Salmiah Ahmad , Wolfgang Rupilius, Hazimah Abu Hassan and Zulina Abd Maurad PALM METHYL ESTERS: SUSTAINABLE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY FEEDSTOCKS FOR OLEOCHEMICAL AND BIODIESEL INDUSTRIES
Salmiah Ahmad, Wolfgang Rupilius, HazimahAbu Hassan and Zulina Abd Maurad
PALM METHYL ESTERS:SUSTAINABLE AND
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLYFEEDSTOCKS FOR OLEOCHEMICAL
AND BIODIESEL INDUSTRIES
• Palm methyl ester and sources
• Palm methyl esters & biodiesel
• Development of oleochemicals
• Sustainability and related issues
• Diversification - biorefinery
• Conclusion
CONTENTS
Palm Oil – rich in C16 and C18 Fatty acids
PALM METHYL ESTER
Palm Kernel Oil – rich in C12 and C14 Fatty acids
PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ME
CRUDE & DISTILLED
ME
TRANSESTERIFICATIONDISTILLATION
FOOD USES
RBD P STEARIN & RBD PKO OLEIN
RBD POLEIN & RBD PKO STEARIN
DISTILLED ME
CRUDE VITAMIN
FRACTIONATIONDISTILLATION
REFINED, BLEACHED & DEODORIZED PO OR PKO
CRUDE ME
REFININGTRANSESTERIFICATION
CPO AND CPKO
PFADPKFAD
ME can be used as diesel substitute or biodiesel
Methanol/catalyst
Methanol/catalyst
R PO PS Tallow CNO PKOC6 0.2 0.3
C8 8.0 4.4
C10 7.0 3.7
C12 0.23 0.3 48.2 48.3
C14 1.09 1.3 2.5 18.0 15.6
C16 44.02 55.0 26.6 8.5 7.8
C16:1 0.12
C18 4.54 5.1 21.8 2.3 2.0
C18:1 39.15 29.5 42.8 5.7 15.1
C18:2 10.12 7.4 2.3 2.1 2.7
C18:3 0.37 ‐
OTHERS 0.38 0.7 4.0 0.2
COMPOSITION IS IMPORTANTEXPENSIVE
Vitamins
PALM BIODIESEL (METHYL ESTERS)
RBD Palm Oil Methyl Esters
RBD Palm Olein Methyl Esters
Crude / Distilled Palm Oil Methyl
Esters) • Low pour point biodiesel – pour point 0oC to -20oC
• 2005: Scaling up to 30,000 TPA
• 2006 : Commercial production
Vitamins
CAPACITY OF BIODIESEL PLANTS CAPACITY OF BIODIESEL PLANTS IN MALAYSIAIN MALAYSIA
Biodiesel Plants Capacity (TPA)
5 Biodiesel Plants in Operation 300,0004 Biodiesel Plants in Production Trial 272,000
Current capacity in Malaysia 572,000
Addition of 11 Biodiesel 965,000
EXPORTS OF ME (VOLUME IN TONNES)
258903238921
54981
129716
9501347986
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
ME BIO-D (PRODN) BIO-D (EXP)
29683191
26652520
0500
100015002000250030003500
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
ME BIO-D
VALUE OF ME EXPORTS (PRICE / TONNE)
MAJOR DESTINATION FOR BIODIESEL(in tonnes)
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
2006 12598 21 960 0 0 34406 0 0 0
2007 24696 221 87 216 5665 51953 6065 6001 109
EU H-KONG JAPAN TAIWAN SING USA AUST P-RICO IND
BIODIESEL AND PRICE STABILIZATION MECHANISM
Diesel consumption in Malaysia – 10 million tonnesIf 5% -10% substitution – 0.5 -1mil. tonne demandReduce stockIncrease price 70% of cost is feedstock cost Decrease profitability subsidy
H20
High T&P
R-COOCH2
R-COOCHR-COOCH2
CH3OH/R3OH
R-COOHACID
CH2CHCH2
OH OH OHGLYCEROL
R-COOCH3
ESTER
R-CH2OHALCOHOL
catalystH2
BASICBASIC AND AND INTERMEDIATEINTERMEDIATEOLEOCHEMICALS FROM MALAYSIAOLEOCHEMICALS FROM MALAYSIA
catalyst catalyst
MALAYSIAN OLEOCHEMICALS: CAPACITY, PRODUCTION AND EXPORTS
(in‘000 tonnes)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Capacity Oil used Export#Co: 15 14 16 17 16 17 17 17 17 18 18
OLEOCHEMICALS: SUCCESS DUE TO
Adequate and consistent supply of feedstockComplement the food industry in MalaysiaEnvironmentally friendlyAcceptable to all religions andSustainable
AVERAGE OF MALAYSIANPALM OIL YIELD
MALAYSIAN PRODUCTION OF PALM OIL & PALM KERNEL OIL (in tonnes)
% Utilization of Palm Products in Malaysian Oleochemical Industry
010203040506070
PO 2 3.1 3.4 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.4 5PKO 13.3 51.7 47.6 59.3 50 59.2 58.5 63.6 60.7 62.5 58Total P 3.4 9 8.5 10.5 10 10.6 10.5 10.9 11.3 11.2 11.2
1990 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
SOME ADVANTAGES OF PLANT DERIVED PRODUCTS
Plant derived products –linear structure – easily biodegradableAcceptable to all religionsGood cost performance ratio (less sensitive to water hardness)
0102030405060708090
4 9 12 16 20 24 28
LAS MES
0102030405060708090
C12 C14 C16 C18 LAS AS
54ppm 270ppm
0102030405060708090
C12 C14 C16 C18 LAS AS
C12 C14 C16 C18 LAS AS
Good biodegradation characteristics
Performances very depending on chain lengths More tolerance to water hardness
SUSTAINABILITY
Social equity and People
Environmentalintegrity and
Planet
Economic growthand Profitability
SD
Sustainable Development (SD) with Equal Emphasis on the 3Ps
Small population:Need to move toCapital intensive
industry
Industry withBetter value
addition
Without extremeModificationsPlant derived products are
More Environment friendly
LCA OF PALM PRODUCTS PRODUCTION
Upstream
Midstream
Downstream
Palm Seedling
Oil Palm (immature)
Oil Palm (mature)
Palm Fruit Bunches
Crude Palm Oil Kernel
Refined Oil
ProcessedFood
(Cooking Oil etc.)
ProcessedNon food
(Biodiesel, Alpha SME etc.)
Land Preparation
Palm based productsPalm based products
Palm Kernel Oil
ExportExportExport Processed Processed Non foodNon food
ProcessedProcessedFoodFood
BiomassBiomass In EstatesIn Estates
AgroAgro--based Productsbased Products
Compost (as soil Compost (as soil Conditioner/Conditioner/fertiliserfertiliser))
Mulch (Estates)Mulch (Estates)
BiomassBiomass
Palm Kernel CakePalm Kernel Cake
Animal FeedAnimal Feed
Renewable Energy
0500
100015002000250030003500400045005000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
PRICES OF OLEOCHEMICALS(RM/tonne)
ALC
MEACIDCPKOS.NOOD
CPO
GLY
DIVERSIFY USES FOR BETTER PROFITABILITY
Find new uses for methyl esterFind uses for co-productsUtilize waste
R&D TO :
Sulfonation
Digestion
Bleaching
Neutralization
Drying
METHYL ESTER
SATURATED FATTY METHYL ESTER(IODINE VALUE < 0.5)
METHYL ESTER SULFONATES (MES)
Low Hydrogenation
METHYL ESTER: FEEDSTOCK FOR MES (ANIONIC SURFACTANTS)
DETERGENCY(*)
FOAMING(*)
SOLUBILITY
SKIN COMPATIBILITY
SENSITIVITY TOH2O-HARDNESS
LABS ~ MES ~ FAS ~ FAES ~ AOS
LABS ~ AOS ~ FAES ~ FAS ~ MES
LABS > FAES > AOS > MES > FAS
MES > AOS > FAES > LABS > FAS
FAS > FAES > LABS > AOS > MES
(*) Very similar, using optimum chain length selection
Similar detergencypower
Similar foamingpower
Acceptable solution
Better skin compatibility
Lower sensitivity to water hardness
Source: Ballestra
PERFORMANCES:MES VS OTHERS
27
Powder detergent
Liquid detergent
Liquid dishwash
Gel dishwash
Handwash
Paste dishwash
APPLICATION OF MES
Conventional quaternary ammonium compounds - an excellent softening performance.
Unfavourablebiodegradation characteristics and can not meet stringent environmental regulations
ESTERQUATSsurfactant of
choice due to its excellent
environmental profile
METHYL ESTER: FEEDSTOCK FOR ESTERQUATS
0
30
60
90
120
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Days
% B
iode
grad
abili
ty
commercial Esterquats Esterquats (pilot plant)
METHYL ESTER: FEEDSTOCK FOR MEE (NONIONIC SURFACTANTS)
Advantages:
Faster dissolution in waterBiodegradabilityExhibit low aquatic toxicityCheaper
Applications:Emulsifiers, dispersants, wetting agents and solvents for adjuvant concentrates,pesticide compositions
OC
O
R CH3
CH2)
O
(CH2n
OC
O
R CH3(CH2-CH2-O)n
Methyl Ester EthoxylatesMethyl ester
where R = saturated orUnsaturated alkyl group
Ethylene oxide
+Proprietary
Catalyst
(
MEE
Hard Surface Cleaner
Liquid DetergentDishwashing Liquid
Emulsifier in personal care products
Pesticide Composition
Solubilizer in Cosmetic Products
IMPORTANT TO DIVERSIFY USES
Find new uses for methyl esterFind uses for co-products
Utilize waste
1999 2004
Source : Frost & Sullivan
41%
13%
25%
7%
9% 5% Fatty acidsFatty alcoholsSoapsBiodieselSyntheticOthers 49%
12%
13%
18%
4%
4%
Fatty acidsFatty alcoholsSoapsBiodieselSyntheticOthers
SOURCE OF GLYCEROL
POSSIBLE PRODUCTS FROM GLYCEROL
Vitamins
MPOB RESEARCH ON GLYCEROL
CONCLUSIONS
• Biodiesel/oleochemicals welcome additions to the OP supply chain. • Methyl ester - feedstock required• Palm Methyl Ester - sustainable & environmentally friendly:-
• renewable source, • high productivity, • adequate/predictable supply • plant-derived - easily biodegradable/acceptable to all religion
• The development enhance sustainability - reduce Malaysia’s dependence on foreign laboursand improve value adding.• Preferably complementing existing industries
** To further enhance the sustainabilityit is further proposed the uses of methyl ester be diversified and value be added to the by-products. A possible strategy is to develop biorefinery complex
36
THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION
www.mpob.gov.my