DIESEL ENGINE by using PALM OIL METHYL ESTER

STUDY OF BIODIESEL PREPARATION & PROPERTIES FOR DIESEL ENGINE

Under the Guidance Of: Presented By: Mrs. A.J.Patil Rupesh R Mahale Assistant Professor Roll No : 116 Mechanical Department SKNCOE Class : TE MECH

1.Introduction

•Biodiesel is a non-toxic, biodegradable and renewable fuel with the potential to reduce engine exhaust emissions. The methyl ester of palm oil, known as biodiesel, is receiving increasing attention as an alternative fuel for diesel engines.

•Biodiesel is typically made by chemically reacting Lipids (Ex. Veg. oil,animal fats) with an Alcohol produces Fatty Acid Esters

•Alkyl esters of vegetable oils and animal fats, called biodiesel, hold promise as fuel alternatives for diesel engines. A number of researchers [1-10] have shown that biodiesel has fuel properties and provides engine performance that is very similar to diesel fuel.

•The primary incentive for using biodiesel is that it is a nontoxic, biodegradable, and renewable fuel. Further advantages over petroleumbased diesel fuel include a high cetane number, low sulfur, low aromatics, low volatility and the presence of oxygen atoms in the fuel molecule.

•These features of biodiesel lead to its greatest advantage, which is its potential for emission reduction including CO, HC, solid carbon particles (SOL) and PM. Anumber of research studies have proved the positive benefits of biodiesel•on diesel engine emissions.

2. Transesterfication process•Simple alcohols are used for transesterification and this process is usually carried out with a basic catalyst (NaOH,KOH) in the complete absence of water. The bonding of alcohol and organic acid produces ester.

• An excess of alcohol is needed to accelerate the reaction. With methyl alcohol glycerol separation occurs readily. If water is present, soap is the bi-product, which results in decreasing yield of ester. In the transesterification process alcohol combines with triglyceride molecule from acid to form glycerol and ester.

•The glycerol is then removed by density separation. Transesterification decreases the viscosity of oil, making it similar to diesel fuel in characteristics. A block diagram illustrating the process of producing biodiesel is given in Figure 1.

A 661 CC Kirloskar make TV1 single cylinder 4-Stroke water-cooled diesel engine having a compression ratio of 17.5: 1 and developing 5.2 kW at a speed of 1500 rev/min was used. An eddy current dynamometer was used for loading the engine. A high-speed digital data acquisition system in conjunction with a piezoelectric transducer was used for obtainingcylinder pressure versus crank angle data.

3.Results and discussions

•BIODIESEL CHARACTERIZATION- Density, viscosity,flash point and calorific value of palm oil methyl esterwere determined in the laboratory. The various properties ofpalm oil methyl ester and diesel are shown in Table 2.

4.Performance

The variation of brake thermal efficiency with load for various blends of Palm oil methyl ester is shown in Figure 3. The brake thermal efficiency is improved as compared to diesel at part and full load for various blends of palm oil methyl ester. The brake thermal efficiency is increased by 11% at full load for POME 100 than diesel. This may be attributed to sharp premixed portion of the heat release which is a desirable feature for thermal efficiency and completecombustion because of Oxygenated fuel.

The variation of maximum cylinder pressure for variousblends of biodiesel and diesel is seen in Figure 4. Maximumcylinder pressure is lower with blends of biodiesel as diesel.There is a difference of about 0.55 MPa between the peakpressures with the POME100 and diesel at full load. This differencedecreases for lower blends of POME.

The variation of exhaust gas temperature for various blends of biodiesel and diesel is seen in Figure 5. Exhaust gas temperature is slightly higher with blends of biodiesel as dieseldue to better combustion.

The brake specific energy consumption is the product ofbrake specific fuel consumption and calorific value of fuel.The brake specific energy consumption is lower as comparedto diesel at all loads as shown in Figure 6. This may be dueto complete combustion because of oxygenated fuel.

5.Emissions•In case of various blends of biodiesel smoke emission is less as compared to diesel as seen in Figure 7. The maximum reduction in smoke emission was observed by 47 % in case of neat biodiesel operation as compared to diesel at full load.•There is a good reduction in smoke emission for all blends of biodiesel at all loads. This is due to soot free and complete combustion because of oxygenated fuel of biodieselblends, which is substituted for diesel. As the POME percentageincreases the smoke emission decreases at all loads.

There is a significant reduction in HC emission for all blends of biodiesel as compared to diesel at part and full loads as shown Figure 8. The unburned hydrocarbon emission was drastically reduced by 57 % for neat biodiesel operation.

Asthe POME percentage increases HC emission decreases at allloads.

Biodiesel leads to higher NOx levels as compared to diesel as shown in Figure 9. As the POME percentage increases theNOx levels increases for various loads. The increase in Nox emission is 12% for POME 100 as compared to diesel at full load.

This is mainly due to the higher burning rate of biodiesel and its blends, which leads to a higher peak temperature and increased O2 concentration with POME fuels.

6.Advantages•It is non toxic & renewable

•Flash point of biodiesel is high thus biodiesel is an extremly safe fuel to handle

•Because of absense of sulphur & presence of oxygen ,thus fuel are considers as promising to reduce pollutants

•Brake thermal efficiency is higher than compared to diesel

•Brake specific energy conzumption is lower compared to diesel

•Fuel reduce rise of co2 in atmoshere

7.Disadvantages

•Biodiesel fuel distribution infrastructure needs improvement, which is another of the biodiesel fuel disadvantages.

•As Biodiesel cleans the dirt from the engine, this dirt can then get collected in the fuel filter, thus clogging it. So, filters have to be changed after the first several hours of biodiesel use.

•Viscocity of biodiesel is higher than diesel

•Calorific value of biodiesel is lower compared diesel

•At present, Biodiesel fuel is bout one and a half times more expensive than petroleum diesel fuel.

British Train Operating company Virgin Train run the UK’s First Biodiesel train Which was converted to run on B20

The Royal Train completed its first journey on 15 sep. 2007 on B100 Biodiesel fuel & since 2007 Royal train has operated successfully on B100 Biodiesel

8.APPLICATION

9.Conclusions•The viscosity of vegetable oil reduces substantially after transesterification. The density and viscosity of the Palm oil methyl ester formed after transesterification were found to be very close to petroleum diesel oil. The flash point of PME was higher than that of diesel oil.

•The brake thermal efficiency is higher as compared to diesel at part and full load. The brake specific energy consumption is lower as compared to diesel at all loads. Exhaust gas temperature is higher with blends of biodiesel as diesel. The maximum cylinder gas pressure is lowerfor biodiesel blends and diesel.

•There is a significant reduction in smoke emission and unburned hydrocarbon for all blends of biodiesel at part and full loads. Smoke and HC emission was further reduced with an increase in blending of POME. Biodiesel leads to higher Nox levels as compared to diesel.