidemic, hygienic conditions are necessary. Sanitation depends on rise of temperature during different phases of composting (55o C for two weeks or 65o C for one week)Physical Properties of Compost.

High quality compost should have the following properties:1. Density (500-800 g/L).2. Water content (30-45%).3. Granulation size (fine grained 4-12m ,coarse grained 12-40 mm)4. Low content of foreign substances (< 0.5%) and stones (< 5%). Chemical Properties of Compost

Nutrient content should be within the values shows in Table below:Nutrient Unit ValueN % TS/% dry matter 0.5-1.8P2O5 % TS/% dry matter 0.4-1.0K2O % TS/% dry matter 0.6-1.8Mg O % TS/% dry matter 0.7-3.0Ca O % TS/% dry matter 3.0-12.02- Salinity (1.0-8.0 g kC1/L)3- PH (7-8)4- Content of organic matter (measured as ignition loss)-(20-50%), matured compost (20%) organic matter, raw compost (>40% organic matter)5- Low content of heavy metals. The table below shows the values in good quality compost:Heavy Metal ValuesLead 50-100Cadmium 0.1-1.0Chrome 26-60Copper 30-50Nickel 10-30Mercury 0.1-0.5Zinc 150.350

Effects of Compost Application

Positive Affects:1. Soil conditioning effect (ventilation and structure).2. Humus effect (slow release of nutrients).3. Buffering action (compost is slightly alkaline).4. Phytosanitary affect (prevent undesired grass growth and suppress harmful

pathogens.

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Negative Affects when bad quality compost with the following materials is applied:1 Salts.2 Heavy metals.3 Organic contaminants.4 Nutrients (too much may cause ground water pollution).

Compost Application Possibilities1. Soil conditioning and fertilization.2. For domestic plants and gardens.3. Erosion protection.4. Mulched material.5. Use in biofilters (prevent air pollution).6. Use in noise protecting walls.Problems Regarding Composting 1 Lack of on-site separation of solid waste which reduces the quality of compost or

requires greater efforts in separation of organic waste.2 High temperatures during the summer season which causes the waste to dry

quickly and requires frequent addition of water to the waste.3 No previous experience in marketing of compost which might influence the

feasibility of compost producing projects.4 The degree of acceptance by the public to the idea of adding compost produced

from solid waste to their farms and gardens.5 Composting on a large scale decreases organic material land-filled which in turn

reduces biogas generation in landfills to a great extent. This means that producing electricity from landfill gas will not be possible.

Sustainable development objectives likely to be achieved by the projectThe main objective of the project is to develop a technically, financially and

environmentally feasible MSW treatment facility to produce Compost. The project is an alternative technology. The project is expected to have various affects that are in line with policy measures. These include reduction of GHG emission of methane gas from the final disposal site.Contribution to Sustainable Development Long-term GHG and local pollutants reduction

GHG emissions especially CO2 and emissions of other air pollutants, i.e. NOx, CO, SOx and also particulates can also be reduced. MSW landfills produce leachetes that contaminate water body/soil creating water/soil pollution. Treating leachates can produce useful products such as fertilizer and biogas (in the form of CH4) thus reducing water and soil pollution.Other benefits

Most MSW is disposed of in landfills, burnt, or illegally dumped, as there is no special government regulation on MSW treatment. Therefore, the technology adopted for this project could have good prospects for diffusion in all cities and areas). The non-biodegradable materials recovered by scavengers are in many cases unsuitable for anaerobic digestion and gasification processes. Removal of such materials by scavengers prior to treatment would also help to increase the dependability of operation as well as the operating rate. Scavengers should be given work by allowing them to hand-sort the waste.GHG emission from refuse burial

GHG emissions consist of the so-called “landfill gas” emissions of methane gas from MSW buried at the site At present, these emissions are not monitored, thus data is not available. To obtain reliable data, it would require monitoring for many years at

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dozens of points in the vast disposal site in order to derive average values. Thus it was consequently decided that actual measurements could not be taken for this study. For this reason, the 1996 revised guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has been adopted to calculate methane gas emitted from buried MSW. Economic Analyses: Statement of poverty reduction impact

The project will be using skilled and unskilled labor. Majority of the unskilled labor comes from poor villages and communities. Realization of this project will promote the development of alternative fertilizers in Pakistan that is highly beneficial for improving productivity, enhancing yields from farms and generating economy. It is expected that national standards will be improved due to the creation of social capital, assurance of wage income and improvement in living conditions.Environment impacts

The implementation of the project could possibly exert an impact to the vicinity in terms of reducing items such as air and water pollution. The study of this area concluded that the project would not exert an adverse environmental impact to the vicinity. The process facilities in question would be designed and constructed in accordance with the International environmental standards. On the contrary, the project would act to improve the environment in the vicinity of the disposal sites. In implementing the project, the following environmental impact issues are to be considered.Air pollution

The air concentration is to meet the country’s air pollution standards. The MSW processing facilities to be installed for this project are designed and built to meet these standards, and it is inconceivable that their operation would exert adverse impacts to the surrounding environment. The prospective sites for the project facilities are Municipal Dumping lots where refuse is dumped in the open and burned (the latter being a source of dioxin emissions). The construction of a refuse processing facilities will eliminate this burning of refuse in the open, and the facilities will be in conformance with International standards for dioxin countermeasures. The atmospheric environment in the vicinity should improve as a result.Water pollution

Pakistan has enacted regulatory standards for water quality, but its water environment is in worse shape than the atmospheric environment. It is clearly seen in the rivers flowing through the Provinces that the water pollution standards are largely ignored. The refuse processing facilities would apply Pakistani wastewater discharge standards. This indicates that the facilities would not pollute the water in the vicinity.

In contrast to this project, the discharge of leachates from the Open Air Dumping sites into nearby water bodies has caused water pollution concentrations exceeding standard values, for items such as NH3, Mn, and H2S. Similarly, the study of well water found values above the standards for Fecal Coliforms and Nitrates. Therefore, operation of the MSW processing facilities would mitigate water pollution.

The project will also generate fertilizer from the aerobic and anaerobic processes.Coverage in Sanitation Services:

The sanitation services coverage is low in the country, however it is steadily improving. The percentage of population with access to flush toilets increased from 30 % in 1990 to 45 % in 2001. In the last 5 years the situation has further improved and the coverage increased to 54 % in 2004-05. The indicators are better in the urban as compared to the rural areas. Only 5 % of households have municipal garbage collection arrangement. Targets of 70 and 90 % are fixed for the years 2010 and 2015 respectively.

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Sanitation facilities (including sewerage in urban areas and drainage in rural areas) are available to only about 42 % of the total population, including 65 % in urban areas and 30 % in rural settlements. With the exception of a few big cities, the sewerage service is almost non-existent, causing serious public health problems. Nearly 45 % of all households do not have access to a latrine. Furthermore, only 51 % of all households are connected to any form of drainage (35 % to open drain and 16 % to underground sewers or covered drains). Only 5 % households have access to a municipal garbage collection system. Limited availability of drinking water, its non-judicious distribution and system losses have reached alarming proportions.

Under the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), it is envisaged to halve by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and to achieve a significant improvement in access to sanitation. This translates to increasing water supply and sanitation coverage to 93 % and 90 % respectively by 2015. While the water supply and sanitation programs are being accelerated, there would be some shortfalls in the achievement of envisaged MDG targets of water supply and sanitation coverage. However, the target of regularization of 75 % of Katchi Abadis with adequate access to water supply and sanitation will be fully met, by 2010.

The current sanitation and sewerage facilities at around 42 % population (urban 65 %, rural 30 %), will be extended to serve additional 3 million households, thus covering 50 % of total population (urban 75 % and rural 35 %) by 2010, along with the development of wastewater treatment units, recycling provisions and conservation measures in urban centers up to district level.

The MDG on Environmental sustainability is designed to ensure that pursuit of rapid economic growth does not jeopardize the environmental quality and reduce the benefits of growth via increased pollution, inefficient use of energy, low coverage of sanitation and access to safe drinking water.

Of particular reference to Pakistan are the two indicators related to provision of safe drinking water and sanitation coverage. They have direct linkages with health and therefore the productivity of the society and its future generations.

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Table 13: MDGs5 Target 10: halve by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation:Indicators Definitions 1990-91 2001-

022004-05

PRSP Target 2005-06

MTDF Target 2009-10

MDG Target 2015

Proportion of population (urban and rural) with sustainable access to safe (Improved) water source

Percentage of population with access to Improved water source

53 69 66 70 760 93

Proportion of population (urban and rural) with access to sanitation

Percentage of population with access to sanitation

30 45 54 55 70 90

Achieving MDG target of 90 percent of sanitation coverage is important in meeting the desired quality of life and health. The population coverage increased by only 24 percent in the last 15 years; an additional 36 percent population has to be covered to achieve the target by 2015.

Vision 2030 envisages, “developed industrialized, just and prosperous Pakistan through rapid and sustainable development in a resource constrained economy by deploying knowledge inputs”. This vision is being operationalized through series of MTDF. National Economic Council (NEC) approved on 27th May 2005 the MTDF 2005-2010, which is first of the series.

“Water and Sanitation for All”:

5 Notes and Sources:A. Planning CommissionB. Medium Term Development Framework, 2005-10C. Pakistan Economic Survey 2004-05 D. PIHS 2000-01, (Coverage of Tap, Hand-pump water and Flush Toilets use)E. PSLM (CWIQ) 04-05 (Coverage of Tap, Hand-pump water and Flush Toilets use).F. Target of MTDF changed from 50 to 70 percent in view of higher coverage in the previous yearsG. All PRSP targets are taken from Accelerating Economic Growth and Reducing Poverty: The Road Ahead. Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, Government of Pakistan, December 2003.H. Ministry of Environment, 20036 Pakistan Millennium Development Goals Report 2005

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Provision of safe water supply and sanitation is necessary to ensure a healthy population. By 2015, the water supply and sanitation will stand extended to the entire population. The main elements of the strategy will include the following: Adoption of an integrated approach, rational resource use, and the introduction of

water efficient techniques. Containment of environmental degradation. Institutional strengthening, capacity building & human resource development. Improving performance and utilization of local systems through better planning

management and community participation. Improving quality of and easy access to water supply, especially for women. Improving sanitation through sewerage and drainage schemes. Promoting increased take up of household sanitation. Improving the understanding of linkages between hygiene and health through

community education campaigns, especially among the women and children.Table 14: Targets7

Category High HDI PakistanAvg. (2004)

Med. HDIAvg (2004)

Pakistan

2004 -05*

MDG Target (2015)

Vision 2030

2 Healthc Population with

sustainable access to improved sanitation ( percent)

97 51 59 90 100

Water use, share of total Population access to:Agriculture 95% Safe water SanitationIndustrial 1% Rural 53% 27%Domestic/municipal 4% Urban 83% 59%

Six Cities of NWFP have been earmarked for Compost Production from Solid Waste. For Commercial Composting to be successful there has to be segregation of Biodegradable and Non-Degradable Solid Waste. Secondly hazardous waste has to be separated from other biodegradables. Thus project has the following components:Project Implementation:a. Project Duration & Cost: Two Year (24 months). Rs. 250.65 million:b. Component III: Work Plan (Quarterly Activities). Table 15

Start/ End dates of 6-monthly Periods Activities01-03-210 to 01-09-2010 Conduct planning meetings

ConstructionPurchase of Plant, Machinery & EquipmentInstallationTrials & AdjustmentsTraining OperationAnalysisReports & Returns

01-09-20010 to 01-03-2011 Over run period

3. Details of Components Activities: Itemized cost of material, labor, machinery.3.1 Component III: P ROJECT BUDGET DETAILS (Rs. in millions): Table 16Code Object Year-I Year-2 TOTAL

7 HDI: Human Development Index; Sources: Human Development Report (2006); Pakistan. Millennium Development Goals Report 2005; PSLM Survey (2004-05); MTDF, 2005-10; World Fact Book 2006; Annual Report, Pakistan Telecomm. Authority, 2006; Pakistan Economic Survey, 2005-06.

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61-20 Salaries & Allowances 7.49 8.24 15.7361-21 Other benefits to staff 0.37 0.41 0.78

  Establishment 7.86 8.65 16.51  Transport of Goods 0.30 0.10 0.4062-13 Running Cost of Vehicles 0.12 0.15 0.27

62-1 Transportation 0.42 0.25 0.6762-21 Telephone, E.mail & Internet 0.06 0.07 0.1362-23 Courier Services 0.02 0.03 0.05

62-2 Communications 0.08 0.10 0.1862-31 Stationery 0.03 0.03 0.0662-32 Printing & Publications 0.30 0.40 0.7062-36 Consumable Stores 0.20 0.25 0.4562-37 Other Misc. Expenditure 0.03 0.03 0.06

62-3 Utilities/Office Supp/Rent 0.56 0.71 1.27  Annual Repair & Maintenance 0.30 0.35 0.6562-4 Repair & Maintenance 0.30 0.35 0.65

62-60 Publicity and Advertisement 0.60 0.75 1.3562-63 Seminar/Workshop/Field day 0.30 0.40 0.7062-69 Meetings/Seminars Expenses 0.03 0.04 0.07 Protective Clothing 0.27 0.32 0.58

Packing Consumables 12.00 13.20 25.2062-6 Other Charges 13.20 14.71 27.90

62 Operational expenses 14.56 16.12 30.6762-42 Equipment & Machinery      

  Belarus 510 Tractor (12) 12.00 0.00 12.00  Fork Lift Attachment (12) 1.20 0.00 1.20 Windrow Turners (06) 24.00 0.00 24.00  WaterTanks 1.80 0.00 1.80  Mixers & Manure Spreaders (06) 18.00 0.00 18.00  Moisture Detection Equipment (06) 1.20 0.00 1.20  Temperature Detection Probes (06) 1.20 0.00 1.20  Oxygen Probes (06) 1.20 0.00 1.20  Bagging Machine 9.00 0.00 9.00  Fittings & Electrification 0.39 0.00 0.39 Clearing/ Handling/ Transportation & Installation Charges 0.78 0.00 0.7862-43 Computer & Office Equipment 0.40 0.05 0.4562-44 Furniture & fixture 0.50 0.00 0.50

  Bacteria @Rs.100.00/ Liter x 50,000 L 5.00 6.25 11.25  Plants misc. 0.60 0.05 0.65  Buildings 0.00  Pre-fabricated Office Buildings 30 ft dia Geodesic Domes x06

@Rs.2500.00 sq ft13.50 0.00

13.50Camp offices Pre-fabricated Office Buildings 30 ft dia Geodesic Domes x06 @Rs.2500.00 sq ft

13.50 0.0013.50

Pre-Fabricated Insulated Fiber Glass Sheds 100x110 ft (04) @Rs.2500.00 sq ft 110.00

0.00110.00

Pre-Fabricated Insulated Fiber Glass Sheds 50x60 ft (02) @Rs.2500.00 sq ft 15.00 0.00 15.00

63-1 Fixed Assets 229.27 6.35 138.50  Vehicles 6.00 0.00 6.00  10% Operational Expense to Implementing NGO 1.46 1.61 3.07  Capital Expenses 236.73 7.96 244.69  Total 259.14 32.73 291.87

Revenue generation By City: Compost Production/ Sales: Table 17

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# City 50 kg bags pd Price pa @Rs.300.00/ bag1 Abbottabad 422 45.622 Bannu 192 20.74

3 DI Khan 346 37.324 Kohat 499 53.915 Mingora 653 70.506 Mardan 960 103.68

  TOTAL 3,072 331.78

Line Depiction Compost Windrow:6 Ft.

100(50) Ft.

5 Ft.

10 Ft.

Black Plastic Winter CoverMound

Geo-Membrane

IV. Bioremediation of Municipal Liquid Waste through Waste Water Gardens.Population increase brings with it the problem of vast amounts of Liquid

and Solid waste. Where adequate disposal/ treatment is not carried out, Nature is unable to absorb and filter toxic materials which eventually find their way into

46

underground reservoirs of water and also into the food chain. A point is reached where there is a complete breakdown and environmental and health problems increase to such an extent that they cannot be treated.

Nature uses microbes to breakdown; plants to uptake toxic minerals as well as the earth’s surface to filter the waste. However, nature is only capable of handling a limited amount of waste. In case of increased amounts artificial enhancements and interventions have to be resorted to. A very simple, close to nature, environment friendly solution is available that converts eyesores, displeasing smells and source of poison into a Garden that hosts Biodiversity and can be used for recreation as well as study of plants, birds and insects.

Advanced Countries of the World are switching to the use of Bioaugmentation (Addition of Live Bacteria to the target Waste for treatment/ biodegradation) and Phytoremediation (Use of Plants to treat Waste) and planting Reed-Beds and other Plants to treat their Waste. This concept has been used effectively in advanced economies despite the fact that most of their sites are located in cold regions. In hot, temperate climates the process is greatly enhanced. However, extreme temperatures have to be controlled.

1. Phytoremediation8 uses various plants to degrade, extract, contain, or immobilize contaminants from soil and water. This technology is an innovative, cost-effective alternative to previous treatment methods. A mechanism for contaminant degradation is metabolism within the plant. Some plants are able to uptake toxic compounds and in the process of metabolizing the available nutrients, detoxify them. Containment using plants either binds the contaminants to the soil, renders them non-bioavailable, or immobilizes them by removing the means of transport. Physical containment of contaminants by plants can take the form of binding the contaminants within a humus molecule (humification), physical sequestration of metals as occurs in some wetlands, or by root accumulation in non-harvestable plants. Certain trees sequester large concentrations of metals in their roots, and although harvesting and removal is difficult or impractical, the contaminants present a reduced human or environmental risk while they are bound in the roots. Risk reduction may also be achieved by transforming the contaminant into a form that is not hazardous, or by rendering the contaminant non-bioavailable. EPA and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) have ongoing research in this area. a. Root System

8 The contents of this portion are taken from the various publications of the National Science Foundation of the U.S.A.

47

Remediation with plants requires that the contaminants be in contact with the root zone of the plants. Either the plants must be able to extend roots to the contaminants, or the contaminated media must be moved to within range of the plants. This movement can be accomplished with standard agricultural equipment and practices, such as deep plowing to bring soil from 2 or 3 feet deep to within 8 to 10 inches of the surface for shallow-rooted crops and grasses, or by irrigating trees and grasses with contaminated groundwater or wastewater. Because these activities can generate fugitive dust and volatile organic compound emissions, potential risks may need to be evaluated. As shown in Table 5, the effective root depth of plants varies by species and depends on soil and climate condition.b. Growth Rate

Phytoremediation is also limited by the growth rate of the plants. More time may be required to phytoremediate a site as compared with other more traditional cleanup technologies. Excavation and disposal or incineration takes weeks to months to accomplish, while phytoextraction or degradation may need several years. Therefore, for sites that pose acute risks for human and other ecological receptors, phytoremediation may not be the remediation technique of choice but is much better than no treatment at all.c. Contaminant Concentration

Sites with widespread, low to medium level contamination within the root zone are the best candidates for phytoremediative processes. d. Impacts of Contaminated Vegetation

Some ecological exposure may occur whenever plants are used to interact with contaminants from the soil. The fate of the metals in the biomass is a concern. At one site, sunflower plants that extracted cesium (Cs) and strontium (Sr) from surface water were disposed of as radioactive waste (Adler 1996). Although some forms of phytoremediation involve accumulation of metals and require handling of plant material embedded with metals, most plants do not accumulate significant levels of organic contaminants. While metal accumulating plants will need to be harvested and either recycled or disposed of in compliance with applicable regulations, most phytoremediative plants do not require further treatment or disposal. Often overlooked, however, is the possibility that natural vegetation on the site is already creating very similar (but often unrecognized) food chain exposures. In addition, even on currently un-vegetated sites, contaminants will be entering the food chain through soil organisms. The remediation plan should identify and, if possible, quantify potential avenues of ecological exposure, and determine if and where any accumulation of toxics in the selected plants will occur. Root Depth for Selected Phytoremediation Plants: Table 18.# Plant Maximum Root Depth Target Contaminants

1 Indian mustard To 12 inches Metals

2 Grasses To 48 inches Organics

3 Poplar trees To 15 feet Metals, organics, chlorinated solvents4 Alfalfa 4-6 ft. -do-5 Grasses 2 ft -do-6 Indian Mustard 1 ft -do-7 Poplar Trees 15 ft. -do-

Most organic contaminants do not accumulate in significant amounts in plant tissue. Some plant-eating animals have been shown to avoid eating plants with elevated metal levels (Pollard 1996). In addition, the increased habitat provided by the plants may in some cases offset any potential localized impacts. If some organisms (e.g., caterpillars, rodents, deer, etc.) seem likely to ingest significant amounts of the vegetation, and if harmful bio-concentration up the food chain is a concern during the life of the remediation

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effort, appropriate exposure control measures should be implemented including perimeter fencing, overhead netting, and pre-flowering harvesting. Phytoextraction techniques aim to harvest metal-laden crops just as the plants translocate metals into shoots, thereby limiting availability of contaminants for consumption. Transfer of the contaminants or metabolites to the atmosphere might be the greatest regulatory concern. Transpiration of TCE into the atmosphere has been measured (Newman et al. 1997a), but little information is available that would indicate any release of vinyl chloride. Research being done on the bioavailability of contaminants and on human health and environmental risk assessment is directly related to phytoremediation. Studies are underway to determine if contaminants that are not available to plants for uptake or that are not vulnerable to plant remediation are less of a risk to human health and the environment.Phytoremediation Overview: Table 19.

Mechanism Process Goal Media Contaminants Plants StatusPhytoextraction Contaminant

extraction and capture sludges

Soil, Sediment Metals: Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Zn; Radionuclides, 90Sr, 137Cs, 239Pu, 238,234U

Indian mustard, pennycress, alyssum, sunflowers, hybrid poplars

Laboratory, pilot andfield applications

Rhizofiltration Contaminant extraction and capture

Groundwater Surface water

Metals, radionuclides Sunflowers, Indian mustard, water scalehyacinth

Laboratory and pilot

Phytostabilization Contaminant Soil containment sludges

Sediment As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hs, Pb, Zn

Indian mustard hybrid poplars,grasses

Field application

Rhizodegradation Contaminant Soil destruction

sediment sludges groundwater

Organic compounds(TPH, PAHs, pesticides chlorinated solvents, PCBs)

Red mulberry grasses, hybrid, poplar, cattail, rice

Field application

Phytodegradation Contaminant destruction

Soil, sediment sludges groundwater surface water

Organic compounds chlorinated solvents, phenols, herbicides munitions

Algae, stonewort hybrid poplar black willow, bald cypress

Field demonstration

Phytovolatilization Contaminant extraction from media and release to air

Groundwater soil sediment sludges

Chlorinated solvents some inorganics (Se, Hg, and As)

Poplars, alfalfa black locust, Indian mustard

Laboratory and field application

Hydraulic control Contaminant degradation(plume control) or containment

Groundwater surface water,

Water-soluble organics and inorganics

Hybrid poplar, cottonwood, willow

Field demonstration

Vegetative cover (evapotranspiration erosion control cover)

Contaminant containment,

Soil, sludge, sediments

Organic and inorganic compounds

Poplars, grasses Field application

Riparian corridors (non-point source groundwater and inorganicscontrol)

Contaminant destruction

Surface water, Water-soluble organics

Poplars Field application

2. Phytodegradationa. Definition/Mechanism

Phytodegradation (also known as phytotransformation) is the breakdown of contaminants taken up by plants through metabolic processes within the plant, or the breakdown of contaminants external to the plant through the effect of compounds (such as

49

enzymes) produced by the plants. The main mechanism is plant uptake and metabolism. Additionally, degradation may occur outside the plant, due to the release of compounds that cause transformation. Any degradation caused by microorganisms associated with or affected by the plant root is considered rhizodegradation.b. UptakeFor phytodegradation to occur within the plant, the compounds must be taken up by the plant. One study identified more than 70 organic chemicals representing many classes of compounds that were taken up and accumulated by 88 species of plants and trees (Paterson et al. 1990). A database has been established to review the classes of chemicals and types of plants that have been investigated in regard to their uptake of organic compounds (Nellessen and Fletcher 1993b). Uptake is dependent on hydrophobicity, solubility, and polarity. Moderately hydrophobic organic compounds (with log kow between 0.5 and 3.0) are most readily taken up by and translocated within plants. Very soluble compounds (with low sorption) will not be sorbed onto roots or translocated within the plant (Schnoor et al. 1995a). Hydrophobic (lipophilic) compounds can be bound to root surfaces or partitioned into roots, but cannot be further translocated within the plant (Schnoor et al. 1995a; Cunningham et al. 1997). Nonpolar molecules with molecular weights <500 will sorb to the root surfaces, whereas polar molecules will enter the root and be translocated (Bell 1992). Plant uptake of organic compounds can also depend on type of plant, age of contaminant, and many other physical and chemical characteristics of the soil. Definitive conclusions cannot always be made about a particular chemical. For example, when PCP was spiked into soil, 21% was found in roots and 15% in shoots after 155 days in the presence of grass (Qiu et al. 1994); in another study, several plants showed minimal uptake of PCP (Bellin and O’Connor 1990).c. MetabolismMetabolism within plants has been identified for a diverse group of organic compounds, including the herbicide atrazine (Burken and Schnoor 1997), the chlorinated solvent TCE (Newman et al. 1997a), and the munition TNT (Thompson et al. 1998). Other metabolized compounds include the insecticide DDT, the fungicide hexachlorobenzene (HCB), PCP, the plasticizer diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP), and PCBs in plant cell cultures (Komossa et al. 1995).d. Plant-Formed EnzymesPlant-formed enzymes have been identified for their potential use in degrading contaminants such as munitions, herbicides, and chlorinated solvents. Immunoassay tests have been used to identify plants that produce these enzymes (McCutcheon 1996).e. MediaPhytodegradation is used in the treatment of soil, sediments, sludges, and groundwater. Surface water can also be remediated using phytodegradation.f. AdvantagesContaminant degradation due to enzymes produced by a plant can occur in an environment free of microorganisms (for example, an environment in which the microorganisms have been killed by high contaminant levels). Plants are able to grow in sterile soil and also in soil that has concentration levels that are toxic to microorganisms. Thus, phytodegradation potentially could occur in soils where biodegradation cannot.

g. DisadvantagesPhytodegradation has the following disadvantages:• Toxic intermediates or degradation products may form. In a study unrelated to phytoremediation research, PCP was metabolized to the potential mutagen tetrachlorocatechol in wheat plants and cell cultures (Komossa et al. 1995).

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• The presence or identity of metabolites within a plant might be difficult to determine; thus contaminant destruction could be difficult to confirm.h. Applicable Contaminants/ ConcentrationsOrganic compounds are the main category of contaminants subject to phytodegradation. In general, organic compounds with a log kow between 0.5 and 3.0 can be subject to phytodegradation within the plant. Inorganic nutrients are also remediated through plant uptake and metabolism. Phytodegradation outside the plant does not depend on log kow and plant uptake.i. OrganicsChlorinated solventsThe plant-formed enzyme dehalogenase, which can dechlorinate chlorinated compounds, has been discovered in sediments (McCutcheon 1996).TCE was metabolized to trichloroethanol, trichloroacetic acid, and dichloroacetic acid within hybrid poplar trees (Newman et al. 1997a). In a similar study, hybrid poplar trees were exposed to water containing about 50 ppm TCE and metabolized the TCE within the tree (Newman et al. 1997a).Minced horseradish roots successfully treated wastewater containing up to 850 ppm of 2,4-dichlorophenol (Dec and Bollag 1994).HerbicidesAtrazine in soil was taken up by trees and then hydrolyzed and dealkylated within the roots, stems, and leaves. Metabolites were identified within the plant tissue, and a review of atrazine metabolite toxicity studies indicated that the metabolites were less toxic than atrazine (Burken and Schnoor 1997).The plant-formed enzyme nitrilase, which can degrade herbicides, has been discovered in sediments (Carreira 1996).A qualitative study indicated that the herbicide bentazon was degraded within black willow trees, as indicated by bentazon loss during a nursery study and by identification of metabolites within the tree. Bentazon was phytotoxic to six tree species at concentrations of 1000 and 2000 mg/L. At 150 mg/kg, bentazon metabolites were detected within tree trunk and canopy tissue samples (Conger and Portier 1997).Atrazine at 60.4 g/kg (equivalent to about 3 times field application rates) was used to study phytodegradation in hybrid poplars (Burken and Schnoor 1997).The herbicide bentazon was phytotoxic at concentrations of 1,000 to 2,000 mg/L, but allowed growth at 150 mg/L (Conger and Portier 1997).InsecticidesThe isolation from plants of the enzyme phosphatase, which can degrade organophosphate insecticides, may have phytodegradation applications (McCutcheon 1996).MunitionsThe plant-formed enzyme nitroreductase, which can degrade munitions, has been discovered in sediments; this enzyme, from parrot feather, degraded TNT (McCutcheon 1996).Hybrid poplar trees metabolized TNT to 4-amino- 2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT), 2-amino-4,6- dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT), and other unidentified compounds (Thompson et al. 1998).TNT concentrations in flooded soil decreased from 128 to 10 ppm with parrot feather (Schnoor et al. 1995b).PhenolsChlorinated phenolic concentrations in wastewater decreased in the presence of oxidoreductase enzymes in minced horseradish roots (Dec and Bollag 1994).j. InorganicsNutrients

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Nitrate will be taken up by plants and transformed to proteins and nitrogen gas (Licht and Schnoor 1993).k. Root Depth

Phytodegradation is generally limited to the root zone, and possibly below the root zone if root exudates are soluble, nonsorbed, and transported below the root zone. The degree to which this occurs is uncertain.l. Plants

The aquatic plant parrot feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum) and the algae stonewort (Nitella) have been used for the degradation of TNT. The nitroreductase enzyme has also been identified in other algae, ferns, monocots, dicots, and trees (McCutcheon 1996).

Degradation of TCE has been detected in hybrid poplars and in poplar cell cultures, resulting in production of metabolites and in complete mineralization of a small portion of the applied TCE (Gordon et al. 1997; Newman et al. 1997a). Atrazine degradation has also been confirmed in hybrid poplars (Populus oliform x nigra DN34, Imperial Carolina) (Burken and Schnoor 1997). Poplars have also been used to remove nutrients from groundwater (Licht and Schnoor 1993). Black willow (Salix nigra), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), bald cypress (Taxodium distichum), river birch (Betula nigra), cherry bark oak ( Quercus Colifor), and live oak ( Quercus viginiana) were able to support some degradation of the herbicide bentazon (Conger and Portier 1997).m. Site Considerations

i. Soil ConditionsPhytodegradation is most appropriate for large areas of soil having shallow contamination.

ii. Ground and Surface WaterGroundwater that can be extracted by tree roots or that is pumped to the surface may be treated by this system. Phytodegradation can also occur in surface water, if the water is able to support the growth of appropriate plants.

iii. Climatic ConditionsPhytoremediation studies involving phytodegradation have been conducted under a wide variety of climatic conditions.

n. Current StatusResearch and pilot-scale studies have been conducted primarily at Army

Ammunition Plants (AAPs). These demonstrations include field studies at the Iowa AAP, Volunteer AAP, and Milan AAP (McCutcheon 1996). The following plants are used in hydraulic control: Cottonwood and hybrid poplar trees were used at seven sites in the East and

Midwest to contain and treat shallow groundwater contaminated with heavy metals, nutrients, or pesticides (Gatliff 1994). Poplars were used at a site in Utah to contain groundwater contaminated with gasoline and diesel (Nelson 1996). Passive gradient control was studied at the French Limited Superfund site using a variety of phreatophyte trees; native non-deciduous trees were found to perform the best (Sloan and Woodward 1996).

o. Site Considerations: Riparian Corridors/Buffer Stripsi. Definition/Mechanism

Riparian corridors/buffer strips are generally applied along streams and riverbanks to control and remediate surface runoff and groundwater contamination moving into the river. These systems can also be installed to prevent down gradient

52

migration of a contaminated groundwater plume and to degrade contaminants in the plume. Mechanisms for remediation include water uptake, contaminant uptake, and plant metabolism. Riparian corridors are similar in conception to physical and chemical permeable barriers such as trenches filled with iron filings, in that they treat groundwater without extraction containment. Riparian corridors and buffer strips may incorporate certain aspects of hydraulic control, phytodegradation, rhizodegradation, phytovolatilization, and perhaps phytoextraction.

ii. MediaRiparian corridors/buffer strips are used in the treatment of surface water and groundwater.

iii. AdvantagesSecondary advantages include the stabilization of stream banks and prevention of soil erosion. Aquatic and terrestrial habitats are greatly improved by riparian forest corridors.

iii. DisadvantagesThe use of buffer strips might be limited to easily assimilated and metabolized compounds. Land use constraints may restrict application.

iv. Applicable Contaminants/ ConcentrationsNutrient and pesticide contaminants are among the water- soluble organics and inorganics studied the most often using this technology. The nitrate concentration in groundwater was 150 mg/L at the edge of a field, 8 mg/L below a poplar buffer strip, and 3 mg/L downgradient at the edge of a stream (Licht and Schnoor 1993).

v. Root DepthUptake occurs within the root zone or the depth of influence of the roots.

vi. PlantsPoplars have been used in riparian corridors and buffer strips.

vii. Site ConsiderationsSufficient land must be available for the establishment of vegetation. Typically a triple row of trees is installed, using 10 meters at minimum. Larger corridors increase capacity, and wider areas allow for more diverse ecosystem and habitat creation. Native Midwestern songbirds, for example, prefer corridors 70 meters and more.

viii. Soil ConditionsThe primary considerations for this technology are the depth and concentration of contaminants that affect plant growth. Soil texture and degree of saturation are factors to be considered for use of this system. Planting technique can mitigate unfavorable soil conditions.

ix. Ground and Surface WaterGroundwater must be within the depth of influence of the roots.

x. Climatic ConditionsThe amount of precipitation, temperature, and wind may affect the transpiration rate of the plants.

xi. Current StatusBuffer strips have been researched and installed commercially with success.

p. Plants Used in PhytoremediationA compilation of plants used in phytoremediation research or application is given

in Appendix D. This Appendix includes a table giving the common name followed by the scientific name, and a table with the scientific name followed by the common name. The following are examples of commonly-investigated or used plants:

Plants Used in Phytoremediation: Table 20

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Trees: Grasses: Legumes: Metal-accumulators: Accumulators: Aquatic plants:

Poplars (hybrids)/cottonwoods

Prairie grasses

Alfalfa Hyperaccumulators Sunflower Parrot feather

Willows Fescue Thlaspi caerulescens Phragmites reeds

Brassica juncea CattailsHyacinths

Summary of Bioremediation Technologies: Table 21

Technology Applicable Media Target ContaminantsPhytoremediation

Phytoextraction brownfields; sediments; soil;  groundwater metals – Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, ZnPhytostabilization sediments; soil metals – As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Se, Zn

hydrophobic organics – DDT, dieldrin, dioxins, furans, PAH, PCB, PCP

Phytostimulation sediments; soil; waste water  (land application)

organics – aromatics, PAH, pesticides

Phyto-transformation groundwater; landfill leachate;  soil; wastewater (land application)

ammunition wastes – RDX, TNT, aromatics – BTEX, chlorinated aliphatics – TCE, herbicides – atrazine,alachlor, hydrocarbons – TPHnutrients – NO3 (-),, NH4 (+), PO4 (3-)

Rhizofiltration groundwater; water and  wastewater in lagoons or  constructed wetlands

hydrophobic organics, metals – Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, radionuclides – 137Cs, 90Sr, U

Constructed Wetlands domestic wastewater; landfill  leachate; livestock wastewater; pulp mill effluent;

septage

BOD, TDS, TSS, NO2, NO3, NH3, NH4Coliforms – fecal, total, metals – Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, nutrients – Al, Fe, K, Mn, P

BioaugmentationBiodegradation groundwater; sludge; soil COD organics – BTEX, NAPL, pesticides,

solventsBiostimulation

Bioventing soil non-chlorinatedhydrocarbons, pesticides, petroleum hydrocarbons, wood, preservatives

Chemical Oxidation of Soils soil; wastewater inorganic contaminantsIn situ Lagoon sludge; soil hydrocarbons – BTEX, PAH, other phenols

BioreactorsCompost-based reactor lagoon sediments; municipal and  refinery

sludge; soilethylene glycol, explosives, hydrocarbons – PAH, PCP, pesticides

Slurry-based reactor groundwater; sludge; soil acetic acid, explosives – TNT, hydrocarbons – BTEX, PAH, pesticides, petrochemicals, wood preservatives

Land-based TreatmentsComposting lagoon sediments; municipal  sludge; soil ethylene glycol, explosives, hydrocarbons –

PAH, PCP, pesticidesLand Farming sediment; sludge; soil hydrocarbons – TPH, PCP, pesticides

Fungal RemediationWhite-rot Fungus soil CAH, PCB, polychlorinated

dibenzo(p)dioxins, explosives – TNT, hydrocarbons – PAH, pesticides – DDT,

Abbreviations: Table 22

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Abbreviation Name Abbreviation Name

BOD: biochemical oxygen demand PCP: pentachlorophenol

BTEX: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene

RDX: hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine

CAH: chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons TCE: trichloroethylene

COD: chemical oxygen demand TDS: total dissolved solids

DDT: 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene

TNT: 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene

NAPL: non-aqueous phase liquid TPH: total petroleum hydrocarbons

PAH: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon TSS: total suspended solids

PCB: polychlorinated biphenyl

Raw sewage not mixed with detergents and Household/ Commercial chemicals are generated in large quantities. It is estimated that a community of 10,000 people can generate 40-acre inches of sewage effluent per day or an equivalent of 1 million gallons of wastewater. This waste is extremely rich in nutrients especially Nitrogen. Integrated Biosystem Highlights

Most conventional wastewater treatment tries to clean water mechanically and chemically then releases it into waterways. Such systems are expensive, produce limited economic benefits, and can themselves pollute. By contrast, integrated biosystems treat water by recycling it for agricultural use, producing numerous economic, health and environmental benefits. Nutrients in wastewater are recycled by algae, crops and livestock via processes such as photosynthesis, mineralization, and uptake. Water is treated by combined natural processes such as soil and root filtration, sedimentation and biochemical reactions including photosynthesis, anaerobic and aerobic digestion. In this system, clean water is a by-product along with organic crops, fertilized soil, and reclaimed wildlife habitat. Economic benefits come from soil restoration, fertilizer recovery, crops and livestock. Products can be produced safely and profitably with low input costs. Costs are minimized by using wastewater for fertilizer, integrating crops for pest protection, maintaining biodiversity, treating water via natural processes, and reducing environmental liability. The technology is especially suitable for poor soil and regions where flood control or water conservation are required. Locally available resources are used so costs for imported fertilizer and equipment are minimized. Components are scalable, ranging from single households to large farms and communities. Due to high levels of year-round ambient sunlight, more productive applications occur in a belt defined by 30 degrees latitude north and south of the equator.

3. Reed Beds:Two different basic types of reed-beds have been developed and used for the

treatment of polluting waste water effluents over the last 20 years or so:

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Horizontal flow reed-beds Vertical flow reed-beds

From these in more recent years a third type of reed bed system, that is highly efficient, has evolved:

Combination vertical and horizontal flow reed bedsi. Horizontal Flow Reed-Bed Systems:

Horizontal flow reed beds work particularly well for low strength effluents, or effluents that have undergone some form of pre-treatment.Whilst not effective in reducing ammonia they will almost always reduce BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) and SS (Suspended Solids) levels. These systems play an invaluable role in tertiary treatment and for the polishing of effluents.A typical application would be to treat the discharge from a package sewage treatment plant which is unable to meet the discharge consent standard required.

ii. Vertical Flow Reed-Bed Systems:Vertical flow reed-bed systems are much more effective than horizontal flow reed-beds not only in reducing BOD and SS levels but also in reducing ammonia levels and eliminating smells. They can be considerably smaller and will also cope with much stronger effluents.

iii. Combination Systems: Multi-stage reed-bed systems, incorporating one or two stages of vertical flow followed by one or more stages of horizontal flow, and large single stage vertical flow reed-beds, when properly designed, are used for example, for the full treatment of domestic sewage - black and grey water - and, sludge, if required. Systems can be designed to accommodate virtually any situation - from flat sites to steep rocky slopes. On sloping sites gravity can be used, whereas one or two pumping stages may be required on flat sites, to move the effluent through the reed-beds.

Section I.01 Reed-bed systems do not require a lot of space. The most effective "combination reed-bed systems", usually sized at about 2 sq. m. per person equivalent for sewage treatment, have a remarkably small footprint. Constructed Wetlands for wastewater treatment

The use of wetlands to treat effluent is not a new idea. Thousands of years ago, natural wetlands were used by the Chinese and by the Egyptians to clarify liquid effluent. However, the first “constructed” wetland was not used until 1904 (in Australia). Even after that the use of such wetlands was slow to catch on. The first botanical treatment of waste was not reported in Europe until the 1950s; America’s research into the field did not begin until the 1970s. Nevertheless, it is now recognized that constructed wetlands are an economic way of treating liquid effluent and even raw.

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Constructed Wetlands reduce concentrations of suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), nitrogen, phosphorus, and coliform bacteria (often by up to 98%). Their simplicity and scalability make them effective for treatment of waste from small communities. If constructed on suitable topography, they require little energy input, which makes them suitable for both under-developed and rural sites. However despite the suitability of climate in developing countries, the spread of wetlands in such areas has been described as "depressingly slow".9

(a) Number of Wetland Systems Currently in Use:It has been claimed that there are "thousands of wetland-based wastewater

treatment systems around the world".10 However, although it is clear use of constructed wetlands is increasing, the precise number of such systems in operation is relatively difficult to obtain. Those figures which are available are summarized below:

USA and CanadaConstructed wetlands are still not in widespread use as treatment systems for

wastewater. A 1996 survey of the USA and Canada showed 176 wetland treatment sites in use. A majority (116) of these were in sub-tropical or warm-temperate zones. However, the state with the greatest number of installations was the cold-temperate South Dakota (40 sites). The majority of wetlands in cold-temperate zones were of the FWF type

Northern EuropeIn Northern Europe, Denmark is the leader in implementing constructed wetlands.

A pioneer of SSF-type (Subsurface Flow) installations, the country has at least 130 wetlands, most of which treat municipal wastewater. By comparison, Sweden and Norway have shown much less interest in such systems and neither government has given final approval use of constructed wetlands for statutory water treatment. In 1996 Sweden had 6 FWF and 8 SSF wetlands for treatment of municipal or domestic wastewater. However, in most cases they were installed only to aid in removal of nitrogen, or to 'polish' water which had been treated by other means. Norway had almost twenty wetlands, the majority of them SSF-type installations

Eastern EuropeThe spread of constructed wetlands is greatest in the Czech Republic. Between

1989 and 1996, 26 systems were built. As a result of their success, 54 more such systems are currently being constructed. All systems are of the horizontal SSF-type and treat municipal waste (after initial mechanical pre-treatment). Hungary and Estonia are also known to be introducing constructed wetlands, but no numbers are currently available.

(b) How Constructed Wetlands treat Waste:The treatment of waste by constructed wetlands is achieved by a large number of

chemical and biological processes, many of the latter microbially-mediated. Table 1 (below) shows the main processes (and the sites at which they occur) affecting Carbon (usually measured as BOD5), Nitrogen (as NH4+ or NO3-), and Phosphorus.

9 P.Denny et al., 'Constructed wetlands in developing countries', Water Sci and Tech. 35 (5) pp167-174 199710 K.R.Eddy and E.M.Angelo 'Biogeochemical indicators to evaluate pollutant removal efficiency in constructed wetland'’ Water Sci and Tech. 35(5) pp 1-10, 1997

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Processes occurring in Treatment of Waste: Table 23Contaminant Site ProcessBOD5 Stems and Leaves

RootsBed media (gravel/sand)Bed media (gravel/sand)

Microbial respirationMicrobial respirationMicrobial respirationSettling

Nitrogen LeavesAlgae in water columnRootsSoilBed media(gravel/sand)

Volatilization (as N2 and N2O)NO3 and NH4+ -> Soluble Organic NitrogenAmmonium -> NitrateNitrate -> N2, N20, or NH4+Settling

Phosphorus Stems and LeavesRootsRootsBed media (gravel/sand)Bed media (gravel/sand)

Microbial RepirationMicrobial RepirationUptakeSedimentation/BurialAdsorption

(i)(ii) Biogeochemical Reactions and Nutrient Uptake

As mentioned at the start of this section, temperature affects the rate at which biogeochemical processes occur. In cold climates the rate at which biomass takes up nutrients will be significantly lower than in warm, subtropical or tropical climates. Indeed, the treatment area required to transfer 90% of nutrients to biomass increases from around 7 ha at 20°C to 35 ha at 0°C. However, this is not particularly important if nutrient recycling is not required. Figure 2 shows uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus for wetlands in Florida (sub-tropical), New Zealand (warm temperate), Sweden(cold-temperate) and Canada (cold-temperate).

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Figure - Nutrient Uptake by Wetlands from different climatic regions

Performance of New Generation Reed Bed Systems (conc. in mg/l): Table 24.  Total COD d

CODBOD5 TSS TP P-

PO4TKN

Raw Sewage 495 190 215 225 8.5 6.4 42.8Filter A outflow 92 70 0 18 5.8 5.3 19.6Final Outflow 58 40 16 12 5.6 5.1 10.1Removal (%) 87.5 80 92.5 94.5 40 28 76

Performance of Swiss System after 10 years use (Conc in mg/l): Table 25.  Total COD BOD5 TP NO3-N NH4-N Min-NGray water 311 129.5 8.5 3 89.8 92.6Sand filter out 31 0 3.1 50.7 1.9 62.2Final Outfall 26.7 5.4 0.8 12.7 6.3 18.5Removal (%) 91.4 95.8 90.6 -323.0 93.0 80.0

(c) Conclusions Constructed wetlands are an effective, environmentally friendly means of treating

waste (liquid and solid). Wetlands are effective at reducing loads of BOD/COD, nitrogen, phosphorus, and

suspended solids. Reduction can be up by 98%. In the last few years, there has been a tendency to construct SSF-type wetlands

rather than FWF-type. Such systems are believed to be more effective at treating waste.

Despite current usage patterns, it is tropical and subtropical climates, which hold the greatest potential for the use of wetlands; cold climates do bring problems with both icing and thaw.

Constructed wetlands require little maintenance, and remain effective after more than 10 years of use.

Use of constructed wetlands in developing countries can provide real economic benefits by providing biomass and supporting aquaculture.

Wetlands can provide a habitat for wildlife and act as a tourist attraction for the community.

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(d) Performance CharacteristicsThe means for Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP), copper and zinc are:

Inflow TP: 1.018mg/L and TN: 1.92 mg/L. Outflow TP: 1.013 mg/L and TN: 1.50mg/L. Inflow for Cu:9.1788 µg/L and Outflow for Cu: 2.4081µg/L Inflow for Zn: 9.02 µg/L and Outflow: for Zn: 3.7603 µg/L. Improved species diversity and abundance

Water Quality ImprovementSurface water is monitored for copper, cadmium, zinc, conductivity, pH, turbidity, total phosphorus, total nitrogen and temperature. The results for total phosphorus, total nitrogen and heavy metals are presented in tables 11, 12 and 13As shown in Table 11 the concentrations of total phosphorus entering the wetland are higher than the concentrations leaving the wetland. This indicates a reduction of total phosphorus due to uptake by flora and sediments within the wetland. Statistical AnalysisMeans for Total Phosphorus (TP) and Total Nitrogen (TN) for the four

sites: Table 26.TP (mg/L) TN (mg/L) 

Inflow 1.018 1.92 Outflow 1.013 1.50 Upstream Farmers

1.005 1.26

Downstream Farmers

1.006 1.29

  Because of heterogeneity of the data, it had to be transformed to undertake the statistical analysis.

Transformed standard errors for TP and TN: Table 27.TP TN 

S.E  0.000556  0.007165 

The means for Cu and Zn: Table 28.Cu (µg/L) Zn (µg/L) 

Inflow 9.2788 9.02 Outflow 2.4081 3.7603 Upstream Farmers

1.1761 5.8904

Downstream Farmers

1.0456  4.2496

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Wildlife Pond at end of Reed-Bed System:

Botanical/ Reed Beds: Artificial Wetlands; Constructed wetlands or Botanical/ Reed Beds are designed to mimic the sediment and nutrient removal processes occurring in natural wetlands. General design principles are based on holding or slowing the passage of water through the wetland where a range of physical, chemical and biological processes can operate to store, transform or remove various pollutants. These processes can be optimized through the control and manipulation of the hydraulic regime, including retention time. Constructed wetlands are configured into different zones, with each zone performing different functions.(e) Technical Details

The wetland is divided into three zones: sedimentation, wetlands (botanical bed) and open water zone. The Sedimentation Zone improves water quality by trapping sediments, litter and

contaminants. As flow enters this zone it slows down resulting in sediment deposition. The sediments act as a sink for phosphorus and other pollutants like heavy metals and pesticides. Litter becomes tapped by vegetation located on the edges of this zone.

The Wetland (Botanical Bed) Zone improves water quality by removing nutrients and other pollutants. This zone effectively: Slows the flow of water, thereby increasing sedimentation and contact time

with the water (effluent); Filters pollutants and precipitates them from the water; Transfers oxygen to the root zones thereby preventing a build up of toxins

under saturated conditions; Assimilates, processes and stores nutrients; Supports microbial growth to enhance nutrient transformations.

The Deep Open Water Zone polishes water, allowing time for finer particles to settle and for sunlight to kill pathogens. The littoral vegetation surrounding the open water zone contributes to pollutant removal through the processes described above.Over the last hundreds of years there has been a general decline in the water

quality of rivers and streams. Land clearance for agriculture, urban development and manufacturing have led to increasing levels of phosphorus, turbidity, heavy metals and pathogenic bacterial contamination of major water systems.

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Streams and rivers have been adversely affected by industrial and urban development. The water quality is poor, with high nutrient levels and heavy metal contamination problems. Performance Criteria

The performance characteristics by which Wetlands are assessed include: The improvement of surface water quality entering water systems from the

Wetland (in particular the reduction of nutrients and heavy metals) The improvement of the site as habitat for native fauna; and Creation of a focal point for environmental education and passive recreation within

the Islamabad area. Water Quality Improvement

Surface water is monitored for copper, cadmium, zinc, conductivity, pH, turbidity, total phosphorus, total nitrogen and temperature. In simple terms, a botanical bed can be seen as a low loaded fixed film filter with in-built sedimentation, a primary tank is required to retain the organic material, the effluent then gravitates or is pumped to the botanical bed, membrane lined and filled with appropriate gravel and stone and planted with appropriate plants. Dimensions, shape and number of beds vary with type of application, flow rate and organic loading, and quality of treated effluent required.

Botanical bed schemes have proven themselves to be an effective, sustainable, reliable and economical method of treatment. Cost effective and aesthetically pleasing are two good reasons for choosing botanical beds, a third and more important reason is that they are the most environmental friendly form of sewage treatment available at this time.

The use of botanical beds in environmentally sensitive areas is now widespread in the United Kingdom, over the last decade reed beds have been monitored by the Environment Agency and are now an established form of treatment. Agri/ Horticulture

"Water in the environment is like blood in the body: and ours is sick. The arteries and veins of our countryside, its rivers and wetlands, are suffering from the equivalent of low blood pressure and blood poisoning. The condition has developed over many years and treatment is now urgent." Sir David Attenborough

The use of wetlands to treat effluent is not a new idea. Thousands of years ago, natural wetlands were used by the Chinese and by the Egyptians to clarify liquid effluent. However, the first “constructed” wetland was not used until 1904 (in Australia). Even after that the use of such wetlands was slow to catch on. The first botanical treatment of waste was not reported in Europe until the 1950s; America’s research into the field did not begin until the 1970s. Nevertheless, it is now recognized that constructed wetlands are an economic way of treating liquid effluent (and even raw sewage

Horizontal-flow wetlands may be of two types: free-water surface-flow (FWF) or sub-surface water-flow (SSF). In the former the effluent flows freely above the sand/gravel bed in which the reeds etc. are planted, and there may be patches of open water; in the latter effluent passes through the sand/gravel bed. In FWF-type wetlands plant stems, leaves and rhizomes treat effluent. Such FWF wetlands are densely planted and typically have water-depths of less than 0.4m. However, dense planting can limit oxygen diffusion into the water, and FWF wetlands are typically less effective at reducing BOD5 and phosphorus than SSF wetlands (in which effluent is treated by the roots).

(i) Biogeochemical Reactions and Nutrient Uptake:As mentioned earlier, temperature affects the rate at which biogeochemical

processes occur. In cold climates the rate at which biomass takes up nutrients will be significantly lower than in warm, subtropical or tropical climates. Indeed, the treatment area required to transfer 90% of nutrients to biomass increases from around 7 ha at 20°C

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to 35 ha at 0°C. Constructed wetlands are not yet widely used in developing, tropical countries. However, this is the very environment in which such wetlands perform best. Indeed, constructed wetlands can form an integrated part of the food production system in such climates.

The advantage of a hot climate is a continuous growing season, which means that the wetland biomass can also be harvested. For example, the annual production of papyrus in tropical conditions can be in excess of 100 tons/ ha/ year. The foliage can be sustainably cropped, while the papyrus stems can be used for matting and thatching roofs. Water that has passed through the wetland can be used to irrigate crops and/or introduced to a fishpond. In this final stage, remaining nitrates and phosphates stimulate the growth of phytoplankton - the favorite food of fish.

Such systems may actually yield a profit for local communities, and would be a powerful tool in breaking the poverty cycle.

(ii) All chemical reactions slow as temperature drops and this is true for the processes occurring in constructed wetlands3 Biogeochemical Reactions and Nutrient Uptake

As mentioned at the start, temperature affects the rate at which biogeochemical processes occur. In cold climates the rate at which biomass takes up nutrients will be significantly lower than in warm, subtropical or tropical climates. Indeed, the treatment area required to transfer 90% of nutrients to biomass increases from around 7 ha at 20°C to 35 ha at 0°C. However, this is not particularly important if nutrient recycling is not required. Figure 2 shows uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus for wetlands in Florida (sub-tropical), New Zealand (warm temperate), Sweden (cold temperate) and Canada (cold-temperate).

Load/ Removal Rates for Reed-Beds: Table 29Total COD d

CODBOD5 TSS TP P-

PO4TKN

Raw Sewage 495 190 215 225 8.5 6.4 42.8

Filter A outflow 92 70 0 18 5.8 5.3 19.6

Final Outflow 58 40 16 12 5.6 5.1 10.1

Removal (%) 87.5 80 92.5 94.5 40 28 76

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Two innovative, low-cost and highly effective structures are being introduced. These are an Environment Protected Green/ Shade House Structure built as a Geodesic Dome and rectangular Green/ Shade covers for Botanical Beds.

Starting Medium Tunnel for Iris/ Papyrus Reeds/ African Lettuce/ Bulrushes

Botanical Bed Medium Tunnels

Bioaugmentation Pond Geodesic Dome

Line Depiction: Liquid Waste Remediation:SEDIMENTATION POOL

GEODESIC DOMES (Bioaugmentation). Water Hyacinth

Botanical Beds Type “B” FiltersPebbles/ Gravel/ Sand

Medium Tunnels

GEODESIC DOMES (Bioaugmentation).

Medium Tunnels

Botanical Beds Type “B” FiltersPebbles/ Gravel/ Sand

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POLISHING POOL

Lake/ Pond Treatment Systems:

65

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GENERAL DESCRIPTION:A combination of various species of live Bacteria is used for the treatment of

Industrial, Agricultural and Residential organically contaminated wastewater. The micro-organisms are non-toxic and non-pathogenic live bacteria suspended in a liquid medium that is non-offensive to humans, animals, plants and all types of aqua-culture.The bacterium remains in an adult state after manufacture which gives it ability to quickly adapt to different environments. The combination of these diverse components provides the flexibility to treat highly complex organic components in different systems utilizing aerobic and anaerobic applications.The bacteria have been very successful in the treatment of phenolic waste with large concentrations of oils and fats and extremely offensive odors.MODE OF ACTION:

When Bacteria is added to a contaminated area, they immediately revive themselves and begin to feed, reproduce and attack the organic waste in the water.The Bacteria were specifically developed to reduce Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) which causes the odors that emanate from water treatment systems, septic tanks, lagoons and pits. The Bacteria breaks down solids including fecal material, fats and proteins and treats phenolic waters, sewage, biodegradable Hydrogen sulfide and other contaminants.The operation efficiency of lagoons and other treatment facilities is greatly improved when the Bacteria is applied. Contamination is drastically reduced as is the need for

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expensive cleaning and pumping procedures. The Bacteria can help a treatment facility achieve total compliance with Government Pollution Regulations. LAGOON SYSTEMS:

The Bacteria’s unique ecosystem naturally breaks down the odor causing compounds that contaminate surrounding communities and ground water supply. On the farm the Bacteria can keep manure in a uniform pumpable slurry form and enhances it fertilizer value making it more readily absorbable by plants while providing the following benefits. Reduction of Hydrogen Sulfide odors: Reduction of accumulated Gasses. Destruction of Fly and mosquito larvae. Reduction of BOD and COD. Breakdown of waste solids. Creation of healthier environment. Reduction in Livestock mortality. Increase in fertilizer value of recycled water.MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS:

One of the most significant tasks faced by City officials is to provide safe, potable water to members of the community and subsequently to transport the used water or sewage away to be disposed off in an environmentally compatible manner.Some of the key areas where Bioaugmentation can be beneficial in Municipal Plants. Start-up and recovery of Biological Wastewater treatment systems. Improving organic removal efficiency. Improving performance of systems with inadequate aeration capacity. Improving Plant Stability. Establishing or increasing Nitrification. Expanding Plant capacity without Capital Expenditure. Improving oils and grease digestion. Reducing sludge generation per Kg of BOD removed. Improving cold weather operation. Improving solids settling. Improve breakdown of refractory organics.INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER PLANTS:

Effluents Treated from Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plants: Table30.# ITEMS ITEMS

1 Chemicals Iron & Steel2 Petrochemicals Food Processing3 Refining Leather Tanning4 Pulp & Paper Mining

Typically these Plants represent the highest organic concentrations for which biological treatment is used. Aqua-Clean significantly reduces BOD levels and improves overall operating efficiency.COCA-COLA TRIALS:

“We improved the efficiency of our activated sludge facility to over 90% with the use of Bioaugmentation,” says Mr. Juarez, Head of Maintenance, Coca-Cola Factory, Nixapa, El Salvador, Central America.

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SEPTIC TANKS & GREASE TRAPS:Bioaugmentation degrades soluble organics in solution by a combination of

aerobic microaerophilic, facultative, aerobic and anaerobic micro-organisms and primarily bacteria.

Bioaugmentation provides a higher bacterial population and augments the natural degradation process of organic waste to assure efficient septic tank and grease trap operation.Bioaugmentation digests the waste: Prevents Overflow. Eliminates Organic accumulation. Reduces frequency of regular maintenance procedures. Eliminates noxious odors and reduces insect larvae.GOLF COURSES - Ponds & Lakes:

Bioaugmentation eliminates offensive odors and keeps ponds clear and algae free by two mechanisms: exclusion and the production of a natural inhibitor which is not harmful to other aquatic plants or animals. The photosynthetic bacteria, which are metabolically similar to algae, compete with algae for essential macro nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus. Keeps Ponds clean and clear. Reduces Filamentous and Planktonic Algae. Eliminates noxious odors caused by Algae. Reduces eggs and larvae of water-breeding insects. Safe for all Wildlife.MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT: La Costa, Uruguay

This Municipal Lagoon receives 2,40,000 liters of domestic sewage per day. A total of 322 Liters of Bacteria was applied over a period of six weeks. The water was purified by 95% and was certified for use in Agriculture, pH was improved to 7.2 and Biological Oxygen Demand was reduced from 40 initially to 13 after treatment. All noxious odors were eliminated as was the presence of insects including flies and mosquitoes.

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SUCCESSFUL APPLICATIONS: Table 31.Origin WASTE

Chemical Phenols, alcohols, straight chain alkanes and aromatic compounds

Dairy Fats and wheyConfectionary Sugar wastes and chemicalsHalogenatedAromatics

Chloro and di-chloro phenols

Detergents Surfactants and other components of detergentsFish Farms Organic components of fish waste and unused fish foodFood Processing Reduction of BOD and odorsPetrochemicals Petroleum HydrocarbonsPaper & Cellulose Reduction of BOD and odorsPharmaceuticals Spent fermentation media, tabletising binders and

extraction solventsRefinery Wastes Phenols, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, petroleum oils and

greasesSteel Manufacturing

Phenols, cyanide, thiocyanate, ammonia and rolling oils

Tanneries Vegetable tanning wastesTextiles Surfactants, starches and organic dyesBeverages Liquid sugars, high fructose corn syrups and flavorings

Project Implementation:a. Project Duration & Cost: Two Year (24 months). Total Project Cost Rs.113.59 million:b. Component IV: Work Plan (Quarterly Activities). Table 32

Start/ End dates of 6-monthly Periods Activities01-03-210 to 01-09-2010 Conduct planning meetings

ConstructionPurchase of Plant, Machinery & EquipmentInstallationTrials & AdjustmentsTraining OperationAnalysisReports & Returns

01-09-20010 to 01-03-2011 Over run period

3. Details of Components Activities and their itemized cost of material, labor, machinery etc.3.1 Component IV: PROJECT BUDGET DETAILS (Rs. in millions):

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Table 33Code Object Year-I Year-2 TOTAL61-20 Salaries & Allowances 6.05 6.65 12.70

61-21 Other benefits to staff 0.30 0.33 0.64 Establishment 6.35 6.99 13.34  Transport of Goods 0.30 0.10 0.4062-13 Running Cost of Vehicles 0.06 0.08 0.14

62-1 Transportation 0.36 0.18 0.5462-60 Publicity and Advertisement 0.60 0.75 1.3562-63 Seminar/Workshop/Field day 0.30 0.40 0.7062-69 Meetings/Seminars Expenses 0.30 0.40 0.70 Bacteria @Rs.100.00/ Liter x 50,000 L 5.00 6.25 11.25 Plants misc. 0.60 0.05 0.65

62-6 Other Charges 6.80 7.85 14.6562 Operational expenses 7.16 8.03 15.19

63-12 Probes & Measurement Devices 5.10 0.00 5.10 Bioaugmentation Environment/ Predator Protected

Geodesic Domes 20 ft dia @Rs.1000.00 per sq ft x 3 per site x 6 sites

0.40 0.00 0.40

Settling Ponds 200x100x8 ft @ Rs. 25/ cu ft x 1 per site x 4 sites

16.00 0.00 16.00

Polishing Ponds 200x100x8 ft @ Rs. 25/ cu ft x 1 per site x 4 sites

16.00 0.00 16.00

Finishing Ponds 200x100x8 ft @ Rs. 25/ cu ft x 1 per site x 4 sites

16.00 0.00 16.00

Horizontal/ Vertical Flow Plant Beds 3x2x100 x 4 per site x 6 sites

7.20 0.00 7.20

63-1 Fixed Assets 60.70 0.00 60.70 Vehicles 6.00 0.00 6.00

Pre-fabricated Office Buildings 40 ft dia Geodesic Domes x06 @Rs.2500.00 sq ft

24.00 0.00 24.00

10% Operational Expense to Implementing NGO 0.72 0.80 1.5263 Capital Expenses 91.42 0.80 92.22

  Total 104.93 15.82 120.74

Project Coordination Unit: A PCU will be formed and located at a central Field office for ease of approach to all six sites. The personnel requirements are as follows:

PCU Employment Details: Table 34# Title Nos Rate PM PA TA/DA

1 Project Director 1 0.15 0.15 1.80 0.90

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2 Accounts Officer 1 0.06 0.06 0.72 0.363 PA to PD 1 0.03 0.03 0.30  4 Technician 3 0.02 0.06 0.72 0.36

5Assistant to Technicians 3 0.01 0.02 0.29 0.14

6 Drivers 2 0.01 0.02 0.24 0.127 Peon 1 0.01 0.01 0.10  

8 Cleaner 1 0.01 0.01 0.07   TOTAL 13   0.35 4.24 1.88

PCU: Budget Details: Table 35Code Object Year-I Year-2 TOTAL61-20 Salaries & Allowances 4.24 4.66 8.9062-10 TA/DA to Officers & Staff 1.88 2.07 3.96

61 Establishment expenses 6.12 6.73 12.8562-13 Running Cost of Vehicles 0.24 0.30 0.54

Transport of Goods 0.30 0.10 0.4062-1 Transportation 0.54 0.40 0.94

62-21 Telephone, E.mail & Internet 0.01 0.02 0.0362-23 Courier Services 0.01 0.02 0.03

62-2 Communications 0.02 0.04 0.0662-31 Stationery 0.06 0.07 0.1362-32 Printing & Publications 0.30 0.40 0.7062-36 Consumable Stores 0.10 0.15 0.2562-37 Other Misc. Expenditure 0.05 0.06 0.11

62-3 Utilities/Office Supp/Rent 0.51 0.67 1.1862-40  Office Building 0.60 0.72 1.3262-42 Equipment & Machinery 0.40 0.00 0.4062-43 Computer & Office Equipment 0.30 0.00 0.3062-44 Furniture & fixture 0.20 0.00 0.20

62-4 Repair & Maintenance 1.50 0.72 2.2262-55 Other Services 0.30 0.40 0.70

62-5 Other Services 0.30 0.40 0.7062-60 Publicity and Advertisement 0.24 0.36 0.6062-63 Seminar/Workshop/Field day 0.60 0.72 1.3262-69 Meetings/Seminars Expenses 0.24 0.30 0.54

62-6 Other Charges 1.08 1.38 2.4662 Operational expenses 3.95 3.61 7.56

63-15 Vehicles 4.00 0.00 4.0063-1 Fixed Assets 4.00 0.00 4.00

10% Operational Charges to Implementing Organization 0.40 0.36 0.76

63 Capital Expenses 4.40 0.36 4.76

  Total 14.47 10.70 25.17

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RESULT/PERFORMANCE BASED MONITORING INDICATORS

The Project is expected to give the outcomes for environment protection through science based improvements in waste management, to ensure “stable eco-systems in an environmentally sustainable manner”. The performance/outcome indicators given below will be measured during and after the successful implementation of the project:

i. Adoption of an integrated approach, rational resource use, and the introduction of water efficient techniques.ii. Institutional strengthening, capacity building & human resource development.iii. Improving quality of and easy access to water supply, especially for women.

PERFORMANCE INDICATORS : Table 36S# Component/Objective Activities Expected Output Expected Impact1 Community Led Total Sanitation Establish Citizens Community Organizations for

Solid Waste Management.Institute Primary Segregation on the part of the Community.

50% reduction in MSW Management Problems

Streamline Solid Waste Collection. 100% MSW CollectionDisseminate Environmental Health Education. Improving the understanding of linkages

between hygiene and health through community education campaigns, especially among the women and children.

Increased take up of household sanitation

Demonstrate and Transfer Rapid Composting Technology.

Improved performance and utilization of local systems through better planning management and community participation.

2 Wind-Row Composting Composting Compost Soil Amendment Reduced Carbon emissionNutrient Additives Complete Fertilizer for Commercial

Cropping.Reduced foul odors

Pleasing environmentHealthy and safe value added (organic) agricultural/ horticultural produce.

3 Waste Water Gardens Construction of Reed Beds Containment of environmental degradation Improving sanitation through Liquid Waste Management.

Construction of Polishing Ponds Recycling Water More water availability4 Bioreactors Construction Methane Gas Alternate Energy Protection

Environment protection5. Hydro-Seed Mulching Field Applications Slope Stabilization Environment Protection

Promotion of No-Till Farming Construction repair cost reductionPleasing Aesthetics Promotion of Tourism

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7. Capital cost estimates: Table 37 (Rs.in millions)

Component Code Narration YEARS TotalY-1 Y-2  

I. 61 ESTABLISHMENT EXPENSES 0.00 0.00 0.00

  62 OPERATIONAL EXPENSES 11.42 10.33 21.75  63 CAPITAL EXPENSES 36.64 3.70 40.34

Sub Total    48.05 14.04 62.09

II. 61 ESTABLISHMENT EXPENSES 12.17 13.39 25.56  62 OPERATIONAL EXPENSES 2.55 2.91 5.46  63 CAPITAL EXPENSES 180.95 0.41 181.36

Sub Total    195.67 16.71 212.38III. 61 ESTABLISHMENT EXPENSES 7.86 8.65 16.51  62 OPERATIONAL EXPENSES 14.56 16.12 30.67  63 CAPITAL EXPENSES 236.73 7.96 244.69

Sub Total    259.14 32.73 291.87IV. 61 ESTABLISHMENT EXPENSES 6.35 6.99 13.34

  62 OPERATIONAL EXPENSES 7.16 8.03 15.19

  63 CAPITAL EXPENSES 91.42 0.80 92.22Sub Total    104.93 15.82 120.74

PCU 61 ESTABLISHMENT EXPENSES 6.12 6.73 12.85  62 OPERATIONAL EXPENSES 3.95 3.61 7.56

  63 CAPITAL EXPENSES 4.40 0.36 4.76Sub Total   14.47 10.70 25.17

  G. Total: 622.26 89.99 712.25

Cost by Component/ Year: Table 38

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Narration Component YEARS TotalY-1 Y-2

Establishment expenses I 0.00 0.00 0.00

II 12.17 13.39 25.56III 7.86 8.65 16.51IV 6.35 6.99 13.34PMU 6.12 6.73 12.85

Sub Total 32.50 35.76 68.26Operational expenses I 11.42 10.33 21.75

II 2.55 2.91 5.46III 14.56 16.12 30.67IV 7.16 8.03 15.19PMU 3.95 3.61 7.56

Sub Total 39.64 41.00 80.64Capital expenses I 36.64 3.70 40.34

II 180.95 0.41 181.36III 236.73 7.96 244.69IV 91.42 0.80 92.22PMU 4.40 0.36 4.76

Sub Total 550.12 13.24 563.36 Grand Total 622.26 89.99 712.25

Returns By City/ Day/ Month/ Year: Table 39# City MSW

t/dayCompost/

day/ tCompost/ day/ 000

50 kg bags pd

Price 300 per bag

Price pm

Price pa

1 Abbottabad 52.80 21.12 21,120.00 422 0.13 3.80 45.622 Bannu 24.00 9.60 9,600.00 192 0.06 1.73 20.74

3 DI Khan 43.20 17.28 17,280.00 346 0.10 3.11 37.324 Kohat 62.40 24.96 24,960.00 499 0.15 4.49 53.915 Mingora 81.60 32.64 32,640.00 653 0.20 5.88 70.506 Mardan 120.00 48.00 48,000.00 960 0.29 8.64 103.68

  TOTAL 384.00 153.60 153,600.00 3,072 0.92 27.65 331.78

a) Local Cost Table 40ITEM Y-1 Y-2 TotalTotal Local Cost 72.84 679.55 606.71

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b) Foreign Exchange Cost Equivalent in Pak Rupees: Table 41# ITEM Y-1 Y-2 Total1  Component II 82.80 0.00 82.802  Component III 54.6 0.0 54.60  TOTAL Foreign Exchange 137.40 0.00 137.40

Total: Table 42ITEM Y-1 Y-2 TotalTOTAL Cost 622.26 89.99 712.25

Cost estimates were made in January 2010. The cost of the program is based on market rates of project inputs/requirements and fixed salary package of manpower required. The detailed breakdown and annual phasing of the cost of each component of the project is given in next section.The proposed Project will be implemented over a period of two years starting from the date of actual disbursement. The FEC component is to meet the cost of the equipments to be imported. 8. Annual operating and maintenance cost after completion of the Project

After the completion of the project the operation has to continue and the progress and work of the project has to be looked into by the experts for a transition period. The Project will pay for itself by the second year and be in a position to earn handsome dividends to the Cities after that period. No recurring cost is required after completion of this development project. Financing for operation and maintenance of newly established set-up will have to be met by sound commercial operation of the Project on sustainable basis. 9. Demand and Supply Analysis:

District wise Sale of Fertilizers, in NWFP, 2004-05 to 2006-07(Tons)11 Table 43

# District 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07Total N P2O5 K Total N P2O5 K Total N P2O5 K

1 Abbottabad 5,273 4,937 336 0 6,284 5,384 900 0 4,245 3,287 792 1662 Bannu 8,141 7,186 955 0 6,397 5,028 1,369 0 3,995 3,340 655 03 D.I.Khan 17,828 15,146 2,594 88 1,758 1,493 248 17 2,547 1,749 798 04 Kohat 2,424 2,354 70 0 3,151 3,081 70 0 2,917 2,700 217 05 Mardan 39,372 32,652 6,564 156 51,299 44,519 6,334 446 41,489 30,086 10,765 6386 Swat 10,906 9,174 1,657 75 12,313 11,427 780 106 13,176 11,240 1,841 95

Total 83,944 71,449 12,176 319 81,202 70,932 9,701 569 68,369 52,402 15,068 899

District Wise Land Utilization Statistics in NWFP, (2007-08) (In hectares)12 Table 44

Cultivated Area Cropped Area Un-cultivated areaDistrict Reported

AreaTotal Net

SownCurrent Fallow

Total Area sown more than once

Total Cultivble Waste

Forest Not available for cultivation

Abbottabad 178,401 55,435 49,685 5,750 57,123 7,438 122,966 20,506 83,210 19,250Bannu 118,958 74,196 20,730 53,466 29,969 9,239 44,762 15,700 160 28,902

11 NWFP Bureau of Statistics.12 NWFP Bureau of Statistics.

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D.I.Khan 730,575 246,802 89,679 157,123 101,933 12,254 483,773 346,641 3,909 133,223

Kohat 295,075 71,218 23,200 48,018 46,400 23,200 223,857 33,000 7,270 183,587Mardan 162,085 112,795 83,552 29,243 127,449 43,897 49,290 3,106 7,932 38,252Swat 506,528 98,529 88,286 10,243 185,954 97,668 407,999 84,049 136,705 187,245Total 1,991,622 658,975 355,132 303,843 548,828 193,696 1,332,647 503,002 239,186 590,459

10. Financial Plan and mode of Financing:Sources of Funding:The funding of the project will be made PSDP of the NWFP Government.Project Component Cost Details: Table 45

# Component Year 1 Year 2 TOTAL1 Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) 48.05 14.04 62.09

2Municipal Solid Waste Segregation/ Processing 195.67 16.71 212.38

3 Composting of Municipal Solid Waste 259.14 32.73 291.874 Bioremediation of Municipal Liquid Waste 104.93 15.82 120.745 Project Coordination Unit 14.47 10.70 25.17  TOTAL 622.26 89.99 712.25

11. Project Benefit and Analysis:i) Financial and Economic:

a. At a Project cost of Rs. 712.25 millions an annual gross return of Rs. 331.78 is expected

ii) Social Benefits with Indicators:a. Streets & City/ Town clean of solid waste. b. Drains & water courses clean of liquid waste. c. Community cooperation for sustainable development initiated. d. Better quality & quantity Kitchen Garden and peri-urban

vegetables and fruit. e. Slopes stabilized and afforested. f. Disease vectors controlled. g. Aesthetic environment ensured. h. Increased earnings from tourists/ visitors. i. Reduced health hazards.

iii) Employment Generation (Direct and Indirect):a. Direct Employment: Table 46

# Job Title Nos.

77

Project Director 1Project Coordinators 18Accounts Officer 1PA to PD 1Office Assistant 6Technician 9Assistant to Technicians 3Mate 18Drivers 50Labor 60Peon 1Cleaner 19TOTAL 187

b. Indirect Employment: (6 Cities/ Towns) Table 47Sr. Activity Persons1 Compost Sales 602 Kitchen Gardens 3003 Peri-Urban Horticulture 1204 Produce Sales 120

TOTAL 600v) Environmental Impact:

There is a net positive impact of the Project as it addresses four major environment degradation issues:

1. Eco-Safe Municipal Solid Waste Treatment. 2. Production of Organic Fertilizer. 3. Eco-Safe Liquid Waste Treatment. 4. Recycling of water to agriculture/ horticulture/ aquaculture. 5. Production of Eco-Safe Energy (Harnessed Methane Gas). 6. Reduced tillage through Hydro-seed mulching. 7. Re-forestation/ Re-vegetation of bare slopes/ ground. 8. Reduced Soil Erosion. 9. Increased Moisture Retention in Soils. 10. Increased Soil Biota through provision of compatible environment.

vi) Impact of Delays on Project Cost and Viability:

The Project is long over-due and public safety and sustainable habitation is severely negatively impacted. The problem is increasing day by day and will continue to do so unless immediate action is not taken. The proposed Project is but a small step in showing the way forward in order to attain sustainable habitation in harmony with nature. Delays will not only compound the problem but also increasing discontent on the part of the public as well as soaring inflation will make the

78

Project prohibitively expensive to implement. The positive impacts of the Project will serve to decrease inflation through production of eco—safe produce that will command higher prices in the market.

12. Implementation schedule:

(a) Starting and completion date of the project:

The proposed Project will be implemented over a period of 2 years w.e.f. it starting date. It is proposed to start the project immediately. The activity wise phasing of physical work is given below in the form of line chart.

(b) Result based monitoring (RBM) indicators (Already given in previous sections) (Page 71)

13. Management Structure and Manpower Requirements Including Specialized Skills during Construction and Operational Phases:The following mechanism will be adopted for implementation, monitoring,

review, and evaluation of the project:The executing agency of the project/program will be PARC which has the

required skilled staff and experienced staff to deal with all technical aspects of the Project. Project activities will be conducted on-site along with respective TMA’s Staff and Civil Society under the overall supervision of P&D Department, NWFP. An independent Project Director (PD) with some core staff will be appointed to act as a Project Coordination Unit for implementation. Seven Project Coordinators with requisite support Staff will be hired from the localities of the Project Sites for local implementation and onward management of the Units once PARC Staff exits. They will be termed as Bio Environmental Services Teams (BEST).

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Project Steering Committee (PSC):

Project Steering Committee will be constituted by PARC for overall supervision of program implementation. PSC will oversee the program implementation, annual operation plan, review progress, provide guidance and resolve operational and financial issues recurring during the project implementation. It will authorize technical revision and re-appropriation of funds within overall approved cost and scope of the project. The composition of the Project Steering Committee (PSC) will be as under:

Chairman PARC ChairmanTechnical Members of PARC MemberMember Finance PARC MemberDirector Planning PARC MemberAdditional Chief Secretary, NWFP MemberDirector P&D, NWFP MemberRepresentatives of Stakeholders (Nominated by Chair) Members (s)Project Director/Consultant Member/Secretary

Project Coordination Unit (PCU):A Project Coordination Unit (PCU) will be established for overall planning,

implementation and monitoring of the project. A full time Project Director (SPS-11 or above) along-with its core staff may be appointed within existing PARC strength with

80

Project Coordination UnitProject Director

1Accts/ Admin Asst 1PA to PD 1Technicians 3Assistant to Technicians 3Drivers

2Peon

1TOTAL 12

BEST AbbottabadSegregation: Compost: Waste Water Garden:

Project Coordinator 3Office Asst 1Technician 1Mate

3Drivers

8Labor

10TOTAL 26

BEST MingoraCompost: Waste Water

Garden: Project Coordinator 3Office Asst 1Technician 1Mate

3Drivers

8Labor

10TOTAL 26

BEST MardanCompost: Waste Water

Garden: Project Coordinator 3Office Asst 1Technician 1Mate

3Drivers

8Labor

10TOTAL 26

BEST BannuCompost: Waste Water

Garden: Project Coordinator 3Office Asst 1Technician 1Mate

3Drivers

8Labor

10TOTAL 26

BEST D I KhanCompost: Waste Water

Garden: Project Coordinator 3Office Asst 1Technician 1Mate

3Drivers

8Labor

10TOTAL 26

BEST KohatCompost: Waste Water

Garden: Project Coordinator 3Office Asst 1Technician 1Mate

3Drivers

8Labor

10TOTAL 26

additional financial benefits as notified by GOP for PSDP projects. The PCU will be located at PARC and Project Director/Coordinator will report to Chairman, PARC.

The Functions of the Project Director (PD)/PCU will be as under:

Implement the overall project as per PC-I requirements. Establish and maintain a system of internal administrative and financial

controls. Implement the approved work plan, monitor and report the progress on

quarterly basis to Chairman, PARC. Organize review of program activities on quarterly basis. Arrange annual and mid-term review of each of the project component

and prepare annual progress report. Prepare annual work plan, cash plan, budgetary phasing as per GOP

requirement for PSDP projects. Prepare and submission of monthly, quarterly, and annual progress

reports of the program. Ensure implementation according to annual work plan/cash plan. Coordinate and facilitate all administrative and financial approvals of the

individual research component under the project. Arrange for project evaluation and completion report at end of the project. Act as Member Secretary of PSC, arrange meetings, prepare minutes and

follow up on actions to be taken.

The staff of Project Coordination Unit will be appointed by the Selection Committee of PARC on full time basis preferably from existing PARC.

(With annual Increment as per GOP/PSDP rules)Remuneration for other Contractual Staff

As far as possible, the existing officers will be deployed for project implementation. However, if required skill is not available in the existing system, experts will be recruited.

The BS referred above is only for sake of payment of TA/DA to the above contractual officers during out station activities of the project as per existing rules/regulation of PARC. Appointment of Contractual Staff

Any kind of regular appointment absolutely will not be made under this program. However, under specified and exceptional circumstances, restricted contract appointments will be made on year to year basis during the life of the project without any financial liability on the part of PARC after termination of project. The contract appointments will be approved by the Chairman PARC, on the recommendations of Selection Committee of PARC.

The officers and other staff deployed to the project from the existing strength of PARC will be awarded project allowance.

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Technical Assistance (Consultants):Consultants in areas where PARC lacks expertise will be hired for the

implementation of these MOUs on need basis with criteria and remuneration as per GOP/PARC to be approved by Chairman PARC. Annual Planning, Monitoring and Evaluations:

All project components will be presenting their progress reports in the annual review and planning meeting. Social scientists will be responsible to implement annual assessments of the field research and development activities that would be jointly implemented through public private partnerships. i) Project reporting: An inception report will be generated after holding 1st annual planning meeting,

setting out in detail the plans for the first year and recording the institutional arrangements agreed for each discipline and all components of the project.

The PCU will compile the consolidated reports from the project components reports for submission to the Government of NWFP and Chairman, PARC.

In addition, individual component pilot studies and thematic evaluation studies will generate a flow of technical reports that will be shared with the participants, passed on to the government and placed in the public domain.

ii) Review processes: The above mentioned Project Steering Committee (PSC) will provide direction

and management guidance, most crucially through the approval process for Annual Work Plans. In addition technical Committees will be established to review the work on quarterly basis. Technical Committees for each component project will have membership of research mangers from the technical division the scientists concerned leading the component, social scientists, PCU representatives and the private sector as well as the technical experts as deem fit and approved by the Chairman PARC. The periodic reporting system is expected to bring management issues to the agenda of the PSC, both at and between formal meetings. As program managers, the PSC bears the responsibility for applying a constant constructive review process, with the advice and support of head of the organizations from china and Pakistan.

End-of-project review will be conducted to capture the achievements of project, to identify lessons learned, and to suggest any follow on program activities that may be appropriate. The intransigent poverty of large numbers of smallholders in the region makes it highly likely that further investments in farmer support modalities will be leveraged based on the present initiative.

Independent of the program, project progress will be monitored by internal and external evaluators to produce formal reports gauging program status in a range of standard criteria including relevance, apparent effectiveness, efficiency and potential sustainability. These shall be constituted by the Chairman PARC as and when required. These monitoring reports are intended primarily to capture experience for the benefit of future program design.

iii) Impact Evaluation: Above and beyond the regular monitoring and management information exchange

processes, project will be subjected to at least one formal performance evaluation

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exercise conducted by independent specialists. The project impact would be assessed through conducting baseline, medium-term and long-term impact evaluation surveys. The measurable impact evaluation indicators would be economic growth, knowledge and skill improvement, changes in production technologies, farm labor and employment, profitability of crop enterprises, social change, resource conservation, institutionalization of approaches used and policy changes. Program implementation will be compared with the original intentions in a standard approach that is both neutral and constructive in identifying lessons learned.

Funding for the external monitoring exercises mentioned above, the external program evaluation work is incorporated as a separate budget at approximately 1% of the total base cost.

14. Additional Project/Decisions Required Maximizing Socio-Economic Benefits from the Proposed Project: A number of crucial factors required to be managed for the successful

implementation of the project. The steering committee of the project would be taking these critical decision at different stages of the project implementation.

i. The Executing Agency will have to identify local institutions and citizen’s organizations that take full responsibility to execute project activities

ii. Implementing agency has to appoint some core staff for smooth functioning of the project and successful marketing of products

iii. The growers must be supported for the supply of critical inputs for salicornia production and linkages for marketing of outputs and products development

iv. The community will provide land for the production of Salicornia and space for establishing field units and storage building spaces

v. The respective TMAs will help in the identification of suitable sites for and provide land.

vi. The use and maintenance of equipment and buildings would be the responsibility of the communities and reviewed by a committee constituted by the Steering Committee of the project.

vii. Use and maintenance of machinery and equipment after the completion of the project life would be responsibility of the local communities

viii. Linkages will be developed with the private sector for product development and marketing

ix. Other additional project decision will be suggested based on achievements to be made by implementation of the project.

15. Certified that the Project Proposal has been Prepared on the Basis of Instructions Provided by the Planning Commission for the Preparation of PC-1 for Production Sector Project

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Prepared by: Sardar Taimur Hyat-KhanConsultant, PARC.

Checked by: -------------------------------------------------------------------

Approved by: Dr.Zafar Altaf,Chairman, PARC

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ANNEX - I

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Figure 1: Present Status Photographs:

Welcome to Abbottabad!Aquifer Recharge Mingora?

Failed Composting Bins? Mingora

Incomplete-5 Years Later! Abbottabad Non-Implementation! Abbottabad Bare Slopes Await Compost or

Destabilization! Abbottabad

Leachate : GHG :Abbottabad

Humus A few Steps Away! Abbottabad

Loaded With No Where To Go! Abbottabad

Vertical Increase Mardan!Blood, Waste & Water!

MingoraPublic Approach!

Abbottabad

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Annex. Material/Item Size/Amount Study* LB

Yard trimmings, mixed 1 cubic yard USEPA 108Yard trimmings, mixed 40 cubic yards U.S. EPA 4,320Grass 33 gallons U.S. EPA 25Grass 3 cubic yards U.S. EPA 840Grass & leaves 3 cubic yards U.S. EPA 325Large limbs & stumps 1 cubic yard Tellus 1,080Leaves, dry 1 cubic yard Tellus 343.7Leaves 33 gallons U.S. EPA 12Leaves 3 cubic yards U.S. EPA 200–250Pine needles, loose 1 cubic yard Tellus 74.42Prunings, dry 1 cubic yard Tellus 36.9Prunings, green 1 cubic yard Tellus 46.69Prunings, shredded 1 cubic yard Tellus 527Other OrganicsHay, baled 1 cubic foot FEECO 24Hay, loose 1 cubic foot FEECO 5Straw, baled 1 cubic foot FEECO 24Straw, loose 1 cubic foot FEECO 3Compost 1 cubic foot FEECO 30–50Compost, loose 1 cubic yard Tellus 463.39FoodBread, bulk 1 cubic foot FEECO 18Fat 1 cubic foot FEECO 57Fats, solid/liquid (cooking oil) 1 gallon U.S. EPA 7.45Fats, solid/liquid (cooking oil) 55 gallon drum U.S. EPA 410Fish, scrap 1 cubic foot FEECO 40–50Meat, ground 1 cubic foot FEECO 50–55Oil, olive 1 cubic foot FEECO 57.1Oyster shells, whole 1 cubic foot FEECO 75–80Produce waste, mixed, loose 1 cubic yard Tellus 1,443ManureManure 1 cubic foot FEECO 25Manure, cattle 1 cubic yard Tellus 1,628Manure, dried poultry 1 cubic foot FEECO 41.2Manure, dried sheep & cattle 1 cubic foot FEECO 24.3Manure, horse 1 cubic yard Tellus 1,252WoodCork, dry 1 cubic foot FEECO 15Pallet, wood or plastic average 48" x 48" U.S. EPA 40Particle board, loose 1 cubic yard Tellus 425.14Plywood, sheet 2' x 4' 1 cubic yard Tellus 776.3Roofing/shake shingle, bundle 1 cubic yard Tellus 435.3

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Sawdust, loose 1 cubic yard Tellus 375Shavings, loose 1 cubic yard Tellus 440Wood chips, shredded 1 cubic yard U.S. EPA 500Wood scrap, loose 1 cubic yard Tellus 329.5Wood, bark, refuse 1 cubic foot FEECO 30Wood, pulp, moist 1 cubic foot FEECO 45–65Wood, shavings 1 cubic foot FEECO 15MiscellaneousToner cartridge   U.S. EPA 2.5RubberTire, bus   U.S. EPA 75Tire, car   U.S. EPA 20Tire, truck   U.S. EPA 60–100Rubber, car bumper   U.S. EPA 15Rubber, manufactured 1 cubic foot FEECO 95Rubber, pelletized 1 cubic foot FEECO 50–55TextilesClothing, used, mixed cubic yard Tellus 225Fabric, canvas square yard U.S. EPA 1Leather, dry 1 cubic foot FEECO 54Leather, scrap, semi-compacted 1 cubic yard Tellus 303Rope 1 cubic foot FEECO 42String yard U.S. EPA 1 gramUsed clothing, mixed, loose 1 cubic yard Tellus 225Used clothing, compacted 1 cubic yard Tellus 540Wool 1 cubic foot FEECO 15–30Carpet & padding, loose 1 cubic yard Tellus 84.4

*Source acronyms used CIWMB:  California Integrated Waste Management Board FEECO:  FEECO Incorporated Tellus:  Tellus Institute, Boston Massachusetts U.S. EPA:  United States Environmental Protection Agency (Business Users Guide)

Category Materialu/c = uncompacted/compacted & baled

Volume EstimatedWeight(in pounds)

High-Grade Paper

Computer Paper:

Uncompacted, stacked 1 cu. yd. 655Compacted / baled 1 cu. yd. 1,3101 case 2800 sheets 42White Ledger:(u)stacked / (c)stacked 1 cu. yd. 375-465 / 755-925(u)crumpled / (c)crumpled 1 cu. yd. 110-205 / 325

88

Ream of 20# bond; 8-1/2 x 11 1 ream = 500 sheets

5

Ream of 20# bond; 8-1/2 x 11 1 ream = 500 sheets

6.4

White ledger pads 1 case = 72 pads

38

Tab Cards:Uncompacted 1 cu. yd. 605Compacted / baled 1 cu. yd. 1,215-1,350

Category Materialu/c = uncompacted/compacted & baled

Volume EstimatedWeight(in pounds)

Other Paper Cardboard (Corrugated):Uncompacted 1 cu. yd. 50-150Compacted 1 cu. yd. 300-500Baled 1 cu. yd. 700-1,100Newspaper:Uncompacted 1 cu. yd. 360-505Compacted 1 cu. yd. 720-1,00012" stack -- 35Miscellaneous Paper:Yellow legal pads 1 case = 72

pads38

Colored message pads 1 carton = 144 pads

22

Self-carbon forms; 8-1/2 x 11 1 ream = 500 sheets

50

Mixed Ledger/Office Paper:Flat (u/c) 1 cu. yd. 380 / 755Crumpled (u/c) 1 cu. yd. 110-205 / 610

Glass Refillable Whole Bottles:Refillable beer bottles 1 case = 24

bottles14

Refillable soft drink bottles 1 case = 24 bottles

22

8 oz. glass container 1 case = 24 bottles

12

Bottles:Whole 1 cu. yd. 500-700Semi-crushed 1 cu. yd. 1,000-1,800Crushed (mechanically) 1 cu. yd. 1,800-2,700Uncrushed to manually broken 55-gallon

drum300

Category Materialu/c = uncompacted/

Volume EstimatedWeight

89

compacted & baled (in pounds)Plastic PET (Soda Bottles):

Whole bottles, uncompacted 1 cu. yd. 30-40Whole bottles, compacted 1 cu. yd. 515Whole bottles, uncompacted gaylord 40-53Baled 30" x 62 500-550Granulated gaylord 700-7508 bottles (2-liter size) -- 1HDPE (Dairy):Whole, uncompacted 1 cu. yd. 24Whole, compacted 1 cu. yd. 270Baled 32" x 60" 400-500HDPE (Mixed):Baled 32" x 60" 900Granulated semi-load 42,000Odd Plastic:Uncompacted 1 cu. yd. 50Compacted / baled 1 cu. yd. 400-700Mixed PET & HDPE (Dairy):Whole, uncompacted 1 cu. yd. 32

Metals Aluminum (Cans):Whole 1 cu. yd. 50-75Compacted (manually) 1 cu. yd. 250-430Uncompacted 1 full grocery

bag1 case = 24 cans

1.50.9

Ferrous (tin-coated steel cans):Whole 1 cu. yd. 150Flattened 1 cu. yd. 850Whole 1 case = 6 cans 22

Category Materialu/c = uncompacted/compacted & baled

Volume EstimatedWeight(in pounds)

Organics Yard trimmings*:Leaves (uncompacted) 1 cu. yd. 200-250Leaves (compacted) 1 cu. yd. 300-450Leaves, vacuumed 1 cu. yd. 350Grass clippings (uncompacted) 1 cu. yd. 350-450Grass clippings (compacted) 1 cu. yd. 550-1,500Finished compost 1 cu. yd. 600Scrap Wood:Pallets -- 30-100 (40 avg.)Wood chips 1 cu. yd. 500

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Food Waste:Solid / liquid fats 55-gallon

drum400-410

Other Materials

Tires:

Car 1 tire 12-20Truck 1 tire 60-100Oil (Used Motor Oil) 1 gallon 7

*Density of yard trimmings is highly variable depending on moisture content.

Conversion Table SourcesBrown University Summer Internship Program, Guide for Preparing Commercial Solid Waste Reduction and Recycling Plans, prepared for Ocean State Cleanup and Recycling (OSCAR), Providence, Rhode Island, 1988.Draft National Recycling Coalition Measurement Standards and Reporting Guidelines presented to NRC membership, October 31, 1989.Fenedick, Al Jr., Kimberly Henderson, and Jay Birgamini, Office Recycling Handbook, Region 5, USEPA and General Services Administration, 1990.Hunt, Robert, Franklin Associates, personal communication, April 18, 1991.

New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Office of Recycling. Steps in Organizing a Municipal Recycling Program, 1988.New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Recycling: A Planning Guide for Communities, Division of Solid Waste, January 1990.Reynolds, John, Business Waste Reduction Audit Handbook, Spokane Regional Council, Spokane, Washington, February 1989.R.W. Beck and Associates, Commercial Waste Reduction Audit Manual, prepared for the City of Seattle Solid Waste Utility Under the Environmental Allowance Program, January 1989.Scheinberg, Anne and Dee Cotherman, Business Recycling Manual, prepared for Westchester County Association, Inc., White Plains, New York, November 1989.Conversion factors are adapted from Information In: “Recycling Is Everybody's Business”, Morris County Municipal Utilities Authority, April 1989 and “Recycling Manual: Oneida and Herkimer Counties Solid Waste Management Project”, William F. Cosulich Associates, 1988.

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Prefabricated Office Structures:

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Prefabricated Sheds:

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Project Sites:1. Abbottabad: Biodegradable MSW & Liquid Waste:# City Population

(millions)MSW tons/ day

MSW million tons/ per

month

MSW million tons/ per

annum

MLW million gallons

/ day

MLW million gallons/month

MLW million gallons/

year

Acre-Inches

Acre-Inches

Acre-Inches

1 Abbottabad 0.11 52.80 0.0016 0.019 11.00 330.00 3,960.00 0.00044 0.013 0.16

ID – Ad: 119 km - about 1 hour 48 mins. Hassanabdal – Ad: 72.6 km - about 1 hour 11 mins

The current situation in Abbottabad is that an Open Air MSW Dumping Site is in use at the entrance of Abbottabad City. The refuse is being burnt emitting deadly dioxins and leachate is escaping into the stream flowing out of the City and already heavily polluted with Liquid Waste. The front of the Site is being converted into a Bus Stand, whereas a composting Plant was sanctioned for the Site and inaugurated in 2005. The work is incomplete and lying abandoned. Raw sewage from heavily populated Urban

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centers is escaping into the waterways and polluting the soil and aquifers on a daily basis. There is A Sewage Treatment Plant off Nathiagalli Road which is not being used. The Site is ideal for a combined Waste Water Garden and MSW Segregation/ Composting Plant.

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2. Mingora: Biodegradable MSW & Liquid Waste:# City Population

(millions)MSW tons/ day

MSW million tons/ per

month

MSW million tons/ per

annum

MLW million gallons

/ day

MLW million gallons/month

MLW million gallons/

year

Acre-Inches

Acre-Inches

Acre-Inches

5 Mingora 0.17 81.60 0.0024 0.029 17.00 510.00 6,120.00 0.00068 0.02 0.24

The City is heavily polluted as MSW is being dumped in the open. Municipal Site is under Peshawar High Court Stay order and alternate site is only allowed for 3 months. Raw sewage is released into the Streams/ Canal flowing through the City to make its way into the aquifer and Swat River. A Slaughter House situated in the heart of the City is also polluting the stream and can be converted into a MSW Segregation/ Composting Plant.

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Id – Mingora: 250 km - about 3 hours 14 mins. Hassanabdal – Mingora: 190 km - about 2 hours 35 mins

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3. Mardan: Biodegradable MSW & Liquid Waste:# City Population

(millions)MSW tons/ day

MSW million tons/ per

month

MSW million tons/ per

annum

MLW million gallons

/ day

MLW million gallons/month

MLW million gallons/

year

Acre-Inches

Acre-Inches

Acre-Inches

6 Mardan 0.25 120.00 0.0036 0.044 25.00 750.00 9,000.00 0.001 0.03 0.36

Mardan City has no Slaughter House, Sewage Treatment Plant or MSW Dumping Site. The MSW is currently being sold to Farmers of the area while Liquid Waste is being dumped into Streams/ Canals in the City. The Agriculture department has a Model farm Services Center that could be used for MSW Segregation/ Composting.

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Id – Mardan: 152 km - about 1 hour 41 mins. Hassanabdal – Mardan: 91.3 km - about 1 hour 2 mins

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4. Kohat: Biodegradable MSW & Liquid Waste:# City Population

(millions)MSW tons/ day

MSW million tons/ per

month

MSW million tons/ per

annum

MLW million gallons

/ day

MLW million gallons/month

MLW million gallons/

year

Acre-Inches

Acre-Inches

Acre-Inches

4 Kohat 0.13 62.40 0.0019 0.023 13.00 390.00 4,680.00 0.00052

0.016 0.19

City MSW Dumping ground is disallowed to be used by the current Tehsil Nazim and Cantonment Board/ P.A.F. are using an open air site on Dhoda Road. There is a huge Sewage Treatment Plant on Rawalpindi road but it is not fully connected to the sewer system. As such, raw sewage is flowing throughout the City. At one point streams are flowing along the abandoned narrow gauge rail Track and as it is Govt. property can be used for Waste water gardens combined Horizontal and Vertical Flow beds until such time as sewage lines are not connected. The STP site can be used as a garden Site and efficiency can be raised through Bioaugmentation and plantation of appropriate plants.

100

Id – Kohat: 251 km - about 3 hours 5 mins. Hassanabdal – Kohat: 193 km - about 2 hours 28 mins

101

102

103

5. Bannu: Biodegradable MSW & Liquid Waste:# City Population

(millions)MSW tons/ day

MSW million tons/ per

month

MSW million tons/ per

annum

MLW million gallons

/ day

MLW million gallons/month

MLW million gallons/

year

Acre-Inches

Acre-Inches

Acre-Inches

2 Bannu 0.05 24.00 0.0007 0.0088 5.00 150.00 1,800.00 0.0002 0.006 0.07

Bannu city is using the River Kurram’s bed as a dumping site. The bed is also heavily mined for gravel and sand. This situation is extremely detrimental to environmental health. The City’s dumping Site was situated in the Tribal Area and is disused due to unsettled circumstances. There is a need to select a Site for the MSW Segregation and Composting Project as well as earmark locations for waste Water gardens or beds. There is another huge STP near the City but is also not fully connected to sewage system. An enterprising Contractor has converted the site into a Children’s and family park as well as Duck Shooting Reserve.

Id – Bannu: 303 km - about 4 hours 50 mins. Hassanabdal – Bannu: 319 km - about 4 hours 14 mins

104

105

6. D. I. Khan: Biodegradable MSW & Liquid Waste:# City Population

(millions)MSW tons/ day

MSW million tons/ per

month

MSW million tons/ per

annum

MLW million gallons

/ day

MLW million gallons/month

MLW million gallons/

year

Acre-Inches

Acre-Inches

Acre-Inches

3 D.I.Khan 0.09 43.20 0.0013 0.016 9.00 270.00 3,240.00 0.00036

0.011 0.13

The City of DI Khan is using the Bund along the River Indus as a Dumping Ground leading to many problems. The TMA has recently acquired a MSW Dumping Site on Bhakkher Road and this can be readily used for MSW Segregation and Composting. The DI Khan Slaughter House is situated in an area where effluent is approaching the River and can be used for Waste Water Gardens.

Id – D. I. Khan: 387 km - about 5 hours 40 mins. Hassanabdal – D. I. Khan: 401 km - about 5 hours 41 mins

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107

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Kohat – Bannu: 131 km - about 1 hour 56 minsBannu – D. I. Khan: 171 km - about 2 hours 7 mins

http://www.turnandscreen.com/content/mighty-mike Windrow width: 6'8", 7'4" Windrow height: 50" Drive: tow-behind standard Max forward speed: 10-15 ft/min Options: self-propelled, 4 x 4, watering systemsThe price ex works,Donald, Oregon, for a Mighty Mike is USD 15,750

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