Organic Compounds Organic Compound- Compounds that contain carbon atoms Ex: Glucose (sugar) C 6 H 12 O 6.

Organic Compounds

• Organic Compound- Compounds that contain carbon atomsEx: Glucose (sugar) C6H12O6

Inorganic Compounds

• Inorganic Compound- Compounds that do not contain carbon atoms.

ex: water- H20, salt-NaCl

Why is carbon important?

• Carbon is found in many different compounds because carbon has 6 electrons, 4 of which are found in the valence (outer) shell.

Why is carbon important?

• Carbon has the ability to covalently bond to other carbon atoms and other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen.

Covalent Bond

• Covalent bond: bond created when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

• Carbon can form a single bond, by sharing one pair of electrons, a double bond by sharing two pairs of electrons, or a triple bond, by sharing three pairs of electrons.

Example

• Methane: CH4

– Main component of natural gas

CHNO

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen are the main components found in all living things. (CHON) These elements are found in 96% of all life on earth.

Building Blocks

• Monomer is a smaller, simpler molecule that can bind with other monomers to form larger, more complex molecules called polymers.

• Large polymers are called macromolecules. Macromolecules are organic compounds.

Monomers Together

• Condensation Reaction = the process of monomers joining together to form a polymer, and a water molecule is released.

• Also called Dehydration Reaction (Synthesis)

Breaking it Down

• Hydrolysis =the process where water is used to break down polymers into monomers

Energy

• Adenosine Triphosphate =ATP

When the bonds are broken between the phosphate groups, energy is released.

MacromoleculesMacromolecules

Chapter 3 Section 2Chapter 3 Section 2

Chapter 3Chapter 3LET’S REVIEW!

1.What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?

2.What is an organic compound?

3. What 4 elements make up 95% of all living things?

LET’S REVIEW!

1.What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?

2.What is an organic compound?

3. What 4 elements make up 95% of all living things?

LET’S REVIEW

One link in the chain is one single unit or monomer

Mono - one

Several links (monomers) together is

a polymer.

Poly - many

Organic Compounds• All contain the element Carbon. • They also contain other common elements,

which means you are made mostly of…

CHNO

Four main classes of organic compounds…

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic acids

• Made mostly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (and sometimes N,S, and P)

Carbohydrates

• Common name:– Sugar or starches

• Elements Composed of:of:– Carbon– Hydrogen– Oxygen

Carbohydrates

• Units (Building Blocks):– Monosaccharides= simple sugar

• Ex. Glucose, fructose

• Complex form:– Disaccharide= double sugar

• Ex. Sucrose= table sugar

– Polysaccharide – Ex. Starch, glycogen

• Bonding process:– Condensation Reaction

Carbohydrates

• Common Examples:– Glucose, Fructose, Sucrose and Cellulose

• Functions:– Mid-term energy storage

Carbohydrates

• Draw carbohydrate• Polysaccharides

– Starch (many glucoses)- energy storage in plants– Glycogen- energy storage in liver and muscles of

animals– Cellulose- structural molecule in cell wall of plants– Chitin- structural molecule in exoskeleton of

arthropods

Lipids

• Common name:– Fats, oils, waxes, steroids

• Elements composed of:– Carbon– Hydrogen– Oxygen

Lipids

• Units (building blocks):– 1 glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acid molecules

• Complex Form:– Triglyceride

• Type of Bonding:

saturated unsaturated

Single bonds Double bonds

Lipids

• Common Examples:

• Functions:– Long term energy storage, components of

hormones, components of cell membrane

butter oils

Lipids

– Draw Lipids

• Triglycerides – Oils- long term storage of energy in seeds

and fruits– Fats- long term storage of energy in higher

animals

Proteins

• Common name:– Proteins

• Elements composed of:– Carbon– Hydrogen– Oxygen– Nitrogen– Sulfur

Proteins

• Units (building blocks):– Amino acids

• Complex Form:– Polypeptide

• Type of Bonding:– Peptide bond

• Bonding Process– Condensation Reaction

Proteins

• Common Examples:– Hemoglobin, Keratin, Collagen

• Functions:– Enzymes, structural, transport, storage,

protective, hormones, membrane proteins

Protein

– Make a drawing

• Collagen-structural, tendon, hide, muscles• Keratin- structural, wool, fingernails, feathers• Insulin- regulatory, hormones• Egg White- Storage• Hemoglobin- transport protein that combines

easily with oxygen.

Nucleic Acids

• Common name:– Nucleic acid

• Elements composed of:– Carbon– Hydrogen– Oxygen– Nitrogen– Phosphorous

Nucleic Acid

• Units (building blocks):– nucleotides

• Type of Bonding:– Hydrogen bonds between

nucleotides

Nucleic Acid

• Common Examples:– RNA, DNA

• Functions:– Codes for all proteins in the body

Nucleic Acids

– DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid, part of chromosomes of cell, carrier of genetic info

– RNA- Ribonucleic Acid, transcribes message of the DNA so that proteins can be made inside the cell

The Digestive System and

Enzymes

The Digestive System

• A long hollow tube called the Gastrointestinal Tract (GI Tract) has the purpose of breaking down macromolecules that you eat into molecules that your body can absorb.

Process of Digestion

• 1. Ingestion: taking food in

• 2. Digestion: breaking food down

• 3. Movement: from one segment of the tract to another

Process of Digestion

• 4. Absorption: when nutrients cross the wall of the GI tract and enter the cells lining in order to enter the blood stream

• 5. Elimination: undigested molecules are removed

Pathway of Food• Mouth Pharynx Esophagus

Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Rectum Anus

The Mouth

• The first stages of digestion occurs here. – First: mechanical Digestion or

chewing occurs here.– Second: The food meets saliva (a

mixture of water, mucus, and a digestive enzyme called amylase)

•Amylase: helps break

starches (polysaccharide) into glucose (monosaccharides)!

The Pharynx

• The location where the GI tract and respiratory system cross over.

The Esophagus

• Long muscular tube that connects the pharynx with the stomach muscles in the esophagus wall.

Stomach• J shaped muscular

organ that lies on the left side of the body beneath the diaphragm. – Stores food– Stomach acid and

gastric enzymes called pepsin begin to break down protein.

Small Intestine

• Digests carbohydrates, fats, and completes the digestion of proteins.

• ABSORBS nutrients

Large Intestine• Absorbs water to prevent dehydration

• Absorbs vitamins (B and K)

• Forms and rids the body of feces through anus

Accessory Organs

• Pancreas: Secretes pancreatic fluid to the small intestine

–Lipase enzyme: breaks down fat molecules to free fatty acids, diglycerides and monoglycerides.

Accessory Organs

• Liver– Produces bile, destroys old blood cells,

detoxifies blood, stores iron, and helps regulate cholesterol levels.

– Bile: ENZYME produced by liver, stored in gall bladder helps to further process of digestions.

• Gall Bladder: stores bile

6 Classes of Nutrients

• 3 that provide the body with energy, promote growth and development, and regulate metabolism.– Carbohydrates (monomer:

monosaccharide)– Proteins (monomer: amino acid)– Lipids (monomer: fatty acid)

6 Classes of Nutrients

• Minerals: inorganic substance that occurs naturally in ground. – Living organisms require them for parts of

cells, body fluids, and structural components of tissue.

– Ex: calcium: bones and muscle contraction and phosphorous: bone, phospholipids, ATP

6 Classes of Nutrients

• Water

• Vitamins: organic compounds that the body uses for metabolic purposes.– Unable to produce these on its own– Many are co-enzymes (enzyme helpers)– Ex: Vitamin D, B, C, ect

What is an enzyme?

• Enzymes are proteins• Serve as a catalyst. Catalysts are substances

that begin or accelerate a reaction without the reaction itself being affected.

• Enzymes speed up or slow down reactions, but remain unchanged.

What is an Enzyme?

• A molecule that can break apart other molecules or combine monomers to make a polymer.

Enzymes Control Many Vital Functions

• Including: – Breaking down food for energy!

– Increasing the reaction rate (or how quickly reactions happen) of biochemical processes. Examples of biochemical processes are metabolism (how cells convert and use energy to grow and reproduce)

ATP

What is a substrate?

• The surface of the material that attaches to the enzyme.

• (write this on your notes…)– The active site is where the enzyme

and substrate bind.

What is an

example?• Starch is a huge

carbohydrate molecule (polysaccharide)

• Saliva contains amylase (an enzyme) which will break the starch molecule (polymer) into pieces (monosaccharide)

• Amylase is the enzyme and the potato chip starch is the substrate.

What is an example?

• Liver releases bile to break down lipids.

• Pancreas releases pancreatic juices also known as digestive enzymes and hormones.

How many substrates can an enzyme work on?

• Enzymes can be used many times

– ose= substrate (sugar)– ase= enzyme

How many substrates can an enzyme work on?

• The shape of an enzyme is specific for one substrate. – The shape of the enzyme lactase is

specific to break apart lactose.– The shape of maltase is specific to

break apart maltose.

What can cause enzymes to change shape and not

work?

• Change in temperature ranges

• Ranges in pH

What can cause enzymes to change shape and not

work?• Enzyme specificity

(lock and key)

• ENZYMES STOP WORKING WHEN THE CONDITIONS ARE NOT RIGHT!